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^ T cm k n Seftembeb 20, 1849. 4 TTHT?, ...
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DHITISH EMPIRE FB.EEHOLD LAND AND B-GILDING SOCIETY. •*-» Onan AdvaHcejonr Rent is Saved.—vou "become voor own Land **i Householder.
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•eg ororremQWeii t*
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Mrs. Lacet . Mrs. Cuffet, and Mrs. Ritch...
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THE MBTHEB1 STAB. SATURDAY. SEPTEMBER 29, IS49.
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OUR SYSTEM, AND THE MEANS BY WHICH IT IS...
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THE BRITISH CALIFORNIA. The means by whi...
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ROBBERY BY GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS. Last ye...
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RECEIPTS OF THE NATIONAL LAND COMPANY Fo...
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THE CUR11EXCY QUESTION, TO THE EDITOR OF...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
^ T Cm K N Seftembeb 20, 1849. 4 Ttht?, ...
_^ cm k n Seftembeb 20 , 1849 . 4 _TTHT ? , _\ _T-ft » TIT _IT . RN STAR . . — . * ' » » _*'•
Dhitish Empire Fb.Eehold Land And B-Gilding Society. •*-» Onan Advahcejonr Rent Is Saved.—Vou "Become Voor Own Land **I Householder.
_DHITISH EMPIRE FB . EEHOLD LAND AND _B-GILDING SOCIETY . •* - » Onan AdvaHcejonr Rent is Saved . —vou "become _voor own Land _** i Householder .
Ad00410
PalrOM . _---T . S . DosMMBi- vEs <* lLP . t . _Waklet , Esq ., H . P . B . B . * _Cabs-3 J , Esq ., M . P . L . J . _Hassai _**** , Esq ., M .. P t a /)* _?**^ f * - _« MBank ofLondon ( Branch ) , 6 , Hennette-Street , CotentGarden . umaon vjf . ee . —Ao . 13 , Tottenha m Court , Sew ltoad , St Pancras , iondoa—Dasiel William _Ruffv , Secretary . _AmUMiED w Theee _Sbcthoss . Value of Shares and _Ry-mcnts for Investors . Fall Share .. .. £ 128—payment of * 2 s . 5 d . -j ?* W « ek , or 10 s . Gd . per Month . HalfShare .... SO " - 1 51 — a 3 — Q _. aartec'aiare .. .. SO — 0 * _? i . — 2 8 — Applicants * sre _rd-juested to state in their form tlie Sectiea they desire to be a Memher of . Ko _g-OKV _* -T « _a ' . _SnuonroBi , or UEBEMratox Fees . —The present Entrance Fee , including Certificate , Rales , ic ., is -is . _pt-r-Share , and 2 s . Cd . for any part ofa Share . Trice of Rules , including Postage , ls . OBJECTS . _Ist—t-j enable Hembers to build DwdHn-j Houses . Sth . —To give to _Depoafinjj Memhers a higher rate of In-*> aa . -To aiford « ie means of _purchasin-: both Freehold _*«** _«"**»« jifWcd by ordinary modes of investment __ _•»™ * _leasehold l ' ptnerties or Land . ™!!; T —1 ° ena _* -le 1 awn's to make Endowments for their _^ _KradvrnrMoiais « Property held by _«& £ " _» _'" ** _*** « _** _^^ "Sembers . 7 th . —To purchase a piece of Freehold Land of sufficient Hi . —To em-ole _Mortj-agors being memhers to redeem value to give a legal title to a County Vote for Members of fceir llortgaijes . l Parliament _SectiosC—By joining ftis section every person in town or country can _heconte the proprietor ofa House and Land n his ownneighbourhood , ¦ - -itiiout being removed from his friends , _conne-dons _, or tlie present means himself and family may have of gaining a livefihood . Sbctio . sIL—To raise a capital by shares to purchase Estates , erect Dwellings thereon , and ** ivide the Land into allotments from _half-an-acrc upwards , in or near the towns ofthe various branches of the society . The property to he -the _booafde freehold of & e member sifter a t « rra of years , from tlie date Of location , according * o his subscriptions . SECnoS IiL—Saving -or _Sepe-sit section , in whfch members not wishing to purchase are enabled to invest small sums , receiving interest at the rate ef five per cent p « r annum , on erery sum of 10 s . and upwards so deposited . KB . — £ 500 wili beadvanced to the members of tlie first Section in November next , when all persons who have and may become members for Shares , or parts of Shares , on or before the -1 th of November next , aud who pay six months ¦ mbscriptions in advance , or otherwise , will be eligible for an advance . ALSO , __„ 11 HE UNITED PATRIOTS' AND PATRIARCHS' BENEFIT SOCIETIES . Enrolled pursuant to Act of Parliament Thus securing to its members tlie protection of the law for tlieir funds and property . Legalised to extend over the United Kingdom , with thc privilege of appointing Medical Attendants , Agents , 4 c . An opportunity is now offered to healthy persons , up to Forty Years of A _^ e , of joining these flourishing Institutions in town or country . losnos _O-rncE . —13 , Tottenham Court , New Road , St . Pancras ( thirteenth house eastward from Tottenham Court-road ) . Daniel William Hum , Secretary . Patrons . —T . S . Dcxcombe , Esq ., * M . P . T . Waklet , Esc , M . P . B . B . Cabbell , "Esq ., UP . F . O'Coxxon , Esq .. UP . L . J . Hassabd , Esq .
