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ggrmritmx aittr ^xjitfriiltur^ ft* « w v.' «i'-IRTIIO £ i.i'H'1 . „__^_.~^...,._ K . _,_ „—ill , ¦* *'*' : ljJ " ' - ' • " *•-.• •¦*-» •'- ¦ -' -^—« ^ IMIM ^*^" M ^* W * W *^ M *"^^ ~ - ' ¦ -— ¦-' - "" "' ' ' " •¦• ' .••*•"". ¦ - ¦ - '.¦¦ • -'• * • t—. '_- \ - rj " V«.« «¦»«!+ii I «'#¦**¦! +li«* i. _ ¦ * » 7^ Cheers congratulated that vast
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FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS. -. Jbr tfi« TF«...
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THE PRISCII^LES OF ARTIFICIAL MAXUWXG. _...
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^«r^l*Sfe^^-?^« | ^ «a» say, -f ' ttteu ...
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OPPOSITION TO THE NEW POOR LAW AT ROCHDA...
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¦ Dbopsibs Cuiublp. bv Hoixowav'sTills.—...
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Ggrmritmx Aittr ^Xjitfriiltur^ Ft* « W V.' «I'-Irtiio £ I.I'H'1 . „__^_.~^...,._ K . _,_ „—Ill , ¦* *'*' : Ljj " ' - ' • " *•-.• •¦*-» •'- ¦ -' -^—« ^ Imim ^*^" M ^* W * W *^ M *"^^ ~ - ' ¦ -— ¦-' - "" "' ' ' " •¦• ' .••*•"". ¦ - ¦ - '.¦¦ • -'• * • T—. '_- \ - Rj " V«.« «¦»«!+Ii I «'#¦**¦! +Li«* I. _ ¦ * » 7^ Cheers Congratulated That Vast
_ggrmritmx aittr _^ _xjitfriiltur _^ ft * « w v . ' « i ' _-IRTIIO £ i . _i'H' 1 _. _„__^_ . _~^ ...,. _ . __ , __ _„—ill , ¦* *'* ' : _ljJ " ' - ' " _*• _-. _•¦* - » _•' - ¦ - ' - _^—« _^ _IMIM _^*^" _^* _* _*^ _* _" _^^ ~ - ' ¦ - — ¦ - ' - "" "' ' ' " •¦• ' . _••*•" _" . ¦ - ¦ - ' . _¦¦ - ' * t— . '_ - \ - rj " _V « . « _«¦»«! + ii I «' # _¦**¦! _+ li «* i . _ ¦ * » 7 _^ Cheers congratulated that vast
Field-Garden Operations. -. Jbr Tfi« Tf«...
FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS . _-. Jbr tfi « TF « Jfe commoting Monday , Sept . 25 lA , ' _1543 . lExtracted from _SDjakt of _itctuarOperqffon _^ on five -small farms on iheeatates ofthe late Mrs . D . Gilbert , near Eastbourne , in Sussex ; and on several model farms on the estates ol the Earl of Dartmouth at Slaithwaite , in Yorkshire , published by Mr . Nowell , ¦ of Faniley Ty 33 , hear' Huddersfield , " in order to guide other possessors of field gardens , by showing them _what labours oughfrto be undertaken on their own lands . The farms selected' as models are—First . Two school farms at ' . "Willingdon' " and Eastdean , of
five acres each , conducted by G . Cruttenden and John Harris _! Second . Two private farms , of five or six acres : one' worked by Jesse Piper , the other liy John Dumbrdt—the former at _"EastcSeah , the latter at Jevington—all of them within a few miles of iastbourne . Third . 'An industrial school farm atSlaithwaite . Fourth . ' Several private model farms near the same place .- The consecutive operations in these _' re r ports will enable the curious reader" to coiiiparethe climate and agricultural value of the south with the north of England . The DiahtIs aided by ( "Notes and Observations" from the pen of Mr . _Newellj calculated for the time and season , which we subjoin .
" The wisest then—the greatest _phuosophers—alter in gain seeking for happin * ss iu every . variety of pursuit , _Jiave found it in the cultivation of the ground . " .. Bote . —Tlie school farms -are cultivated by boys ,-who in return for three Jiours' teacMnginthe morning give three . hours of . tlteir labour in the afternoon for the _masters benefit ,-which renders the _mIiooU-sese 8 CFP 0 RTIKG . We believe that at IFamly 'Tyas sixaeuenths of the produce of the . school farm will be assigned to tlie boys , andone-sevcntlitothe master , who will receive the usual school fees , hdp the boys to cultivate their land , and teach them , in addilionto reading , writing , & a to convert ihdrproduce into bacon , by attending to pig-keeping , wHch at Christmas may be divided ,- after paying rent and levy -amongst them in proportion to their services ; and Le made thus indirectly to reach theirparents in a way the most _grat-eftdto . tlieirfeelingsA \ - ¦ -- -- '
- - -eusnx ; _Mosdat—TRft _« d < fon ' School . Boyscarryingoutliquid manure for tares , and making dung heap . Eastdean School . " Twelve boys digging up potatoes , gathering the haulm , and clearing' the ground . _liper . 'Diggingnp potatoes ! 'Dun ' ibrell . . _Rowing stubble * thrashing wheat , cairying dung . ' _, '' .. _' Tuesdat—WiUrngdoh _ScIujoI . Boys cleaning clover ley for wheat . Eastdean' School . " Boys digging ground for wheat , digging up wheat stubble for rye . 7 -Piper : Preparing dung mixen . . Dumbrell . Mowing stHhble ; digging up oats stubbleI for rye . j _Wsioesbat— _-IFiii _& t _^ driii -School : Boys cYeaiiing dover-ley for _wheat Eastdean School . Carrying : the contents of . the tanks and privy tubs to the wheat stubble ; Fiper : Preparing dung heap . _DUmA
ortK ; _MWJmg _& _Uutte / diggirig . _* Thobsdat— WiUingdon School . JB 6 ys cleaning clover ' ley for wheafc Eastdean School : Digging up " potatoes , and'healing up for winter , picking weeds -from the'mangel wurzel . P * _- p * r . 'I > igging potatoes . Dumbrell . Winnowing _ivheafCiaking stubble . ' _EstoAV—ltllling don School . ' Boys hoeing white turnips sown after oats . * " Eastdean _ScliooV Boys sowing rye for green food ; mowing stubble , and manuring . Piper } Digging up . potatoes . " Dumbrell Digging np wheat stubble for rye . " " - ' - _Saiebdat— Willingdon Scliool . Boys sowing rye ; and dressing the ground : Eastdean School . Boysempty _** _Ing the privy pails / and cleaning the school room . Piper . At indoor work , the weather being wet . Dumbrell . Digging .
. _' --:-: - COW-FEEDING . ~ ¦ WSHngdon School . Cows living on clover and white turnips , with chaff . JkunbrcWs . One cow grazed in the day , stall-fed morn and even with mangel wurzel leaves . 0 n _« cow sand heifer stall-fed with tares till Friday , there-• _Htainder of the week staked out on- young clover , and fed morn and even with tares . - . * ¦ "Wheat Sowixg Moxjh . —Prepare for wheat sowing . Change your _seedsif possible , and bring them from a poorer , colder soil . Let them be free from . smut , and seeds , and weeds . - * Also remember , that ihe produce of wheat sown in spring acquires , the habit of ripening earlier . If , therefore , you now select your wheat for spring sowing , let it be the produce of that which was before sown in spring .
