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R' Commenced By Saying He Had No Doubt H...
... July 19 , _i 6 i ( . H -:: _A'F _^ fH : E _^ b _'* t # « ER _^ STAR' Li V _-: ¦¦ ¦ _' ¦¦ " - ¦ ' - ' _"' " " " - " -r-V— - " * . - "" _' ' " ; - j _~~~~~~~~ _- -jit I
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FIELD-GARDEN _OPERATIONS _, _ftr the Week _cammiMMg Jtmday , July 2 _iO , 1843 . | Erf » ctedfroni _*« _DuKtof Actual Operations on five _B _^ fcj-m sontfaeesUtes of the late Mrs . B . Gilbert * , near _Esutbouniei in Sussex ; and on several model farms on the es tates of the Earl of Dartmouth at SlaRhwaite , in Yorkshire , published by Mr . KoweD , of Faniley Tyas , near Huddersfield , in order to guide other possessors of field gardens , by showing them what labours ought to be undertaken en their own lands . The farms selected as models are—First . Two school farms at Willingdon and Eastdean , of
live -acres each , conducted by U . Cruttendea and John -gams . Second . Two private _forms , of five or six acres : one worked by Jesse Piper , thc ether by John Dumbrell—the former at Eastdean , the latter at jevington—all of them within a few miles of Eastbourne . Third . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaite . Fourth . Several private model farms near the someplace . _Theconsecutiveoparationsintheserepons trill enable the curious reader to compare the climate and agricultural value of the south with the north of England . The _Duai is aided by _"Notesand Observations " from the pen of Mr . _JNowell , calculated for tbe time and Erason . which ire subjoin .
"The joys of these little ones shall _hs continunlly in the hoped for success of their labours ; tlieir thoughts shall be turned away from what is evil to that which is good . " Note . —IXe school farms are cultivated by boys , who in return for _tlirte hours ' teaching in the morning , . g ive _tlirce hours of _thdr labour in the afternoon for She master ' s benefit , which renders the scltools skw-BurpOHTixc . We believe that at Famly Tyas _sixetvaahs of the produce of the school farm wiU , be assigned to tlie boys , and one-seventh to the master , who will receive thc usual school fees , help tiie boys to cultivate their land , and leach tliem , in addition to reading , writing , < £ c ., to convert their produce into baton , by attending to pig-keep ing , which at Christmas may be divided , after paying rent and levy , amongst them in proportion to their services , aid Icmadctliusindirecdy _toreachtheirparmtsin away the most grateful to theirfeelings . ]
SUSSEX . Mosbay—Willingdon School . Sixteen boys digging and applying liquid manure forwhite tuniipB , after spring tares , liper . Doing the same . Dumbrell * towing turnips and hoeing potatoes , Tuesday—Willingdon School . _Boysemployodthesame as yesterday . Piper . The same a *> yesterday . Pambnll . Hoeing turnips and potatoes . _WEnsEsruT—Willingdon School . Boys employed as on Monday . Piper . Hoeing turnips , aud mending thelucenie with linuid manure . * Dumbrell . Hoeing turnips , thinning mangel wurzel , and mixing dung and mould .
TnoBBDAY—Willingdon School . Boys employed as on _Monday . IV _)* r . Hoeing his thirty rods of swede * , sown about the middle of May . Dumbrell . Hoeing turnips aud digging Hp tare ground . Pjbidat— Willingdon School . Boys'dressing the ground , and sowing white turnips . Piper . Digging where the uudcrground-onions came off , and sowing white _Norfolk turnip seed . Dumbrell . Hoeing turnips and carrots , digging up tare ground and sowing turnip seed . Satcsdat—IWlmgdon School . Boys earthing up potatoes after rye . _JVper . Digging the ground where the turnip seed was raised , and mending a rod of lucerne . _Dunirell . Thinning and hoeing carrots .
COW-FEED & G . Daring this week one of DumlrelVt cows grazed during the day and was fed in the stall at mom and even with io & s . of Italian- _* rye-grass ; his other cow and heifer , altogether stall-fed , with 137 lDs . of tares , and 27 fes . of Italion-ryc-grass . Piper has fed his cows with tares and lucerne , cut , as it always ought to be , a day before it is given to them .
ELECTRICITY ON VEGETATION . { A Bustle Harangue to a company of Manufacturing Allotment Tenants , dining in , the Old liaronial Hail of their Landlord . ] Sib , —The times in which we live are truly-wonderful , and pregnant with great events . We already send our thoughts with the speed of the whirlwind through galvanic wires ; and by means of _galvi-nic wires , we are , it appears , about to increase the powers of vegetation . A drop of water cannot . evaporate without a disturbance of electricity ; and when it has gone into the air , we have , since the time of Franklin , occasionally fetched it down again by the electrical bite ; but now , it appears , we are going to hang _vires on high to catch the errant
electricity of the air , and bring it silently to the earth , setting it to work to promote the growth of our corn . For several years past various experiments have been in progress on this curious subject ; and the _app lication of the galvanic battery has been for some time made subservient to the growth of garden vegetables , by having a galvanic chain inaction excited by acids in the usual manner . Four years ago I ivas invited to witness the results of an ' experiment made at his residence in Shropshire , by a philosophical gentleman of that county , but I was unable to avail myself of it . He bad a galvanic battery in full activity in his garden , and on a small _scalo was producing most luxuriant crops of garden vegetables , encumbers , cresses , mustard , salad , herbs , and even
corn . When-wc consider that electricity has an undoubted influence on vegetation , we shall eense to lie surprised at the results above mentioned ; for the electrical , the galvanic , andthe magnetic fluids are mere modifications of one another , and under certain circumstances , mutual ] v convertible and adapted to the same purposes . In France , the electricity of the atmosphere has been withdrawn artificially in some localities by thc erection of electrical rods or conductors upon the mountains . By this means the dectrical fluid passes silently to the earth . Thus they avert . with success , sudden discharges of it , _* and storms of hail and rain , which formerly _destroyed the whole crops in vineyards , and in the fields in the southern provinces of that country , ore greatly
pro-Tented _, lcrhaps wc may see the day when storms cf hail , thunder , and lightning will be almost unknown ; and when even rain is brought down , not in heavy drops , but in the form of dew or mist , or haze , to enter the earth gradually and unnoted , but still in a manner not the less efficacious . These are matters , however , of mere philosophical speculation . Inconsequen « JoftheresMr chD 3 ofJt _* rofessor 3 Christie , Barlow , and others , it is now proved that _rtore is a constant eurrent of free electrical fluid in motion round the earth from east to west ; and it has been found applicable to the electrisation of portions of the earth under particular management , which I shall endeavour to explain without attempting to explain the _philosophiod theory of it now . It seems that the
excitement of galvanic or electrical action by artificial means is not necessary , as we have a continual store of it circulating in tlie circumambient air , pro-Tided we hang np wires to catch it . At the last meeting of the West Riding Polytechnic Society , a communication was read describing au experiment made last year by Dr . Forster , of Findrassie House , near Elgin , and stating that he had threshed , -weighed , and measured his electro-cultured chevalier barley , and tiie produce of the portion of the field cultivated by electricity was 104 bushels , Milbs . to the bushel , or 13 quarters per acre . The tail corn was not measured . The weight of the straw was 9 , 300 Ibs . per acre . The produceof the remaining portion of the field was the usual quantity of 5 to 6
quarters to the acre . h , ven it wc allow a very handsome discount from this statement , there can be no excuse for our not trying the experiment on a small scale , as it is not an expensive one . I wished myself , to avoid the sneers of " wise people , " and did not venture upon making it this year ; but a friend of mine , Mr . Joseph Thornton , has boldlvpnt np his electric rods at Paddock , near Huddeislield _, which vou may sec , aud make yourselves acquainted with thc results . The following account of the result of an experiment on a small scale is taken from the Economist of April 2 < Jth : — "Two small parcels of mustard seed were sown : to one electricity was applied : the other was left to its usual course . Thc