Ad00411
yS" No . 5 , of the Democratic Review contains A HlGni . V-1-S-rEnESTISG _"Nahuative _, _JtXD _Explasa-IIOX , OF TnE EVENTS OF " _TllE _TlHIlIEEXTH OF Jcse . " Br Victor Coxsideraxt , _Repbesestative of tiie People . NOW READY WITH THE MAGAZINES FOR OCTOBER , No . V . of
Ad00412
T ) UPTURES EFFECTUALLY CURED SX WITHOUT A _TRPSSI—All sufferers from single an double Ruptures of every variety , however bad and 2 ou <* _staiiding , may ba oermanently cured by Dr . Barker's _remedv . which has been established several years , and _ackuowledged by many eminent members of the profession , to be the only efficient one estant It is applicable to both sezesof all aires , easy and painless in use , and certain in effect . Hundreds of testimo _lii-. _i ' _isand trusses have been left behind by persons cured , as TROPHIES of the immense success of tliis remedj-. Sent _pt * _st-free , with full instructions , on receipt of lis . iu postage sfcimps , or by tost-officc order , by DR . ALFRED BARKER , Medical Hall . 1 VS , Great Russell-street , lHoomsbury _souare , London ; where may be consulted daily from two till eight o ' clock ; Sunday _^ ten till one . Medical and Surgical Advice , GRATIS to the poor , on aR _flispascs .
Ad00413
PRICE THREEPENCE STAMPED . "SEW WEEKLY XEWSPAPER . On Saturday , October Bib , iciilbe _PaJMslied No . I . of the WEEKLY _TRIBUTE _ITuiform with tiie SrECTATOB .
Ad00414
TO BE SOLD , AT SNIG'S END . A FOUR ACRE FARM , situate ou the Moat The crops consist of wheat , barley , beans , pe s , swedes , potatoes , and splendid mange ! whrzel , iu addition to which there are two fine store pigs . The whole ef the land is cropped , and in good condition . Price £ 36 . Application to be made tothe Dircrfors at their Office Ui , } _Hkh Holborn . ' This is sne of the best _fcrms ia the pojEjfssion of tlie Cg _ni-anv .
Ad00415
THE _CHEAI'EST ED _1 TIOS EVEB rUBLlSH _*** D . Price Is . Cd ., A new and elegant edition , witli Steel Plate of the Autlior , of _PAIHE'S POLITICAL WORKS .
•Eg Ororremqweii T*
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Mrs. Lacet . Mrs. Cuffet, And Mrs. Ritch...
Mrs . _Lacet . Mrs . _Cuffet , and Mrs . Ritchie , are requested to call at 2 S , Golden-lane , on Tuesday evening , at eight o'cloclc Mr . IIoltoake writes : — "The two last _irceiks' Star ' s have notreached me . This is why I have not answered Mr . Cater's letter . I have only just seen it ; 1 will write next seek . —G . J . _Holioase , Sept . 28 th . W . ILutvEr , Dowlais . —IVe cannot answer your question . Mr . liiiouK , Huddei'stield . —Your last letter is in type , but postponed for want of room .
The Mbtheb1 Stab. Saturday. September 29, Is49.
THE MBTHEB 1 STAB . SATURDAY . SEPTEMBER 29 , _IS 49 .
Our System, And The Means By Which It Is...
OUR SYSTEM , AND THE MEANS BY WHICH IT IS UPHELD . Fcrliaps it would be impossible for the most profound politician to invent a system more repugnant to the feelings aud interests of a people , and less in liarmony with common sense , than that under which we now live ; and the cause—tlie onl y cause of its perpetuation—is , the disunion and infidelity of the working classes . When we use the term infidelity , we mean it in a social aud political , and not in a scriptural sense—we mean the want of faith in their o vu order , arising , perhaps , from a want of knowledge as to what their united strength could achieve .
There is au old say rag , "That after a storm comes a calm , " and it is equally true that after a calm comes a storm ; and that that storm is now brewing , no man with a particle of common sense can doubt . It is true that there is an absence of political Agitation , but it is equally true that the lull is consequent upon the mere temporary satisfaction now existing in the manufacturing districts , the operatives there being generally employed to supply neighbouring countries , that have been bad customers , or no customers , during two years of revolution . And this constitutes not only the danger of the Government , but thc weakness of the workiii _* _- ** classes .
Upon the one hand , the Government will act upon the principle of "Let well enough alone ; " they will appeal to national tranquillity and absence of agitation as proof of loyalty aud prosperity ; while—as regards the people—as soon as their trade vanishes from an overstock of produce , those "who are now apathetic because comparatively well employed , will exclaim when they are again discharged , " We are ready , now lead us on to death or glory !"
Have the working classes ever reflected upon the fact , that their power is greater when their employer requires their lahour , than -when they become inmates of the workhouse , in consequence of stagnation in their several trades ? If this is an admitted fact—and none we presume will venture to deny it—the people themselves , and not the Government , the constitution , or the institutions of the country , are their greatest enemies .
The people may rely upon it , that as long as any government can carry on the system of feeding idle , aristocratic paupers , upon the industry of their dependent slaves , _thatth-ay -will uphold that system ; a most iniquitous system , based upon the folly of our ancestors , and the injustice of their rulers . We are now bowed beneath an amount of taxation which it is impossible for thc people to submit to ; and the more thoroughly acquainted they are with tbe system , the more thoroughly , opposed will they he to its continuance . We have more than once commented upon the injustice of compelling the people of this age to pay a debt contracted hy the feudal lords of former days , and extracted from their fears by the apprehension ofthe loss of their estates .
