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Ju tY 26, 1845. « ¦ " -• J1L THE NORTHER...
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fovncax iHobemeut^
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•« And I mil war, at least in words, (An...
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'* -* < - . eral otii:<ui, :t „ 5!ue , -...
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* l wisli 1 could iwiut entire tins serv...
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Loccsis.—VTcfell" irom St. Petersbm-gh ,...
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agf toiitur^ aim imtituituit
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FIEL 1 >oaiu)ES OPERATIONS. For the Wo i...
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THEORY OF VEGETATION. "And therefore it ...
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1 * I'us I.khid M.txi:iiE Taxk.-Sow is t...
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AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. (Continued from ...
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DESTRUCTION OV TULLOCJI CASTLE, ROSSSHIR...
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Ini-OIITAXT Mfc-TROI*<W.IT.l.\ IMPROVEME...
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jflterfcet fnWlisnir.?.
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1.0MH..Y Cons Exchange, .Monday, July 2l...
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Ju Ty 26, 1845. « ¦ " -• J1l The Norther...
Ju tY 26 , 1845 . _« ¦ " - J _1 L THE NORTHERN STAR . _r
Fovncax Ihobemeut^
fovncax _iHobemeut _^
•« And I Mil War, At Least In Words, (An...
•« And I mil war , at least in words , ( And—should my chance so happen—de-ids ) , -With aU who war with Thought !'' * _. I think I hear a little bird , who sings The _People by and by will be the _stronger . _"—BXUON
ITALY , AUSTRIA , AND THE POPE . KO . II . - « In Italy , ' - * says "Mr . Mazzini , " nothing speaks silence is the common law . " The _in- _flUe are silent by reason of terror ; ( he masters arc s _ih-n _* - - r _<* m _V-dwy . Conspiracies , strife , persecution , _vi-iK canret nil K _" _**> but make no noise ; they excite _j-ri . her applause nor complaint ; one might fancy the verv _sn-J . _s of the _sca'Told were spread witli velvet , so jinie •¦ ¦ j ' * 5 * - ' * - to maasUlakc w _* " *••<••> ' * _" ¦ - The stranger jn at-aii-1- of health , or the pleasures of arts , passes _iUs * _**** _" _*! this fairy laud on which God has lavished without me asure all the gifts whicli lie has divided amongst the _oikcrla ** ' - *» t " Europe—lie conies upon a spot where the c „ il ha * _" ** - ' reccnlly stirred , and he does not suspect
_iliai he - _* - ¦ treaihiiif on tie grave of a martyr . Thc earth j- _ciivc-rcd with flowers , the heaven above smiles with its < 3 r iiie _a- _^ _-ert ; the cry of _inisi-rj , which from time to time t . _oavulsi _-s his native country , is rarely heard here - , and ] m - _* T ,-at epochs vf the human race—two worlds , tlle world of paganism , and thc world of middle age , Christisaaity , Be before him lo study—what cares he for the _y _.-inxd' - _** _- - :, _J '""' self , there is here abundance of fv _«» Lthere is sunshine , there is music in the air ; what *« . ••** call this imloh nt race desire ? Other men , too , men of _Staire'" ' - _statisiics , utilitarians , go their ways , judging o : Italy as tlicy would of any other country in a !_ nn &! < _- ** ¦ ¦< -. _lies _lt-can- ; on cno liniiil ihe great fact ofthe slavery , _sii . l she tramj . _lissi down of -ill the indigenous dements
and _.. n tke other hand thc strength of vitality , the desiro ; ,, _jic ? , tvhii-h , in spite of ail obstacle ? , is beginning to dawn i _* puiiu & They meet here and there with fragments of " ¦ _u- _, « : ifi cJaLrcfyrm ; thev give the honour of it , not to our _til-. _rtsortlie spirit that sustains us in the strife , but to oar _"ovtmmeKtj : and they exhort us to have patiencelo c"ii _* i ne _ourselves lo p-irifie efforts for hoiuOTopathie aniclh _. rati"i _* _. which alone - _"i-ems to conciliate _thc-ir lul _ - wann desire fov the - *» _oil and what ihcy are pleased to icnii the repose of Europe . They abdicate at the frontier _tvcrj'tliing like faith , remembrances , and high heroic and soda' views . The idea of nation is too al . str . ict for llitin . They sue in Italy nothing hut a country , a surfaco < . f _*¦ > -Many xI * ous-iud s _« ju _:-re miles _, pw . pled hy so many milium bodies _sthosouls do net enler into their ca .
rnlask . nj , f _« _sr _wlnoii all that can reasonably be expected from their political i ulvr ? , is a certain _ainountof food , clothing , and of material conn-iris , /• _•«• _-. <* . _circaiHS . As the _Gutcr Gram tffaccil from his plau of _Sl . _k-1 _' otrg the man , in order that hc might _rcmtmbci- _nothiiij _* - but thc xiumbtrtd _i-flsoniT , they would willingly efface the name of Italy from the map of -Europe , in order to substitute for ii a cipher . And above all tiiis , influencing at once both thc thoughtless traveller aud self-styled practical men , ho * , ers ihe ctt- rirfiV , the adoration ofthe actual , the _intesraiit confusion of might with right . You have risen - _, _iii twice , thrice : twice , thrice , have you fallen ; you are tl : _** -i destined to suCVr . V »' e skit * only with the strongwe adore victory . Thc cry is brutal ; still it influences the entire . jui-slioti- it engenders the iiiilitiercncc of the »*¦ , •>*« : and directs tlle _j _. _i-oc-cdings of the governments _, - ffe exiled ualri'i _ have oar hitters . < . _* _,. eneJ , -whilstit is highly _jiroliaUc , Sir James , tliat you would _resju-ct thc missives of an Italian mo : _i-a _* chy , or republic , or at least vju would _only-spen them-on vouroini account .
Hut there is another -class , that whicli Iwlds up AustriaastlK civilising power in Italy . This party , siisMr . 3 h _**» M , cry" Peace , peace ; we must have peace , at * w > y price , were it even the pence of the t » . _ii . i . " This party -argues tliat ** the _Lombard-Aeiictian provinces are less Hiihappy , arc ; better -idni 2 » i * _* iere _ than the other States of Italy : the An-srian _-SoYeninicEt is strong , thc Italian Governments are weak . ; it is essential , therefore , that Austria should extend her sway over the entire < iiii : iii'i - , ~ epi _* ssing .- " 1 th thc agitation amonast thc ' _cup . ci -and tlic ( -aprii __> of the Italian _•• riiices . " To this K * as ( inii _«« r , _Iklr . 3 hzzixi replies— - " Yes , it is - inn : that-then : is some _nroiiress in Lombard } -. We
advance , yon say : yes , doiibtles . % wc advance ; but arc you aware what tears and sweat every step of _proL-res-- costs in tliat quarter ? It is not true that tlic " Iw . 5 i-. ni provinces under the Austrian rule arc well governed . " Mr . i-f . izzi . vi _atlds that if hc can prove thi * - * , if he can show that Austria is the declared _iiii-nij- of all pi-egress , of all amelioration , lie may _< pare himself all trouble as _regards the other Italian _U-svciinnciits , whicli all parties acknowledge to be rxirKJbk _* _- , _rcquirinu to be overturned _altogether , _un-Icss speedily ref _. sniicd . Mr . _Mazsini then describes at great length flic state < il Lombard }* under the Austrian rule ; the _followhi-r is an c _* . it *< iiic « f Mr . _M-U-isf-i revelations .
_Lwabardy is _governed by a Viceroy . It is in Vienna where -: ! J taxes , direct and indirect , arc _imptis'jd ; all _rer . _' . niions eonceruiusi the post-nllicc made , a « ul ali the _fchw olliccrs tinder Government , the ] irofi . _* _ss' > i _* s « f the schools , ic , arc nominated . Vienna jix . _^ s the s . _-ihirics _<> f jrovcrnuiciit employes , all _pen-Hoiis , the _distrifcution of the funds for the yearly expenditure _, ihe a-pvova ! of aU new undertakiiiss , the _cAi-enso * of which will c . \( trd 5 , _' '' - * l _» i ! oims , ; md of all . _* _--jKH- « d .- * iion 5 _goiiiu * beyond that sum . Vienna _legislates for ail tliat concerns private sales without auction , iovall _exti-a _cxitenditurc ; it decrees all military levies : it _chwt-i-s the _sulijeits of instruction . The _tiilluwias _' is a list ol the principal posts filled by _foreigners ( _Austriaiisand _ntlu-r _sul-iects of Austria ,
not kalians ) hi the _Lonil-ard-Xenetian I _' rovinccs : — _t'li-un ' - _'i'v of tin : Viceroy : two Aulic Councillors out «{ ' the three whhh _coinpi-scs it . _Giunta 1 . 11 . del Ceiisime . _'i'o { cii . vscs } : the vice-president , a councillor _, ( _lou-riini—it-: thc governor , tlic _viec-prcsideiit , a _coiiiu-iikir , two secretaries , the dispatching director , l ' oliec : the director general , an assistant , a _siv-vtan _* , live upper eommissaries ; live subaltern ti . iisin : _ £ rics ; nearly all the corps of the police mjiiiaivguard : c * ium . _* : iidant , captains , lieutenants , Ac Censorship : a censor . University : a director an J three profcssois . Veterinary Schoul : the director . . Schools of _I'lulu-opl-v and Gymnastics : eleven j _wfcssoi-s . * Ma _"* Utratu Cauicrale ( Fiscal ) : thc
_pFcsldciii ; a sccm . in *; the inspector In cliiff of tiie « uards uf _xlic Confines ; the _viec-sccrctary . The "Mint : the director . The _Tost-officc : the director , and twentytwo _siibalicrns . _Inspcctiou of the Tobacco _ilanufaitoiy : the inspector . Guards of thc Confines : all tlw _i-tmnnessin- _** -, except tour . Tribunals , Milan . — Tribunal of Appeal : the president and nine councillors , out ot twenty-five . Tribunal of the lirst Instance : the president aud two councillors . Criminal Trilraual : _--ix wu ' . - . ci'dors . _Hrest'ia . —Tribunal ofthe first Instance : the president . Cremona— id . id . 75 c _*' : * . wiio . — id . id . Como . — id . id . I _' avia . id . id . Sonurie . — id . id . The Army : nearly ilh > whole of the _iniliiai-v _hierarchy .
