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October 28,1848. ¦ . ¦ - ¦ - • ¦ ¦¦• ¦• ...
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Th The following selections are extracte...
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THE HISTORY OF IRELAND, from the earlies...
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Royal Corretpondence. The Private Letter...
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Queen Mab. A Philosophical Poem. By Perc...
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The Tax-Payer's Catechism. By Effiax. Li...
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The Peoples Charter. A verbatim Report e...
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An Appeal to Trades Societies. By Alfred...
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THE LABOUR QUESTION . TO IHB EDITOR OF T...
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Co oPBBAiiVB Land and Buildixg League .—...
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TO WE- PEOPLE OF ENGLMD. Letter If. ' m ...
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Losdon SmrpiNo Rkgulatioks.—It is tbe in...
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$fanttft£,
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Railway Accident.—On Monday we:k, shortl...
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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October 28,1848. ¦ . ¦ - ¦ - • ¦ ¦¦• ¦• ...
October 28 , 1848 . ¦ _. ¦ - ¦ - ¦ ¦¦• ¦• ¦ - . THE NORTHERN STAR . 3
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Th The Following Selections Are Extracte...
Th The following selections are extracted from _Ishejjhellet _' s Queen Mab : — COURTIERS . Those glided files That basking In tbe sunshine of a court Tf atten ou its cerraptiont—what are they ! The drones ofthe community ; they feed Oa the mechanic's labour : the starves hind Por them compels the _stuhharn glebe to yield Ita unshared harvests ; and yon squalid form , Leaser than fleshless misery , that wastes A sunless life in the unwholesome mine _. Drags ont _ialabour a protracted death , ' To glnt their grandeur ; many faint with toll , That few may know the cares and woes of sloth .
WARRIORS AND LAWYERS . War is the statesman ' s game , the priest ' s delight The lawyer ' s jest , the hired assassin's trade , And , to those royal murderers , whose mean thrones Are bought by crimes of treachery and gore , The bread they eat , tbe staff on which tbey lean . < Ja _« _ds , garbed in blood-ted livery , surround Their palaces , participate the crimes Tbat force defends , and fro-s a nation ' s rage Sretires the crown , which all the curses resell That famine , frenzy , woo and penury breathe . These are the hired braves who defend The tyrant ' s throne—the bullies of his fear : These are the * inks and channels of worst vice , Therefnse of society , the dregs Of aH that Is most vile ; their cold hearts blend Deceit with _sternaess , ignorance with pride , AU that Is mean and vlllanous with rage
Which hopelessness of good , and _self-comtempt _. Alone might kindle ; they are decked in wealth , Honour and power , then are sent abroad To do their work . The pestQeace that stalks la gloomy triumph through some eastern land Is less destroying . They cajole with gold _. And promises of fame , the thoughtless youth Already crushed with servitude : he knsws His wretchedness too late , and cherishes _HtpentaBOB for his roin , when Ma doom Is sealed in gold and blood ! Those tea the tyrant serve , wbo , skilled to snare The fast of justice in tbe toils cf law , Stand , ready to oppress tte weaker still ; And , right or wrong , win TfndicaW for gold , Sneering at pnblio virtue , which beneath Their pitiless tread lies torn and trampled , where Honour sits smiling at the sate of truth .
SINGS AND SUBJECTS . Natura _rejects ' the monarch , not th * man ; The subject , sot the citizen : for Kings And _subjects , mutual foes , for ever play A losing game into each Others hands , Whose stakes are vice and misery . THE DOOH OV FALSEHOOD AND TYRANNY . Whence , _thfnkec ' t t & _oo , kings and parasites arose t Whence that unnatural line of drones , who heap Toil and nn * rsmqulshablepeCTiry On those who build their palaces , and bring Their daily bread !—From vice , black loathsome rice ; From rapine , madness , treachery , and wrong ;
Fr > m all that genders misery , and makes Of earth this thorny wilderness ; from lust , Serense « " _*¦ * murder—And when reason ' * Tofee , Lots aa the _volea ef _nata-e , shall have waked The nations ; and mankind perceive that vice Is discord , war , and misery ; that virtue Is peace , and happiness and harmony ; When man ' s matnrer nature shall disdain The plaything ofits childhood - —kingly glare _Wiillssaitspiwer to dazzle ; its authority Will silently pushy ; the gorgeous throne ShaU stand unnoticed la the regal hall . Fast falling to decay ; whilst falsehood ' s trade Shall he as hateful and unprofitable As that ef truth is new .
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The History Of Ireland, From The Earlies...
THE HISTORY OF IRELAND , from the earliest period cf the Irish Annals , to ihe Rebellion of 1848 . By T . Wright , M . A ., F . S . A ., & c Parts I . —II . London : J . & F . Tallis , 100 , St John Street . An imparthl and trustworthy History of Ireland would he one ofthe most valuable and _interesting works that author and publisher combined could present to the public . In the ' address' wbich accompanies the first part of this publication , it is truly said , that There exists at present no History of Ireland of a character to be placed in the hands of the general reader . Works of this kind , hitherto published , are either imperfect in plan , defective in research , or disfigured by the political or religious prejudices ofthe writers . ' The address ' adds : —
• It will be the especial aim of the author of the present work to avoid this dangerous rock ; he will en . _deavoorto give , as far a 3 the materials will permit , a true picture of Irish , history ; and lie mil study , above all , to relate the stirring events which come beneath his pen , as well as the causes which have led to them , and the effects which have followed , with the strictest impartiality . * This promised impartiality is net so easy a matter , for whether an author be Saxon' or' Celt , ' Catholic or _ProtestantjConservative or Progressionist , itis a difficult task to rigidlyahstain from giving a favourable colouring to one set of principles and partisans at the expense of their opposites and rivals . Nor is this all ; even though able to divest 'himself of
prejudice in dealing with the events of his own time and reviewing the events of the past—the historian has the still more difficult task of penetrating the prejudices and partialities of his predecessors , on whom lie must mainly depend for the reported facts of pre ceding centuries . To get at the truth of events which have been disfigured by the mystifications of 'History , 'is at the best a laborious , and often a hopeless undertaking . Of Mr Wright ' s ability there can he no question . We trust that when this publication is brought to a close , tbe same may be as truly asserted of-his allegiance to truth , in spite of sect or party . If the author of this Hisiery of Ireland produces a work snch as the ' address' we have qnoted irom promises , he will confer a lasting benefit npon society .