result was , that while the former grew 3 i inches the latter grew only 1 inch . " Mr . Solly and Mr . Sidney have lately made interesting experiments at thc garden of the Koyal Horticuiiural Society in London ; audit has been found that potatoes , mustard and cress , cinerarias , fuchsias , * and other plants have their development , and in some instances , their productiveness increased by being made to grow between a copper and _a-anc plate connected by a conduct iii " ¦ wir e , whde _, on thc other hand , geraniums and baf suns are _destroyed by the same influence . The question as to agriculture may be decided wheii more exiieruucats are tried , and the philosophv of the expcnnicnts fully dclenniaed . ¦ EtECTBICJUL A & UASCEHEST . A G B i c t - + ¦ -f J 3 K „ rth . E ¦ F South . < t * I lards _, i « h < r ~~ k - j > A field is divided info oblong squares , 76 Tards long « nd _4-J yards wide , aad therefore containing just one _ncrc each At each of the point ** A , R , C , and D , pegs are driven into the ground leaning outwards : _awund these four pegs a square of wire passes in one etarfinucil lme , end is buricd 3 indies below the surface high are fixed firmly m thc ground . At the point E * URK Js _toanectcd wish the cross wilt } buried be-
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neath the ground ; it is then carriednp the pole , and passed through a hole at the top , and then forwards , hanging over the ground to the other pole , 70 yards _dSSnce , through a hole at its top down thepole , and eonneeted with the cross wire beneath . The wire between the poles must hang loosely , so that by change ** , in the _wealheif any T & mtion . in its length may not cause it to break . This wiromust hang ina line due north and south , by which means the current of electricity , which is continuall y passing from east to west , will be arrested , and carried down thc poles to the wire forming the equate , and the space included will thus be in a different electrical condition . The line H G must be placed as well as the ends A , C B , * D , due -west . To determine the place of the
pole * tothe northward fix upon a point £ .. _riace down the pole , and when the sun is on the meridian ( twelve o ' clock at noon by the sun dial ) , let an attendant hold the other pole towards the south , -varying his position , till you find , by looking from the first , tbat the other is in an exact line with the sun . When the position is found mark the place , and fix the pole there ; afterwards complete the square - and the other arrangements . In this respect 1 am sorry to say that Mr . Thornton ' s arrangement is imperfect , bis line being 10 or 15 degrees in error , which will , I fear , diminish the effect . Itis found that immediately above the buried wire the effect is much greater than in the intermediate parts of the square , and that the crops grow there
with great luxuriance . If it is hereafter found that by thus acting the part of Prometheus , and stealing fire from above , the inhabitants of the mountains suffer from want of rain , why , then , science must be called to our aid , and we must make electricity artificially . It has been ingeniously proposed that for this purpose it will only be necessary tb bury a bag of charcoal in the ground at the point G , and plates of ¦ sine at the point H , and connect the two by a wire passing over two poles similar to those at E and F , and crossing the square in a direction east and west , bv which means we should let alone the atmospheric _electricitr . and dispense with its assistance .
"When we consider these things , and _witnessthe astonishing progress of discovery , we cannot fail to be struck with the fact , that at the time a manure wherein great power is contained in small compass , is becoming exhausted , our attention is directed to the conversion of things that have been greatly neg * lected into purposes of utility , and ourdomestic manures are likely to be properly husbanded ; and science just At the right time , too ; ghee us the means of making subservient to our wants a mighty power , the electricity of the atmosphere , so that we are likely to receive a full compensation for the exhaustion of Ichaboe and the rocks of Peru of their stores of guano .
Agricultural Chemistry. (Continued From ...
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY . ( Continued from our last . ) CABBOSIC ACID . 57 . We have : learnt , that by simply breathing through a portion o lime water , a white cloud is formed , consisting bf carbonate of lime ( par . 50 ) 7 A - experiment still more instructive , is the passing of a continued stream of carbonic acid gas _through lime water a little diluted . The first bubbles of the gas cause some carbonate of lime to manifest itself in the form of a white cloud ; this becomes more and more opaque and milky , until _thewhole ofthe carbonate separates , and some of it begins to subside . - Let the stream of carbonic acid gas continue to flow through the liquid , and by slow degrees the cloudiness will pass away , the water becoming bright and clear as before . It possesses no longer the properties of limewater , but consists now of water _holdinc carbonate oi
lime in solution , by means of carbonic acid ( par . 36 ) . This property of carbonic acid— -its enabling water to act upon some salts of lime , and other matters insoluble in pure water—is one deserving the agriculturist ' s profound attention ; and will be adverted to hereafter . 5 S . The attraction of quicklime , hydrate of lime , & c ., for carbonic acid , being so powerful , the tendency of lime to pass rapidly into the state of carbonate or mere chalk being so strong , it is natural to inquire , what is ¦ file Us *? of burning limo at all forthe purposes of agriculture ? Carbonic acid being so eminently subservient to thc feeding of plants , why hoed we expel it by fire from its domicile in the limestone ? To these interesting questions , we can only obtain
satisfactory replies by a continued inquiry into the properties of caustic lime , He . lime which , though slaked ( 48 ) , still retains its avidity for carbonic acid . 59 . The direct influence of caustic lime npon organic matters , does not seem to be ascertained with precision . Lime is generallj ; considered to be of itself a powerful agent in promoting the decomposition of dead animal and vegetable matter ; on the other hand , some experiments of Dr . John Davy are adverse to the received opinion . But the process of decomposition itself must be investigated before we can safely draw a general' conclusion ; and then it will appear probable , that caustic lime does not produce so much elfect upon organic matter by any action of its own as by promoting the agency of potash , soda , and
ammonia . . 60 . The manufacturer of soap -mixes together caustic lime and barilla . The principal ingredient bf barilla , is carbonate of 6 oda . When water is added in sufficient quantity to a mixture of barilla 1 and quicklime , the latter takes carbonic acid from ' the carbonate of soda contained in the former , and becomes carbonate of lime , and the soda , in turn , losing its carbonic acid , becomes eaustie _eod _* . or soap-Icy . If _pearlash or potash be thus mixed with caustic Jime and enough of water , caustic potash ig the result . The carbonate of Jime subsides , and the water dissolves a ley of-potash . With a carbonic of ammonia , caustic ammonia is produced in like manner . Caustic soda , caustic potash , caustic ammonia , act with far
greater , energy upon organic matters than the carbonate of soda , of potash , or ammonia , can do . These caustic alkalies are more easily soluble in water than their « rbonates ; they also enable water to dissolve manysubstanoes , andtodeoomposeraany others , which would not be influenced so much , if at all , by water itself , or by water _onlyholdingmDd alkali , * . e . a carbonate in solution . oi . Caustic lime abstracts not merely the carbonic add froin ammonia but separates that alkali from its combination with other acids , as will appear hereafter . Caustic ammonia , thus separated by lime , being extremely volatile , Sir H . Davy showed that an addition * of lime to animal matters in a state of decomposition , " must have the effect of driving away their most valuable ingredient .