Of course there is not wantm _* _, ' m the Lonib . - . _rd-Vein-tlan prcivlnccs ihe machinery of local _i-oveninieiiis : these are indispensable to enable the Austrian £ _.-Tcri « n « . _* j to _collet-t its exactions , and extend its _iirinding - _?»* _.- _.-iy into every nook ami comer of the land . The power possessed by the Central , Provincial , and _Mtu-Hpal Assemblies is , however , limited to _reii-iei-iii _:. ' the ediets of Austria , or at most reprc-501 ) 1511-: ihe wasts and _pefiiions of the Italian peovle , with an _ptv-er even to advise compliance with : !_ wishes of _tlse comuiunity . _IVe must- refer our Tei tiers to Mr . !; L _* zzixrs imuipuk-t for the full dc-:-* a " nf i « u of the _iispoJciiee and slavery of ihese _asscmiliei-. Wc quote "the _lbilmviinr extracts : —
TI . - . * Govtnimeat _t-il . severely repi—sauced the municipal body for h : iv : i _:- ; ii _* . I _.- ' : !« , expended-50 Austrian _lin-cs in a -timet , -tvithou : _apv-lying to the 1 . 11 . tiilat . They _n-erc-r _^ _'iiiiianded A _< r _czrarmeat of fcQ lines , made by tlic eo ' . _nmiui _* . * to a _physltiaii who had been _eiuj-iged in l £ _- _£ > - VZ- - ; ~ , t « - _* - . _ilici-: _^ - ;_! i ; the c-sccai 5 o » -of U _* e _sanilavy : _« Tai : ; , _'ciUv-nts . They werc _ripriiiiaiided by tiie . Gorenilii- _'ll l \ _. r a d :: iiy sakiry : _rr : ir . ttd by the couiiiion _cauiu-il _t-. 3 JatCJ _' _- _i-jhtt-r , which _ wi _ ded 45 _ecntiuK-s : they-were _svj . nnrii * . _' .. *! fur _iwyin-r hy _thv-ycar instead of cvviy . tij- ce invw : ; - - for Use municipal _ads—tiseincnts inserted in . _tcie pr iuhved t : i _ -ilc of _ililau . Tiie Governmait iuteif _.-rtm-ei 5 t _* « _waiuie that in _ISiba . long despatch directed t ! _:,- <; -., _vl-nime : Kof -Milan to call _Joiicthcr the _inaiiieii-aj a _* _=-. _-j « Hv . in _»* rJl _* that it _rok'ht _£ Jcld : i- « why in du * _sinv . _xi-A -tatiaics of arts aud trades in _ISvO there had _btcu 1 ' -: _laiioi-s _marlied . _iviiei-ea _** , in tliat * _.. f 1 S 3 S _Ilienumbi-r
-Tii . ru-r . toI Ii- " -. Tiie same ehambir hit upon a _scla-me to _ic-mi-h-an * the laws whereby all the commune ? , and all ili _* _-. ii ! _-. ] .. j . ' - ; wi : v _obliiKdto subscribe to the bulletin of law , _i-ul-fehrd a-. r . rjaliv hy thc ( _Jovenmu-nt , not so much , as ihe . lc .- _-.: u , Ii naively _ob-v-i-vcd , that the laws _mMil be-* - _-. _* a : v _.-. _Ti _.-wn _, as the treasury might . be profited . And it •" -Tr .: thi- Ku « _- _ian _Covviiimeiif _asTrcalising : H » , Oi )» thalers :. _y _.-irl . y this tax . There is uo need to _enlarge on the ' ¦ :.: r : i * al _( _iitiilie everybody has 10 Ciller upon any sort of _* .- - - ! : _••« « iih ibe _i-ftinniui'ts and jiiunieipaliiies on _ac-«* _..- - _ n of li : c _tar-Vr . _n-iS and ihe _vudlcfs hindrances which - _ivisally _risKlt from this strange _ihpeiidnu-y , for in-Kaatv the _discu-rsicn _K-twccna conmumeof thcJJergaira _? _-at _asui tbat of another province a _' cout a conscript , j ¦• _i-iiii last * . J l » y „ iU the ci _** lst _ytars _iixtil for his _smiecs . A I . _-siry el _' _Slivres and « ' ctiitiir . es lift by a jwor devil who i ¦ _iU-d in _I'l'isoii at "XTantua iu l ? 4 i > , was not paid to his •• i _.-it-r miiil lt * _rO .
Austria , then , is the ruler of L * _. ntbard- _\ cnctian Italy : now , low decs sic govern it ? Jn reply to tliis Autstivii _^ Mr . _3 Uzzixi says : — _J ' tvii . * - nj _*;* o ? ii : j ; _iliaf _--Ije shouM dtsin * * lo govern well . -l-cucilltluutLe-ihh-. o do so . The distance from tlic 1 « ad Cjviniuieiit , the customs of a _diiu-reiit race , the snw _ii-iistance fsoai all that is national iu the country which :. _«¦« on against ihe invaders , and imposes upon thein _uii-tnist and persecution as a necessity . Ucsides all this , llie (" _lincse _principh- of immobility represented in „ uru ] H * by _Aui-ula ( av . d wliiclt llie _Ueterojiom-ous elcmvms oi _wlfii-h _^ _lic j 5 composed will not allow hti * to al « -sdun _wiilu . _ut ruin ) , would sniiice to annihilate the lest _iutciitieusv _.: _« _, „ wori ( 1 h . Ij ) .,-it ( aud this txpro .- _- - soninihe in .-utiu . f-. . hV ; U red enemy ought to surprise no one ) , happily , slie has wmi . * , ve " may fi-rht without _eoiistniiijing ourselves , w _* tliWt : lny saerilire of gratitude . Austria is will _auar .. * that -he _eiii-amj . s in Italy for a Iran- ; she has uo oilier _hiivmions except to prolong as
•« And I Mil War, At Least In Words, (An...
mnoh as possible this indefinite period , and to « . _rptoi (« r to the utmost the . terr itory which at present she possesses . As far as she can she _resists all movement and progress , -ft'hui this _proj-rcss seems on the point of ac _comphshing _itsenilsb y _itsowi , strength , - -he takes possession of it , she _saiiciious it to deaden its _coiiM-nuences , and to _decoivc Eur _.-j . e . T :, ere result * from the . * ., * double tactics a system of imposture , a system of api . earances , which cannot be laid too bare , and of which the twoheaded eagle seems to have been cho „ u foi the symbol . In euteriug into particulars illustrative of the svstem of Austrian rule in Italy , Mr . M . « xi . m coin- J niences with the system of education practised in I the public . « clioo ) s . From all the bciic / its of ednca- 1 tion , the working classes are , in point oi ' fact , ex- j eluded . The poverty of the parents imposes a law of 1 labour upon the children , and on the day and evening of Sunday , the only time tlicy arc at libcrtv , there i - no instruction ; true , the government ' lines t' , _»
labourer wfco neglecu to send lus children to _sclu _^ j but the law forbids entrance to the schools o ' / aj \ those children who betray their poverty by _fl . _^* . _ragged clothes ; thus ignorance is perpetuate fi _am poverty plundered . " * All the schools and infant asylums _wlr _^ * j , ave been founded by private benevolence , or are ' ., „ ported by local funds , Austria has taker no- _* eisjo , " of in order to deaden their utility and f is ; iion _^ to her own ends . In some of . the da _^^ _^ j _,,, _g _,, _^ jects of instruction are strangely juml j _^ _j . the ' third class , for example , comprehends fo m _<^\ ujfl _* erent topics , all very important , which ai e l 0 _i- tau' _-bt in one _sini-lc year by a single master to cliiWrxmci « lit old other class
or nmc years ; m _x tj _wv take enormous time , lhc master is required to make a intuutc report to Government jf the conduct of thc scholars ; thc _inlormation is s * , crct , without control , without reparation for unjust . accusations . Moralitv is neglected ; what thev pic _, mi \ to teach of it , coiisists ol the duties of sul . _jcc- towards tlieir _sovereign Espionage is liiculcatcd . * The Asylums for children _fimndud by private bene * .-olenee . bnt directed bv the Government , which do < _^ , t take thc smallest share in their support , arc ' juiced in the hands of priests , and of men kuown ior their devotion to Austria . Mr . Mazzim sives the following tabic of one day in tke week , showing Uie nature of education given in those places .