It affords as pleasure to speak favourably of the work thus far . Fait I . opens with an account of Ireland as known to the Greeks and Romans , commencing with the celebrated voyage of the Argonauts . The ancient leaders and masters of the world seem to have been very little acquainted with Ierne ' and its inhabitants . It was not till the year 120 that the geographer Ptolemy wrote an account of the conntry , describing its coasts , harbours , rivers , and seaport towns ; of the interior of the country * ue seems to have known but little . _Notwithstanoin "
its imperfections , his account of' Hibernia' _possesses considerahle interest , even after the lapse tf _mc-ie than seventeen centuries . The remainder of Part I . is occupied with the legendary history -of Ireland ; and although Mr Wright evidently _> , as hut little faith in the annals of the mystic period of out * Eiin _' s history , he appears to have - given a faithful abridgement of those annals , frorr _, the time of the landing of Noah's niece ( I ) , to _t _' ae holy and happy -time when , as some nameleK _^ ard 0 f the streets declares , St
Patrick—« Save the snakes _sna l 0 _ads a twist , And banfch'd t * J 8 in fer _^ . _^ _t The adventures o £ _- ; ne Milesians ; the institutes of Ollamb Fodblaj the building of tbe Palace of Emania ; the war f Ossian ' s heroes ; the conquests achieved by _W __ and Dathy ; the preachings and miracles of F , t Patrick ; with many other stories , equally _wonderful , find place in this portion of the history . Part 11 . opens with an account of Ireland during =- he _earlier Anglo-Saxon period , and some forty _Sssres follow which are almost entirely filled with 2 _f counts of civil contentions , the sanguinary conflicts of rival chieftains , and the Danish invasions . Almost the only bright pages in this dark record are those which tell of the events of those heroic times , When _Malachy wore the collar of gold ,
Which he won from the proud iBvader . ' And when Malach / s still more famoas rival ruled Ireland , from north to sontb , from sea to sea , and Danes and all other enemies—foreign and domestic —acknowledged the sovereignty of Brian Boru . It was in tbe reign of the great Brian that a' young damsel of surpassing beauty , robed in a costly dress covered with jewels , carrying in her hand a wand , with a gold ring of great value fixed at the top ,
wandered , without attendants , from the northernmost part of the island to the south ; and no one attempted , _either in face of day , or under cover of the shades of night , to rob her of her honour , to strip her of her rich apparel , or even to steal her ring of gold . * This pretty little romance at least indicates a high degree of prosperity and public order during the more _fortunateyears of Brian ' s reign . Unfor tunately , these days did not long continue . The treason of an inferior chief was the fatal cause of that famous battle
of Clontarf ; in which , although the Danes were finally defeated and terribly destroyed , the great ring Brian was himself slain , together with the flower of Irish chivalry . The story of this battle is told with great power , and Mr Wright does justice , both in the matter and manner of this portion of his work
The History Of Ireland, From The Earlies...
to the splendid heroism of the Irish victors in that memorable hattle . The' glories of Brian the brave ' will never fade from the page of history . Bnt the victory of Clontarf—though gloriouswas a fatal event for Ireland ; her ' bravest , wisest , best , ' fell on that battle-field ; and tbe country immediately relapsed into that state of anarchy which rendered the subsequent invasion of the Norman brigands a matter so comparatively easy . It is a fact which should not be lost sight of , that in the very first quarrel between England and Ireland , the former was the aggressor . Nearly 500 years before Strongbow ' s invasion , Egfrid , King of Nor . thumbria , sent an army into Ireland , commanded by a Saxon earl , named Beret , ' who / says Bede ( the old English historian ) , '
miserably wasted that harmless people , which had always been most friendly to the English . ' Itis true that abont two hundred and fifty years subsequently , a combined Danish and Irish army entered the Humber , and invaded Eagland , and were defeated with great slaughter by the English king , Athelstane ; that , however , appears to have been the only occasion on which the Irish acted the part of aggressors , and got , what all aggressors deserve , well trounced for their pains . Unfortunately , the good cause is not always victorious , otherwise , the fate of the Irish at Bruanburh , aud the Danes at Clontarf , wonld have been shared by the mail-clad ruffians who laid the foundation of that rule of wrong which for seven centuries has inflicted misery npon Ireland , and dishonour npon this
conntry . The dissensions ofthe Irish chiefs , and their treachery to each other—which too often took tbe shape of positive treason to their common countryappear to bave been the main causes of Ireland ' s rain . The crimes of Dermod M'Murrough , and the infamy of his paramour Dervorgilla — the Helen of Ireland—paved the way for Irish slavery . The history of the flight of Dermod to England , and his subsequent return leagued with the sworn enemies of his country ; together with the capture of Wexford , the invasion of Ossory _, the arrival of Strongbow , and the capture of Dublin , takes up the concluding portion of Part IL ' When * says Mr Wri g ht , speaking of the first campaign of the English
adventurers in Ireland , ' wben we consider the small number of invaders , their success appears wonderful ; but tt was the victory of trained soldiers over undisciplined valour , and the Irish were defeated less by deficiency of courage in those who fought , tban by the want of unity among the different petty states , and the consequent absence of the vigorous counsels necessary on an occasion when ihe independence of the whole island was threatened . ' To this should be added the fact so humiliating to Ireland , that numbers of her own sans , influenced by ambition , personal hatred , or a thirst for rapine , were but too ready to league with the invaders against their own country . Under such circumstances tbe loss of national independence was the least of inevitable calamities .
Mr Wright strongly and properly condemns the wholesale slaughterings committed by the invaders , and the cruelties they indicted on the prisoners who fell into their hands—the beginning of that wicked policy of * striking terror into the Irish , ' which bas been continued to the present time . . This work i 3 printed with large clear type on good paper , and the embellishments are of the first class , although , we think , with the exception of the map of Ireland , out of place . Part I . contains , in addition to the map , an engraving representing the
arrest of Lord Edward Fitzgerald , and an illustrated title page , portraying the entry of George the Fourth into Dublin . Part II . contains an engraving of the trial of Daniel O'Connell , in 1814 . We submit that these illustrations should have been reserved for future parts . Engravings of the Battle of Clontarf , and some other subject from the ancient history of Ireland , wonld have been more appropriate at the present stage of publication . Thus far we may conscientiously recommend this ' History of Ireland' to our readers .
Royal Corretpondence. The Private Letter...