C 2 . Lime , in its caustic state , contributes powerfully to render some salts of iron favourable to vege tation , that wonld otherwise be injurious . 03 . It is important , therefore , to form a dear idea ofthe distinction between the effects of lime in the caustic state and in the state of carbonate . Its use in the former state would seem to be exclusively applicable to soils containing an excess of unprofitable and insolublevegetablematter , as peatjmoss , theearth o f old fences , & c . In the state of carbonate , lime forms an essential ingredient of every good soil ; indeed it is considered bysome to be a sort of connecting link in the chain uniting the organic with the inorganic kingdom , and it is ultimately in the state of carbonate , finely pulverised ,, that by much the
raostconsideraMeportionof all the lime that is burnt for agricultural purposes becomes available to the use of the farmer . We have seen the effect of carbonic acid upon finely divided carbonate of lime ( 57 ) . The same effect is finally , though very slowly , produced by the agency ofthe weather upon the hardest marbles and limestone rocks . * : 'Whoever examines the marble statnes in the British Museum , wliich have been removed from the Parthenon , will be convinced that they hare suffered from this agency : and an effect distinct in thc pure atmosphere and temperate climate of Athens , must be upon a higher scale in the vicinity of other great European cities , where tho consumption of fuel produces carbonic acid in great quantities . "—( Davy . ) Marble monuments .
erected in our churchyards , manifest signs ofthe influence of tiie skies upon them in the course of years . Slow as such influence appears to be , it is constant ; and this may tend to explain why limestone gravel has in some instances been considered a beneficial application topeaty soils . Chalk , however , in many districts and in some districts marl ,: containing carbonate of lime in a state of finer division / are still more generally atad more beneficially emploved . It is evident , however , that the calcareous portion of marl must constantly diminish in quantity , and it may consequently , happen , that where the other ingredients of a marl y day are of eindifferent quality , the land may be left i n a few _^^ y ears lees fertile than it was before the marl was first -applied , and every
rencwed application of marl must tend finally to deteriorate the soil . In these cases the application of lime itself is obviously requisite . _^; 7 . _W . Hydrate of lime , made into a paste with water , constitutes the substance generally known and employed as mortar . If lime be allowed to pass into the state of mortar on the field , it continues to retain its caustic state in some degree for a considerable time . It is about three months before slaked lime _regains more than fourth-fifths of its carbonic acid . This may seem at variance with some facts stated . before ( 55 , 50 ); but the truth is , that when air and moisture obtain access to lime , it rapidly passes into the state of carbonate ; if either of these be excluded , it retains its caustic state for a longer _orshortcr period , according to circuinstahccs .
65 . Withregard to thebnrningof lime , a process so essential to the prosperity of agriculture , it is desirable that the best method should be pursued , and in _crery district eiperienee _tcadnathemost economical application of the material , employed . It is often stated that the ' steam of water , passed through a lime-kiln , conduces powerfully to the success of the process . B jr heating carbonate of lime to redness , it is resolved into lime and carbonic acid ; but if the carbonic acid be not removed , the decomposition wonld immediately cease , and the carbonate of lime might be melted without being decomposed . The rcnioval ofthe carbonic acid is accomplished , in burning lime on the 'large scale , by the limestone being heated in a kiln through whicli there is a continuous draught , by which the carbonie acid is carried off as it is _fernicd . The necessity of removing flic carbonic acid may be shown by placing hits of white marbJe in : a porcelain tube , heated to redness in a furnace , con-1
Agricultural Chemistry. (Continued From ...
nected with a pneumatic trough , arid fitted to . a . retort at the other end , ' by which / steam _may' _^' passed into the tube rat first scarcely ' any _^ carbonic acid is set free ; but by keeping up % supply of steam the gas is rapidly produced , and tne . lime becomes yery soon completely caustic . '" ''¦"¦ . '" . ¦'¦ _, . Tl '¦ 66 . Garlwniefteideonsisteof carbon , one equivalent , united to two equivalents of oxygen , or sixteen : therefore the equivalent of carbonic acid is twentytwo . 67 . Perhaps this is the best place for introducing a few words onmagnesian limestone . This is distinguished from common limestone by dissolving more slowly in acids , as before stated 153 ) . When
burnt to lime , _itabsorbs carbonic acid gas from the air more slowly than common lime ; and this is one reason why magucsian limestone , when burnt or calcined , has been supposed prejudicial to vegetation . But neither the fact nor the explanation seems very conclusively established . For magnesia , burnt to lime , is merely calcined _magnesia—a-bland , tasteless , insoluble powder , very unlikely to injure vegetation . _MagneBia is much more soluble than lime in excess of carbonic acid ; whether in this state it is capable of acting in one way or another , does not seem to be generally known . ( Tobe continued ) .
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Rouen, France., -Thb Chartist Lasd Pjlax...
ROUEN , FRANCE ., -Thb Chartist Lasd _Pjlax in Fbaxce . —A meeting was held on Friday , July the 4 th , 1845 , at the house of Mr . John Sidaway , _bailors' Arms Inn , f or the purpose of forming a branch of the Chartist Co-operative Land Society . Six members paid up tlieir shares in full , viz ., £ 1514 s . The address of the directors was read , and gave general satisfactiomalso the many cheering accounts of meetings held in England . The secretary , ilr . John Sidaway , was instructed to send off the money to the general treasureiv and to write forthe laws ofthe society . The Land question was discussed , and after a lengthy and p leasant meeting the members separated , each determined to do everything in his power , to destroy that system-which has driven honest and industrious artizans to seek that subsistence abroad which has been denied them at home . We say to all other exiles on the Continent ,
go and do likewise . Tlie meeting also were of opinion that if an agent wereappointed for Fran « e , and his appointment duly announced in the Northern Star , -that a goodly number would be enrolled as members , there being many English workmen employed in France who would gladly embrace the present opportunity of returning . onco more to the place of their birth if they could be made aware ofthe advantages arising from the Chartist Co-operative Land Society . [ The directors ofthe Chartist Co-operative Land Society have appointed Mr . John Sidaway , ofthe Nailors' Arms Inn , Rouen , as agent for France , who is duly supplied with rules , cards of membership , nnd other requisites forenrolling members . Mr . Thomas BJytb , ot 30 Rue du , Moulin a Vapeur , Capecure , Boulogne Sur Mer , ' : is also appointed agent for Boulogne and district , and is also duly appointed to enroll members . By order , T . M . Wheeler , Secretary . ]
__ ,,,. __ .,. _.,., ,.. ABERDEEN .: _----.. ; _::--::. '' ,. _Co-opeuativb Soiree . —A soiree of the members ofthe "Association of producers and friends of Cooperation" was held-in-the Temperance Hall , 205 , George ' s-street , on the evening of Friday , July 4 th , for the purpose of celebrating _thes anniversary . of the establishment of that , Association ; Mr . John Fraser , president , in the chair , supported by the board of directors ; the number of producers present were upwards of three hundred , besides several staunch friends of tlie _| _workingMasses and their cause . After the good things were disposed of , and the tables cleared , the chairman opened the business of the meeting in a neat and effective speech , showing from Parliamentary reports tho great value of the annual productions of the producing millions , and the small
share of that produce which camo to the working man , and concluded by introducing Mr . James Deack to the meeting , who in a speech of some length showed the value of co-operation and its capabilities , and sat down amidst the applause of thc meeting . After an air from the orchestra , Mr . Patrick Ironside , tlie respected salesman of the association , gave a song in fine taste and foeling . Mr . R . _M'lntosh was then introduced , and entered at some length oh the objects of the present meeting * , showing that it was for the purpose , first , to increase the social and friendly feeling among working men and women , and to benefit each other by the mutual interchange of thought . There had been a great many schemes proposed for the benefit of the working ; classes , and the one that they had met in support of was one of the number .