ESIPUOVMEST OS _TllCIlSDAY . Time . II •—!) i Kollcall , prayer , sin * jiiijr , ( hymu ofthe Emperor ) . 91 _** " _—^ 10 _ sercise of memory upon the psalms . 10 —10 J _Drciikfast and recreation _, _lfti —U - * _NO _* iWw . _cVatnYc for the classes . 11 —111 Explanation for thc above . Ill —12 Play and prayers . VI —Iii Arithmetic . * _2-J —1 Cntctliisin . l —J Dinner aud prayers .
z —3 writing . 3 —3 ) , _Itcading-. * _U —1 _Sini'ini , _* - ( the hymn of the Emperor ) . -1 —5 l'lay and players . So tliat God and thc Emperor" Powers ettrnal ! Sueh names mingled !"that is , the inculcation of _supcistiiion and slavery , occupies daily tlic greater part of the time devoted to instruction—so * called . The Universities crown the system , and develope its aim more and more Ko onc can be a Professor iu them without having previously undergone . v > ec « 'Z examinations ; and it is froxn Vienna that the questions conic wliich arc to he given ; and it is to Vienna that the answers are sent lor approval— devotiou to Austria is tlic .-ixie qua xwn o f success . The lot of the
student is a most melancholy one Amongst the indignities to which lie is subjected , hunting aud fcucing arc prohibited to him . " He is compelled to shave off his moustache , and this is deemed of so much importance , that in 18-10 a letter came from the Governor of Lombard */ to repress the insubordination ofthe schools upon this point . Brutally insulted on the sniaL _' cst pretext by the soldiery , and the guards of police , without the least stimulus to emulation , without any esteem in his heart for those who insti uct him—with the sword trembling over his head of expulsion in twenty-four hours for thc least fault , if he be not reduced to a state of idiotey , he may thank the inspiring heaven wliich is above his lic . id , tlio . grand memories whicli surround hiin , and the Italian leaven that ferments in his soul , and whicli three centuries of servitude and corruption have not been able to kill . "
Quitting the schools , is the intellect then allowed to breathe freely ? Alas , no ! " You wish to read iu the public libraries—where tlic cap of thc workman is formally excluded—you _m'c refused Gall , Lavatev , Allien , Byron , Shakspeare . In thc- book-shops , you can get nothing- —immoral romances _excepted—<» f what is printed abroad , not even an edition of Dante by Foscolo , published two years ago in London , by llokindi . Yon wish to write—and live or six censors remorselessly bar thc way . " " Tin-re is a censorship for the journals , another censorship for bo : ks , a third for thc provinces , and a fourth for engravings and theatrical representations . Then there arc special censors for ecclesiastical works and works on medicine and mathematics—all charged to prevent the development of new opinions . There
arc no political journals , except thc privileged Gazette , at Milan , which belongs to the government . No foreigu newspapers arc allowed , except those which represent legitimacy and regal power ; and even these are suppressed whenever they contain anything whicli displeases . Tlieir circulation is however next to nothing . It is to Vienna that application must be made , bciorc a literary journal ean be commenced , it is Vienna which sends or modifies the programme of such a journal . Ramnct , a witness who cannot be suspected , confesses that , dramatic vritcrs arc o ; _tjviacd lo place a goad prince beside « bail one in their works , _ivhctlter histom bears them out or xxot . And
when you have satisfied all these exactions—when you have disarmed these rabid curtailcrs of syllables , by giviug up to them thc best passages you had written , when at _Icng h you appear under the protection of the censor , you ave still under the axe . Tlic police , more powerful than ave the censors , may turn round upon you , and whether owing to a sudden illumination , or whether in consequence of your liaving excited imprudent applause—seize , and suppress your work , and confiscate the volumes wliich have already appeared . That is thc fact about translations of foreign historical works collected by Bottom , to which the emperor himself had subscribed for a copy .
" Under the Austrian Government not a single literary mau of note ( Manzoni _aloiic , perhaps , excepted ) has pafsed through life witliout meeting with persecution . Since 1 S _14 , Foscolo has died in England , in exile ; _Bbrchct lives so ; _Pellico , Borsieri , and others , wore out their chains in Spielberg ; Zuccala died of grief in consequence of the persecutions which he brought upon himself by a lecture on Dante ; "Melchior Gioja was kept eight months in prison without being brought before a judge ; Ilo 1 n . 1 gno . si , dragged to prison at thc age of seventy , declared innocent after eight or ten months' imprisonment , found himself deprived ofthe right of keeping a private school in his own house , and when called by Lord Guildford to a chair of jurisprudence at Corfu , his passport was refused . " Wc must pause for the present ; next week Ave shall continue these revelations . Inthcmcaniiniewchope that many of our readers will obtain the pamphlet for themselves , and leam in full , from its pages , tlic abominations of that system under whicli Italy "roans .
'* -* < - . Eral Otii:<Ui, :T „ 5!Ue , -...
_'* - * < - . eral otii : < ui , : t „ 5 ! ue , - _ e _dn-aied : o teach the _t .-ra-i ; i-ularsua *«&)
* L Wisli 1 Could Iwiut Entire Tins Serv...
* l wisli 1 could iwiut entire tins servile work , written to crush the soul ami unilorstaiidin _*; , but tin * fo ! lo « injr is . -1 short ** jieeiineii of it;—( _jucstiici : How _ouglit subjects to t _* .. ii . _lii-.-t tlivnisclvcs to « : inls tlieir sovereign f—Answer : . _SubjiTta ougbt to l _. _fliave towards tbeir sovereign like faithful tit res towards their muster . — Question : _tl'liy ¦ _iiij-Jit _tbevti _. bcliave like _rials '—Answer : _llccausetlie si _. _vertigiiis tlieir aui . < t _.: r . and liis _jiuwvr extends _oct'i _* their ); _-oj-r : rt ; i , ( if occr their _y-er .-Oii _.- _* . —Question : Is it a l > _K-ssii ; g that _Uoil bestows in giving us good and Clivistian Wags anil superiors ? — - Answer : Yes , it is one of the rreatcst _lilessinijs the Deity ean bestow when lie gives us Z . » , d and Cirfetian kings " mid superiors , sueh as those Uuder whom we have the _haj-piiiess to dwell . Wc ought tor-ray tbat _Cc-d will - * v- * r . t n long lWe and a long r . _it-ii to our belovcid ni « iarcli . —_ , 7 _ 1 eoiiiesof this eateeliism . to" dher wi . 'h l _^ afu _et'j . ies of 1 know not what pitiful , _servil- _reli-. -i » u » mainial , ave distvilmted annually t _« . the _seli-Jois in _ o uibzrdy , whilst they haw * not a single Italian history . _
Loccsis.—Vtcfell" Irom St. Petersbm-Gh ,...
_Loccsis . _—VTcfell" irom St . _Petersbm-gh , July S , that the pvoviut •" _*« - _*' - "•'• ' i _* - _" _* ' 111 vas s «* _fcrins _dreadfully from want oi ' ralfl and enorjnonsswarmsof locusts . _IlEJiTii or -Mi :. _-fFi-En . _inv . _Tiiaci-ihax . —It appeals that . Mr . l ) uli ' e" _« as engaged io deliver a course of lectures oiiSliaksi : _eai-. ' _* - - _I-K « . * V Atliciueum _, . Manchester . _Wediu * _"•* % week , was the iirst oi the series , llimlcl being the iaiMv selected ; but scarce ! v i i * . _ i ... i ... j _ .. _ .. _ . -r .-I ' .. fniiMli sin . _Itcloi-n l _. fi
bcitimcso .-crioiislvill th . it he was conveyed noiiic . Xot the _slightest svinptoms of _. vocovery were pprecjrtil . ! c afterwards , and on thc i _W-fl-wnS _^ ' i ( l _•>«« - dav ) , about half-past _a-ven , a ** Jic was proceeding aei ' _ossliished-iaoiii , sii ] . porici . ' t _ - liw wile , lie suddeulv fell back iu her arms , and _expired . 1 he complaint whieh has thus brought ii , _*» > _- _' f _*»^ f ™ w & _soneofaverv painful and _dtuigc'M 0 _* " _* _^ i ' ' aim it ism .. _k-1 _'stoo _* . that about a few „ _vidl's ago he was operated upon bv Dr . Liston . He * _* " *¦ , H 1 » s * t vfijst vear , and was much esteemed _flwragl-out thc
_prolession . _IIKMIX' _-TOX ' S _LIXE .-L 0 XD 0 . V AXD -M _^ CI'ESTEI _* DiBici _IjaiEi-BSiiEsi Uailwav .-A moi * * ¦ y " ™ tial iiseetiiiL * of the _coiimiittee of this railway ¦ ya _f -held on _Wcdnwday last , at their offices in Mourgi . _*« _- -3 _^ _-l'cct > when oii ' eis ol ' extcnsive suj _. port from variou " * * _V _? ccs were made , and amongst them one coalmastci ' Ofteml to enter into a contract to pay _AoO _. ijUU a year l _" 7 _^ _eoiiij-aiiy for the simple use ot the intended rai . -wsy ( he finding engines , fuel , and other expenses ) , ior ccnvcyii . g coal to the London market wily ; and * _* appealed froni investigations which look place that ihe Slaiiordshire coal will Le supplied and delivered b y tliis railway in thc London market at los . Id . per ton . _—i ' liiuruif Express .