However , if it is true in law that an infant cannot he bound hy any contract that he may sign—and if the Duke of Buckingham is doserving _^ of that _^ slander so copiousl y heaped upon him for inducing his sou to join him , when twenty-one years of age , to make the paternal property of tho Plantaganets liable for the extravagance of the race—it is still ffiore unjust to hold persons—not bom when
Our System, And The Means By Which It Is...
this _natienai contract was made with the lender , 4 © observe faith—which he never guaranteed . The -present generation did not contract the debt , and was no party to the plunder ; while our Church and State , that is—our parsons , our soldiers and our sailors—receive annually more than would pay the interest ofthat enormous debt ; and now all the financial reformers of onr day , axe competing in prize essays , as to the best mode of meeting tho great difficulty .
The Church , poor rates , and stamp duties , amount to more than the interest of the National Debt ; while the impossibility of an _enlightened people , living in this most enlightened age , to expound or understand the law , and their necessity to pay large fees for its construction , amounts to more than the interest of the National Debt . If an owner of property wishes to dispose of'that property , it requires six , nine or twelve months to
investigate the title ; and , if purchased , upon the clearest opinion as to its validity—there may he new trials—different pleadings of lawyersdifierent interpretations of judges—different verdicts of differeutjuries—and appeals to God knows how many superior tribunals ; and thus every attorney ' s office is a robber ' s den , and every barrister ' s chamber a conspirator ' s hiding-place ; and this in this most civilised countrv _, in this most civilised age .
Hope , in his splendid work entitled " Anastatius , - " tells how his hero was loaded with presents hy the barbarians and uncivilised tribes ; and how , upon entering civilised Europe , he was cheated and plundered by the civilised merchants , of the valuable skins and other property presented to him h y tho barbarians . We may go still further and show a larger amount of expenditure , all consequent upon the evils of our present system , and all unprofitable because not reproductive expenditure . For instance , if we take our gaols , our workhouses , our court-houses , our barracks , our police stations , our gaolers houses , our bankers houses , our brothels , our lock-ups ,
our gin palaces , our churches , our " meeting houses , our schools—established forthe purpose of teaching sectarian doctrines—and estimate their expenses , * wo will find that thoy constitute an enormous national debt ; while the privileged classes live upon dissipation , drunkenness , lewdness , plunder , deception , and injustice , under our pious , glorious , and immortal Church and Stato system ; while Rig ht ltev . Fathers in God luxuriate in the ignorance , religious dissensions , and differences created hy the various and numerous expounders of an all-wise and beneficent Creator ' s views , relying upon the bayonet , the musket , the cannon , the bludgeon , and thc law' ** terror , as the upholders of OUR national faith and THEIR national plunder .
We have now foreshadowed , but faintly however , the present system , showing that our enormous expenditure is , in many illstances , consequent upon the tyranny requisite to uphold such a system—tliat is , the Governmental tyranny , and what are called Governmental expenses—while we fearlessl y assert , that the dependence of the people , in consequence of their not being represented , enables their privileged employers to plunder them annually , of a larger amount than would pay
the interest of the National Debt , the cost of Church and State , and all the other Governmental expenses . And yet such is the apathy of their order , that they have ever been satisfied with the mere transfer of power from jugglers to promisers ; and hence wc repeat it , that their every suffering is a consequence of their _oun apathy and indifference ; aud our most anxious hope is , that their next squeeze may recall their attention from a change of men to a change of measures . ..
The British California. The Means By Whi...
THE BRITISH CALIFORNIA . The means by which _peivnaneiifc profitable employment may be found for the increasing population of these islands ought to be the paramount question with all statesmen , as it is the most momcutous a _* nd _"pvessiiig in fact . Wo have , on various occasions , shown the inadequacy of Emigration and extended Competition in Manufactures for this purpose ; and the present state of tho working classes , even under s . so-called season of commercial and manufacturing prosperity , supplies ample proof that new fields of reproductive aud beneficial labour are required .
Year by year the burdens increase whicli grow out of this want . The people for whom there is no honest labour provided , cither fall on the rates , and vegetate iu workhouses , or betake themselves to criminal courses , and lead an active life of plunder , whicli it costs an enormous amount annually to watch and punish . No radical cure , either for pauperism or crime , exists , save one . Employ the People . Give them the means aud opportunity of
supporting themselves , and they will do so effectually , besides contributing willingly and largely to thc legitimate expenses of thc Government , and the wealth aud prosperity of the community at large . If it is asked" How are the masses to be profitably employed ? " _avc reply— " On the Land . " In our own soil we possess an almost illimitable and inestimable mine of wealth , and the time has come when it must be worked prudently and vigorously .
It has been thc habit of certain journalists to dewy the L . uid Plan of Mr . _O'COZZOll , US visionary , _follacions , and impracticable ; and even yet , as was shown last week , there are some scribes who calculate so securely on thc ignorance and prejudices of tlieir readers , that they talk of its failure , and ridicule the idea of a man being able , by spade husbandry , to support himself and family on four acres of laud .