Co-operation , if carried out , and properly conducted , is one ofthe greatest means that can be used for the bettering of the people ' s condition . Impressed with this , they had opened a shop for the sale of food and clothing , to members and others , the . profits to lay and accumulate , until they were enabled to carry out the principle to the fullest extent . They had not begun to sell any kind of drink , as they believed that drinking habits were incompatible with the wellbeing of society ., After Mr . M'Intosh's speech , Mr . ' James Robertson gave an excellent song amidst much applause . Mr . It . Robertson then came fonvard and addressed the meeting in neayly . the following terms . . After ; congratulating the meeting . on . their happy appearance , he proceeded to lay before the meeting the objects of the association . He said the
association was formed for the purpose of giving employment to all ite members , and securing to themselves the full measure of the benefits arising from their own industry ; and that they should at the same time have all the profits arising from aU articles oi consumption used by themselves , and all others who wished . to . deal with them . He ' callidoii those to eome forward who had hot yet joined the association , as it would hot cost them anything . They had ouly to purchase what they consumed , which could and would be supplied to them as good , and in many cases better , and cheaper , than could be got anywhere else . When the profits amounted to the . sum of five shillings , or when made up to that amount , they would be entitled to all tho privileges of membership , and have a right tb all the benefits arising from the
association .. Mr . Robertson then went on . to state many of the difficulties they had , as an association , to contend with , ' arising from a want of experience , the want of public opinion ,, the want of money , the want of credit , and the want of similar associations throughout Scotland and England . After having gone over this part of the subject at great length , he then entered into the _prospects of the ' association for the future , and showed that thb prospects of the association were excellent . . The number of members had increased * , as the _mombers ; increased so did the money , and as both increased so _' . did trade . In fact , the association is now in such a prosperous state , that a sub-committee had been appointed to make inquiry , and report on the best possible way of extending the trade of the association to other branches
of industry , in order that employiu ent . might , be given to more of the members . In conclusion , he remarked that God helps them who help themselves ; and until such time as the working classes begin to reform themselves , and do their own wbrk , ' the y could never never think of succeeding . Let the watchword be " onward , onward . " . Mr . "M'lntosh then simg a song called _, " Burk's Address to the Swinish Multitude , " which was much applauded . The chair-Ulan then called on Mr , Heniy to speak io the question of'"Whether the producers or ii 6 _n-pi' 6 ducers were best entitled to remunerationV which Mr . Henry handled in his usual eloquent and powerful manner , to the satisfaction . of all present , arid sat down amidst the cheors of the audience . The chairman then called on Mr . Maitland from the body , of
the hall , a gentleman who is president of the Temperance Society in this town , and who carries oh aii extensive business , and one who takes a . prominent part in every plan for the bettering the condition of the working classes . Bis speech extended to some length in praise of the co-operative principle . He pronounced a high eulogium oh the managers and salesman of the association , and concluded amidst the plaudits " of the meeting . The chairman then called on Mr . Lowrey to address the meeting , which he did in a powerful and _argumentativespeech . After speaking at great length on these subjects he sat down amidst the repeated plaudits of the meeting ; Mr . Macpherson commenced by saying , that at that advanced hour of the evening , and after the manjf able speeches they had lieard , ; were ho to consult ' hit
own feeling 8 i he should have abstained from addressing them , aad allowed the remainder of the evening to bespent iii social _eiijoymcnt ; he , _howevci' / thought that it was a good thing to blend instruction witli amusement , and he was of opinion that they would think nothing worse of the night ' s enjoyment that it afforded some food for reflection ; he would , therefore , advert for a short time to the principle of the association / and show how well it was calculated to improve the condition of the working classes . Mr . Macpherson said that the principle of the association was that every one be his own capitalist , his own merchant , and his own banker ; iri fact , that he have a beneficial interest in everything that affects iri any way the value of his labour . In starting this association , he said , they had not endeavoured tb create a great sensation and excitement , that might afterwards die away and leave nothing hut
disappointment ; they had first laid down a sure and fixed principle as a guide to their future action , and thus , although their beginning was small , arid tlieir progress at' first slow , it wav at thb same time ' certain . All the ' ground they got they kept ; every step they took was a step in advance , their progress was therefore steady and undeviating . 7 A single glance at the transactions of the association during the twelvemonths of its existence would convince them of this . They had commenced with a capital very limited ; indeed it could scarcely procure for them tho most limited supply ofthe articles they were to deal in yet they had turned oyer in business upwards of £ 1500 ; and although tho greater part of the members had never paid away money as a share , but hod merely paid oncpenny for a book in whieh an account ot their purchases was kept , _the-p-eatc ! ' _sai't even 0 ! these were now possessed of shares in ' tiie capi _t al and had a share in tlte management of the associa-
Rouen, France., -Thb Chartist Lasd Pjlax...
tion . Thev had also established about three or four months ago a " savings bank , - ' and ; ' notwithstanding the-short time it ' had-been in operation there had already been deposited in their hands up wards ; 01 one hundred pounds ; and all this outjof the hardearned pence of the working classes . This savings bank-acted better than the usual deposite forthe working man _] as he could just putm lns small savings _«« he ound he could spare them . A sixpence would be received , and no abatementmade upon them either for management or fines , for falling back with the usual payments , as was the case in deposit societies . Thus it was well adapted for those who wished to lay by something for rent ; or to purchase clothes , or for any other purpose . It was always making soraethinff , and the association at the same time had the advantage of thc use . qf- . it *;; Mr . _Mcpherson nrocecded to say that the association would be open
for the middle classes whenever they chose to avail themselves of it ; this , however , they _comnotdoso long as they expected to make a profit from the labour of others , and it was the _oris-mal and fundamental principle of the association that every oncwas __ to receive the full advantage of all the benefits _flowing from their own labour / When these principlcswere carried fully into effect , then would come the happy period when virtue and happiness would cover the face of the whole c . wth 7 as the waters cover the channel of the sea ; when evory man could sit under his own vine and under his own fig tree , none daring to make him afraid . Mr . Macpherson , who had been listened to with great attention , then sat down amidst loud cheering . " '•' . ; ' - ' ' . . ; After Mr . Macpherson had concluded nis address the younger portion of the audience enjoyed themselves with dancing for several hours , and then dispersed , highly pleased with the entertainments of the evening . .
LONDON . Mr . Wheeler lectured on Sunday evening to a good audience , at the Assembly Rooms , King ' s-cross , on the subject ofthe Land . The chair was occupied by Mr . Arnott . A friendly discussion followed , * in whicli Messrs . Humphries , Tucker , Lowric , Wheeler , and others took part . ' STRATFORD-ON-AVON . The Co-operatine Land Societt held their monthly meeting on Monday , July 7 th . at the Temperance Hall , Great William-street . We have now nearly fifty members . The committee meet every Monday at the Stratford Arms to enrol names , and explain the objects of the society . - The next public meeting will take place the first Monday in August next , at half-past seven o ' clock precisely .