Agf Toiitur^ Aim Imtituituit
_agf toiitur _^ aim imtituituit
Fiel 1 >Oaiu)Es Operations. For The Wo I...
FIEL _> oaiu ) ES OPERATIONS . For the Wo i _vomwncixig _Mmduy , Juki 81 rt , 1 S 43 . JSS _? , V < _?" 1 , lA " _* ' _* _* , c - " _* _Ji Operations on Kre _ne-ir F- , f "" ll : c ? st :, t _« of _thflaus . Mis . D . Gilbert , , _«« _-.. X _^ wm " - _SllsSL _' _: ami on several model JS- . ? _ssti' -tes ot the Earl of Dartmouth at of F "TV ' ksl , l , re _PuWUlicdby Mr . Nowell , ™ l » rxxky lyas , near IIuddcraheM , in order to guide ? J i 5 _l'f scssors ot" fidd _sar-lens , by showing them 1 , 1 " _^ _"ra _w'SW _to -je midcrtaken tin their own ;¦ ' _m-fts . llie lnrius selected as models arc—First , / wo scnooi farms at _\ Viiliui ;„ on and Eastdean , ol _ five acres each , conducted by G . Cruttenden and Jolm
Harris . Second . Two private farms , of live or six acres : one wovkod by Jesse Piper , tho ether by Jolm DumbreU—the former at Eastdean , the latter at Jevington—all of them within a lew miles of Eastbourne . Third . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaite . Fourth . Several private nioiiel farms near tlic Siimeplace . Thccoiisccutive operations in these reports will enable the curious reader to compare the climate and agricultural value of the south with the north of England . The Diary is aided by "Notesami Observations" from the pen ' of ilr . Nowell , Civlculatcd i ' or the time and season , whicli we . subjoin .
" The culture of the ground is thy _liap-iicft state , 0 wan I Envy uot tha possession of { fold , silver , or fine raiment—their joys may not be so great as thine ; for these things lead unto sloth , and a life of slotlifulncss is prone to vanity and imaginings of evil . " Note . —The school farms « r <* ndtivated by boys , who in return for three hours' teaching in the morning , give three hours of their labour in the afternoon for the master ' s benefit , which _x-enders the schools sfci . _Fsitpoiitixo . H ' c bclkvc ' / t « t « t i ' _ttriilii Tyas _sixscveiitlt-1 of the produce of the school / ami will be assigned to the boys , and one-seventh to the muster , who will receive the usual school fees , help the boys to cultivate their land , and teach them , in addition to reading , writing , etc ., to convert tlieir produce into bacon , by attending to pig-keepixiy , ivhieh at Christra ' . u mug be divided , after paying rent and levy , _amount < 7 « _-ni m proportion to their services , aiid bcmaile thus indirectly _tox-eacli their parents in a way the most grateful to their feelings . ]
SUSSEX . MoxniY—Willingdon School . Boys digging and manuring for white turnips after tares . Piper . Heaping rye . . Mem . —when the rye is removed , the stubble is digged up , mended with liquid , and turnips sown 01 * cabbages planted . _ _uxxilx-dl . _lloeing turnips , mixing dung and mould . Tcesdav—Willingdon School . Boys doing tho same as yesterday . Piper . The same as yesterday , and mixing dung , Ac . Dumbrell . Digging up tare ground ; the heifer drew one load of manure nearl y a mile up hill and down . Wep . _nesbay— _HtWiiwrfon School , _lloys doing thc same
as before . Piper . Mixing dung and mould . Lum-1 _'i-ell . Digging up tare ground . Tiiv-nsnAY— iriW < . H / don School . 15 oys dressing the ground and sowing white turnips after tares . Piper Mending more lucerne with liquid manure , * and hoeing turnips . Dumbrell . Digging up tare ground and sowing rape-seed . Vvai > A \—WWirigdon School . Boys hoeing swede turnips . iV /„ r . " lloeing turnips . Dumbrell . Weeding tares . _Satl-hdat— Willingdon School . "Boys hoeing swcilo turnips . Piper . Hoeing carrots . Dumbrell . Mending the cow lodge .
COW-FEEniXC . Hillingdon School . Thc cows have been eating during the week the second cut of clover . _Dindbx-cll . One ofhis cows grazed during the day , and was led , morn and even , in the stall with Italian rye-grass ; one cow and licil ' cr stall-fed upon tares aud Italian rye-grass , as before , till Wednesday , since then , both cows were led on Italian rye-grass , and thc heifer upon tares alone .
Theory Of Vegetation. "And Therefore It ...
THEORY OF VEGETATION . "And therefore it was said , not elegantly alone , but philosophically ; Homo est _j'Unita incersii ; _Jlanis like a plant turned upwards . "—Bacon . A . _VALOtiV _DETWEE . Y I ' lAXTS AXD A . TOUUI , —In . ini mals the food is received into an internal sack or stomach , it is tliere acted upon by certain juices , and converted into a semi-fluid mass called chxjmc . From thence it passes into thc intestines , is absorbed from thc grosser food by the lacleuls , is in them refined , and goes into the veins from thence as chyle , and is intimately mixed with the blood . After passing through tiie lungs , and becoming decarbonated , it is then changed into Hood , which eontains materials for the nourishment of all parts of the system . In different parts of thc body arc certain glands , as the liver and the kidneys , which may he compared to pipes and strainers . They separate certain substances
from the blood , wiiich arc carried off as being no longer necessary to nutrition . These , as well ai the supcriliious portions of food not necessary to the formation of chyle , arc discharged as excrements . In structure , plants differ from animals , principally in containing no internal sack or stomach ; in plants this organ may be considered as external ; it is in the earth that the elaboration of tlieir food takes place . Hence wc may compare it to thc stomach of animals , while the roots of plants are analogous to the lacteals in animals ; for through those roots the liquid or gaseous food of plants is admitted to the system , after having been extracted from tlieir grosser food iu its raw state , or manure , when digesting in the ground . The sap of the one wc may compare tothe blood of the other . Tlic leaves to the lungs , for in both a peculiar modification of what was originally their food takes place , one part of it being retained , the other expelled .
THE VEUETABM" A >' D ANIMAL COXirAUED . By M . M . _Diuna-i nnd Cahoxirs . THE YECETA 11 LE . i TIIE ANIMAL . _Produces—A ' cutral nitrogen- _Coiijiiinej—Xcutral nitroous matters . ' genotis matters Fatty matters . Tatty matters . Sugars , leculas , Sugars , _t ' eculas , gums . gums . vecomposes— ' Carbonic acid . _IVortitcfs—Carbonic acid . Water . IVilter . Anmiouiacal | Aimnoniacal salts salts . _Coiish . _iic- _*—Oxygen . Disengages—Oxygen . ' _, _Produces—lleat . Absorbs—float . * Electricity . Electricity . Is au _apuxtvatus of oxidation , Is an apparatus of reduction , or deoxidatioii , Is immoveable . Is locomotive .
The _Vi-cetaiii . e _riiEi' . \ nEs rooD roit the Axiii . tb . — The manure whicli we apply to the soil , whether it may be of vegetable or animal origin , ferments , putiifics , and becomes gradually decomposed , and resolved into certain compound bodies , such as carbonic acid gas , ammonia , carbonate of ammonia , . tc . Tliese , with water , arc the great sources of the food of plants . Moreover , rain as it falls from tlic asmosphci-c , brings down , in solution , a further supply of carbonate of ammonia , and other substances , which have emanated from _-ieeayinganimal matter , or from
grave yards , and become accumulated there . Tho atmosphere , being an universal receptacle , contains , with other exhalations , a continual supply of carbonic acid gas whicli has been expired from the lungs of animals , " or derived ihmi other sources ; all of which enter plants hi a gaseous or liquid state , are decomposed by ihem , and resolved iuto the ultimate elements of which they arc composed . For there is in every plant au energy , a power , a decomposing , as well as a combining power superior to tliat of the most energetic galvanic machine .