Royal Corretpondence . The Private Letters of Qaeen _Tictorsa and Lows Philippe , on Political and Domest ic Subjects . London : W . Strange , 21 , Paternoster Row . The originals of these letters were discovered at the Tuileries , in the secret portfolio of tbe ex-King of the French , after his flight from Paris on the 24 th of February . This collection is edited by the author of Sketches of her Majesty ' s Household , ' several of whose works have been favourably noticed in this journal . Copies in French of the original letters are giren , together with translations and very copious notes , explaining political facts and allusions which otherwise _' raight not be comprehended by the gene *
rai reader . A good deal of royal humbug is laid hare in this little hook 1 and , truth to say , the humhug , at least so far as the Spanish marriages were concerned , does not appear to have been exclusively on the side of the Fagin of France ; the Cobnrgs and Palmerstons appear to have been as deep in the mud as his ex-Kingship was in the mire . In fact , both parti's played a deep game , in which , of course , the veteran gamester triumphed . _Palraerston , with all his trickery , and the hungry Cobnrgs , with all their disinterested zeal , were—both combined—no match for the great jew-trafficker of the Tuileries . For a
rich exposure of royal morality and royal decency , we commend the reader to' Our very dear Brother ' Philippe ' s letter to his chere bonne Louise , the Queen of the Belgians , in which the ' nubility' of the Queen of Spain , and the' virility' of the prince , who is now her husband , are discussed with a freedom wbich might not seem out of place in the correspondence of a horse-dealer reviewing the qualities of the animals he might be disposed to purchase , or wished to dispose of , hut which reads queer enough when human beings—we will net say * royal personages '—are the subjects of such brutal
Comments . In tbis work the reader will be reminded of the fraternal hug given by Louis Philippe to Prince Albert , when the latter went on board the Gomer to welcome the former to England . He will be informed , too , how ' my poer Montpensier' rivalled Prince Albert in suffering ' from that odious seasickness ; ' how the Princess-Royal wrote to the lodger at tbe Tuileries , and how , in return , the little lady received a' duck of a doll'as a present from her ' Old Cousin [ old cozener ?] Louis Philippe . ' These and many other tit-bits , independent of the politieal portion ofthe _correspondence make this book worth perusal . That the old trickster was often troubled with prophetic fore-shadowings of the future , is manifested in several parts of this correspondence . We quote an example of this in a letter addressed to Queen _Victoria , in December , 1844 : —
FOBEBODlNGB OF TBS POTOBB , I perfectly _comprehend , ae your Mt . je » ty _renrindB m * , how rash it would be to give one ' s self up too long before head te projeois and hopes which so man ; _clreurcS'ances might frustrate and render chimerical ; and , above ell , with iesptct to yonr Ma ; e _* _tj's excursion , as to the period whi n we might have the happiness to receive yen at St Cloud , ar . d to co yon the honours ef Paris on as grand or as small a scale as might suit yen or Prince Albert . Above ell things , I beg bath cf you to be assured that , _wfcattWT my _teslns may be thai this journey should
tehe p lace , I would never co-sent to permit you to undertake it if I bad not previously acquired aa _eutire and _absolute conviction that you would be tbere receind aB , undtr your auspices , I was _nerved in England . That conviction I now _eatertain ; bnt I know too well the retn , end tbe times in which is has been _glvin me to live , ever to engage to reply fcr the future ; and my advice is nevir to engage one ' s self t _^ o long before _thenesr approach of the future , so that we might be enabUd to form some _jadgment as to what is permitted to us to ao . compile * * , and wbat Is forbidden .
In another letter dated January 29 th , 1846 , alluding to the potato disease , Philippe wrote , ' It is not the first time I have seen , iu my long career , that trifling causes bave produced great events . ' The reader will connect with this the great event which two years afterwards levelled Philippe ' s throne , and sent him , like Cain , a fugitive from his conntry . A hanquet was forbidden , and—Louis Philippe lost his crown !
Queen Mab. A Philosophical Poem. By Perc...
Queen Mab . A Philosophical Poem . By Percy Bysshe Shelley . London : J . Watson , 3 , Queen ' s Head Passage , Paternoster How . To criticise Shelley ' s immortal poem is not our present purpose . Had we sufficient space at command , it would be a labour of love to poiut out tbe most beautiful portions of this magnificent work , but we must forego that pleasure , and be content with selecting here and there an extract for the
gratification of those who have yet before them the rich enjoyment of reading Queen Mab for the first time _. Our principal reason for calling attention to this work , is to intimate to the lovers of genuine poetry who may not possess this poem , that the copy published by Mr Watson is a neat , cheap , _andnnmutilated edition , which tbey would do well to obtain . This edition is enriched with the celebrated' nates , ' and has prefixed a sketch of the life and writings of tbe poet .
We do not agree with all tte ideas and sentiments expressed in Queen Mab Qmt regarding the poem as a whole , we have no hesitation in asserting that no
Queen Mab. A Philosophical Poem. By Perc...
youth can rise frost its-perusal without feeling more than ever wedded ta- virtue , and bound by that tie to struggle for the happiness of mankind , and the triumph of Truth and _Justice . Under our usual head of ' Poetry , ' will be found some extracts from this poem * we here g ive the following additional selections : —
COHHEiei . Commerce has set the mark of selfishness , The signet ef its _all-enila-ing power Upon a shining ore , and called it geld : _Before whoie image bow the vulgar great , The vainly ricb , the miserable proid , The _mib of peasants , nobles , priests and kings , And with blind feelings reverence the power , Tbat grinds tbem to tbe dost of misery ! But in the temple of their hireling hearts Gold is a living god , and rulis In soorn All earthly things bat virtu * .
the _liion or tbe . psoviTocBier . AU things are sold : the very light of heaven Is _-en-1 ; earth ' s inspiring gifts of love , The smallest and most deiploable things That lurk in the abysses of the deep , All _objects of our life , even life itself , Aad the poor pittance which the law allows Of _liberty , tha _fellowship of man , Those duties whleh his heart of human love Shonld urge him to perform instinctively , Are bought and sold as in _apubVcmart Of _undifguialng selfishness , that sets On each its price , the _stamp . _* naik of her reign Even love U told ; the solace of all woe It turned to deadliest agony , old age Shivers in selfish beaut }' * loathing arms , And youth ' * corrupted Impulses prepare A . life of horror from the blighting bane Of commerce !
toe _rooa At . THiia _ofpbb-sobs . The ' poor man Whose life _IsmU ° ry , and fear , asd care— . Whom the morn wakens bnt to fruitless toll ; Who ever heart hit _farnish'd iff _opting scream , Whom their pale mothsr ' s uncomplaining gut For ever meets , and the proud rich man ' s eye Flashing command , and the heart-breaking _toeot Of _thousandt like himself;—he little heeds The rhetorio of tyranny ; his bate Is quenchless as hit wrongs ; he laughs to scorn The vain aad bitter mockery et words ; Ferllng the horror of the tyrant ' s deeds , And _unrettraln'd . bnt by the arm of power That knows , and dreads his enmity . Snch is a true picture of the present ; but we believe with Shelley
tbat—* A brighter morn _awaltt the human day . For : — ' Hoary-heeded selfishness bas felt , IU death-b : _**? , and it tottering to the grave . '
The Tax-Payer's Catechism. By Effiax. Li...