-OLDHAM . Lectors . —On Sunday last Mr . W . Dixon delivered a very interesting lecture in the Working "Mans Hall , on "Trades Unioris , the Land , and Machinery . " He was' listened to with great attention , and his addresses gave general satisfaction . ' A number of shares in the Land fund were taken . ' BARNSLEY . ' _The . Lasd . —Atawackl y meeting of the Chartist Land Society , itwas agreed that as soon as the time could be ascertained that Mr . O'Connor intended to be in Barnsley , preparations should be _riiade for having a public ' . dinner bri the occasion of his visit . A working ' man , ' named Owew M'Donnell , paid in -to , he having previously " paid in 4 s . 4 d ., so that he stands' clear for two , shares . Three hearty cheers wore given for _M'DorineU , when , the secretary _^ announced to the riiectingthe above fact . ,
. . . . _.,.-. MANCHESTER .:. . - . ' . _CarfekiersI _Haix . —A leeture 7 _was delivered in the above Hall on Sunday evening last , by Mr . James Leacri . At' the conclusion of , the lecture fourteen members were enrolled in the Co-operative Land Society / arid paid their first deposit on their shares . . We have now , in the , Carpenters' Hall branch , 113 shares taken up . ,
: MR . DOYLE'S TOUR . * ; To the Chartists of _Enolasd . —Friends , —In despite all the _opposition offered , and the obstacles thrown in the way , with a view to impede the progress ofthe ** Chartist Co-operative Land Plan "—in despite of the insidious arid cowardly attacks of mean and mercenary scoundrels—in despite their spleen arid venom thrown at the piepouridor , I airi happy to say that that plan has spread through the country , more especially the manufacturing counties of Yorkshire a . nd Lancashire , with a rapidity truly astonishing , arid at the same time highly gratifying to overy man desirous of seeing his fellow operatives extricated from' irksome \ drudgery , ' galling slavery , physical
want , social misery , ana mental ana moral deprivations . Yes , friends , I say again , in despite of tho Carpenters , the Hills , and such gentlemen , our society has extended in a few weeks through Albion ' s Isle-Albion ' s Isle did I say ? Wh _)* _, 7 brother democrats , it _hasbeen wafted on the pinions of the wind to the ( onco republican ) soil of France ; and we now find it has taken deep root in Rouen and Boulogne . But , my friends , it has not stopped there , for we also find , fromMr . _O'Conhbr _' s letter in the Star of the 12 th inst . to "William Wish-I-may-get-it" . ( who , _by-thebye , seemed to be very fond of _getting what he had no right to ) , that it has taken wings , crossed the Irish Channel , and reached safe and sound the town of Droghedaiin Erin ' s isle . I wonder what friend
Carpenter : ( whom '; 0 | Brien designates " low . born , low , bi'ed , " . arid " a brother of the vile wretches who sack from , six tb ten guineas a . week for bolstering up the Leaguers , arid soaping the usurious oppreBSOrs of the poor ) will say to that . ? . ' . ' Ah I my friends , Mr . O'Connor never was more correct than when he said the opposition of Carpenter and Hill would be aii assistance to our society ; though I am very sure the _t 7 t'ri _* fj ' 6-inen never _intendod it . I will now give a brief Bketch of my tour in' Lancashire as far as I have gone : I lectured in Ashton twice ; and ; though the meetings were hot large , yet what was wanted in numbers , was made up by theunanimityof _sentimentsand action which _pervaded'th ' e . individuals present on both occasions ; as a proof , I mav mention that the sum of £ 56 was subscribed to the Land Fund in four weeks , and out of the eighty-one _pereons that took- out shares during , the abovo period , twelve , o f ,. them paid up their fullsliarcs . —There , Messrs . Carpenter
and Hill , aro facts for you , which , _nOj doubt will be wormwood and gaul to your very delicate stomachs . * I have also addressed meetings in Staleybridge , Mottram , Manchester , Todmbrdcn , Rochdale , Oldham , Blackstone Edge , . Bolton , Radcliftb , Heywood , Stockport , and , if I recollect right , _Hebderi Bridge , Yorkshire , and in _everyone of which places thc Land plan was received with universal approval or nearly so ; and I believe at present there is a branch , or rather a district board , in each and every of those places . _ Bolton , a town that has for the last two years been politically dead , owing to causes which I cannot in this letter enter , into , even thistown , my friends _, or the people of it , have shook off tlieir slumber , and came forth with 7 spiritarid vigour to give their support to oiir Land , scheme ; One gentleman paid me his full share , expenses included . Friends , hoping that you will continue 7 tb . aid . and assist fhe board of directors iri carrying but the plan ; I remain yours ; in Freedom _^ cause ,, 7 Christopher Doyle . '
Si : . . HUDDERSFIELD . L - ¦ TnE _Lano . _—Thc-. Committee of the Co-operative Land Society for-this district meet every Tuesday evening at Turner ' s Temperance Hotel , Chapel Hill , for tho purpose of receiving contributions and enrolling new members ,: when eveiy _explanation ofthe views and objects of this society will be given to those who are desirous of taking shares ,
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******** t _+ _jr _*******^^** ** + *¦**•** + * + * _+ * + _* _PBOCEEDINClS ATA PUBLIC MEETING , CONVENED BY THE MEMBERS OF TIIE INDEPENDENT _OBDER OF . ODD-FELLOWS , LATELY HELD IN TIIE MEAL liotiSE , NICHOLAS CROFT , MAN . . CHESTER . : : [ We have received requests from Manchester and Huddersfield to publish the following report of a meeting , as it is deemed to be of great importance by a considerable number of members ofthe Order of Odd Fellows . Much dissatisfaction exists respecting the mode in whicli the business of that _^ Institution is conducted by the " ruling few ; " and a recent decision-of the "Annual Moveable Conference , " lately assembled at Glasgow , is held to be contrary
to the General Laws of the Order ; and , therefore , a breach ; of - the faith entered into with each member when he joined the brotherhood . Compliance with the ' _-alleged ' . ' illegal" resolution has been refused by many ¦ . ' _*? districts ; " and this has been followed-, b y I ' suspension from benefits" by the general secretary and -board ; of ' ' 'directors . ; . flic 7 Manchester * : and Salford districts , numbering some 13 , 000 members ] are " suspended . " In Liverpool , outof 133 Lodges ,-130 are" suspended ; " . and also the whole of the 1 ¦ edges of Wigan . Tho Lodges in the Huddersfield district , with an exception *• ¦ scarcely worth naming ,: have shared a similar fate . The breach , therefore , is a wide one : one that will take much adroitness and finesse to heal . The ground of difference is such as
almost to preclude compromise ; The " dominant party" proclaim thc rule of " passive obedience " and " non-resistance ; " and the _jwymi - _/ memo . ™ have raised the standard of _seu-govebnmext . The two principles are thus at war : and there can be little doubt as to the result . It cannot bo expected that those who pay will submit to every requirement which an almost absolute and irresponsible autlioritv demands of them . The following report will show thc manner in whicli tlie . question has been taken up in Manchester and Salford , and the sort of _rniN- - _CITLKS OP actio . v which the " suspended" Lodges advocate as tne rule of governance . Next _wock'wc shall give the report of a second meeting ; and if anv
of our readers can aid us to the necessary documents _aniVinformatioii _, wc will give a history and account of the whole dispute , and offer such suggestions to tliose who arc battling against usurpation and unjust interference as thc case seems to call for . ] . Mi-. Bm _, of the Salford District , was _unnnimouslv called to the chaw , and opened the meeting by stating that they had met that evening for the purpose of _divising soma _mmwrn-hj which tl . might a hin call thcmsclvo . and meet togetber _, as Oild Fellows . Tliere was a time when lie could apply that _tci-m to the whole of thc meetnig ; but recent occurrences had taken" plncii ' wMeh prevented them meeting : together as sueh , and the _piennurc icftit in again mectin ;; them was real mul _gratiMng . lie then _lntrodut-jd lb ; _Jii . _von of iVimm
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Mr . Dixon commenced by saying he had no doubt his motives wo ' uld ' _be impugned ' by interested parlies in his appearing before them that ' evening ; but the circumstances which _actuated him in thus presenting himself to their notice , -, ought , to stimulate every member of . the Order to do likewise . _, He said a very strong blow had been stiuck at the independence of thc institution , by which the Order was bereft of many of its fairest features , and its usefulness and benevolence Impaired , and lis sphere of doing good narrowed and limited . He came forward to defend the sound principles of the Institution , which , in thousands of instances , had made , the widow _s heart to dance for joy , made merry and glad the hearts of many _" orplisni , and stretched out a kind and warm hand to the helpless and afflicted , * and base must be the heart _ _-...- : n „ . hu hBA _,, „ , „ , his
of that man who could attempt for a moment to oppose pure Odd-fellowship , or endeavour to destroy that principle of independence by which it had ever been distinguished . Ho _wouldaek what was it that brought the Order of Odd Fellows into existence ! It was a strong conviction of the necessity which existed for the union of ail for the purpose of accomplishing what they could not achieve by individual exertions . It was that they might alleviate the sorrows of each of their members when on the bed of sickness , and assist his relatives to pay the last tribute of respect to his remains should death snap the cord which bound him to them as a father and brother . It was that they might assist his sorrowing relict , when tlw . y had closed the grave over Ms remains , that they might stretch out a willing hand to help her to shield her