From compounds so various , with thc aid ot heat , light , and electricity , plants can separate the simplo clcmcntarv bodies carbon of charcoal , oxygen , hydrogen , nitrogen , & c and at thc same time appropriate them as food , for these peculiar elements tlicy principally subsist upon . That very carbonic acid gas , whicli was once expelled from thc lungs of animals , is thus decomposed into its elements carbon and oxygen , thc latter is partly returned to thc air wc breathe * , to be again respired by animals , while the former being assimilated bythe plant , forms , if we may so term it , tli- vegetable bone . 'i'he other compounds , water , ammonia , . te ., become resolved by the same power , iuto their ultimate elements , whicli arc a'tenvards assorted , combined , or bundled together and assigned eaeh to its own p lace in the vegetable structure , in the most exact and beautiful manner , again to minister to the future support-of _aniinallife .
In vegetable , as in architcetur . il masonry , various saline substances in solution are required to act : is cements , to give stability to lhc plant , to saturate its acid juices ] " or for otherpurposcs ; these are potash , soda , lime , and indeed , a variety of inorganic . substances , but different tribes of p lants exercise a peculiar choice . TllC A . VIMAL _l-ItEl-ARKS I'OOB FOU THE l _ 0 _' _* . T . _" . _liLI" . — But whatever substances enter plants as food , they are all derived from the _C' _-rth _, or the atmosphere , and when moulded into vegetable forms , and in
afterwards becoming thc food of animals , such el them as came originally from the atmosphere , arc ayam restored to that medium , b . v animal respiration , Ac . The remainder , which have not been consumed 111 the vespiratorv _oruans , must go to thc formation ot the bones , the _llesh , and thc animal secretions , or become , expelled in their excretions . Hence , 111 these things the whole ofthe _elenieiils required by the ve-» etable will ' ue contained , which taken collectively , inust represent thc comi _. _iement of its structure ; and when restored to thc earth , be sufficient , with _wbat
1 * I'Us I.Khid M.Txi:Iie Taxk.-Sow Is T...
1 * _I ' us I . khid M . txi : iiE Taxk .-Sow is the time fui ¦ : putting down vonr tank , before vou may be waiitw w V . *• ! the sickle , fipev _' s tank _eulleels i _' vuin the cow-house aim ; pi ? gcry all the liquids voided there ; someliniKS nt is . a * --: customed t _> . increase t ! : e strength of it hy addn . J . out ! hushcl of soot , a quarter of a bushel of common salt , -in pounds of soda , and five or six gallons of tlic content * ' 01 _theprivvtr . _li-- ; the tank holds one hundred and mty ! - •¦¦ ! lens of liquid , whieh lie sometimes "'' _" ¦ _'* - ' ¦¦ '•••• " , " . "• ,, wheat . The addition of thc soda is , however , <>! _'J * - ' _* - " '" ; _aiJe , as il ivill decompose the miniate of mmn _; ' _- ' _** u _* . " ¦ - so ,. t , as well as the _immu-macnl sails of thcuvnw _amiuxeivmentitious n : alter , and expel the aiiiiiu . ma w ncli J * _" »' / -is _volaiility will he _h . ft . The addition of about low J- »» _- < ., * _*/ yp _* - _*** _-vonlil be ilmtleill y _LetK-V _, « i " . _« l <» l _« - _* ; _* . '" tai . >»« g this volatile tub-tawi ? anil agent of ! _' . * _i"i » _* .
1 * I'Us I.Khid M.Txi:Iie Taxk.-Sow Is T...
the atmosphere lias received , holds , and is ready to furnish , to produce the same quantity of that vegetable . Bnt the domestic animals , and their secretions , arc the lood of man ; consequently , he and his excretions become the depositaries of the ingredients derivable Irom all tlte animal and vegetable food be iwcs , except what passes away by respiration , ite ., into the atmosphere . Now if ' his bulk remain constant , and the bones and excretions of tho animals he has ted upon have been exactly restored to tlic soil , his excretions will become the complement ot
the plant , and when duly returned to that soil , furnish elements to call into action what is already gone iuto the utuios _\! li ( _. a > _, iu pyo . Hice the same aiiuiuiit ol vegetable substance that entered , directly and indirectly , hito his food . And if tliis be so , then tho conclusion will follow ;— " That the collection and proper application , to the earth , of the bones , liquid and sulid excretions of animals , in particular those of man , ought to be the primary object of agriculture ; as in them are contained all the elements required to enable the soil to produce an equal amount of the vegetable substance he has consumed .
Agricultural Chemistry. (Continued From ...
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY . ( Continued from our last , ) XlTnOni-. _N * AXD THR ELEMENTS Ol' WATER . CS . "Wc have stated that the combinations of nitrogen ( sometimes called azote ) arc shrouded in obscurity * , but that they are deeply intercstingand important . " After oxygen , few substances are of more importance jn thc economy of nature than nitrogen ( 13 ) . Forming so great a part of our atmosphere , it is scarcely possible to conceive that it must not be subservient to other important purposes besides that of mcrelv diluting oxygen gas . It is dissolved in the water ofthe sea , ol" lakes , springs , and rivers , lt enters largely into thc composition of some vegetables , and of all animals ; and it is extreme ! v probable that great phenomena , now obscure , sucli as the renovation of the air , rain , and respiration , would be solved by an accurate knowledge of this . 'as . "—( Davy , )
09 . The progress of science lias recently added considerably to the list of vegetable substances _contilining nitrogen , at least in minute quantity . It may be considered as proved , that all the young organs of plants without exception—all those parts manifesting the greatest activity in the nutrition of vegetablesall substances contained in the circulating juices , especially in the ascending sap , or the fluid derived from the soil by the roots , are abundant in nitrogen ; that an aroused , matter is the real origin of every portion of vegetable structure ; and that the value of an organic manure depends upon its proportion of matters furnishing nitrogen , ov thc preponderance of theso mutters over those wliich merely furnish
carbon . The agricultural value of many inorganic substances depends also in a great measure upon their property of forming or absorbing ammonia from the atmosphere . In short , to husband nitrogen is in a great degree to husband carbon also . Coals , for instance , contain some nitrogen as well as much carbon , yet both aro so fast locked up that coal dust is quite unproductive . Coals , however , in burning , yield carbonic acid to the air , and deposit soot in the chimney , Soot contains salts of ammonia ; it is an azoiiscd product , very conducive to thc growth ol vegetables . Teat-, again , yields carbon in abundance , yet peat forms a poor ungrateful soil until fertilised by nitrogen or its compounds .
70 . If chemistry , then , is to instruct agriculture , tlte agriculturist will attend with patience and docility to a puzzling lesson upon some combinations of" nitrogen with oxygen and Indrogcn , the elements of water ( 10 ) . With oxygen , nitrogen forms nitric aeid and tho nitrates ; with hydrogen , it forms ammonia nnd its salts .
K 1 _TU 1 C ACID . 71 . Hitherto thc researches of chemistry havo not ascertained much that is clear or practical , cither as to the formation of nitric acid from the atmosphere , or as to its influence in agriculture , when combined with soda and potash , to form the nitrate of soda and the nitrate of potash . Sad it is to confess , that the little wc yet know of the process of nitrification ( or the manufacture of the nitrates ) , is principally due to the science and application of the French chemists , stimulated hy the necessity of providing saltpetre for the manufacture ofgunpowder during the wars of the Revolution .
? 2 . Whenever a , discharge of electricity takes place in common air ( 13 ) , a minute portion of nitric acid is invariably formed by a chemical union of oxvgen and nitrogen . This fact was lirst ascertained by Cavendish , in 17 _S 5 . He succeeded in forming nitric acid from its elements , by transmitting a succession of electric sparks , during several days , through a small quantity of aiv couliiicd in si tube . A trace of this acid in combination with ammonia has been detected in the rain of thunder storms , produced probably in the same manner . Some philosophers are of opinion , that much of the nitric aeid contained in the nitrates afforded by different soils , originated from the combination of nitrogen ami oxygen by lightning ; others deny the probability of this opinion . __ We have no means of estimating the extent to wliich this atmospheric nitrification proceeds in the higher region ot the air ; nor lias human ingenuity devised any means of profiting by it in a direct manner .