The Tax-Payer ' s Catechism . By Effiax . Liverpool : J . Shepherd , Scotland Road . London : J . Cleave , Shoe Lane . This catechism is put in the form of * Dialogues between Mentor and _Teleraacbus on the Causes of Chartism , and why little robberies are punishable by law , and not great one 3 ; addressed to Special Constables , FJoggable Soldiers , and all who through ignorance give countenance to oppression , ' The exposure of the existing system—political aud social—is well performed , ln language the _racinesa Of which will be relished by most readers . It is about the best fourpennyworth of Useful Knowledge' we have seen for many a day . It quite takes the shine out of Lord Brougham ' s Political Philosophy . We feel it a duty to recommend this little hook to * his lordship' and to all his friends not forgetting our own .
The Peoples Charter. A Verbatim Report E...
The Peoples Charter . A verbatim Report ef a Lecture . By Samuel Kydd . London : E . Dipple , 42 , Holywell Street , Strand . A defence of Chartist principles , a sketch of the history of Chartism , a vindication of the points of the Charter , and sundry comments on tbe _viilanous efforts of the Press to mix up Chartism , Communism , and Republicanism , with the view of damaging all three , form the subject-matter of thia Lecture . When we say that Mr Kydd reasons well , asd often eloquently , we only tell our readers what is well known to most of them . We warmly recommend this pamphlet , and suggest to local councils the propriety—for the sake of the cause—ef pushing its circulation amongst those hostile to > or ignorant of , our principles .
An Appeal To Trades Societies. By Alfred...
An Appeal to Trades Societies . By Alfred A , Walton . London ' - Watson . This is a well-written appeal in support of the principles set forth in the Plan of Trades Organisation commented on in our editorial columns in last Saturday ' s Star . This tract deserves a large sale , and its circulation amongst the Trades could not fail to be productive of great good .
An Act of the People's Parliament forthe reduction of Her Majesty ' s Civil List , _§ c , _fyc . London : Strange , Paternoster Row . A vast improvement on the general run of Acts of Parliament . We hereby authorise this' Bill' to be ' laid on the table' of every _tax-payer in the United Kingdom . Publications Received . — . _4 Treatise on Female Complaints . By Mrs Martin . London : 70 , Chandos Street , Charing Cross . The Spy of ' 1848 . By ' Stickfast . ' Dyson , 121 , Shoreditch . The Illustrated Fenny Almanack . Watson .
The Labour Question . To Ihb Editor Of T...
THE LABOUR QUESTION . TO IHB EDITOR OF THE NORTHERN STAR . Sir , — -It would have been strange indeed , if the commotions and insurrections of Europe } had been lost upon the Malthusian economists of England . These men of cool calculation were quiet during the turmoil and blood of actual fighting , but as soon as revolt subsided , they have branched out with all their powerful and craftily hoarded influences fer the spread of their doctrines . Let us understand each other—the political economists of England are powerful in talent and influence , and judicious inthe exercise of the mean 3 at tbeir command—tbey cannot be buried hy any fine saying or significant sneer ; no , they must be battled with by an appeal to facts and the use of reason . No swelling aphorism avails much in a state composed of workers and arithmeti .
cuns . A writer in the Westminster Review for October , quotes the following extract from a speech of M . Thiers : —* We must have a solemn , profound , and frank discussion in tbe National Assembly , with all the leaders of parties , paying every due respect to men and to opinions , for we must needs _knovj if any one possesses the secret of suppressing at will all the miseries of the people . If any one do _possess it he must divulge it ; and if . nobody possess it , let no one promise it , for to promise in such a case , is to pave the way for the effusion of human blood . ' Then follows a smart criticism on the words' sup . pression at will , ' succeeded by the statement , _« That the removable cause of misery then may be stated to be twofold-ignorance and bad habits . '
The meaning of ths author is clear , from the following extracts : — 'It is no less true that when man's productive labour has been added to the utmost by knowledge , such h the prolific power that forms part of his organisation , no efforts of industry and economy on his part , can enable him to provide supp lies continually increasing , so as to keep pace with the demands of the continual increase , consequent upon an uncontrolled use of those prolific powers . ' ' There must be no opening for misconception by parental forethought ; we specially _yoint to a due limitation ofthe number of births , tbe neglect of
which can never be effectually compensated | by any amount of industry and economy ; ' and again ( quoted from Mill ) : ' One cannot wonder that silence _^ n this great department of human duty should produce unconsciousness of moral obligation _, when it _produces oblivion of physical acts . That it is possible to delay marriage , and to live in abstinence while people are unmarried , most people are willing to allow ; but when persons are once married , the idea in this country never seems to enter any one ' s mind , tbat having or not having a family , OT the number of which it shall consist , is not at all amenable to their own control . '
The writer mourns over the fact , that Christian ministers have encouraged matiimony , and the consequent increase of children born in wedlockand declares that this doctrine of Malthus and Mill should be taught in every school and university , and from the cushion of every pulpit in the land . The extracts I have quoted are the gist of the article in question , separated from tbe web of words and phrases that surround thera , which can only serve to blind those readers who cannot comprehend the true meanings of the doctrines inculcated . Before the doctrines can be listened to , I call on their supporters to prove the following propositions : — That the land of England is inadequate to the maintenance of the whole population .
That increase of population does not tend to an increase of national wealth . That nature , which regulates all other animals in
The Labour Question . To Ihb Editor Of T...
number , suiting means to ends , will not , when related to just laws and wise institutions , regulate the number of men born in a state , to the means of
subsistence It will be an easy task for me to prove that the negatives of these propositions are correct .. The land in cultivation in Great Britain is estimated at 33 , 792 , 460 acres ; the whole extent of surface at 51 , 000 . 000 . Of the 17 , 000 , 000 not in cultivation , one half at least may be put under the head of profitable , if cultivated . Mr Porter calculates tbat , in the present state of British agriculture , it requires the labour of nineteen families to produce 1 , 160 quarters of all kinds of grain ; that is to say , each family would produce about sixty . ' one quarters , which would provide for the maintenance of fifteen families . Thus one family of agriculturists would support fifteen families of manufacturers , and the power of steam machinery , as applicable to manufactures in this country has , been computed to be equal to 600 , 000 , 000 men ; one man , by the aid of steam , being able to- do the work that it required 250 men to accomplish fifty years ago :
Mr Alison , m his work on Population , says , 1 There is no instance In the history of the world of a country being peopled to its utmost limits , or of the multiplication ofthespecieB being checked by the impossibility of extracting an increased produce from the soil , '; and that the main point in civilised society is not _; what are the productive powers of nature in the soil , but what are the means tbat the human race has for getting at these powers , and rendering them available for general happiness . Mr Alison is right 8 gainst all of you , refined gentlemen though you are . The problem to be solved ' * not , ' Is man ' s labour applied to the earth capable of providing for man ' s wants . " that point is settledalthough you seem conveniently to forget it . The question is , ' By what means can the wealth already created , and capable of being created , be rendered available for man ' s uses ? ' The question is not to displace wealth , but to distribute it and render it fertile .