tender offspring from the snares which beset unguarded youth . It was that they might mitigate the severity of that man ' s sufferings , who , in ranging the country with despairing mind and breaking heart , wearied and travelworn , penniless , and friendless , had expended his last penny , and was still unsuccessful iu obtaining his object ; that they might step in here , and though they might not be abl » to assist him to achieve his object , they could at least procure him the means of subsistence on his journey . Witli objects such ns these their Soeiety had progressed in an amazing manner , and received the respect and admiration of all . Bad men had crept in ,, and been invested with power to , exercise , for tho benefit of all . They had misused that power , and legislated for the advantage of themselves , reckless and careless of what
became of the Institution , so that they themselves mightbc enriched . . ( Great cheers . ) r What have they done ? Tl ley have taken away our independence . They have succeeded in obtaining a measure passed by which Lodges are disfranchised . They have succeeded in obtaining the means to silence every member who dares to stand up and defend his independence . If a man attempt to urge upon the attention of the members the gross wrongs continually perpetrated , he was met by sneers of this official , and jeers of that official ; he was told that he might appeal to this Committeee and to that Committee if things did not suit his' taste , arid were not managed as he presumed to thinkthey might be . But what chance had any rcan who hazarded himself in such a struggle ? He could be suspended by bn _« Secretary without a trial ; andthe rest
of the members were , forbid to communicate with him . The managers had completely succeeded in getting _everything their own way ; to the manifest injury of the Order , and groat injustice to the members . But we have a remedy for ail this—a simple , easy remedy—we have only to return to the principle of self-government , that ancient and primitive principle ofthe Order ; and I trust that every member here present has come determined to use his best exertions to return to the primitive principle of self-government . 'We are met , not for the purpose of vituperatien , or for dishonourable objects of party spleen and peevishness j not for the purpose of indulging ina little party opposition and wilful slander , but with the worthy intention of regaining for ourselves , that which has been voted away from us—to resist thc
encroachments made upon our liberties . We are told that the law for disfranchising Lodges was passed at the annual meeting in a regular manner . But I would ask , has any man a right to vote away my independence ? They hare a curious way of doing business at an annual meeting . I ask , is it not a fact that nearly the whole of the important business is kept back until tlie last day of the meeting , aiid the best portion of the time wasted upon f rivolous and vexatious topics ; and then thc business , really affecting the prosperity and peace of the Order , is hurried through without that due deliberate consideration which it ought to receive at the hands of such an _assembly . It is a fundamental principle of thu Institution that no question shall be discussed without notice of such being given , aud the different Lodges being , made
acquainted with it .: Have they acted upon this plan 1 And I ask , if they had done so , would they have been as successful in doing what they , have done 1 I ask also , did they act in accordance with the principle of the Institution when tliey issued their mandate from a Committee from which there mis no appeal , to interfere With the exercise of Lodges in their benevolence , and demanded to have a report : of how much they had accumulated , and how much they had expended i . What right had they with that ? 7 , They talk ofthe equity , of thc measure . Is there , any honesty in , refusing the right of appeal , and then suspending members who objected to abide by their dictum ? * sye must find it out how all tliis is effected . , There must be some influence and patronage at work to accomplish all this . ( Loud and continued
cries of " hear , hear , hear / ' ) Patronage is a very curious thing to talk about ; and in this there is much to complain against . We do not object to any one of those who serve the Order . with materials , as such ; but we do object to their being judges of their own work / and judges of other men ' s workin _^ the bargain . We say that it is not right that , they should hare nny kind of influence , or power in the management of the Institution . We object to , their being legislators in any form . Wo have been told that there has been an increase of business in the Order ; and that with certain parties the increase is so much that they deserve ah increase of salary . Well , it is only right that an increase of work should bring an increase of remuneration ; but increase of work ought also to bring an increase of profits , whereas , we find an
increase of salary , and a palpable decrease in the honey store . Patronage in any institution is highly wrong and reprehensible , and ought never to be placed in the hands of any , officer of any society . It corrodes and wears away the best Intentions and the . best will ., [ Jfr . Dixon here read the secretary's salary , and the amount of profits to the Order for the last six or seven years , to show that what he had stated was true , namely , that for an increase of salary there had been a decrease of profits to tho Order . He then continued : ] But the business had SO increased that this last year his salary was tobe raised still higher : yet it was a notorious fact that for whole days he absented himself from his office , and had honoured Epsom , Ch « ster , and elseivhere with his presence , and left his business to bo transocted by another . But the
_rssult of patronage did not stop there . I said that we did not object tb any ono" of the parties who served the Order with goods , or to the quality of thefr articles ; but we objected to their being judges of their own work , and the judges of other men ' s work too . Why , bad * as thc government of the country may be , the practices of the _tndepundent Order aro worse . If a Surveyor of the Highways had twenty'horses idle in his stable , he dared not contract for the mending of the highway over which he was Surveyor , under a penalty of £ 0 for every effence . Not so in tho management of the O ' rdor . We may be told that individuals obtain their orders by an honourable estimate . Estimating , it is true , prevails in one department , but not in another . Biit even in estimating , he chances are in their favour . An honourable firm
lately estimated for work ; Their sample of articles was sent in to the proper quarter ; and when the time for the decision came * their sample was replaced by an inferior one ; and their ono sent in as belonging to another , who , by it , ' obtained the estimate . ' The inferior article was sent back to the firm , -who returned it with a message that such rubbish was not theirs . By _mancouvrfng of this kind it was quite possible that even the Estimate Committee mightbc deceived and trilled with . * It was high time that some plan was adopted , that an Institution of such immense } benefit to the community at large might be freed from charges of so gross acharacter , and productive of so much wrong and injustice . [ The speaker here read a list of the various sums whicli eight individuals have received for goods furnished by them to the Order
, amounting , in seven years , to the sum of £ 30 , 000 12 s . _fijd . j Well , what remedy is there for these evils ? ne answered , _selfoovemment . It may be said that grievances accumulated under the full exercise of that principle . The answer is , that witli the experience we have had it is impossible that such can be again the case . But the greatest of our grievances has not taken place under the exercise of that principle Could they have ventured to enforce a greater amount of contribution for a less _vulue in return , if we had hada fair chanco of electing our own representatives ? ¦ It may be said , if we resist these laws for increased _coiitribulion , and a reduced amount of benefit in return , we shall become _susrK-ii _^ _-a nii lose our share in the general fund . What Is theamount of . the available fund of the Order \ £ 7 , 000 . Why , thatis scarcely sixpence per member , and surely that . ishardly worth while considering . A
subscription of sixpence wouM put you in possession of as great a fund . It is nothing , as one is said to have expressed it , for all to divide , it might do good for five or six . But mark ; having once ctntraliscd the power iii tho hands of the District , is it not _luatvcUous how they wont to centralise the funds ? Seeing that the profits of goods do not exactly answer their purpose , they endeavour to work another manoeuvre , which will bosueccRsful uiile » s you do your duty . An Actof _Pavlinmentistobeiipplicdfor , to enable them to doby that means what they dare not attempt by any other . Should » n Act * of- 'Parliament be obtained the subjugation ' of the Order will be at once perfect . ( Hear , hear , hear . ) Without an Act of P . irlia ment , they havo control only over a small portion of the funds ofthe Order , but with nn Act they would be enabled to get within tlieir own power tho whole ofthe funds of the Lodge . There is another great and mighty e > _il—an increased contribution , und a ( locroa . od amount of _bonoflt .