We are happy to observe , however , that ignorant effrontery is no longer to have its own way . There arc numerous indications that a better time has come , and that , in influential quarters , the capabilities of spade husbandry to promote individual independence and comfort , aud collective prosperity , arc fully recognised and admitted . The Royal Agricultural Society has just awarded a first class prize to an essay by Mr . John Bravender , of Cirencester , on the advantages , or disadvantages , of breaking up grasslands ; in which thc writer , in a practical and forcible manner , demonstrates that a remedy for pauperism and crime lies at our own doors , and that we have only to stretch forth our hands to secure it .
Hitherto , an almost inveterate prejudice lias prevailed in the landlord class against breaking up grass lands , and , we believe , that feeling is still very general , though , in some districts , it has been very much shaken , aud in most grass land districts , portions of thc permanent pasture are being broken up . But these are , as it were , ouly slight " clearings " compared with the enormous breadths of second and third rate pasture laud , which ought to he brought under tillage . The reasons why it should be so are both wei ghty and conclusive . In the first place more capital , activity , and agricultural knowledge , are
required to manage au arablefann , than one principally laid down in grass , and aaiythiug which tends to attract these qualities to " agricultural pursuits , from the feverish and gambling competition of manufacturing aud commercial life , is , per se , an advantage to the country . Secondly , a given quality of arable land , properly managed , will keep more live stock , and give more meat , or dairy produce , than the same laud , exclusively pasture , cau do ; while , at thc same time , there will be a vast produce of grain in the one caso , which is altogether absent in the other . And lastly , that , while thus bringing into profitable occupation the capital a _« d intelligence of the country , aud i
The British California. The Means By Whi...
au gmenting the _-aneans of-subsistence to the nation—thatit will supply a -constant , healthy , and profitahle _oGcupationfor-aielabourer . This _lastconsideraiien is of vital / importance . A man , and perhaps a boy , to each hundred acres of pasture , is probably beyond the average amount of labour employed on pasture farms throughout England ; while , even under the present mode of cultivation pursued on _wellmanaged large farms , each hundred acres of arable land furnishes employment , on an average , for four or five men—a difference of considerable importance in the Labour market .
Mr , Bravbndek—who has evidently bestowed great attention upon the snhject , and is thoroughly and practically conversant with it—treats it under three heads ; " Down Land , " " Cold Pastures , " and " Grazing Ground . " It is not our intention __ to follow him through these various divisions , but merely to point out the manner in which he _nas under the . _sanetion , and with the approval of the Royal Agricultural Society of England—substantiated all Mr . _O'Connor ' s propositions , with respect to thc value of spade husbandry and small farms . The worst grass lands are those denominated " Cold Pastures , " of which a very large portion of our pasturage consists . On these lands Mr . Bra vender is of opinion
the labours of the large farmer would be unprofitable , and that the only way to cultivate them advantageously is hy the spade—in small farms . According to Professor Johnson , " The next great achievement which British agriculture lias to effect is , to subdue the stubborn clays , and to convert them into what mauyof them are yet destined to becomethe richest corn-bearing land in the kingdom . " When such land , however , has once been brought to a high state of fertility , it can be kept up . at less cost than lighter land .
How is this " next great achievement of British agriculture '* to be effected ? How are the worst grass lands to be converted into " the richest corn-bearing lands in the kingdom ?" Mr . Bravender and the Royal Society of Agriculture , unite with Mr . O ' Connor in replying , "by spade husbandry and small farms . " The facts in support of this reply , adduced by Mr . _Bravendbr , are so important , and at the same time so interesting in themselves , that wc cannot occupy our space hetter than by giving them in Ml ;—
In North Wilts tliere is n considerable extent of land catted Bray-Ion , which is _stognlavly notorious fov being worthless land . When disforested and disposed of by the crown , it was literally a wilderness of waste . It became the property of various persons , some of whom had estates joining , who either planted it or broke up the turf , ' and cropped with corn as iong * as they could get a new corn for an old one . For many years those portions which were not planted appear not to have received any improvement from either the occupiers or proprietors . The cultivation of that which had been broken up was abandoned to nature , and those portions which had been left untouched by the ploughs still continued to produce a very scanty pasture , considerable portions being covered by furze . Whilst in this state several years elapsed , and year after
year the entire unscvered produce was put up by auction , which very seldom , if ever , realised more than 3 s . Cd . per acre , but more frequently i ' s . Cd . per acre . One proprietor , however , not content with this state of things , in whicli there appeared no hopes of amendment , took a bold step , and parcelled out some of his estate info small holdings or cottage farms , varying them in extent from live to twentyfive acres , to suit the abilities of tenants ; and withoxt draining , or in any other way improving the land than by the erection of cottages and outbuildings , let it at vents which vary from 25 s . to Ms . per acre , iu addition to the rent for the buildings , the proprietor taking upon himself to pay all rates , tithes , and taxes . It must not be supposed , amongst a number of tenants adopting various modes of cultivation—some , for want of information , abandoning