Mr Mill , in his Elements of Political Economy , says , If that condition is easy and comfortable ) writing of the people ) , all that is necessary to keep it so , is to make capital increase as fast as population , or , on the other hand , to prevent population frora increasing ' . faster than capital . ' That population , has a tendency ' . to increase faster than , in * most places , capital has actually increased , is proved _incontestibly by the condition of the people in most parts of the globe . In almost all countries the condition of the great body of " the peopIe is poor and miserable . This would have been * impossible if capital had increased faster tb ? n population . In that case wages must have risen , and high wages would have placed tbe labourers above the miseries of want .
So far from the increase of capital being under the increase of population , tbe fact is notorious , that so great is the accumulated capital of this country , that British capitalists have launched millions of their surplus riches in speculations of foreign enterprise , to , I believe , an incalculable extent . You may every day hear our city merchants complain that they have no outlet for ' their capital . Men , too , who have made their fortunes within these past thirty or forty years . Nor , ; is it true tbat the comforts of the people are to be measured by tbe wealth of the state ? . for in no district hi England has the increase of wealth been so rapid as in the counties of Yorkshire and Lancashire , and nowhere is misery among the workers more general or more excessive .
A reference to the increase of trade since the year 1832 , or an appeal to the returns of theproperty and income tax of 1815 , as compared with the Incometax of Sir Robert Peel in 1841 , will at once settle the question in dispute , and convince the most sceptical that the evil of England , at . least , is not the want of property , but the want ofthe power to possess property on the part of the producers ., If , however , the argument bf the economists , were oorreot—viz ., tbat population _inoreaees more rapidly than property—the increase ofthe powers of production would be as applicable to the end as a reduction ot the numbers of the people . In whioh case an employment of the people on the now uncultivated lands , and a general increase also of our
scientificchemical , and saeehanioal _poweis , would bs the moie humane course , and equally as sure as regards results . But what are the facts of the case ? ' Our workmen go idle four or six _montbi out of every twelve ; they are able and willing to work . . The economists say thf ? are too numerous for the increase oi property . Find , them employment , tben , and they will find themselves the meanB of subsistence . On the one side you see idle men—on tbe other waste lands . Hers you have bare backs—there you have unsold shirts . The ruin and misery knows no limit ; and your fine-drawn abstract theories do not alter the realities of the circumstances , so far as the interests of the labourer are worthy of attention , to the extent of either a buttcn or button-hole . Ob , but you repeat—mouths increase , but land does not increase , True enough . Land does not expand in area . An acre does not . crow into an acre and a half in
measurement . But land expands , in the powers of produdtioh , depending upon man ' s knowledge aud the application of the same by labour to ensure production—subject , of course , to all natural casualties . Yon cannot spin a ' ponnd of cotton int _» two pounds of cotton twist—but you can by labour produce twiee the quantity of food , for either man or beast , from an acre of land ; highly , cultivated , as compared with an aore of land , of similar quality , _indifferently cultivated . The argument does not rest , as commonly set forth—upon the increase of land—but upon the increase of produce . Mr Mill , and others of tbe over-population theorists , ate thoroughly aware of this important distinction , but their disciples are in no way scrupulous , and often contrive either to con * found the reader by the use of a variety of phrases , or the more bold and easier process of omitting to « tate the fundamental facts fairly .
I now ask attention to the eeotence beginning'Itis no less true that , when man ' s productive labour has been added to the utmost , by _knowledge , ' & _j . The writer omita to affirm that we have yet arrived at that state . I venture to assert that we never shall . Where ib the limit of _ran ' _i knowledge , and who sets limits to his powers ? Ever j year brings us important discoveries hitherto unknown . The peaceful , but silent students in science , are opening before our wondering senses , new fields for the exercise of human ingenuity and the development of human . action . Man ' s powers are net , and never can be , stereotyped , and his _sourcei of gratification and wealth are as endless as his thirst for knowledge . The earth lavs before him a waste , but he breathes into its nostrils the breath of life , and it _becomea subservient to his will . Fear not that numbers will outrun the meanB of subsistence . - ,
What new teaching , then , is it that we are to have taught in our _sshools , and from our pulpits ? . Is it the dootrine of forethought—such has ever been enjoined alike in _theMosaio and Christian eras ? 1 call on the Malthusiaos ! to formulate their o eed ; if it te fit to be taught and preaohed , it must be plain , and brought within the reaoh of the meanest oompro h < n bn . We know the ten commandments ; what u the eleventh—tbe ' commandment of Malthas ? It must be addressed to the poor , and read thus : — 'Thou _shalt not bo married , nor given in marriage , exoept by order of thy masters , the rioh of . the land iu which thou _livest ; thou shalt not beget ohildren
except thou _O'cst be sura that the rich require to hire thera as labourers ; or thou must administer gases or poisons to thy children , eo as to cause instant death , unmindful ofthe commandment thy God gave unto Moses— ' Thou shalt not kill ; ' and unmindful of the injunctions of the Old and New Testaments ,, to multiply and replenish the earth . ' Suoh , sir , seems to me to be the real meaning ef the Manchester and Malthusian philosophers . I nope tbat if this new commandment be added to the laws of Mo 3 ea—that the new worship will be taught in high places , and among the mighty of the earlh . I am , your obedient servant , Samuel Kydd .
Co Opbbaiivb Land And Buildixg League .—...
Co _oPBBAiiVB Land and _Buildixg League . —At a meeting of the _Co-operative Lund and Building Le * gue held at Whittaker _' s Temperance Hotel , 93 , Great Ancoats Street CMr W . _Iiirshaw in tbe chair . It was unanimously carried : — That the rules , as now read , be confirmed ; and that the following persons be authorised to receive names of new members on behalf of this Booiety _, viz . —Mr _Tioarns _wnittaker . Temperance Hotel , 93 , Great Anooats Street ; Mr James Leach , 73 , Roohdale Road ; Mr rboraas Roberts , hairdresser , 23 , Mount Stt «< t , Ilu _' me ; Mr W . Willis , printer , Old Church Yard ; Mr Francis _Shanley _, 5 , Grimw Square , Bradford Sheet ; Mr W . Kirshaw 21 Smith StreetGay .