it is not sufficient for them to demand how much wo have given to this distressed brother ; or how ftir we have relieved that bereaved widow- —it is not enough for them to Jinow that all just and equitable demands have been paid to all who had a claim upon us —it is not enough for thorn to know that " every - perihy - of their demands have been discharged ; that wcare accumulating large funds and prospering in ' every shape and form , and that wc l . nve ' pounds per man in the . _an' _.-ycs pounds ptT Ilinll m the bonk , and not _elvpences ! —It is not cnouirh for Hiem to be assured of all . _this from stubborn figures but they takeaway from thc poov m , tlio mediw _' of intcrri .. _-- _* m a becoming mnuuw , lhe wif e ofhis bosom . ' ' They must reduce the _amiuntjron ten pounds to _/„„ . Thev ask to dipriro _IImi imh . Mii . Ki , „ rHMn of , 1-,, ability to pav proper _wpMtt . o thc _shnreroriiiii joys iii , li _« irr ( lOT ) ll j _aI _" ; v _nd auxwticB _, who sweetened every joy t ! _.: U he _puvlieumtcd
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in , and hiijhtencd every pleasure he enjoym * _M _^ fl kindness and affection so richly deserved at hi ' si " _\ ffi is not sufficient for them that he must bear Jl ? _* ' 1 | m and severe a stroke of Providence , but thc aillict * _* M . be made heavier by their meddling , and thu uieJ !"' _° " " _fl infesting his esteem must be just as they , „ aj . s ot _< _£ f posed to allow . It was all very fine to mako lL , k j $ i tions in figures with arithmetical precision . _indtt " ' . _^ and to bewilder men's understandings with m \ T \ H tirely _. foreign to the purpose for which Odd-feli u , | ' 'i . _| l benevolently designed ; and under the plea of " ?* _* tsf vencj" endeavour to increase the contribution and "Hti | the amount of benefits , so that with aspedYaJ * _' ** . _! corporation they may be _enobled to Wwc an enor _M *| f amount for their management and disposal , f ur , 1 % m concluded by strongly urging the members to do T _^ M their power to return to the principle of _srff-jove . ' _^ M by which alone they could retrace he > _rste'is , _aJN || become a united and respected body , associated _fif _^ S highest endeavours for whieh man could use tii c _aiv ! " _^ with which Providence had blessed them , and coi » i , " _^ by moving the following resolution whieh Was n % *; W mously carried : That this meeting is of opinion tC _^ ffl ot iu . and hiijhtencd _everypleusurebeeiii on _.. i _TT _^ _^
the inalienable ngnt every man , ami every body ot ' "j to enjoy the blessing which self-governuieiitall _* oi ( i 8 . _;! and thatit is a duty which we owe to ourselves a , 1 ( j ' _]? ¦ Order to which we belong , to preserve that right ,.,., ' - ' and defend it from the rude aggression of . _ituu „ , ms % designing individuals . " ] _***• Mr . _KicnAKDBON _, of Salford , in proposing tlie resolution , said—his resolution affirmed that _self . gJ ?' ment was the inalienable right of every societ y ; and it _» . for tliat meeting to say whether , as Odd Fellows tliey _«„ } maintain that right , and whether thoy would return tov primitive principle upon which thc Institution was _founjo it
and by wincn nas so long Deen aisiinguisheil . _Talfllts away ; that power , and what means had they of _dcfeuaj _/ _SH themselves ! Let a member offer to defend the lirineii ) lcsi _* S the Institution , and proclaim against any wrong done h _^ m him appeal to the Annual Committee , and what a iri _' stt'lli able chance he had of having even a fair hearing . Ev _**||| f member knew when the term "independeut" wasfo _!^^ used . It was laid hold of at a time when _«>« « oiver ( _S the Society was invested in what was called the _Grat'lSI Lodge , wliich , attempting by arbitary and .. _usolufc _dP authority , fo lord over the rest of the Society , _caust 4 _, S resistance to their demands , by which the _Giimd LoiIp . _^ _1
was abolished , and the term " Independent Old Fell wvi'J was seized upon to distinguish and mark tlieir determin _* . rf tion to have a voice in the management of _tUc- it _owji money , and tho appropriating of their own savings , _ffjl have similar times now ; and we must have _sitniUil efforts , and siiniiiar results will follow . We have nW _jl Grand Lodge sitting daily in Ajtouu-strcct , who _mauagji § every thing , cut and select the propositions for the Anna * " ! Committee , and nominate the duputics by whom ttit _> y ai 9 | passed . ( Loud cheers , and cries of "hear , hear , * *) Mr . KadcWFe , who generally indulges in ft great il « i _) p [ rhodomontade and rhapsodism , said he could work _thsl
Order with the interest of £ 20 , 000 . This amount _coiiij not be got from the profits of goods ; nnd therefore tliej must have an Act of Parliament to centralize the _pciver _, and to centralize the funds . But ho hopod that such ao event would be for ever prevented frcm taking _jihce , Let them once get the sanction of the Order to such ) measure , and farewell its " independence , " nnd for evti farewell the management of their own funds . They li ¦ ' begun already . £ 7 , 000 wa 6 already invested as a " sur . plus fund ; " and gradually , unless prevented , tliey irou / d go on , and get the whole amount . The next step , _sccinj that profits were not capable of effecting the object , _wouU be a l « vy perhaps of some trifling amount , which would not be felt at first ; but it would grow until too h-ird t _:
bear . But then the mischief would be done , lie _linjg ? often been iu conversation with Mr . _Rndclitl ' e upon these fl matters , and he could read him well ; and every word Uiatll he had now said was true . Mr . Dixonhad directed ut . || tcntion to tlte amount paid to various individuals ; and it m was said that these individuals paid a large amount of || " interest" to the Order . But how do they pay it * It r * * _m minded him of an anecdote of a grocer , who on taking ia m a bill , was asked to take off theinterest , | and replied , " OU ' M give me back my bill , I forgot to put it on . " Why these vetj 11 men charge two shillings for sashing which could bo bough ; m tor one . sbillimj and apenny per yard . __ Cannot tliey affurJ M to pay good " interest" to the Order 1 But there is occa- 11 sionally a Cabinet Dinner held in Stevenson _' _s-sijuare , W which generally takes place when the Auditors and Ap . g | peal Committees are in town . How do you think it _\ iM paid for ! Why , by those very men who supply tho Order m with goods . They each give so much out of their profits m