Vicsxve jfob Wheat . — -There is none perhaps hctter fiian this : —Dissolve common salt in urine , in a good large vessel , till the solution is strong enough to cany an egg npon its surface . Then' tak * a hand _hasket-partly fined with wheat , wliich plunge beneath the fluid , and stir the wheat for ten minutes , hot more ; the bad _soedswill rise to the top , and may 6 e skimmed off . Withdraw the' basket , and let the fluid drain back again into the vessel . Mix the steeped seed with lime to make it part , or what , _periaps would be better , with gypsum , which will not expel the ammonia from the urine . Sow imme-*& at * ly and barrow in , or spread it' evenly On a boarded floor , or its vitality may be destroyed . Phecautioxs is Sowisg "Wheax . —Sow firsi' your clover ley , or > ye , or tare stubble ground . Always let your ground be fresh . Turn it orer in the mornilg , aiid sow in the afternoon , but never in wet weather . The trite remark of the good old poetfarmer , "" Who soweth in rain
Hath weed for his pain , " wfil be found generally trae . The-wheat sowing after potatoes or turnips wiil come latest , to allow time for those crops to become matured . But again the adrice of Tusser is sound 'M If weather will suffer , this counsel I gire , JLeave off sowing wheat hefore _Ilallowmas eve . "t lathe north of England this can rarely be aeeoiiplisbed ,. especiai ; y after a late harvest . But let tiot a moment be lost in preparing the ground andsowing wheat / not on tare or other stubbles alone , but after your root crops generally . _* m . iixG Wheat . —Drill all yon can , for there are few soils where the drill cannot be tasilv employed . There are two modes of drilling : the first _liviiMnv
ajjand drill , liko John Dumbrell , which opens the anil , and puts the seed in at the sainc tihie ; and ike him you may invent , and make such a drill , for y _» ur _ensning winter evening ' s amusement . The _^ -Jeeond mode is to open tlie drills with a hoe , at six ¦ _srl-tclies distance from each other , and two and a-half inches deep , whilo a _1-oy comes after and drops the seed , walking in the drill line in going baeli , after whieh a harrow is _di-awn over it at llight . About ite or six bushels of mouldy manure per rod is put -open the seed . . To estimate manure by the bushel , _~* it raise a smile , may venamd ns of China , where ¦
_jgttey know its Table , and sell it by the pint . ' { -. Vjt _Dbiblixg Wheal-Dibble , also , all you can ; it < - ~ _^ p _loJ"s P °° r neighbours , and their children , and it C J _zswlieveu that the savins "in seed is nearly equal to _ifife additional expense . It is becoming common to do so , even on large faims : The present practice is _toplacajthe seeds at a distance of six inches every jby from each otlier , and two or two and a-half inches in depth . They tilleramazingly , and the ears aai grain acquire greater bulk . It has been calculated that an imperial bushel of new red wheat , which Weighed ( _JSfts ., contained 635 , 448 grains , a quantitv sufficient to plant on tliis principle 23 a . Ir . Iii . of
, _aaad-bemg after tho rate of oue peck and nine-sixteenths of a pint per acre . Cue Potato Disease . —Tlie Dusscldorif Gazelle states that a fanner living on one of _thcTeslates of ihe Duk « _d'Aremberg , near _Dusseldorf ,- 'ias discovered a mode of preventing the rotting of potatoes , fed even of curing it when it bas already commenced _, ne method is very sinipl *; it consists in merely _farrowing deeply the earth in which the tubercles ateeplanted , sons to produce an evaporation , which « U diminish the fermentation caused by humidity _, lis plan has proved completely successful .
The Priscii^Les Of Artificial Maxuwxg. _...
THE _PRISCII _^ LES OF ARTIFICIAL MAXUWXG . __^ ( et PROFESSOR _UEEIG . ) we compare the experience of fainiere regarding the fertility of thc soil and the quantity of its _produetions , we are surprised hy a resu t which surpasses 1 Jolliers in general application and uniformity . - Ithas been observed that in _eveiy part ofthe globe _-whereagrlcnliureis eanicd on , in . all varieties of soil , and with , the _niosf . _< Jiffercnt plants and modes of _aaltivation _, the produce ofa field . on which the same rdifferentplants havie been cultivated during ' a certain number of years , decreases more or less in quan- ; tety , and that i \ _agmn obtains its jerUlity bv a supply ofescrements of maji . aniLanimals , which " generally are called _manures the ' produce ofthe fields can bo -mcreased by the same matters , and that the quantity ofthe crop is in direct proportion to the quantity of " -emanure . " .- _••< - -- 1 j
Guided _^ _experienee _^ wfiich is the fundamental _tesis of all inductive science _^ and which leaches us ftat / or eveiy effect there is & cause—fhat every _^ nahty , as , for instance , the fertility of a field , the jionrishing _quality of a vegeliiWe , or the effect ol a Manure , is intimatel y connected with and occasioned h ysomefhufg which * can he' ascertained by weight and measure ; modern science '' hassucceeded in _en-^ g htening us on the eauseof the fertility ofthe fields and on the effects which are exercised on them by manure . - -
chemistry ; lias shown that these properties are pro _-daeedbrthe composition of the fields ; that their ¦ tacssforproducingwheat or any other kind of plant oea » a du * ett proportion to certain elements _con-^ Slt £ ? * _$ _} _aro _aWl-ed by the plan * . _* has hkewise shown tliat two fields , of unequal ferr
^«R^L*Sfe^^-?^« | ^ «A» Say, -F ' Ttteu ...
_^« r _^ l * Sfe _^^ - _?^« | _^ _« a _» say , -f ' _ttteu poor _farm-r- _^ L * _^ _*» _" _»«« w _^ Jl he too en , e ire * _, r _a _. 1 iu ™ Tft . _rS _?/ " _" ' _^ - Tb 0 _* ' « _ff Hi * _-oP - _d _m , V * La , m _^ _S C _^ _PfT 3 , av « » * " * »« TOehe _« er - « vav , _^ . h : * f *" as > hh « u to _j-hi-w v « u U . ty _„ urhmd . iv . ; _^ ' "" _"" _•^ liia » b i' _Owae crop . " 11 st Sovemher . ~ .. --...
^«R^L*Sfe^^-?^« | ^ «A» Say, -F ' Ttteu ...