, , , thorn ; Mr James Hoyle , Hope Street , next door to the Blue Bell , Salford . ' Som 8 of the above persons wiilalso be in attendanoa at the People's Institute every Sundayevening to receive names , and furnish parties ' with rules aud cards . Resolved :- * That this meeting adjourn to Sunday morning , tbe 29 th instant , at ten o ' clock , when busineBs of impeitance will be brought before the meetirg : parties wishing to join are invited to attend . ' Any district desiring a lecturer , or information respecting the rules or objects " of the above sooiety , for tbe purpose of _forcing a branch , are requested to communioate with Mr ThoraaB _Whittaker , Teraperanco Hotel , 93 , Great Ancoats Street , _Minchester , to whom all
communications must be sent . Ma Smith O'Bbikn . —A memorial , praying that the extreme penalty of the law may not be oarried into effeot in the case of Mr Smith O'Brien , has this week been forwarded from Leeds . The memorial was signed by about 2 , 500 per / ons , the _signatures including those of the Mayor , the Rev . Dr Hook , tke Rev . Wm . Sinclair , and most of the clergy of the towr-
To We- People Of Englmd. Letter If. ' M ...
TO WE- PEOPLE OF _ENGLMD . Letter If . ' m _Feuo w-CouNTH * MEN-None can deny that this is an age pregnant with important events ,. These times demand the- exercise of the most sincere piety , the most profound wisdom , the most fervent patriotism , and the most unflinching integrity-Por a generation , men calling themselves statesmen under different names , have ( instead of respecting the landmarks of the Constitution , and extending its principles with the increase of our varied interests ) been playing at the political party game called Reform .
Under the pretence of _Uleralising our institutions , they have sacrificed the most sacred rights of the poor , and have jeopardised the property of the rich ! -they have drugged the national mind with what they call philosophy , until the laws of God and the injunctions of the Church have lost their influence—till Christianity can no longer be accounted part and parcel of our laws . Hence the insecurity of which all complain . The object of our modern statesmen is not to do
ju 8 ticeby legislating in accordance with God ' s law , and thus secure His blessing on the nation . No ; His will is disregarded—His providence is denied—His worship is contemned . Certain plans , devices , and schemes of man ' s invention are supposed to be so contrived as to ensure prosperity for the favoured ' class ; ' and , when their bitter fruit is reaped by the multitude , we are coolly told , Universal prosperity will surely be realised by adopting still more of these schemes ! ' Ths way of the wicked is as darkness ; they know not at what they stumble !'
If these blind guides are still to lead our rulers , there can be no hope for England . Under their management , her different' classes ' will be more and more divided—ber immense wealth will be dissipated in banishing her indigent , able-bodied sons , in sustaining those who cannot or will not leave her shores , and in defending life and property from tht attacks of those , who , under the operation of liberal-reforming measures , are severed from the constitutional family , becoming vagrants and thieves , having been taught by false philosophy that their 'interest' is separated from that of all other ' classes !'
Yes , fellow-counfrymen , we may strive to find rest and security while we reject the rule of Almighty God _; but He will prove our wisdom to be folly—our strength to be weakness ! We may , in the pride of our hearts , deny His over-ruling providence , and neglect His worship ; but , frith impunity , we cannot thus strive against Him ! God will surely , if we persist in our wicked course , set our feet in slippery places , and cast us down irto destruction ! Great , rich , and wise as we boastingly profess ourselves , it will then be said of
us , ' How are they brought into desolation , as in a moment 1 They are utterly consumed with terrors I ' These observations result from the consideration of tbat very remarkable riot to which I referred in my last . A riot in a Christian land — in an episcopal city—caused by poor men claiming their marriage right—guaranteed to them by the command of God , the injunctions of the Church , and the law of the land ! Supported by the voice of tbe inhabitants , but resisted by the ' rules of the workhouse , ' enforced by the mayor , magistrates , and police of Norwich 1
Were I to say what mighi be both legally and constitutionally said on tbis subject , perhaps I should be misunderstood , I might , inadvertently , be the cause of further riots . From such disgrace and infamy I would save my country , yet I can exhort no one to submit to such an unnatural , unholy' rule . ' Well might the Lord Bishop of Exeter exclaim ( as I heard hira ) in the House of Lords , My Lords , it ( the new Poor Law ) is a law which the people cannot obey—it is a law which , being Christians , they dare not obey . '
It is not my duty to settle the question involved in tbis most disgraceful affair ; but , holding , as I do , that the right ofthe poor is as sacred as that cf the rich , that the laws of God and the injunctions of the Church are of more " weighty obligation than the workhouse rules ; ' and believing , as I do , that the' interests of all classes are the same , ' I cannot withhold the expressions of my regret and disgust that , for obeying the voice ot God , of nature , and ofthe Church , nine free-born Englishmen should
be doomed to prison . Itis indeed deplorable that , for such cause , an episcopal city should have its peace broken at midnight , that its chief officers should be required to enforce a revolting and inhuman ' workhouse rule , ' and that its police should be employed in capturing those who must have excited their commendation and sympathy . Still more it is to be lamented that all this should have happened while Parliament was sitting , and not one word should have beeu uttered on the subject in either House .
It is , however , an event which it behoves the clergy and the aristocracy to take note of . Our courts of justice should be required to settle the question now raised , viz—is ' workhouse rule' of more effect than God ' s law , the law of nature , and the law of the Church ? If it be , why should we any longer mock Almighty God by professing our faith in His word ; or by pretending to establish His worship ? Englishmen have a right to demand by tvbat statute , or , on what constitutional principle these poor men are first driven from their homes and then from their wives ? Fellow-countrymen , we have been betrayed by those who have professed to reform our institutions , thelaw of God was their foundation and we were united and prosperous . Philosophy has usurped its place , and we are a divided and distressed people !