to feast those gentlemen . When , by accident , an unfw . g tunate circumstance gets another individual on the Ap . i peal Committee , contrivances are set afloat to get him in m the same boat with themselves . When he is at SIotoh . i son's-square , erery attention Is paid to Wm , and , _unsus * I pectingly , he gets into the same boat with them . If he I be stubborn , a Cabinet ' Dinner at Monton-grccn _imislies | him off . [ Mr . Ilichavdson concluded by urging u _* ion S every member present to use his best exertions to return i to'the principles ' of self-government / and concluded by j $ moving the following resolution , which was unanimously $ passed * . — " That this meeting is of opinion that the at- § tempts lately made by certain portions of the Independent | j Order of Odd Fellows to interfere with the financial nr- 1 rangements of Lodges , is a violation of the principles of i self-government , and utterly destructive ofthe fundamen . j | tal principles upon which the Order was originally based ; ' 0 they therefore protest , in the strongest manner , against fl such interference , * and resolve to resist it by every honour * _liable means in their power . " ]
Jfr . Ben j . Srorr proposed the next resolution , and in J doing so said , he thought it was the duty of every member 'fj ofthe Order to stand out in defence ofthe inini'iplos ot M the Order whenever an opportunity presented itself ; and _Tp he stood forward as an individual in benefit , and not as 1 ¦ % suspended character , to advocate the full and _freoeier * % ci 6 e of the principles of the Order . He knew ' sotnethinj J about A . M , Cs , and he would give them n littlo of hu % knowledge . There were 265 , 000 members iu tho Order , % and the Annual Meeting at Glasgow was composed of i about 130 deputies . When the Newcastle Committee sivd | that Districts should send one deputy for every thousand _'J g members , tliey said also that those Districts which hid J ; not a thousand members should send one too . Mark the % if .... u . . _uuusuiiu iiieiiiucra _uiiuuiu semi one too . iuaiK uic
_^ advantage . There were _distriets that did not contain a > many members as scores of Lodges in his distriet . Well , « the managers ofthe OrJer went to Chowbent anil got om , 1 to suit them there . Then they went to _Kennsloy _, a little v . place between Manchester and Bolton , containing not _t % more than 800 inhabitants in all the village , and succeeiU _^ in getting a suitable representative there . Then tlnjf " _^ went to Peckfortos , a village with about as many mem- , | 3 _bers as the othor place , and were successful there . Tliey J had also two amiable folk from Stepney—Stepney , yoH ' , know , is in the vicinity of London , and thus tlioii- iimjo- 11 rity was obtained , [ ilr , Stott concluded by proposing l ) - ? _/? following resolution , which was unanimously passed — " That « Committee be appointed to raise subscription * ,, to curry out the foregoing resolutiens . " !
Mr . WniTTAKEB seconded the resolution , and , in < ! oin , ' so , urgently besought the members to take the _obseintions which had baen made that evening to their heme , and meditate and reflect upon thorn . Much blame , lit ! said , was attachable to the members themselves for the lamentable causes which had brought them togeihct at _^ that mooting . The Quarterly Reports were carelessly read in Lodges , and heedlessly attended to by member * , _^ and from their inattention to these matters had grown up _^ these great oppressions , aguinst which they now complained . Abandon , for ever , he said , the tawdry ami iin * * - "" seemly « Tomfoolery" of sa 6 hes , & c , wluch , at best , but JI make the wearers seem not like men but _monkijs . ( Hear , hear , and cheers . ) He strongly urged tho numbers to achieve . for themselves independence anil irf ' government , and said that the business of Lodges would t _* much better _conducted in places separate from public- j j houses , and concluded by seconding the resolution . * - * - The members then proceeded to the appointment of 1 , _) j Committee to carry the resolutions into effect ; and afl « _S _»& a vote of thanks to the Chairman , the meeting _separated % ' , after expressing their gratification at the proceedings . ;> ;>
Turci-S, Named L'Llurisson, Discovered T...
_turci-s _, named L'llurisson , discovered this retreat , it , and with his troop made vain . efforts to peneii . it >* tc into it ; but foiled by its obscurity and its _winilinft _*»* . ' . he resolved to suffocate alLwithin it . lie filled ' «••¦ - _^ > faggots the part he . had occupied , . _^ nd set fire t *? t * _ithem . Some , nobles of Vicenza who were among 1 ® $ ? . ' _:. _retugecs , now . intrcated the French to make an ** ;*; : ception in their favour , and . to let them _r-msofio * u themselves , tlieir wives , and children , anda ! lofnof # p blood . ¦ Buttlic , peasants , tiieir companions in wf If I ! fortune , exclaimed that they should all neritb or "l " _U saved together . The wholecavern was now in _faxfi'f'i i and its entrance resembled the mouth ofa forM *?* - _!! lhe adventurers waited till the fire had finished # j # jj tcrnblo mvages , to enter thc cave and witlulraw I _MHi booty which they had purchased by such ] ioi * _i'i » !( p 33 w « clty . All liad perished , except one young _"J-Mii who had placed himself near a chink through tfli ' _Wj a little air had reached him . None of the W , !;* : K '
_«¦ ** _¦« - ** - _* - —• w _^*»^^ wv _/« ' < ' _//^/^ _Fnnxcn _WAUTAnE in 1310 . —A _Pauahki .. — "A A party of citizens and of inhabitants ofthe neighbour * ing plains had chosen another place of refuge . In the e mountains , at whose base Vicenza is situated , _isJ » vast cave , named the Grotto of Masano , or Lon * i _* gara . _, . . . This cave having a narrow en * t _* trance ib easy of defence , and in the prcceu ' wS _i campaign it had served as a refuge for thc _ncich- ' ¦ ¦ bouring people . - 6 , 000 unfortunate beings liad rf ¦ > tired -there with all their goods ; the women anil ' iJ children were at the back of the grotto , and the men _» guarded its entrance . A captain of French ' airen- n _*
were disfigured by the fire ; but their ¦ _nttiti _^^ jj suRicicntly indicated thc agonies they had undciS _^ _K j beforo death . Several women were delivered in d _' rjr * torments , nnd their infants died with them . _M _* M theadventurers brought back their bootv to the cm * W ) : and recounted the modo of their _obtsiining i _* . "V ' i excited universal indignation . Thc _ChevalierUWfi _^ _Z \\ went liimself to thc cavern with the Provost M _«*? J _« : il and caused him to hang in his presence , and in . _;! midstofthisscene of horror , two of . the wretc ii icii i ; who had kindled the fire . But this punishment * ¦» «»' . not sufficient toefface from thc minds of thc _lta _" * - _^" the mcmoiy of so great a barbarity . " - _* """ ' lli . ° t . Rep . lud , , vol . H , p . 47 . _SrxonuR Fate op _a'Pshtoo _Kuas . _-Mf _&«? \ _liiici'iy , who attempted to establish himsel * : * »• ., _' ,, iiulapeudcnt sovereign in New Zealand , - _* ' .. ' . * * disappoiiitcd or given umbrage to his biaf _^ % \ _lubjeeU , was wcently killed , cookc . il , and e * _- - f A . V .-. I - ''"I at a solemn public banquet . —Edi _ninf _* ' ! ' I ' t ' _i _' _lisc _*) - .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), July 19, 1845, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns4_19071845/page/6/
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