tility , contain unequal qualities of these , elements .- ; or that a fertile soil . eontains them an " a different , form or statefromaiiotiber , wliich is leas fertile . If ; th _» elements are contained in the soil in sufficient quantities , ltp . roduces a rich crop ; if it . be defective . even in one of thein only , this is shown . ver _^ soon , _by-. the impossibility of growing on it certain kinds . of phmts . Moreover , it has proved with certainty _what-relations these , elements of the soil . bear tothe _deyelopement ofthe plants . Chemical analysis has demonstrated that a certain class of these elements is contained in the seeds ' ; others , in different proportions , in the leaves _^' roots ,. tubers , stalks . They are mineral substances ) and , as sueh , are indestructible by fire , and consequently , remain as ashes after the incineration of the plants , or of their parts . Many of
these plants are soluble in . pure water , others only . m water containing earbonic acid , as . rain water . ; all were absorbed from the soil hy . the roots of . the . plants in a dissolved condition .. It has : been shown , that--if ilia field' tlipse ' _. elements which remain after tho _. inciheratioh of the grain , or . seeds . * are not . present in __ a srifficieiit quantity , uo wheat , no barley , no _peas _^ _r-in a word , none of those plants can be cultivated on that field which afegrbwn bnaccountof their seeds . ; The nlauts which grow on such a field produce stalks and leaves ; they blossom , but _donot bear fruit . , - The same has been observed regarding the development of leaves , roots , - _andtubers ; and the mineral elements which they leave' behind after their _numeration . If , in a soil in which turnips or potatoes areto be ' _culfi- ' vated , the elements of the ashes of these roots . . are wanting , the plants brine forth leaves , " s '
_taiks-blossohis , and seeds , biit the roots and . tubercles are imperfect . ' Every one of the ' elements which the soil gives up tb the plants" is in a direct quantitative proportion to the production of the separate . elemente . of the plants !' Two fields which , under otherwise equal circumstances ; are unequally rich in mineral elements ofthe grain , " produce unequal crops . One _coijtaihiiig them in larger quantity _jroduccs m ** ff _*? . _i _^ an another eontainingthcminless . Iu the same manner , the capacity of a soil " to produce 'tuberculous plants , or such as have many leavesj depends upon its . amount of those elements which are found in the ashes of such plants . . ' , , _^ , ' It results from this with ' certainty _, that the mineral substances which are furnished by the soil ,. ancl . ' wliich are found again in the ashes of the plants , are their true food , * that they are the conditions of vegetable ¦ life : ' _'¦'¦ ' ¦ ' ' - - " "
It is evident , 'tkatfrom ' aficld in which different plants are cultivated , we remove with the crop a certain-quantity of these elements ; ih the seeds' tliose mineral parts which the soil had to ' provide for their dcvelopement , and in the roots , _tubercles _^ stalks and leaves , those elements which aro-necessary for their production .-- _¦¦ _...- According to the unequal quantity in which the mineral elements of grain , tubereles , * roots , seedsj and leaves are contained in a soil , ' or according to the proportions in which they have been removed in the crop , the land may _^ have ceased to be fertile , fov roots f tnd tubercles ,, bui it may yet produce'good crops of wheat . Another may not produce wheat , but potatoes aiid turnips may thrive well in it . The mineral substances _contained in a fertile -soil and _Bervins as food
forthe plants , are taken np by them with the water , in which they are soluble . In a fertile field they are contained in a state which allows oftheir being absorbed . by thc plant and taken up by the roots-There ate fields which arc rich in these elements , without . beingfertilein . au equal proportion ; in the latter case they are united with : other elements into chemical compounds which counteract the dissolving power of water . By the contemporaneous action of water and air—of the oxygen aud carbonic acid of the atmosphere—these compounds are decomposed , and those of their constituent elements , which are soluble in water , , but which had been insoluble by the chemical affi ! iity ; of otlier mineral substances , re-obtain the property of . being absorbed by the roots of the plants . The duration of the fertility of a field depends on tho amount ofthe mineral aliments of plants contained in . it , and its productive power for a given time being iu a direct proportion to that pare of its
composition which possesses the capacity of being taken up by the plant . A number of the most important agricultural operations , especially the mechanical , exercise an . influence on the fertility of the fields only thus far , that they remove the impediments which . areopposcd to the assimilation of the mineral food into the vegetable organism . By ploughing , fov instance , the surface of the fields is made accessible to air and moisture . The nutritious elements contained in the soil in a latent state , acquire by these operations the properties necessary for their transmission into the plants . . It is ' easy to conceive the useful influence which in this respect is exercised on the produce ofthe fields by the care and industry of the farmer . But all these labours and efforts do not increase tlie amount of mineral elements in the field ; in rendering soluble in a given time a larger quantity of the insoluble substances , and obtaining by these means a richer crop , the time is merely hastened in which the soil becomes exhausted .
The fabrication of a manure equal m its compositon aad effects to the solid and fluid excrements of animals and men , seems to me one of the most essential demands of our time—more especially fora country like England , in which , from various circumstances , a rational agriculture without supply of manure , in somo shape br other , from _witlioat , seems nearly impossible . Our reasoning will appear the more correct if we remember how different ave the results wliich have been obtained by the numerous analyses of the different sorts of guano—how little the farmer can depend upon producing from a given quantity a certain cfieet , as the latter naturally varies according to the con-position ef the former . There are scarcely any ; two samples iu the market with the same composition—nay , not even similar . The following salts may be regarded- as the essential constituents of a powerful manure applicable to all descriptions of soil : — .
Earthy Phosphates . —The most important of these is phosphate « , f lime , which occurs in nature as a mineral called apatite . It is the principal component in bones , whieh , it may be observed , have been found most efficacious if calcined , consequently deprived of their animal matter . The rapidity of the effects of phosphate of Jime on the growth of plants depends upon its greater or lesser solubility . Its amount of glue ( gelatine ) diminishes this solubility if the soil is rich in vegetable matters , which furnish carbonicacid by their decomposition , - -and . " which acid is required for rendering the phosphate of lime soluble in" water , and _introducing it"into the organism nf the plants . In the calcined state the bones act sufficiently quickly ; but in those soils in which this cause of solubility is wauting their action is slower . Ill my _woi'klhadreeommendedthe addition ofa certain quantity of sulphuric acid , both in order to render the bones irore soluble , and to change the neutral
phosphate ol the bones into gypsum , and into a phosphate which contains more acid—super phosphate of lime . I hare been informed that this advice has been most extensively adopted , thst the super-phosphate of lime has been found to be a most efficacious manure , and that it forms already amost important article of commerce . A second earthy phosphate , not less important ; is the phosphate of magnesia , which it is well known enters iu a still larger proportion than the phosphate of lime into the composition of the grain . The Alkaline Phosphates , although not originally _lound in nature , are important elements of the seeds of grain , of peas , beans , ifce . A rational farmer must provide them in sufficient quantities to those plants which require them for their development , from knowing that human excrements increase the produce of grain in a far greater proportion , because they eontain alkaliue phosphates ,-than the animal excrements , in which thev do not exist .
• The Alkalies—potash and soda—must be ' constituents of every rationally composed manure , because , by them the original fertile condition ofthe fields is preserved . A soil which contains the alkalies in too small a quantity is , perhaps , fertile for grain " ; but is not necessarily so for turnips , orpotatoes , which require a great quantity of alkali . Bv snpplving an alkaline manure , fallows , or the cultivation of those plants which are grown during the time of fallowing oecomc Jess necessary . • •' SuiphateofPotash is _^ constituent of all plants
although m small quantity , as well as common salt and chloride « 1 potassium , which are found in milk in rather a large proportion . The salts of lime , especially , gypsum , are important liourishmeritforthe leguminous plants . . Silica is never wanting in all sorts of soils —it is a constituent of all rocks , bv the decomposition of wliich all productive soils are formed , and the cerealia find it . everywhere iu sufficient quantity , and in a furm capable of being taken up by the plants , it the alkalies are provided wherever they are present in too small quantitv ... ' . ' of
_^ nlts Ammonia . —It may be regarded as certain that the nitrogen of the plants is derived either _jrom the ammonia of the atmosphere or from the manure whieh . is provided in the shape of animal fluid and solid excrements , aiid that nitrogenous compounds exercise an effeet on the growth ot plants , only in . so far as tliey give up their liitrbgch in tlie form of ammonia during their "decomposition " . _^ decay . . ' We miiy ; therefore , profitably ¦ replace all the nitrogenous subs _^ auces with compounds of ammonia . _Decaying vegetable ' matters , which contain _cavlidn , are useful to the fields , . in so far as they provide a source of _carbonic acid ; hut they are quit « 3 . di $ pensable in _niaiiure , if it be rationally combined , as the atmospheric air is au inexhaustible source of carbonic aeid , 1 ' roin which * tlie plants derive tlieir carbon- —! . e , j if ill the manure , the mineral substances are provided which' arc necessary for the assimilation ofthe carbonic arid . ' The « e are tlie substances _^ which together " . ve ii .-ri . Kiv t <"> the soil : but . _alilibuah each of thent
m » y , _liiiiit-r » : rtain circuui' _-. taiiees—Viz ,, _wherevthe Sjjii I .- , _deiwtiveV oi- . wh . ere : it is , hot indifferent toitlie _ph-i-t _u , _uilfc np ' ohe'in & tead of the other ; as , for ins-t 5 _in--e , _iiiayTiethe'C _^ e . _^ -ith ' SQiiainstead of potash , —increase the ' fertility ; " noioile of- tliem can _ben-c garued as manure , ' _according" jo the common meaning of t ! _= e word , fur thtf _smijikii ' _lvsswi , " that only all ot _-rawi ] _, m eritaiu _i-roj-oi-uous , wili fulfil the purpose tor wiiie : i the common manure is applied . This purpose is the restoration , or an increase of the original icrtiiity , and by manure-we must replace all the constituents of the plants which have been taken away
^«R^L*Sfe^^-?^« | ^ «A» Say, -F ' Ttteu ...