We were told that this accursed Act , the new Poor Law , would give security to life and property , that it would increase the wages and improve the character ofthe labourers , that it would give contentment to all ! Never was there a more woeful delusion . By the influence and operation of that enactment , hundreds of thousands of our fellow-countrymen have been slain , the wretchedness of millions has been increased , their loyalty shaken , the different classes' are engaged in angry strife , aud before the universe -we now stand a nation professing to honour God , but in works denying him 1
The innate abhorrence of shedding a brother ' s blood , the ardent loyalty of Englishmen , have saved this nation from civil war . We cannot , however , avert the judgment of God on a people who persist in mocking Him ! We may pride ourselves in our wealth , but , 'in the . fulness of our sufficiency we shall be in straits . ' * The increase of our houses shall depart , and our goods shall flow away in the day of wrath . '
Philosophy may harden our hearts and blind our eyes , causing us to wrong and oppress the poor—it cannot instruct us how to deceive that God at whom it would have us jeer . * The Lord will enter into judgment with the ancients of His people nnd the princes thereof ; for ye have eaten up the vineyard : the spoil of the poor is in your houses . What mean ye to beat my people to pieces , and grind the faces of the poor ? saith the Lord God Of _IIosls . '
Eschew , fellow-countrymen , the noslmms of our would-be philosophers . First , they persuaded us to bow our knee before the Tiara of Rome ; next , to cast away the poor frora the protection of the Constitution , driving them to exist ' on their own resources '—swelling the ranks of vagrancy and crime ( as I shall hereafter show ); then ( as I predicted would be the case ) we were next induced to abandon protection to our land and native industry . Our colonies have in like manner been impoverished —the sacrifice of our shipping is loudly demandedthe downfall of the Church must follow—and already philosophy is casting a jealous eye at royalty , and is bidding our Queen—Prepare ! So must it be , if we cannot stay the march of the arrogant , selfish , but ignorant' pnilosophers .
Where is the m of strong intellect , sound heart , and uninisfakeable piety , who , ' walking in the light of the Constitution , ' and taking the Bible as his guide , will lead us into the old paths , where we may find rest and prosperity , under the blessing of our God ? I know that the great majority of my fellowcountrymen would follow that man ! Let us pray for his advent ! I remain , Englishmen , yours faithfully , Richard Oastler . Fulham , Middlesex .
Losdon Smrpino Rkgulatioks.—It Is Tbe In...
_Losdon SmrpiNo Rkgulatioks . —It is tbe inten tion of the Corporation of Londoa ta revise and alt * r the whole of the by-kwa and regulations wttich affeot the shipping interest in ihe Port of London . The great increase ol tha number of colliers and steamers frequenting the port has , in a great mea . sure , rendered suoh revision and alteration neces-Paoterism . —The total number of ponon 8 inEns-Jaud aad Wales who were relieved in th 9 year 1840 , amounted to 1 , 721350 , being iu th & proportion of 104 for every 1 , 000 iu the estimated population ; and exoeeding by more than half a million the num . . berreU _« yodu \ l _^ HO »
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Railway Accident.—On Monday We:K, Shortl...
Railway Accident . —On Monday we : k , shortly after a train left Newark , the engine came in contaot with three horses which had accidently strayed upon the line and killed the whole of them . _Stbaliko a Letter . —A letter-carrier has been sentenced to fourteen years' transportation , at In * _rerness , for having stolen a letter containing £ 23 in bank _not _^ B . This Exchk Laws . —A passenger on the North British Railway was lately arrested at Berwick and lined for violating the Excise Laws by conveying whiskey aoross tbe boraer amo / _igst his luggage . _DiAiH _fboii a Diseased Potato . —A death has _oo- > ourred at _Worcetter from the _viruB of a diseased potato , whiob got into a wound . The patient exhibited the _uiual symptoms of poisoning .
Flour Impobted . —Eight hundred sacks of flour were imported into London from the East _Icdies last week . Thomas Moloy _. of Thurles , corn-buyer , was committed to Thurles bridewell tor using seditious lan _« guaije to two soldiers . Vbbt Economical _-Thefoliowing isacopj of a sign placed in the shop window of a barber , near to the police-office , Yorkshire street , Roohdale , viz .: —Look out ! clean shaved and a oigar , or half an ounce of tobacoo , for twopence . Flax . —Last year the ftix ' _seed occupied 58312 aorei , and this year only 42 , 262 aores are sown with flax . Still the fibres this year are much larger and much _weightier tban thoie of the previous year , th « ntir * produce of tbe year is 15 , 688 tons against 17 . 494 tons of last year .
A Cattle _insurakck Bubblb —The bursting of a cattle insurance bubble has involved the farmers , especially these of Salisbury , in severe losses , amounting to £ 45 , 000 for wbich they have been let in by thu projectors of the bubble decamping . Some farmer bold 100 , others 70 , BhareB of £ 20 eaoh . D "' J _Stohu .-We regret to say that the stone work of the French Church , St Martin ' _a-Ie Grand , the New Hall , Lincoln ' s Inn , and the New _Huusw of Parliament , is in a state of rapid decomposition . What hare the architects and builders been about . — Trade Protection Circular . Yankee Wit . — 'Ib that the tune the old cow died ot ? ' asked an _Enjtlisbman , rettled at the industry with which a _New-Englander whistled Yanfeea Doodle . ' No . Beef . ' replied Jmatban _, ' that art thfl tune old . _Bodied of . '
Lauohtbr , —A bearty _lauth is occasionally an aot of wisdom ; it shakes the cobwebs off a man ' s brains , and the hypocondria from his ribs , far more effectually than champaign or blue pills . Makino thb Stout Short . —A Miss Story w _« married the other day , in Covington , to Mr Short . This is a very pleasant way of making a' story short . ' A Greek ohuroh is now building in the city of London , and iB rapidly advanoing towards completion . The Oldest _Letibr-pbsb 3 Printkb —• Died en Thursday week , aged seventy . ei & ht , Mr Thomas Lambert , printer snd bookseller , Colliergate , in thia city , the oldest letter-press printer in England . Ha was a native of Malton . — _Forife Herald .
Daring the massacre of St Bartholomew the Chaplain of Admiral de _Coligny sheltered himself in tt hey-Ioft , where he was supported for several daya by means of a barn-door fowl , whioh laid an egg daily near the place of his refuse . _Copme Drinkbb 3 — During the late national _festival held at Brussels , 3 200 cups of coffee are said to have been served in a single day at one cafe alcne , tbe Cafe dos _Mille Colonnes . A Matbimonial ' Maxim —A husband should bo very attentive to hia wife until the firat child ia , barn . After that she can amuse herself at home while he resumes his jolly habits .