73 . _Kitric aeid is also a product of animal and vegetable decomposition ; it is always thus obtained in combination with lime , potash , " or soda , in the fonn of nitrate of lime , nitrate of potash , nitrate of soda—substances of great value to the agriculturist , and at present the subjects of extensive trial . Itis on thc farm , however , and not in the laboratory , tliat their morits must be decided—not by the laws of chemistry , or by chemical equivalents , but by the rules of that indispensable aud unerring sciencearithmetic , and by the equivalents of hard cash . 7-1 . It has beon " proposcd to construct nitre beds in this country , for the purpose of obtaining supplies of the nitrates for the use of the fanner . Certainly 11 more valuable compost could not he devised than a well-constructed artificial nitre bed . lint for the
amelioration ofthe soil , such a compost would probably attain its greatest value long before the formation of nitre . Such at least is the inference that ono would draw from the received opinion on this subject , —viz ., that "ammonia is the general cause of nitrification 011 thc surface of thc earth . "—( Liebig . ) " The last products of the decay and putrefaction of animal bodies present themselves in two diffevcist forms . They are in the form of a combination of hydrogen and nitrogen—ammonia—in temperate and cold climates , and in that of a compound containing oxygen—nitric acid—iu the tropics and hot climates . Thc formation of the latter is preceded by thc production ofthe first . Ammonia is the last product of the putrefaction ol animal bodies—nitric acid is the product of the trans-/ oniKifion of ammonia . "—( Ibid . ) The value of
ammonia to the fanner is indisputable ; it is , however , a very volatile and fugacious-product in his hands , neither agreeable to the senses nor conducive to health . "Whenever , therefore , he once comes into possession of this valuable agent , let him employ it , and not foolishly lose tho substance in seeking a shadow , by waiting to obtain nitre or nitrates . Those who seek more detailed information on thc subject of nitrification than can be inserted here , will lind many valuable remarks in a paper published by Mr . Graham , so long- ago as March 1 S _27 , in thc Philosophical Magazine , p . 172 . The -subject is still obscure , and we must limit ourselves to a statement of what is supposed to be well established , and in sonic degree intelligible , otherwise tliere are many passages in Mr . Grai _a'li _' s paper that would well deserve to be ex * ti-.-ir-. fiul
75 . Ammonia , ns already stated , consists of nitrogen united to hydrogen . It is popularly kuown as the volatile alkali , spirit of hartshorn , sal-volatile , - . tc . It g ives pungency to the contents of smellingbottles . " Vi ' c need not at present detail the mode by which thc two elements of this substance arc combined in thc processes of animal and _vegetable decomposition . The product—ammonia—is found at the end of these processes in various states of combination with carbonic acid , muriatic acid , and sulphuric acid , aiid forming carbonate , muriate , or sulphate _of-annnoiiia . From these combination !* , caustic , lime , potash , or soda ( CO ) expel the ammonia in its caustic and most volatile state .
70 . Thc salt commonly called sal-ammoniac ( muriate or hydrochlorato of ammonia ) is a combination of ammonia with muriatic , or , as it is now called , hydrochloric acid . If upon a portion of this salt , slightly pounded , you pour some strong milk of lime , or ley of potash or soda , the acid unites forthwith to the lime , potash , _orsoJa , and the ammonia flies off . A slight degree nf heat is suliicient to expel all thc ammonia ,. * . *! ' ! it takes no long time to escape without heat , if water be not [ . resent in ureat quamityto dissolve and retain it . if the carbonate , or nitrate , or sulphate of ammonia be employed irstead of thc sal-ammoniac , the same results ' are observed ; the ammonia disappears und is lust . It is not , however , lost tu the world ; it unites immediately with the _earbonie aeid oftho air , and with the vapour" of water , and alights witli the next shower of rain to fertilize the earth .
77 . two compounds , then—nitric aeid and ammonia , the one a corrosive acid , the other a strontr and pungent volatile alkali—arc the results ofthe combination of nitrogen with the one or other elemeia of water ( 10 ) . Xuw _, since nitrogen constitutes fuur-iifths of tke atmosp here , and water abounds everywhere read y to supply oxygen to form the nitric acid or hydrogen , for thc ammonia , one miaht have expected that science or chance would have taught mankind how to combine these cheap and abundant elements together at will , so as to procure ammonia for the purposes of medicine and the arts , and at
least nitric acid ( or the soldier ' s saltpetre . Such , however , is not the case . One of the greatest philosophers this or any other countrv ever produced , was occupied many days with au electrical machine in converting the air contained in a small tub- * into nitric acid ( 72 ) . It is still more difficult to form ammonia Irons 11 direct union _ofils elements ; nothing less than thunder and lightning seem competent to the his . ' , lhc slow , precarious , obscure , and unhealthy process ofanimal and vegetable decomposition _, must be resorted to as the principal source of ttefloid and alkali . These are what , mav be
tousidcrcd magazines or storehouses ofthe other three great elements , oxygen , hydrogen , and carbon , that seem to have passed through some state of previous existence . Clouds , rain , rivers , aud sens , supply oxygen and hydrogen combined as water , immense strata of marble and limestone yield exhaust-less supplies of _earbunie acid , in which , and in the air aruiuul us , carbon is se .-urt . -ly _Inelu-. l np until vegetatioi _^ applies its key . Mines ' of coal and _brds of peat minister carbon plentifully in a form still more availiable to our wants ; but there is no such storehouse of nitrogen ready for use . It exists indeed abundantly in tilt * air , but uot in chemical combination—it is not available ; we cannot seize and bind it . _ISitiogen rores a chartered libertine over the face of the . 'lobe , and if for a time it enters the
composition of an organised being , it holds no abiding place during life , aud after death is still more impatient of its prison house . Front the cradle to the grave mau breathes tin atmosphere four parts out of five eonsistingof nitrogen , day and night , asleep or awake , * yet it is believed to " conic as breath , and so depart , " Animals are supposed to respire atmospheric air , without being able to appropriate a particle of its nitrogen tosupply tlieir iueessaut-waste of this element . " Nor , practically speaking * , do vegetables _i-ccm to obtain much of the nitrogen they all contain , directly from the air . it is said , indeed , that some plants possess the power of appropriating this gas by their leaves ; and we see it gravely announced that a frugal farmer might improve his rotation by taking an occasional crop of Jerusalem
artichoke—a plant fouud to be eminently endowed _witk the faculty _offiiulissg in the . _.-liy thai indispensable but costly azotic element which wheat in particular carries off from the soil . Liebi g , nn the other hand , says , perhaps too exclusively , ' " svo have not the slightest reason for believing that the nitrogen of the atmosphere lakes part in the processes of assimilation ol plants and animals . " 73 . Owing to the powerful affinity of ammonia for water , its presence in the atmosphere must be very transitory . By certain tedious processes , however , rain water may be shown to hold in solution sumo salts ofammonia—whichismueh tliesaineas proving that tliere was smoke in the air previous to the shower . The discovery has been made by an eminent chemist in Germany , and confirmed , as might be expected , at Manchester .
7 . ) . In the lnanuiaeiure oi coal-gas thero is produced a considerable quantity of amuioniacal liquor , which is said tocontiiiu carbonate and hydrosulphuret of ammonia , Jt is obviously a material rich in matters profitable to ihe agriculturist . SO . Guano , a substance imported from South America , abounds , in azoiised matter ; so do bones _, lt seems , at first sight , an omission on the part ol Sir 11 . Davy , still the greatest teacher of agricultural chemistry , that he recommends the use 0 ! bone moro on account of its organic or _azotiscd ingredient , aclatin , than its earthy constituent , phosphate of lime , which is at present more exclusively sought alter ; yet , on inquiry , we may perhaps find the one essential to the other . It appears that dogs require bone earth to qualify the famed gelatin ; and wo shall be led to believe thata plant , in turn , will require the aid of its gelatin in order to digest the bone pni'th .
SI . Itwas a wise saying of Cato the Censor , that a good farmer should aim tobe a seller , rather than a buyer . A prudent man will , in the iirst instance , economise and apply to use the various azotiscd materials yielded b . v animals fed upon the produce ol his farm . It is only , however , by observing and comparing together the properties of carbon ( 22 , ite . ) of nitrogen ( M , OS ) , and the no less energetic elements of water ( 21 , GS ) , the absorbing powers of the carbonaceous and . other ingredients of the soil ( 2- - . ) , the processes of combustion ( -1 ) , fermentation , and deconiposition—processes more nearly allied than mav appear at Ursfc _sJ _^ ht—it is only , in ihort , as nil interpreter of Nature , that the agriculturist can hope to become her favoured minister . ( To be continued . )
Destruction Ov Tullocji Castle, Rossshir...
DESTRUCTION OV TULLOCJI CASTLE , ROSSSHIRE , BY FIRE-LOSS OE JEWELS , Ao . ( Abridged from the _Julinfiui _^/ _i _Adi'crf iser of July IS . ) Wc regret to state that almost the whole of the line mansion-house ofTullocli Castle , near Dingwall , with a largo portion ofils rich and valuable furniture , some family portraits and pictures , the library , and other effects , have been destroyed b y lire . This lamentable catastrophe occurred early on Monday morning hist . Tlm lire was first _lUsenvcvcil by the proprietor , Duncan Davidson , Esq ., of Tuilock , who , going to his bedroom about two o ' clock , found tho apartment filled ivith smoke ami Jlamo , and presenting a most alarming appearance . The family wero all from home , with the exception of the youngest child , and 110 man-servant _beinj : on the premises , Mr .