in , _thej harvest , _or-which are contained id the plants which we are desirous to cultivate . - .: ; . . <¦ , : _t , . _Tyvbai , then , iwe _. yhe constituents of tho -Boil . which we remove by . the straw ,, seeds , tuberculous roots , stalks , & c „ of our plants of culture ? _. It is obvious that we must know these first ,, in order -to : restore them in sufficient quantities ... . To this we answer , by giving the analysis of the ashes of plants and their seeds . Hundred weights of . the ashes of the _followingplants contain— ¦ ¦¦ _.-. ¦ ¦ -- < / . Strawof V' Ashes of . ¦ j _-, Beans . Peas . Potatos . Clover .. Hay-Alkaline-Carhonatea .. 22 . 38 12 . 43 . ; ,-4 , 34 ;¦ 31 . 63 : ' _»•« Carbonate of Lime .. .. 39 . 50 . 47 . 81 . ' . 43 . 63 . 41 . 01 . 0-9 _Phosytite vt Lime .. . ' . 6 J 43 _"" ' S ' _, 15 7 . ' 5 . 73 . 1 . 180 40 . 3 Phosphate " of Magnesia 6 . 66 4 . 37 - 7 . 82 ., 0 . 91 . _, .... . Sulphate of Potash or ; ¦ ' ¦ ' " - ' ' „„ ' . „ . „ .-Soda . _¦• -.. ¦¦ ... 12 . 40 _^ 10 . 15- -.. * 2 : 23 8 . 84
Magnesia * . _.- .. , : ••' ¦ ¦ ' •« _;' ' . »•'' _'• _'"••• ' '"'•* ' _*!¦ ° Chloride or Sodium . or-.:: ., . . . _i- <; , i _,--. _>' ¦ _¦¦<• ¦ *• ' * ¦ Pot ' asBium . _' ] .. , 0 . 28 4 . 63 : . , 2 . 8 . : . 2 . 27 ; 1 . 27 Phosphate of Iron , ; 1 . 7 . ; ., i ,, ; . . .: i : _; _,: . 1 . 27 Phosphate of Alumina y ' " . . " . . ' " . ' , . 7 " / . ; " In these aiialyss . esiliba is hot taken into account , as it is fp _^ nd _' in all soils , and heed not he supplied . One hundred weight of _theaahesof , pbtatoes > and the . seeds of the , following plants , contain— . . .: ¦ . ., ' .,. Potatoes .. "Wheat . Beans ( Viciafaba ) Alkaline-Phosphates _i . 15 . 11 ' - 52 . 98 v 68 . 59 ,. Phosphate of . lAme and ¦ _:-. _J-t ¦¦ : ¦ ¦ ¦¦¦ . _•'•' . ¦;•¦ > .. * ; _.- . Magnesia , .. -. 9 . 00 .. -38 . 02 . _.- .:.. ! .- ••* 28 : 46 ' Phosphate of Iron .. . 0 . 29 . .. 0 . 67 , i ¦ 0 . 00 Sulphate . of rotash 7 .. 15 . 07 _, . 0 . 08 . ; . , ¦•¦• _• • 1 . 84 . Carb . of ' Potash" and' ' _' '"' .. ' 1 - Soda " . ' . _'• .: 51 . 76 ' ' 0 . 00 ' ' ' " 0 . QQ
, - , _^ _-That wanting , in of _. the . _abore analysis is sand , coal , or loss . . . From these researches it appears , that foi ; stalks and leaves we require other elements than fur ; seeds . . The ; form _. er . contain no alkaline phosphates , but they require for . their development and : growth a rich supply of alkaline carbonates and sulphates . On the . other Jian 4 the carbonates are entirely wanting in the seeds , which , however , are very rich in phosphates . It is . sufficiently obvious that a rational farmer must supply both , as well as all the others ' ... If he supplies , only phospliates , _ and does not restore the alkaline . carbonates , his soil-will .- become gradually barren—it will be exhausted dn those necessary elements for the development ofstalks and seeds , without which ho formation of seed : can . be
expected ! If he supplies the , alkaliesj lime , and sulphates alone , in a given , tinie he will get no . more grain . / All constituents oif the manure , if _theyarC _; supplied alone / have this great defect , that by thein the , soil is impoverished in other equally important substances .-No one of itself can maintain the fertility . Keeping this in view , " we may easily judge ofthe comparative value of artificial and natural manures , and all the : ' various arcana Whicli have ' ' . been , ' praised as panaceais for exhausted soils . ...... . ' It is not less easy lo understand , why the _farmers have such different opiiiiohs onthe relative value of the constitiiehts of riianures- _^ -why one , whose farm is rich in phosphates / produces ah uncommon fertility by the application of nitrate of soda , or the supply of alkalies , While another does not see any favourable
effect at all— -why bones—phosphates ot lime—produce in many fields wonders , and are not of the slightest benefit to others , wliich are deficient in alkalies or alkaline salts . From the composition of animal manures , it results with certainty , that by applying the latter—solid and fluid excrements of men and animals —we supply to the soil ' not one but all the ' elements which have been taken away in the harvest . Fertility is perfectly restored to the field by a corresponding supply of this manure , and it may be increased by it to a certain limit . This will be the more intelligible , if we compare the mineral elements of the urine of horses and cattle with the mineral elements of herbs , straw , roots , die ., of our cultivated plants . It will be found that in their quality they aire perfectly identical .