Atrocious Ogtragb . —Jane Chillott , a cripple , residing at Wroughton , is in tbe habit of allowing tha workmen to kindle their pipes at her fire . A few daya ago a fellow named Whole , whom she constantly obliged in this way , finding her alone attempted to out her throat , on which he inflicted two wound ! _, and then threw her into the fire , where she would bave been reasted alive but for the arrival of a neighbour , who rescued the poor creature . Her ungrateful assassin ia in custody . _CiviLiSATnrf , —The New Yoek _Gl-be _saya : — 'In this country , one man dies wcrth twenty millions of dollars , and while he has been making it twenty thousand women have perished in infamy , to escape starvation at tbeir needle ? . Wbat a precious state of sooiety tbis revealB I '
A _BaNRRCpr Cobpoeatkx . —The Corporation o ! Exeter iB in such straitened _oircomstahceB that tbere was mnch difficulty in getting any one to acoept the mayoralty last November . It appeaw that his worship ib often called on to advance coney to pay the police , that their gaolet _' a salary waa in arrear , and that officer had been paving hia turnkeys out tf hie own funds , _s _> nd that the _expemifa ot witnesses and _prflsecutors were wofully behind , and tbat tha othw day thrce _witnesses frora Abingdon _cime all the , way by train for payment , and were turned away without it . Even tbe prisoners in gaol are in rags , bitched together by string , because there are no funds to provide clothing .
Plais Talk . —In tho Jamaica _nouee of Assembly a motion being made for leave to bring in a bill to prevent frauds by wharfingers , one of the members _roBe and said— ' Mr Speaker , I second the motion ; the wharfingers are to a man a set of rogues ; Twos one myself for ten years' ' An American paper _meotionB , as an extraordinary increase in the value of land , that in 1 SI 1 a farm called Barr _' _s Farm , in Cincinnati , -was purchased for a Bum of 355 | dollars , and has since been nearly all sold as building land at prices which make the total value to amoun _' i to 9 , 304 , 000 dollars . Sam _VTellkbisms . — ' What blessings ohildren are , as the clerk said when he got the fees tor christening them . ' I Bhall prevent the use of ardent spirits , ' as tba grocer said when be watered his spirit cask , ' Time ia money , ' as th ? thief said when he stole the patent lever watoh .
_AYankea pedlar with his cart overtaking another of his olan on the _rond , was thus addressed . * _Hailo , what do you carry ? ' ' _Drnsa and medicine , ' was the reply . 'Good ! ' returned the other , ' you may go ahead ; I carry grave-stones . ' Plate _Gljss —The art of plate glass making was borrowed from , France not more than eighty years ago ; and nnw the _largestand finest plates are produced with greater / _acllity and _ataless cast in England ( ban in any other part of the world . A curious Cabbage . —There is now growing in a
garden at Milntborpe . _uestmorehnd , a cabb £ 6 which its owner denominates the' hen and _chii-kjns , ' from the _oircumstance of itis having a cabbage growing from where each leaf joins the stem , and thera are no fewer than twenlj-seven of these cabbages on it . Foroed "Bask _Jiotes —Great caution ia necessary in taking £ 10 Bank of England notes , ns a number of £ 1 notes , having the cypher _forced to them , are in active circulation . Tho forgery ' u so admirably esecuted that its detection is difficult .
A Mas is known by the _CoiiPiNr he Keepj , — At the Jate Sessions , Sir R /> bert II . Inglis . Bart ., M . P ., was granted a ' Music and Dancing License ' for Exeter Hall ! The a _? xt previous _Sicenee was granted to the' Cat and Shoulder of Mutton ; ' and ths next following one to the ' _Silmon and Compasses V What shocking company lor Sir Harry ! Scotch Coolness . —The tranquillity and phlegm of the Scotch in the most extraordinary circumstances , ' brings to mind , ' _eays'Colrnan , in hia ' Random Records , ' ' tbo incredible tale of the Scotchman ' s tumble from one of the loftiest houses iu tho old t / _wn of _Edinburgh . He slipped , says the legend ,
off a roof sixteen stories high ; and when midway in his descent through the air , he _arr ' ned at a lodger looking out at a window of ihe eighth floor , to whom ( as be was an acquaintance ) be observed , en passaut , ' Eh , Saundy , man , _eic a fa' as 1 _skall hae ' . ' Tub MisnRy _Chuiicii Belli—Tha ehimes sewly _( _HUd up in the venerable tower of St Marv _' s , Staffrd , plays tho _followirg tunes : Oa Sunday , ' a Psa ' m tune ; Mondar , ' Life let us cherish ; ' Tuesday , * My lodging is on the oold _ground ¦ * Wednesday , ' Thero is nae lurk about the house _^ . Thursday , * The Harmonious _Blaekuniih ; ' Friday , ' We won ' t go henio till moraing !' .. Saturday , ( _teicg . matkeG day ) 'Oh dear , what can Iho mnitfr ba V
A Negro took his seat in the French National _Assembly , on Thursday week , _r-s representative cf Guadaloupo . Two negroes and two Mula' . _toes havo been eleoted . The Jews in Rome . —On the lst of this month , the _decree for the complete emancipation ofihv Jews of the Roman States came into force . _Thty _. are thereby declated fit f > r the _csarciae of all civil _rli-btf . The year 184 S ia an _aiusz ' ng one . The changes of the forms of _j-ovsmment are , hr . _wevcr , leas surprising , than the _abaadscment of the Ghetto by the Jews of Rume . Tns American Press . —The editor of the Vicb . _3-
boro _Suntwkl a Mississippi newspaper , has been killed in a Btreet fight , _iu ; d ia the third editor of that journal who ess fal en iu a similar _manLer , wxtftia iho last six years , in _constquenee of the * , itultnt personalities which have . appears . d in its co ' umua . _Grapk * . —Tho produce of _urapes i * so _tbundant near Paris ihuttbu peasants fear to briig ai : y of isferitr quality inside the walls , lest the _tiuit should not fetch six ' ceLtimrs the lwo . pcucd weight , tbe amount of entrance du ' . y to wbich it is _subject , and the _conicqueuco i ° , that a ; eguJar fair of grapes is established outside the walls ol Pari " , and is attended by _iramenai _nncbors of soldiers .
A New Gas . —A new _descripisnef _gsB , free frcm the many _disadvactages of the gaa in common use , hag been lately inveuttd . It is called the ' _bycrccarbon gas , ' aud is generated from water and tar on
rosin . What must the Profit be ?—The privilrge of spiting newspapers , _&¦• ., at the sovera ) 3 tai : i > _ns on ; he London and North-Weitte ; n R _* ilwi . y bas bees Ut I y tender to _Messrs Smith and Son , r . _ews _zgenr , fur tha sum ot £ 1500 _a-ywr . The person who b !>» _iaitbersn supplied _Ku-. tou " Station _iff-. _red . the couapary \ he enormous turn oi £ 610 for a _btacd tn the statist ) _alQutf , ;
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Oct. 28, 1848, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_28101848/page/3/
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