themselves to chance , and others content to watch and imitate the processes of their more favoured neighbours —that all of them were successful iu their management but those who were not so on their first attempts soon saw in what they erred . In describing tlie practice of those squatters of the forest , I shall select four tenants whose management may bc taken as an index of the general practice amongst them . One of those whom I have selected did not succeed at first from having committed an error which experience has corrected . A . occupies five acres , and has done so for eight years . The rent is .- £ _' . per aero for the land ( the house find building being charged in addition ) , but was a Utile less lhe two first _icai'S When he took the land it was pasture almost covered with furze . He grubbed up tlie furze anl burnt it , and without
- . wring iwiu burning the sward , dug the land from four to nine or ten inches deep , according as the soil would admit , taking care not to turn up the poisonous yellow clay . It was then planted with potatoes , thecrop ' failcd , the produce being ouly fourteen bushels to tlie acre . After the potatoes were oft ' , the land was manured and dug over again , and sown with wheat , which was _lwevl i « . The wheat was a moderate cro ' p , twenty-eight bushels to the acre . The land was very _rough during the growth of thc wheat , being covered over with rods and course grass , which injured it . Paring and burning would have prevented this , and by omitting this estcntial preliminary , he lost his potato crop , and damaged thc succeeding wheat crop . —B occupies IU acres , and lias had it eight years . He paid £ 1 . las . -Id . ner acre , fov the fivst three years , and
afterwards £ 2 . per acre , exclusive of ( he buildings . lie cultivated it all with the spade and fork . On first breaking it up he divided it into two parts , on one of which he grubbed up the furze , pared oft" the sward , and stifle burnt it , heaping on furze , sward , and soil as- much as he could burn . The other part was done in a similar manner . Roth _divisions were dug from four to nine incites deep , the depth varying as the soil varied , and were planted with _potatoes . On the part whicli was stifle-burnt his produce was upwards of three hundred bushels of potatoes to the acre , but on the other part of the crop was scarcely worth getting ill , After the _fii'Jt year thi *! man commenced a regular system of cultivation ; having two acres in wheat , two in potatoes , and two acres planted with various crops , small portions being iu barley , beans , peas , pulse , turnips ,
carrots , parsnips , cabbage , mangold wurtzel , 4 c . The land is always manured for wheat , and wheat always follows thc potato crop , Hc manures with such dung as is produced from his crops , and with such as hc can purchase from the neighbouring towns . Thc wheat is sowed broadcast and hoed in . Beans do not answer very well until the land has received two or three years cultivation , and then tliey are always sown mixed with peas , producing a crop which is called pulse . His first crop of wheat produced thirty-six bushels to thc acre . The produce varies a little with seasons , but under his cultivation the crop will average thirty-two bushels . His potato crop will Average iffli ' bushels , barley thirty-six " bushels , oats forty to forty-eight bushels per acre . Turnips ten to twelve tons per acre ; carrots , cabbages , and parsnips are generally a
good crop—cabbages especially . No lime ov artificial malum * is used . C . occupies five acres , and pays £ _*! per acre , besides payinc for the house . He broke up half his land and stifle-burnt in the first year . He heaped on as much soil as he could without putting out the fire , with a view of charring it to change the texture . He planted tlie land with potatoes , and the produce was more than 'SOO bushels to the acre . The next spring he stiflc-burut the remaining half , and planted with potatoes ; and in the autumn of 0 H 2 sowed the other half with wheat , which produced thirty-six bushels to the acre . He always manures for _ivllttlt filter potatoes , and believes the _liestcoursc to bc . 1 st , potatoes ; 2 nd , wheat ; 3 rd , barley and green crops . C . recommends that the land sliould be manured after potatoes for wheat
Here , then , is the practical answer of a practical man to a question of universal aud paramount importance . . Land , which retained as dairy farms must continually depreciate in value —Lund , which in the long run becomes absolutely worthless—wliich in its natural state is of the most unpromising character , becomes , under the magic influence of labour judiciousl y bestowed , a mine of tho most valuable wealth " . Corn fields wave where once the yellow furze grow . The " wilderness of waste" disappears , and is replaced hy a district rich with varied crops . The " solitary place becomes glad , " for the voices of happy and usefully-employed human beings are heard there , and the smoke of their homes gladdens the eye of the traveller .
And all this is done with money profit to every one concerned in the fertilising and noble process . Mr . Bravender says , the profit of breaking up such Land will bc " 4 s . 2 d . per acre to the tenant—to the landlord 4 s . per acre—to the l & _bouycY eight times tlio expenditure per acre . In all these calculations fifteen per cent , is allowed to the tenant on the extra capital employed by thc tenant in the
conversion _. Taking these calculations as correct though , wc believe , it could easily be shown that they are much under thc actual results that would be realised—it will be seen that this mode of giving employment to thc people oilers an immediate outlet lor all unemployed labour—that it would reduce the burdens imposed on the community , for the support of involuntary able-bodied idlers—that it would convert those who now liv e upon the toil , of others , uot onl y into self-supporting labourers , but make them , in turn , a source of fresh wealth and strength to thc State—that landlords would receive better rents , capitalists be provided with secure and remunerative investments , the subsistence of the nation enormously augmented , and its power and _iniluei-ce thereby increased .
In order to obtain tliese _desirable and ina _** _* - - nificent results , we have only to masts the unemployed labour to the micni oloyed land of the country and wo cannot doubt , bufc that aided by such tt powerful _auxiliary as tbe Loyal _Agncultural Society of EagMml , Mi-
The British California. The Means By Whi...
O'Connor will yk succeed in bringing about such an auspicious _dhd . happy union .
Robbery By Government Officials. Last Ye...