Urmeof aHorse . _- Of Another . Of Oxen . Carbonate of Lime .. '* ¦ 12 . 50 31 . 00 1 . 07 Do . of Magnesia .. ' _"!» : 46 13 . 07 6 . 93 Do . of Potash . .. ¦ 46 . 09 \ . '„„ ' m ' < _- * Do . of Soda .. 10 . 33 ) * _* 33 77 _* Sulphate of Potash .. . 13 . 34 9 , 02 , 13 , 80 Chloride of Sodium .. . 0 . 55 . , —— 0 . 30 These salts , in thc urine of horses amount to nearly 4 per cent .: in thatof oxen to 21 per cent , of tlieir weights . If we compare the composition of these different softs . of urine with the composition of the straw of peas , beans ; and potatoes , of clover and hay , it will at once be obvious , that in stable dung we replace by the urine the alkaline carbonates which we have removed in harvest . What in this urine is wanting in phosphates and carbonate of lime and phosphate of
magnesia , forms the principal constituents of the solid excrements of animals : both together— -solid excrements and urine—restore to the field its original composition , and thus a new generation of cultivated plants meet with the mineral ingredients necessary for their development . If we further compare the guano and the faces of men with the composition of the animal urine , the analysis shews ( see mj" book on Agriculture ) that both are entirely defective in alkaline carbonates—they contain phosphates and sulphates as well as chloride of sodium , but no free alkali—they contain phosphate of lime and phosphate of magnesia , in short , tlieir _tlements aro in quality identical with the important mineral elements ofthe seeds of wheat , peas , and beans ( see the analysis . ) The urine of swine is in its composition intermediate be- < tween the urine of * man iliid horses . r
Analysis of the Urine of _Swihp . Carbonate of Potash 12 . 1 " 7 C Phosphate of Soda :. 19 . 0 **¦ ¦ •" ' Chloride of Sodium .. 1 58 n ¦ ¦ _ThSWolid excrements of Do . of Potassium .. / I Swine contain principally Phosphate of Lime .. \ 0 Q / phosphate of Lime . , 1 . Do . of Magnesia .. J 8 ! _* Traces of Iron ¦ ,, J J . _ What the practical results of a knowledge of the composition of these manures avej is clear . If it were possible to provide our fields with the dung of swine insufficient quantity , we would replace by it , ina soil which contains silica and lime , all the remaining elcmetit of the plants—the field might be made fertile for all kinds of plants—wc have in it not only _alkaliiio phosphates , the principal ' elements
of the seeds , but also , alkaline carbonates , which are required by the leaves , stalks , and roots . This purpose cannot be attained , however , ; by manuring or human excrements alone , but . perfectly so bystable manure , from its containing alkaline carbonates . If I have said that . stable manure contains the mineral elements of the nature , of the . plants , exactly in a state and condition in which they are furnished by nature—that a field manured .. Jby . it . resembles the primitive state of America and _Huiigiu-y , this assertion will not be _fonnd exaggerated : Ifc is ee ' rtaiu tlfiif stable dung contains ho alkaline phosphates , but nature does not furnish these to tht plants even in the most fertile soil ; although we find them'in largo quantitv in all the seeds of / wild plants . ' It is
obvious , that , notwithstanding , their absence froni this soil , tho phosphates are formed in tho organism of the plants , " and they are produced from the phosphate of lime and magnesia and the supplied alkalies , by an exchange of the elements of each . The alkalies art necessary for forming alkaline phosphates , wliich cannot originate in the phosphate of lime albno . Both together ave present in stable thing . In human excrements , and in guano , the alkaline carbonates are entirely wanting . The practice of tho farmer , in somt places , of . supplying to the field not pure guano , but a mixture of it with gypsum , shows clearly that the phosphates of alkaline bases are really . formed in the organism of the phosphate of lime and magnesia , because this mixture ( guano and gypsum )
contains less phosphate of potash ' or soda than-the guano itself ' , * or , in certain proportions of gypsum , no alkaline phosphates at all ; . the . soluble phosphates in the guano decomposing the gypsum into phosphate of lime and magnesia , and into sulphate of potash . I am far from asserting tliat \ ye sliould not provide the fields with alkaline phosphates , * the excellent effect of the guano , and of the human excrements ; is too well known . to question it , and we perceive , from this fact , that plants are in this respect like domestic animals which , with a normal food , arc healthy and strong , but do hot fatten . On the contrary , we know that If we prepare the food of these animals artificially , so-as to rendtr it more easily digested and . assimilated , they are enabled to consumein a
, given time , a greater quantity of it , by which all their parts increase , in weight . The same happens with plants—if we . give them their nourishment in a state most , appropriated for assimilation , their capability to attract 4 he gaseous elements from the atmosphere increases , and their development is accelerated . , If we recollect that the favourable effect of the . guano . upon our fields-depends on its amount of ammoniacal salts , of alkaline phosphates , and the . other mineral , constituents of the seeds , but that it is deficient in alkalies , the principal constituents . of . the herbs , straw , and roots , it is easily understood why the opinions of farmers ; oil the value of guano , as a manure , are so very different Oh soil
a , ' which _isjdefective in alkalies , its effect ii mall ; on a soil , rieh in _themj it increases the produce ina remarkable degree ; but , a _' s-1 have already observed , tho continued application of guano must ( " radual _ty diminish the fertility of -our fields for a number of plants , because the elements * ofthose organs , as ! the . _leaveo _, stalks ,, roots , ' dre ., Without which the ; planti cannot : be developed and cannot ' _produceseeds , are taken off in * the harvest' Siithoiit anj . restoration of them . ' I think it , therefore , ' certain _^ that thestablo dung can replace the guario'to a certain . _decree , ; but uot me versa ; - ' A rational ' agri- cultunst , m using guano , cannot dispense with stable dung . . . - ....-. _;
. ; During my excursions in England I have r _^ eatedly directed the _attentionof theagriculturists , " as Messrs ' _Plisey _autf "Miles" will , perhaps , ' recollect ; to tht necessity of ' _hupplying-the alkalies ' , and uot merely ' the phosphatesand other salts ; bv a partial supply " the equilibrium of fertility is / not " restored , ami if w 0 ' supply , guaho alone , ' : we do not ' act - wisely ; because . we _ctnsume _pur'capifal by rich ih'tere 8 ts ; ' aiid'ieave to our children an _ci-linustcd soil . And now , tht principles above-mentioned . must guide us in _i the manufacture , of an artificial manure , If- they are neglected—if the artificial manure is defective in one or two of the necessary ingredients —the lamer , in making use of it , will , in a very
^«R^L*Sfe^^-?^« | ^ «A» Say, -F ' Ttteu ...
short time , discover the feet by the injury he will h & vesustained ... . 1 ' '"' - ' ' * - ' - . - . J " - ; ¦ ' _,. _""' ¦ " ' " . ' _- In the manufacture of an artificial manure , it must be . kept in view , that , the . applicationof stable dung , of . liumah ,. excremeht _*! , and of guano , -is attended with great loss ; in consequence of _, the too ereat solubility of their most efficacious constituents ; and this must be prevented by artificial means . This is _yTi-Jent , if . ve remember those , countries whence guano it derived . It _, is known that tthe collection and preservation of the excrements on the African islands , and the coasts , of , Peru . and Chili _-, depend . upon the scarcity . of rain in those countries . The best ' . sorts ' of guano contain ,. in fact , more than one halfof their weight of soluble salts ,., which , it
, exposed to the rain / are in exactly the same condition , as under similar conditions , a heap of salt . Ihey dissolve in water , _knd are removed . _ ¦ Some months of rain would deprive those countries , of all tlieir riches . ' The remainder , would have lost the greater part of its fertilizing . power .,, Such effects , however , take place upon the guaiio with which our fields are manured . Only a small , portion of its efhcacious salts produce the beneficial , effect they are _capably of doing , the greater part being carried off bythe _rauu The stable dung is _. ' i ' n ' this respect , in the same condition _aseuano ; indeed , its principal compounds are
already , in a dissolved state , and , _therefore , are carried off more easily than tlioseof guano .. • : A covering for those places in whicli stable dung is preserved , in order to shelter it from the effects of the rain , has beeii regarded in Germany as essential for preserving its manuring power . Inconsequence of the experience , that the soluble elements ot stable dung are the most efficacious , it has , in some cases , been drawn out with water , and . it . has been found advantageous to carry only this , fluid to the fields . I heed only refer to , the foregoing analyses of the urine of animals , in . order to see upon which elements of ' it this effect depends . . 7 ¦ ¦ :.