Davidson ran to the square to rouse the gardener and farm servants . A messenger ivas also despatched to Dingwall , when thc town bell was rung and a great number of persons Hocked to the spot . " Lie this time the fire had spread to a small parlour adjoining the bed-room , and conmiunientcd to the allies , which , with the roof , wcre sunn all in lliiines . \ Vatcr was procured from a well in the flower-garden , and was also conveyed by means of horses from a spot half a mile distant ; but it was obvious that no efforts ot this kind could avert destruction . The fire spread to the western division of the building , and the attention of all parties was Itnvud Lo save some of thc most valuable of tho furniture , and cut oil' the communication with the back part of the . castle . The dining-room and drawing-room ( the latter a rich and splendid apartment ) " were both destroyed ,
but a lew of thc paintings were saved . Eortimately some valuable pictuics , by the Italian and Dutch masters , had been sent to Edinburgh to be cleaned and repaired , and the family plate had been deposited a short time before in the safe of the Caledonian Bank , at Dingwall . The cliartulary , containing the title-deeds of the property and family , was saved . Tho wines in the cellar wore removed , and the crystals and choice articles aho preserved . While Mr . Davidson ( the proprietor ) and liis friends were attempting to carry olfsomc of the paintings from the drawing-room , the ceiling fell in and they narrowly escaped their lives . The billiard-room and library were consumed , and the old tower ( occupied only by bed-rooms ) , was also destroyed . By nine o ' clock in the morning nothing remained of thc interior of Tulloch Castle but tho bare walls and
smouldering ruins . By means of axes , hammers , ifcc ., a large gap was cut " across thc building , and thc communication of the fire being thus arrested , thc back wings , containing the servants' apartments , remained uninjured . We arc happy to add that no accident occurred . Many persons , i ' n their eagerness to render assistance , placed themselves in situations of imminent danger , and nothing * could exceed the coolness and intrepidity with which thc tradesmen and workpeople endenvoured , though ineffectually , to stop thc progress of the flames . Mr . Davidson liinisolf wrought manfully by the side of his sympathising and warm-hearted neighbours , and ivas mainly instrumental in saving the remnant of his effects . Th _» house and funi ' _mus , wc understand , werc only partially insured . The unfortunate accident would appear to have originated from alighted candle left in the bed-room . Our reporter , whom
we sent to the spot , was informed that no lire had been made in the bed-room that day , Mr . Davidson , it was believed , had entered the apartment in the course of thc evening , and returned to his study to finish the writing of some letters , on wliich he had been engaged . Whilst- thus employed , ho became aware of the pr . scneo of fire in some part of the house , and rushing to his bed-room discovered , but too late , the fatal progress of destruction . Amongst other things , a carved oak table , which had formerly belonged to the I ' uwlis family , known as the " speaker ' s tabic , " with the furniture , clothes , wardrobes ; in short , all above the drawing-room was entirely destroyed . Unfortunately , the late Mrs . Davidson ' s _jovvels , watches , trinkets , etc ., in a wardrobe containing valuable _drcsi-os and other things , were in a room up stairs to which 110 access could be obtained during the fire , and have perished .
Ini-Oiitaxt Mfc-Troi*<W.It.L.\ Improveme...
_Ini-OIITAXT _Mfc-TROI *< W . IT . l . \ IMPROVEMENT . *—lie IItldcrstaiid the commissioners for the improvement of London have it in contemplation lo open a most important avenue from tlio west end of the town to the City , with the view of relieving the crowd of carriages now so inconveniently congregated at times in llolborn and the Strand . This " new street is to continue the line opened from Coventry-street through Leicester-square to Long-acre , from the corner of liow-strect , obliquely across _Drury-laue to Careystreet , on the south side of _Liiicaln _' _s-inii-liclds : thence ac ! oss _Chaucery-lanc through the Hulls property , midway between Holborn and Fleet-street , to Farringdon-street , and passing under an arch to the wide part ofthe Old _IJaiiey . " This valuable opening
is again to be intersected by n wide street extending from tlic north side ol ' St . Clement ' s Church , known as _l'ickctt-place , into tlic centre of _Lincoln ' s-inn-( ields , across which the street will " 0 directly iuto llolborn , to join Red Lion-street , and thence direct to the Foundling Hospital , thus opening a noble avenue , long wanted , from the north to thc south side of London . There is also every reason to believe that the long-required establishment of tho courts ol law in a central part of thc metropolis will he accomplished . Surveyors have been engaged ( luring the past week in measuring the new site , which is to extend from _Uoswell-cntirl , Carey-street , to I'cli-yard .
Temple-bar , extending back towards the Strand , thus bringing the courts close to _LiiicolnVitm and the Temple , and mid . vay between the cast and west and north and south portions of London . The plan is consistent with common sense and the convenience of tlic public , althimgh long opposed by the _scliisli and bigottcd influence ol" a few old crones who keep carriages , and find it . desirable to combine parliamentary with legal interests , 'i'lie plans will he carried out by Mr . Larry , thc celebrated architect , and , combined with the new streets , north and . south , east and west , referred to above , will indeed hu a boon to the public , as well as a vast advantage lo the metropolis in a healthful as well as a moral point of view .
Jflterfcet Fnwlisnir.?.
_jflterfcet _fnWlisnir . ? .
1.0mh..Y Cons Exchange, .Monday, July 2l...
_1 . 0 MH .. Y Cons Exchange , . Monday , July 2 l . _*~ lhc _arrivals of wheat from our own coast were moderate during the past week , and those ol barley , beans , and peas verv small * Of oats only a small parcel or two were received from Lincolnshire , but rather tu- increased supplv came to hand irom Scotland , whilst the arrivals from Ireland and abroad were large . In addition to the foreign oats lIn- receipts ot grain from abroad have consisted of a Ian * quantity ot wheat , a cargo or two of barley , inula lew parcels ot beans ami peas . At this morning ' s market thero was a very . small show of "heat by _laiitl-i-arnnge samples from the neig hbouring counties , barley ot home- growth was verv scarce , and the display or
Leans ami peas was likewise . scanty , _liesides the large arrival of oats reported , a good many vessels laden with thai grain have eome to hand since thc list of arrivals was made up ( mostly from the near eoiitiiiential ports ); there was consequently a plentiful quantity on sale . The weather has again become unsettled , and during last night a con _.-idi-riiblo quantity of rain fell in this nciglibiuiiii . « l ; this eirctimstance had some inllueuee _" on the trade to-day , nnd though the inquiry for wheat was nut particularly active , the greater part of that oll ' eritig from Rent and Essex was sold at an advance uf Is . tu * . _' _« . per qr . 011 the currency of Monday Inst , _h ' mvign f \ w wheat was held at a similar enhancement , whieh being reluctantly paid , the transactions were unimportant . Parcels under lock were held av very high rates , whereby the inquiry was cheeked , aud few , if any ,
actual con tracts wore closed . Flour was held lirnily , nt . the recently advanced [ . rices , ami the nominal top price af town made is now _genci'iilly quutcil I'M . per sack . For barley there wasa _.-lighily improved demand , and former terms wore well supported . Even the host qualities of oats were diliieult . of disposal , aud secondary and interim * sorts , particularly foreign , were nearly unsaleable , though tillered ( id . to Is . por qr . below the rates of this day se ' iiniclit . Beans and peas did not excite much attention , the . business done in these articles ivas however at previous prices . Canary seed sold slowly at quite late terms , A sample nrtwo ' of new carraway seed aud also " a small parcel ol _I'iipcseed of this year ' s growth were exhibited ; the quality of the former was inferior , and colour dark ; the rapesced , on the other band , was very line . No prices wen ; established .