ROBBERY BY GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS . Last year the public were startled by the disclosures of the gross mismanagement or the - Woods and Forests , and the Land Revenues of the Crown . The Commissioners apppoihted to protect and control tho management of these large estates , were proved to
have—if not connived at—at least suffered the unchecked existence pf an unparalleled system of wholesale and unblushing plunder by their subordinates . In consequence of these disclosures , a number of the minor officials in the New Forest , who had been engaged in these robberies of the Nationul property , were , together with some timber merchants in the _vicinty—particeps criminis—arrested and committed for trial . The fact ofthe Forest having
been p lundered to a large—but unascertained extent—was certain . It was equally certain that it could have been done by no other parties than persons who were entrusted with its safe-keeping , and , in fact , the legal evidence implicating them , was generally considered conclusive . Ofcourse a severe and exemplary punishment was anticipated in such a flagrant case of dishonesty on the partof tho servants of the Crown . A formal prosecution was
instituted—some of the persons were brought to trial at Winchester , and , much to the surprise of everybody , acquitted . ' The otliers were suffered to drop , and the whole subject remained in an obscurity , which it appeared vain for non-officials to attempt to penetrate . The veil has just been lifted from this mystery , and to say the least , the disclosure of the manner in which tho business of the State is conducted , is more astonishing than
satisfactory . Lord Duncan , on the ground that the Committee ' . of last year had not finished its Inquiries at the commencement of the last session , applied for , and obtained the reappointment of the Committee . They have just published their first Report , a second is to follow ; and if their first be a sample ofthe stock , wc shall certainly have , in the aggregate , such an exhibition of shameless neglect of duty , dishonesty and rascality in high places , as never before was exhibited to thc world . Nor can it be alleged that the Report is a
partisan one . Tho Committee was composed of fifteen members ; one ( Sir B . Hall ) never attended ; and two ( Sir R . Inglis and Mr . Trelawne _y ) appeared but once . Of the remaining twelve , six were office-holders ; and Mr . _Haytjee—the same worthy who tried so hard to blacken and destroy the Land Company—acted as the whipper-in , and defender or palliator ofthe monstrous abuses which tho investigation brought to light . After sitting forty days , and examining a great number of witnesses , Lord Duncan prepared and
submitted a report embody ing the evidence , and , of course , as an honest man , strongly condemning the conduct of the parties implicated . Thc official members of thc Committee were too strong to permit such a document to pass . They debated it during three successive sittings , and at last , on tho motion of Lord Jocelyn , they cushioned it , by resolving that they were unable satisfactorily this year to report their opinions , but would do so in thc event of their being re-appointed next year . We have no doubt butthi _' _-t if thc officials could
liave burked the Evidence , as well as tho Report upon it , they would gladly have done so , but the practice of Parliament would not allow them to do so ; and whether authoritatively condemned by a Parliamentary Committee or not , the facts stated in that evidence must produce but one impression ou the public mind , and that is , that the permanent _offici-ils in this department have most disgracefully neglected their duty , if not absolutely connived at the plunder of the very property they were appointed to take care of .
After the revelations of last year , respecting thc New Forest , people were prepared for any disclosures , however extraordinary , as to thc management of theso estates . But we venture to say , that the facts narrated with reference tothe Salcey Forest , are of such an astounding nature , that unless wc had them published under tho authority of Parliament , they would not bo believed .
These facts , as gathered from the evidence , seem to have come to light only by accident . Though Mr . MILNE—the permanent and Managing Commissioner—must have been fully aware of them , not a whisper was allowed to escape which might put the Committee on the qui vive , or provoke unpleasant researches . The present Deputy-Surveyor of Salcey was anxious to refute some evidence which had
been given respecting it last year . In his zeal ho tendered himself as evidence , and was accepted _, ln the course of his examination the fact oozed out , that there was very little old timber in Salcey Forest—perhaps not more than a thousand pouuds' worth , at the utmost ; that thero had , however , been a very large amount of timber in the forest before hc was appointed , but that it had been cut down by his predecessor , Mr . King Kent ; that , in fact , this Mr . Kent had "cut down the whole of the forest ; " that there wero reports of "irregularities ; " aud that Mr . Kent was ultimately transported some thirteen years ago , ill COllseqilOllCO of those •¦ irregularities . "
Tender and delicate as the word " _irrcgu-Uu'itics' is , when applied to the cutting down ofthe timber of a forest which , previous to Mr . Kent ' s appointment , returned nearly eleven thousand pounds sterling annually—itwas still ' touching tho quick" too acutel y for the officials to bear withont wincing . Mr . Haiter led tho witness and the Committee a wild goose chase after some " Will o' the wisp , " and took their attention off the subject . ' But the hint was not lost on Lord Duncan . He followed it up ; and , by the examination of subsequent witnesses , extracted that some years since , through the instrumentalit y of Mr . Milne , this Mr . Kent— -who was an attorney ' s clerk
, totally ignorant of thc management of timberwas appointed to a situation of great responsibility ; that in that situation hehad absolutely cut down , and sold for liis own purposes , the wholo of Salcey Forest ; that this wholesale depredation coutiuued for . several years , unchecked by the Commissioners of Woods aud Forests ; and at length , unable upon some occasion to settle a quarterl y account—an a _«** ent was sent down . The honest Dewty Surve or took tho alarm—absconded—was captured—placed at the Old Bailey on a simple charge of embezzlement , and , having pleaded " guilty , " was sentenced to transportation , in which he died .