The reason why , in certain years , the influence of tlie _, best , and most plentiful , manuring is . scarcely _perceptible , is , that , during the ' m . oist and rainy springs and summers , the _phwpiiates and other salts with alkaline bajes , as also the soluble ammoniacal salts , aro entirely or , parti / removed . . .. A great amount or rain arid moisture removes , in the ' greatest quantity , the very " _auhstanon which are most indispensable to the plants at tb ' j time that they begin to form and mature seeds . The system of draining , which the soluble alkalies are drawn off in consequence ofthe _vaAii , &!\ d it mutt , thevefove _, _heeome mov * i deficient in'its soluble efficacious elements .. Attentive farmers must have observed that _after . a certain , tinie the quality of the grain on land laid dry according to this principle , .. deteriorates ; that the produce ' of the grain bears , no due proportion to the produce of straw . . . ..
"What is more evident , after _thtse . _remarks , than that intelligent farmers must strive to ; give tothe soil the manuring substances in such a state , ¦ as . to render possible their acting favorably on the plants during the whole time of . their growth ! Art must find out the means of reducing the solubility of the manuring substances to a certain . limit ,, in a word , of bringing them into the same state , in which they exist ina most fertile virgin soil , and in wliich they can he best assimilated by the virg in , plants .. ., Tim attention which I haye paid to this subject
has been crowned with success . I have succeeded in combining the efficacious elements of mahui _* e in such a manner as that they will not bo washed away , and thus their efficacy will be doubled . Owing to ' this the _iujurir-fts consequences of the present ; system of draining are removed , _agriculture is placed upon as certain principles as weU arranged manufactories , and- instead of the uncertainty of mere empiricism , the operations of agriculture may be carried on with security , and in place of waiting . the . _results of our labours with _anxiety and doubt , our minds will be filled With patience and confidence . . \ -.
Opposition To The New Poor Law At Rochda...
OPPOSITION TO THE NEW POOR LAW AT ROCHDALE . ( From the Times . ) 7 On Saturday evening * a public meeting of ratepayers and inhabitants of Rochdale took place in a large open space called "The"Butts , " to hear from the late guardians , who had been prosecuted by the Poor Law Commissioners for refusing to act under the new law , an account of their proceedings and the present position of the union with reference to that measure . The speakers spoke from a waggon placed at the upper end of the vacant ground . Mr . J . Fielden , M . P ., was expected to have' taken part in the proceedings , but could not attend in consequence of the state of his health : At six o ' clock , Mr . J . Whitaker . chief constable of the borough ,
having been unanimously called to the chair , read the requisition in pursuance of which the meeting had heen called , and briefly stated its object—to enable those who had been denominated guardians of the poor , and as such prosecuted by the Poor ' Law 'Commissioners for refusing to introduce the Poor Law Amondment Act into that extensive parish , to explain to their fellow-townsmen the precise position in whicli the district now stood . He would not call it aunion , for he maintained that ' -a union'had cover been legall y formed ; and' if the Poor Law Conimissioners had had the manliness to carry out the pro--secution thoy had commenced _acainst the guardians of that union , : _us they pleased to eall it , they would lohg ago have amply demonstrated the fact that the
union had never been formed in a legal manner , or in accordance with the act of Parliament ; ( Cheers . ) Pro ' ceeiiihpa ' _« 'i _^ * cn commenced in . the Court ef Queen ' s Bench in London , antt tncy were then iimoved to the Liverpool assizes in ' Marek last , when a noriiinal verdict of Is . damages Was taken for . the Crown . . 'The proceedings were , then . rerii . OVed back into the Court of Queen ' s ; _13 ench ; in London , where they still lay , ' and to the present . hour nothing more _, haft _beetyhearJ of them ; but if , the Poor . Law . Com : _niissioners entertained a well-grounded , opinion that their proceedings were strictly iii , accordance with the act of Parliament , would they _Iw-ve . consented to forego the great expenses they had' been , put . to in
. that prosecution against those whom thoy designatcu _^ heg uardiaris of thatunioiv ? They ' chos _^ S however ,, to . pursue quite an opposite course ,. and , . \ jent down fresh orders to the clevi _s of the union , ' _.. uirec _' tiC ? - . _^ _^ there _-shcsld ' bS 'Aubtllcv election of guara _^ _n- _- Another riomination anil _appQJntmcnt _. had _conv _" queritly . taken place , and . it was _cel'tftihly , a great consolation to know that only three individualscould be found iu the wholo parish , of . Rochdale .. _wiidr-V'Ould suffer themselves to be , appointed guardians , with the View of carrying out the provisions oftlie New . Poor 'Law " in that district . ( Cheers , ) lie would now call On Mr . 'LivSey , oue of those who had been . prosecuted by the Poor Law Commissioner _^ ,, to address the _meetiiig ;( Cheers . ) .. . . -
Mr . T . Livsey commenced his speech by expressing tlie regret he felt that his fellow-townsmen should have had occasion to hold another _meeting on _thia question ' . lie had hoped that when the Poor Law Commissioners thought proper to take those whom they denominated Poor Law guardians into the Court of Queen's Bench ,: they would have had the fairness , receiving such large salaries as they did , to . conduct tlieir business in a regular manner , and leave it ' . to that Court to decide whether or not their _Pl'Ofeeediiigs were in conformity with the law . Instead of doing so , they had resorted to . the strong arni of power—haying threatened theguardians , and coaxed the" magistrates , they resorted 1 to every means but what were fair and honourable , for the purpose of
forcing their obnoxious law upon that district . ( Cries of " we won't have . it though . " ) . Having bee ' n one of those who were prosecuted by the Poor Law Commissioners , he appeared before them to explain the proceedings which had taken place during the struggle they had been engaged in ; but ,, before doiiig so , he would remind them . of the position in- '* which they stood _pi-cvious to , the _interfei'ence of'the commissioners . ' lie defied any . ; one to point ' outa better system of administering relief tothe poor _than'had prevailed in Rochdale through the overseers , churchwardens , and vestrymen , elected by the . ratepayers themselves ; when , if the funds were squandered , or any harsh or tyrannical proceedings adopted ; the guiltv parties might , bo sentadrift at the end of 12
months . But it was now sought to deprive the ratepayers of all power oyerthelevy and distribution bf their own money , and vest it in the hands of the comv missioners at Somerset-house . This was only : part Qf . that system of centralization which the Gpycrrimenit , were , it seeined , determined , to carry out , whatever , oppositionit might meet , with . on the part of th © people . . If it were ' not so , how cpiild they , account for the strange anonialy which , had recently , been , presented in that very towii ? After tho _. wholo district had . heen canvassed , every ratepayer Having been i waited on , 11 , 414 ratepayers declared themselves op- _, posed to the'introductionof the New Poor Law , while . only ' 19 could be found iii'favour : of it I Surely this was sufficient to sho _\ _v that the Government did not .