CURRUXT I'll _WES OP G . UAI . V , PUR _IMPERIAL _QUAll'mi . —British . s s s a Wheat , Essex , . to Kent , new „ old red 16 fui Whito » - CO Norfolk and Lincoln . . . . do -17 . v . _1-iao _b-2 58 Xuriliuni . and Scotch white in na Vine iri 57 hisuralold 0 0 Red _i'C-llMVIiito 30 55 Rye Old 31 3 _* J Xew * . »!) 3 i > l \ rank 31 3 S Hurley ' . rinding . . * . '" _. _L' 7 Distil . W SO . Malt . 3133 Malt _Jlrown .... _; VJ 51 Pale _;" , ; - _, 5 , 0 \ V ; ire CO 6 ' / ! lt ! : ui 3 _Tiel-solditiieivSl ! ;! 8 HarrowS . S ' 0 _I'ii'eon -II 42 l'eas (" ivy ; J 3 ; I 8 . Ma ' iia 37 ; i _* i _l . 'iiite ! W -1 ( Oats _l . ineohis „ Yorkshire Peed _•'• . > 21 Poland 24 26 Scutch Aliens . _' : ' . * . . _j Potato ' 26 28 Irish Whito -in 2 : 1 lilaelc 20 22 Per 2 , SI ) lb . net . s s 1 Per 2 SU lb . net . _s 1 Town-made flour ... ' 7 1 !) 1 Xori ' olk & Stud-ton 33 34
?' SSUX and Kent . . . . 80 Sd | Irish 35 36 1 _' ree . Bond . Foreign . s 8 a a Wheat , _1-antslc , _Konigi'lmrg , & _u ...... M ( ill 12 45 -Marks , MeeUle ' uburg 51 5 ii S 7 40 Danish , llolsteiu , ami Prieslaud red ! i ! 50 *;!) 33 Russian , Hard 4 ( i 51 ) Soft . . . IU 50 -J' ) 32 Italian , lied . . IS 50 White . . . 52 _,-il Si 3 « Spanish , Hard . 4 S 50 Soft .... 50 51 ; ' 2 35 I ' ve , lialtie , Dried . . . . 2 S : I 0 I ' _mli-icd . . 2 . S I'll 22 24 Hurley , firiuditig . ' 24 -111 Maltinjt . . * - 'S : _' . 2 ia 2-1 Beans , Ticks . . 84 31 / _Kjfypti ' aii . ; M 35 29 33 Peas . Wliitu . . 37 ol ) Mapio . . X 87 2 S 30 Oats , Duteb , Drew and Thick 23 :, ' . _'o 21 Russian feed , 2 « 22 14 16 Danish , _"Yiesland feed -in •!•_• 11 : c _I- _'lour , ner barrel iB -JS Jo '' 2
_Losno _. v SiDrjn _* _ji : j . n t ' . _iTfLi * AJ . ikkkt , _Mosixav , Ji ; i . v 21 . —A very large importation of live slock from iihroiid for our market has taken place during the past week , thc Caledonia steamer having arrived from llnnibuvgii with 20 oxen , while the Ocean , I ' _oliiinbine , aiid Ihitavier , have been reported from _Kotterdain with 110 cows , 00 oxen and ! ' ! calves . At Hull lbt ) oxen and cows , attd at Simtitauipt . _'u 12 <> x < . -n , have eome to hand , the formal- from Rotterdam , the latter from Spain . In to-day ' s market , wo had on sale 1150 oxen and cows from the above quarters . Generally speaking , the supply was of full average quality ; indeed , scarcely any of the cows were iu any way out of condition . Nearly the whole were disposed of at somewhat drooping prices . The ai rivals of beasts fresh up from « ur various grazing districts were , on iliu whole , jiioderalely good . Akht ' _tigh there were
many most _iiselul animals . ¦ _iinoiie-st ihem , thoir _general quality was not to say lirst-rale . Owing , in some measuve , to the unfavourable slate of thc weather fur slaughtering , the beef trade , as was , the case 011 Friday hist , ruled inactive , at- a decline in th (* currencies obtained on this day se ' nnighiuf ' . _' ii . pet Sib . ; the hi ghest iigure for the best Scots _noi exceed ing -Is . 2 d . per Sib , and at which a clearance was 110 V ell ' ci : tcd . _ From _Xorfnlk , Siillulk , K > .-tx and Cambridgeshire , we received 500 . Scots , honieiiieds and shorthorns , ; from thc North of _ICng ' . aii _. l : io 0 shorthovus , - . tc . ; tVom tlm _weston-i and luidhuul eonnties , 100 Ilerefords , runts J _levnns , ite .: from other parts of England . 100 of various breeds , from Scotland _MQ
_Tieots _, and from Ireland SO beasts . Compared with those exhibited at corresponding periods last year , the numhers of sheep were small , the falling ulf ia llieso being about 7000 } ieai ) _,-f t Prime od Downs commanded a steady demand , at fully last week ' s quotations . In other breeds only n moderate business was doing , at late rates . In the quality and condition of the sheep a slight improvemc . it was apparent . The supply of lambs was but moderate ; while the lamb trade was tolerably steady , at previous figures , which ruled from 5 s . to Os . per ** lb . For calves wc had a very sluw inquiry , aud , in some instances , tlic prices had a downward tendency . 'I'he pork trado was very dull , at last week ' s currencies .
By tin . quantities of 81 b ., _sinkiij'f the offal . s . d . s . d . Inferior course beasls ... 2 S 3 2 Second ijualit . v a 4 S fl _rriimilnifjeoxcn , , , , ;! 8 y 10 _l'riuic _Si-.. ts , i-c . . _, _, I II 4 2 Coarse inferior _slinep .., 3230 Second _. jualiiy ... . _, _*; S 4 4 Prime coarse wnollcd ... 4648 Prime Southdown . . , 4 If ) 5 0 I . ainbs 5 0 ( j 0 _Lavj-eeoavBo calves . ... " , li 4 4 Prime small 4 ( _i 4 8 SueUling calves , each . , . 18 0 30 O Large hogs 3 0 s 8 Scat small porkers . . . " . Iu 4 2 Quarter-old store _nigs , qucIi . . Iii 0 2 u 6
HEAD Of CATTI . " * ON SALE . ( From the _Kwoks ofthe Clerk of [ lie . Market . ) Beasls , 2 , ; , 'IS-Sheep and Lambs , "i'J _. IoU—Calves , 177—Pij ; - ; , 313 . r . _icmioM ) Con . v M . _uikjjt , Jviv !!) . —The weather has been more favourable this week , which bus caused the farmers to be fully employed with mowing their liny , and inconsequence our supply nf grain was only thin . Wheat sold from Cs . to 7 s . ' Oil . ; oats L' s . Sd . toils , fid . ; barley-ls . to Is . 3 d . ; beans is . 'id . to 5 s . per bushel . Maxciiestki . ' Cons . _UuiKi . T , _Satuiiiiav , _Jli . y _I'J . — _Throughout * the week the weather has been almost uninterruptedly fine , and the temperature being at the same time much wanner , die appieiniisimis
previously entertained with regard to the wheat plant , as well as the excitement in the trade _i- _nnseqiient thereon , have , in a great measure , suls ' _iucd . Tho stocks of _l- 'loiu _* , however , being reduced In a moderate compass , there was a steady demand fur the fresh supplies of that article , at fully the _ctinviicy of our last market day . Oats ar . d oatmeal continued to meet a slow retail sale , without variation in prices . A tour market this morning very little in _^ iness was passing ' hi wheat , and the improvement _imlcii in the value of . Irish this day se ' imighl , was mil _niaiutaiucd : in the value of other descriptions no change was observable . Flour was in lair demand at " Cully our previous quotations , l _. oth oats and oatmeal moved oft " slowly , and late rales were with difficulty realised in the few sales which occurred in cither ai ' iiele .
_Liveiu'ooi . Coax _M-mikkt , Mo . _sii . w ,-Ii . i . y 2 i . —With the exception of ( il !);} sacks of iri > h _l- _'ioin- . the imports of grain _. Are . into _otii * port dmiin : ihe week have been light . No alteration has oceiinvd iu tho duties on 'forei gn produce . Since hist Tm > tia > ' , tlio weather has been most favourable for tin ; crowing crops , and although a very languid demand has not been accompanied by a _disposition to 1010 c sales , the general tendency in prices nf "Wheal and Horn' has been downwards . Du Friday , "Wheal _wi _.-i considered 2 d . to ; jd . per bushel , and _l- 'lour Cd . per ban-el and
sack lower . No transactions are reported in bonded Wheat and Flour during the week . On is have been much neglected , and though in small supply , have been rather easier t « buy . Oatmeal , tun , has sold slowly , at barely the rates of last Tuesday . Barley and Jicans have had Jittle demand , and ' prices arc unchanged . One transaction of about 7 _* . » o quarters of Egyptian [ leans , in bund , in store , has occurred at 2 ! Js . per _lSOibs . A few small lots of Canadian Peas have been retailed , chiclly for grinding , at 33 s . fid . to 31 s . per _oU-ilbs .
_Lirimi-oo _* _. Cattle iUwtKrr , . Mo . vuav , . lii . v 21 .-We have little or no alteration to quut .. in ( he . stock of our cattle market ; the supplv this- dav wasnot quite so large as last week , but still a fair average lor this lime of the year . Hoof , lid . to li- ' . ! .: . Mutton , Cd . to lid A . ; l . amb , « d . to ii-ld . per lb . Cuttle imported into Liverpool from thc _1-Uh Jmu- to the 21 sb duly : —cows , ! 2 . > 1 : calves , I ? 4 ; sheep , I » . _» , _ I -I : iambs , 1-1 * 1 ; pigs ,-13-18 ; _hoi'scts _, 77 . Lkf . ds Conx _Maukkt _, _Tcksdav , Jfi . v ' 22 .-- ( 3 ur arrivals this week are moderate of wheal , ,- . n < l very limited of all other grain . Wo have bad mi rain of consequence since the llth inst ., but the weather has been cold for the season . Wheal is mn ii _-reat demand this morning , and in very _paiiia ! instances only can prices be called rather higher I ' m * fine fresh qualities ; nil other descriptions are held tit about last week ' s rat s-s . Tliere is no ehaiigi _. n > _unic in tho value of oats , beans , sliellimr , or other : > n i _.-l . 's
_aIalton Cons Maiirkt , July IP . —We _li ; sv « a good supply of wheat offering to this _<|; , v _* s mnvket , but moderate of other grain . Prices _tulid _htuuc asks * week .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), July 26, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_26071845/page/7/
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