_ Bythis ingenious process , thc facts wero all nicely hushed up , and prevented from coming beforo the public . How much additional pi un der Mr . Km pockcttud for kindl y pleading " guilty , _? ' will , perhaps , never bc known ; but there can be no doubt it was a very conve nieiit arrangement for the Commissioners who received the public money , and allowed tlio public property to be robbed in this way . To render the chance of detection still more difficult , and to hide this ugly affair iu cvwlnstmg darkness—if possible—it ' singularl y happens
that Mr . Milne can neither remember the name of the person who recommended Kent to him ; nor can tho minutes of tho Commissioners be found for thc period at which he was appointed . In addition , thc personal appearance and manners of this protege of Mr . Milne ' s avus so unfavourable , that a land surveyor who was examined , declared that he refused to associate with him , that he was not at all fit for the situation he held ; and that , in fact , he refused to associate with him on tlio ground
Robbery By Government Officials. Last Ye...
ofhis bad character . All this time the tuaa was cutting down a national forest , and apply _, ing the proceeds to his own purposes , while the innocent and amiable Commission ers were totally unaware of anything being wron » - ! From the time of his appointment in . 182-7 ° _to-1835 , the nation lost some 6 , 000 ? . a year by this " very intelligent'' protege of _JJ _^ MiiiKE _' s , " and atthe present time , instead of
returning a revenue of nearly 7 , 000 _/ . a-year to the public treasury , ifc entails an animal loss of 500 / . a-year , which the tax-payers of this over-ridden and over-burdened nation hare to pay . Only think of an estate of 13 , 000 acres , entailing a loss of . 000 / . a-vear upon its proprietor ' . Only think that instead of receiving any revenue from such a noble tract of land , wehave absolutely sunk 7 500 / in its management !
This , however , is a specimen oftho manner in which nearly 250 , 000 acres of public lands are managed by the Woods and Forests . From such a magnificent property , it appears that the _iwenue last year was not simply nil , but that it absolutely entailed a loss of 4 , 822 / 1 upon the public , exclusive of all the charges of tho London office , lawyers' bills , and other matters , which at the lowest may bo put down at 12 , 000 / . more—making not far short of an
annual loss of 17 , 000 / . upon a property of the most valuable description . It is high time that this monstrous ini quity should be exposed —that the evil doers should be brought to justice , and that such extensive tracts of country , instead of being jobbed and plundered , to suit the personal interests of office-holders , were made subservient to the public welfare and advantage . In future papers we shall pursue the subject Avith this object .
Receipts Of The National Land Company Fo...
RECEIPTS OF THE NATIONAL LAND COMPANY For tue Wekk Exdi . _vo _Tiiuksiuv . _Sepieubeb 27 , 1819 . SHARES . £ _s . cl £ <• . d . Teignmouth .. 1 IU 8 "Maidstone ,. 10 0 Niwcastle-upon- C . Mmvl ., 0 1 G T . yne .. 3 2 C R . l'attison .. { ' ' Worcester .. 1 H 0 G , II . Chatwia .. U a 0 Whittiiigton and _^ Cut .. .. 3 8 4 e \ _- > i jo Loughborough .. 0 U ti mmimm EXPENSE FUND . Worcester .. .. .. .. .. 018
MONIES RECEIVED FOR THE PURCHASE OF MATHON . T . N ., Malvern .. 143 0 0 J . n ., Devon-ion 12 I ) 0 2 ' . . ¥ ., learning * - A . 1 ' ., _trateshead Id 0 ( J ton .. .. 3 0 0 W . A .. Malvern 78 o n J . S ., Sowerby .. 9 10 0 I _' . E _., Clapham .. 30 li 5 M . II ., Gateshead 104 0 0 , \ V . S ., Tod-lin . ; - £ 5 _* . _* _ti 4 5 ton .. .. 14 S 0 0 - . TOTALS . Laud Fund ... ... ... ... ] 2 4 10 Expense ditto ... ... ... 0 l 0 Mathon 5 . 38 4 5 _Doniis ditto 20 J 4 ( Transfers ... ... ... ... 0 1 0 _Returned Aid Money and Rent ... 41 I ) 0 Hay Sold G u 0 £ 618 0 9 W . Pixo . v , C . D _01 _* LE , " T . Clark , Cor . Sec . P . M'Giiath , Tin . Sec .
EXECUTIVE FUND . Received _tyS-lvY-DD—Watcrlic . id Mill , £ 1 - Todmorden , is . 9 d . Todmorden , H's . FOR COSTS OF MACNAMARA _' S ACTION . Keceived hy W . I ' ioeu . —A few Working Meu , Alnwick , per J . Young , Ss . ; T . Kerr , Leicester , tid . FOR WIVES AND FAMILIES OF VICTIMS _, lieccved by W . Rider . —Nottingham , 5 ¦ or , 1 . Sweet , is . Gd . ; a few Red Republicans , . _Maiu-Iilinc , Ayrshire , 5 s . ; Chartist Association , Leicester , per W . _Brad-mbi'tli , Ss . EXPENSE AT INQUESTS ON WILLIAMS AND SHARP . Received by W . Rideii . —Petcrloo , Cs .: C . Kendall , "flradford , Wilts , Cd . Received at Land Office . —Mr . 1 ' avev . Is .