act in this case towards those they ruled in the spirit of charity and good faith , but tliat they were determined , whatever might be' the , opposition ' of : tho people , to persevere in their despotic attempts to put ' down every S- ' eStige of popular / freedom ; and ii ' tho example of _Roclid-ile were not more generally tbllowed , the . Government would soon . be , successful . _. Why . should they persist in attempting still to thrust this obnoxious law on that district afterthe ' public declaration ofthe Ministers who passed it intoa lavrj' that such places as'Rochdale , where the ratepayers" _hianageiltbeiriown affairs well- _^ wherethe _' _sTstern ' of relief _admiuistercd to the poov hiiii fen conducted
in a _satistactory manner—should not bo' interfered with , but rather become ex _^^ _to'br followed in other districts ? Even'their keeh-sce ' nted clerk to the guardians ; who- was -poking his hose'info _tvenr ' corner , doing all he-could , had 'beenuriiible to hrhig forward , during- the last seven 6 r ' eififhtiycars' since the passingiof the law , a single _case'of misappropriation , of funds orgre ' ak hardship : to the _vjoW-in th _" Bt extensive dfstrict . ( Cheers ;) When they Were entitled to take credit to _themielres' for that ' state of things , why should such pcvscvev ' mg efforts be made lo introduce a new and . hateful system ? But their oppononts would stand at nothing ; therewercmeii baso enough , for the sako of filthy lucre , to lend tlienuelves to any causo , however despicable it mi _^ ht be . The ratepayers m a body had stood _ffitml _& ly
Opposition To The New Poor Law At Rochda...
forward to resist the introduction of the New Poor Law , and handsomely supported the _guardians in resistinff the manifdmus of the Poor Law Commissioners . The guardians had met them boldly aiid manfully _Vth ' ey did not go round about the question ; they _atleast were guilty of ho shuffling ; they boldly met and defied the _cohimtesioner--, declanngthatthey _would-not introduce the Im . ' ¦ ¦ Gentlemen were then found holding'her Majesty ' s commission of the peace who lent their assistance to the guardians , and , in reply to the mandamus , ' stated that they did not think fit to act cx > officio . These the / called " gentlemen" in society , buftlie sooner that designation was dropped the better , when they found thosa who had declared that they ' would ' soone ' r throw up her
Majesty s commission altogether than become the means of introducing this Jaw , afterwards condescending to sit at a board of guardians and issuing orders , with . thoir names attached , to facilitate the introduction of the New Poor ' Law . ( Loud cheers . ) The ratepayers , at all events , might take credit to themselves for what they had done . They had acted consistently . Thoy had said they , would oppose the law , and they had done so . '( Cheers . ) He had to thank them for tne funds [ they had placed at the disposal of the guardians to put ' them ina ' position to defend themselves against the commissioners . He had'just been told _th-vt there was a policeman present taking notes . He had no doubt he was a worthy tool of a bad cause . ( Groans . ) He cared nothing for policemen ( shouts
of execrationj—he cared not for all they could do . The policeman was welcome to put down all he said . . The Chaiiu-ak invited the policeman , who was furtively taking notes at a corner of the hustings where he could least be observed , to ascend the Waggon , and a _stat with every convenience would be afforded him at the reporters' table : ( Loud cries of "No , no ,, " "Turn him out , " " No spies . " ) lie hoped , whatever the people did , no violence would be _showni Anything ' of that sort would just suit those who placed that porson there . ( Cheers . ) The crowd must keep order ,-and to the policeman he would again say , "Have the goodness to walk up ; , we ' wll give yon every accommodation in our power . ( 1 he amateur reporter aniidat loud , but good-humoured ,
though somewhat tantalizing shouts of Lift him up , " " Lift him ' up ; " _decliiitd the proffered elevation , and , we believe , " soon found it convenient to shift his ground ;) \ 7 Mr . Livsst resumed . —Nothing would pleaso their enemies better than a breach oftlie peace . That man , in whatever guise , was an enemy to the cause who allowed himself to lose his temper . ( Cheers . ) All he requested of the policeman was , that he would put down whatlie really did say . What did he care if he told the magistrates what he _^ said of them ? Ho had acted consistently ; the magistrates had not ( loud cheers ); and at them the finger of public reprobation would be'pointed for what they had done . ( Cheers . ) But to return to the question . They proved in court that the commissioners had not acted
in conformity with the law . They proved that the three commissioners ,, who were receiving some 2 , 000 / . a year each , were in the habit of leaving London , and ! transacting business separately in the country , which the att required should be done conjointly at a board . -They proved , in fact , that the order calling on the guardians of the Rochdale Union to assume the administration of relief ; had only been signed by one of the commissioners , one of the others being on the continent , at the time , though stilt receiving , his salary , while the third had actually gone into the country to be married ! Only think of . such a thing!—a Poor Law Commissioner getting married —one who was in the habit of making , regulations , with the force of law , to separate husband from wife ,
and children from parents ! How would _ht like to have such a rule applied to himself ! ( Cheers , and a cry . " 'Twould serve them all right , —commissioners and " . Sir James too . " ) Tliese parties being absent froni Somerset-house when the order was signed , rendered it illegal ; and that was the reply the guardians made . " They proved that the order ,. being in this respect informal ; was illegal ' and inoperative . But to come to another print . "Who were best qualified to administer relief to the poor ? Those who knew them , who knew their character and conduct , who regularly mixed with them , who had local knowledge affecting their circumstances arid wants , to be sure ' . ( Cheers . ) ' But * he Rochdale district , Vith . its ¦ 'vestrymen , overseers , and guardians , to the number
Of 150 , was to have only 18 guardians in future . " The means which had been resorted to to force the New Poor Law on the district were most disgraceful to all concerned ; but after every exertion , in a district with a population of 70 , 000 , and out of 32 individuals who had been named forthe office of guardians ; only three individuals would allow themselves to become candidates ; and yet the law was to be forced upon them . ; Was this the way to make the people respect power ? ' It appeared as if everything wliich savoured of local liberty was to be put down by the strong arm of authority . ' Could' they . ' ever hope that much respect would be paid'to - a law' wliich had been introduced by such means ? Three persons had allowed themselves fo beiioiniriated as guardians for the
_purpose of introducing -the-: law '; but'he was happy to inform his -fellow-townsmen , ' that he had that very morning' met orte of the three nominated'gnardians ' , who had so felt the compunctions of conscience that he had ' tendered his resignation . ( Cheers . ) Tlie remaining two were James Holt arid Samuel Brierly . ( Groans ;) He hoped' they would not lift up their fingers against them ; but-tlieir very names would becorce terms'bf reproach , infamy , and contempt , ( Cheer . * :. ) - What ' was the intention of tlic _^ New Poor Law ? It had been very ably _txposed by Mr . Walter , the _Iftt _*? ' _Jweiplj ? v for Nottingham , when he dragged to light ' 'tliat in ? Mr iou » . _5 _± _' _^! J _* : ' . Hl , _* . ! _>« House of Cdmmoris , which ' . " first shadowed out . the l"tentiohs ofthe Government in preparing' tlie ,