FOR WIDOWS OF THE LATE MESSRS- WILLIAMS AND SHARP , Received by W . Rideii . —Oakham , per O . _Drnl-e , Is . Received at Lasd Oifice . —J . Jl . W . _liramnve , tid . FOR THE WIDOW OF J . WILLIAMS . Received at Land Office . —A Friend , per Mr . Lee , 5 s Hy Mr . ll *;* virr . — Friends at Wooitvicli _, as . VICTIM FUND . Received by S . Rpoxham . —Daventry , 5 s . ; Richard Hallam , Is . ; jaines Greenwood , ls . ; collected at ihe Johnstivct Institution , after an appeal by Mr . Thomas Cooper , £ 2 IDs . 5 d . ; J . 1 ) ., ls . ; Mr . Middleton , Is . ; T . Enticott , Is . ; John . Voi _* _- _- . _'iii , Is . ; . S . Floyd , Is . ; T . 1 ) ., a . ¦ Whittington and Cat , Us . 2 d . ; au Enemy to _OppvessKM * . ls . ; G . llrunsford , ls . ; William Rider , 14 s . Od . ; Mr . _Walden , ls . ; . Marylebone Chartist Locality , 2 s . Id . ; Thomas _Aiiar aud Friends , 4 s . Rid . ; Hamilton , _***"! Ills . ; Cripplegate , Is . 3 d . ; Profits ou Article extracted from the evening Sun , £ 1 7 s . 3 d .
The Cur11excy Question, To The Editor Of...
THE CUR 11 EXCY _QUESTION , TO THE EDITOR OF THE XOKTII 1 _**** * * STAR . Sm , —I am glad to had that Mr . Culpan and mrseli agree on otic _imjiortant _jioiut on the Cuvveucy question at any rule , namely : —that banking and paper money making , as at present conducted , is a " gigantic swindle , "—tliat tlie present race of bankers are " robbers bv license , !'—and their possessions are just so much public plunder . It is not for mc to dictate to Jlr . Culpan as to tho manner in which he should conduct Ids case , but I _jei'tainly think , that a heaping together of a string of assertions , without giving anything in the shape of proof to any of tliein , is not likely to be the most convincing , lie intimates " that the present la _*>** s do not allow the currency to expand in a just ' _** _' 0-portiou with an increasing population . " I don't
know what he means by " expansion , " and its necessity remains to be proved , but surclv we have " expansion " enough . Tlio Bank of England folks acknowledge to have twenty-eight millions in circulation . AU the other hanks , 1 suppose , will have about tlie same amount ; and if ive add " Exchequer bills , accommodation bills , casli credits , _sliinplastors , and all the other infernal devilment , we shall have no difficulty of reckoning up a paper circulation of more than two hundred iniiiiunsl Surely there is enough here to satisfy the most craving appetite . If our friend wants ' more than tin ' s he will have to strip the very shirts oil' our backs in order to procure a sufficiency ofthe raw material for the manufactory ofthe fabric on which to print liis notes .
He are told " that gold is liable to be bought up by the foreigner , andlhus abstracted from circulation , and that such abstraction produces results serious in its eonsenueiices to the labourer by reducing liis wages . " When Jlr . Culpan gives tis liis proofs ofall this it will bo time enough to reply ; for the present , it is suflicient to ask him if he would part witli a sovereign either to the foreigner or any body else without receiving something in exchange , which he believed to be of greater value than tlio sovereign ? And , bear in mind , that as the sorereigns were " abstracted " by the foreigner , thoso that were left would increase in value , which would very soon bring their " abstracted" brethren back again in order to restore tho equilibrium .
I should like to know * how an increase of paper money would prevent the evils of competition . If thc establishment ofa " real Hank of England " could be made to increase tlie means of the working man , or the small capitalist , would it not also increase the means of the Barings and the _Ruthcliiids in the same proportion ? If by some hocus pocas you could double the nominal wealth of the man with ten or twenty pounds , could not the same conjuring trick double the nominal wealth of tho man with one hundred thousand or a million ? Most certainly it would ; aud the disparity in their resective
p conditions would be precisely the same as before , and the power of the rich to oppress tho poor would not in the least be abated . " Oh , " says Mr . Culpan , " but this bank would lend its neiesto the poor man for ono per cent ., and therefore tho rich capitalist would be compelled to lend at tho same . " In reply to which , I will onlv sav , that if all this could bc accomplished , the same power that couhl accomplish it , through the medium of a bank , could make the rich lend tlieir monev , ; _ind let their property , at one per cent , without the bank , and thu 3 save all tlio expense of management—; m item worth saving , methinks .
A veal _I' _-ank of England , having its centre in London , and branches in every town in the Uir ' ted Kingdom , based , like the national debt , upon tho property of the nation ; issued on the produce of the nation , and withdrawn as that produce wce « _uitB _^ consumption , and thus establishing a inst equilibrium between produce and money . " This bank is to lend its notes at one per cent , iust to pay _! i _?^ n _? _^ _fiwnent . Sow suppose ali this pucticabe , instead of being , as it certain * v is , nothing but the greatest imaginable _nonsense viiat tvould the seven and half per cent , gentry bo doing to a low it to come into operation ? " Again , I si * , would not the same power which could enforce ) such a regulation , so inimical to the interests ofthO nioncymonger , and so beneficial to tlieir plundered victims , compel the monev lord to submit to _oco | > or cent , _u-idmil the Bank ) aud thus save the expense of some thousands of banking _establishi-acut _* !
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 29, 1849, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_29091849/page/4/
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