measure ' : the object' w _» s *? manage the system SO that liltirini ' tely allrelief should be denied _tp the _pooi-7 ( 'Cheers . ' ) ; Arid . . wlie ' n they saw . what was daily coming' to . ' light , under . ' its liarsh operation , when , tliey , became acquainted with the horrible conduct ;' pursued iii . the workhouses ,. why , lie again askeil , should " tliey tacitly submit . to such a , law ? ( Cheers . ) . The revelations within , the last lew days of the system curried bri in the Andover . Union . were ' such as " to make every One . with a spark of humanity shudder . ( Cheers . ) There . were men coming forward to declare ,, and declaring oil oath , that both they aficti . their ' _- . companions , ; pressed by "hunger , ' . had fouglit for bones wliich' were , iii the bonehouse . for , _7-eelcs , and gnawed tlie ' foul gristle , and ato the ¦ / :-. *' ng marrow ; ( Cheers . ) - ' Would they consent sunk :.. _-, ovei * . _tlieit- 'poor neighbours / 'themselves , 10 nana _» _** id children " perhaps , to the -- merciful Tlieir Wives _**^ _---. ¦ „ _ovatomS . — this 1 ¦ _iV . _hppvz-X T _+
_jti-eatmentof si f _^* - _^ , i , Vver ' be theeasein the . might be _^ ' _^^ _i _^ ne _' w law . ; but it . _wou'd be S ° _eSvhS _?^ people _Wd not look alter so . tve _7 _^^ •¦ ' t * n ( icncV of the system was the . themselves .. . * liie . _^ n _^? nf tho . first thing the Poor _sanwMii every case .- ., . _^ - to : sehd down _^ dietary Law _Gommisiiioners _did .-. ' _,- lh ) jnis ) l ) but * vllic ] l tllc _; . which the guardians might . _¦¦^ } In tIie rcsen _* could : no . _Un anv instance _incu - . * ¦ _-, a _legjt board of state of _affaire they . could _. _notfo-jv . _' ¦ _' ¦ _-ort _" . to illegal guardians ., .. Whether they would r *»* - thisdefestmeasures for . tlic purpose of . carrying mn •¦ : * o ' ceedcd able measure , he did not know ; . if th « _F _pu- " <* iie ( i now , they must dp so illegally , ' ; and , , if so _/ he _i * - 0 r on tho energy hand _i determinatioh of the mei ? . < - Roehdale to _ojipose and carry on Another successfi . _'' I campaign against them ., ( Loud _clieers . ) ' ] ¦ _. _^ _Amdrosb , _HurisTy a _. young man from Oldham , next addressed , the meeting iu -a speech of some energy and power ,,. , ' ,,:... _; . _;! _.-.. <„ .......... ! r ¦
Mr . -J . . Wilkisson moved , the . following resolution : — .. . . .... . ..,,., ...... : -. , .... . ., . \ . " . That _jhav . irig ; heard . the . statement of the late guardians relative to their _^ conduct , in maintaining tlie right . of local government _in-opposition to the system of ceu tralisiitioii _. ineiileiUeil by tho Now . ; Poor Law ,- and their determined stand against , the illegal , persecution of , tliem by _. the Poor , J , aw . Commissioners , this : meeting is of opinion that ; the late , guardians , aro entitled ; to " the _Warmestjrratitude of . theirf ' ello , w-p . iri 8 liioiiers . " r ( Cheers . ) With respect to the late guardians ; _heillUSt # thoi ' r eoiiduet' throughout , tho arduous struggle they' liad maintained sosuccessfully had been _distino-uished' by a vigour and a manlvfirmncss which entitled them to the esteem and thanks of . thoir fellow-townsmen -and tothe atrocities otthat
as - system against whicli they had warred , _thfty . had often canvassed them together ; and . puhlicly denounced thorn in detail ! They knew . well the . nature and the tendency of that law which most improperly , had been 1 called ' the Poor Law Amendment .. Act . i _ilt-wasi intended '' to supersede everything in any way-favourable _^ to the interests and comforts- pf theu _unfortunate labourers of this . country ... It was designed not merely to punish misfortune . _asiacrimci but to destroy _the'hist remnant of iiberty , _possessed byitho labouring classes in the 'local management of their . own affairs : ; if was _intended not only _. tp'prevent them from exercising any control over tlie . mouey they , laboured liard to get randwhich they subscribed towards : the ; relief of . their more . necessitous brethren , but it placed them in a position of complete helplessness , exposed to all . those wicked and . base . _atteriipts which we ' re made . to crush , th « _laj
_bourer-i _. tothe _lowest possible _degree of wretchedness , , lor , it . _deprited : them of the power . to . fall back on the Jand—the real ; constitutipnal : relief and first . principle ? l the .. social . c ' arapact ; . it disinherited . them : of all claimfo , r « ief . from ; the , land , 011 , which they , were own , arid ' . which' they , were _. _stjll suffered , to tread Aiid what then ; waa . their , position I . Theywere com' pleteJ _^' fielplcss . inthe , hand . _idftheoppreW Itwas ' a ; strft ' Bge anomal v ih _' the legislation ; of this I country that everything ; should be done by . way of giving ad ditional _securities' to ' property , _vyliile . everything was _^ s ' _^ " _^* . _!*^ _- _!? ' _^ _* . ? . _^^ Hl _atoiirin g man of l » s . ! gh » aiid _unmiiuities . _, _'l . he _KevyJ _' oor . Law had . done much ' . to widen ; the ' chasm that , . ilreadv existed between " f lie " labourer ' and ' _, his . employer ., * " and Ina trusted , as a . friend of justice , and humatiity _, it would longbe kept ' out of _tthiit _^ _tf-ict ,.,, ( Cheers . ) . . .. . " Mr , M _4 _LUiEu . secoi ;( leditheresoliiiipn . 'which was
_. carried by a cclamatipri .. " . " "; .. The Kev . Jons _Tivion " _movei the . second resolutl 0 ni T , - ¦ ' , ! ' That this meeting do tender their Mncere _njl'l h ** artv thanks to the late guardians for thoir , « , „ . _* _. _jj DtttriotU ) opposition to tho introduction of t | le jV „ . * " " _. i . , thU . _distnct . " . - . cwPw » "i _' » w
Opposition To The New Poor Law At Rochda...
t— . '_ - \ - rj " _V « . « _«¦»«! + ii I «' # _¦**¦! _+ li «* i . _ * » 7 _^ ( Cheers . ) He congratulated that vast _asseriiblv' , the unanimity and cordiality with which they ' ll _^ resisted the iritroductioh or tliat cruel measure but tbey had heen betrayed—betrayed by their ' _dvvn townsmen , and they must now do what they could for themsblves . " -Tliej ; roust resist its full operation by every legal means iri their power - . ' and they had siich means still ; Though betrayed , cruelly btiti'aycd , _tU power of public opinion was mighty on tlieir side The people of Rochdale had it yet in tlieir hands to resist this law . They must make the admini stration . of it as troublesoine to those who condescended to administer it as possible . Despots never liked to bo troubled , * but that'was the very reason why they should be troubled . Because " they neither fear God therefore the
nor regard man , " people should never let them alone till they had their rights . ( Cheers . ) A great deal bad been said of late on the duty of instructing the people arid the , best kinds and modes of instruction ; but in sowing tlmseed , they should consider not only of what'sort it was , but what soil it it was tobe put in . So that' instruction should bo successful , it was not only necessary that it should Ijq good and administered iri the best manner—tlu _* should be an aptitude for receiving it . But a people degraded and pauperized could not be properly instructed . If a people was' to be made iiitelleetuid , they must first be fed and clothed ; the foundation must 'be'laid before the - superstructure . Tlieir governors must not begin at the wrong cud , as if the people had no aniroalnature about tliem . " According to the doctrine now too generally propagated they would . make them into a kind of lanterD , witli a . light inside and ' nothing scarcely without . ( . \
laugh . ) The doctrine he held was , first to feed iltui clothe , then educate the peoplo , or put ' them iii ' a position tb do it for themselves . ( Loud ' cheers . ) Ho opposed the New Poor Law , because it was calculated to take away from the people the necessaries and comforts of life , * and while that was the case all attempts' to educate the people would bo vain aiid futile . Again , there must be not merely individual capacity for instruction , but a moral aptitude to receive it , and where could such ii disposition bo found in a man who knew that his right had been tnkeil from liim—who knew that he had not what he ought to have—who , producing everything , scarcely had possession of anything . ( Cheers . ) This was true even with regard to religious instruction , for , in the language of the great and good Hooker , " Before God required of Adam any religious service he placed him in aParadiso where he had ' something to livcupon . " ( Cheers . ) ' _¦
lhe resolution having been seconded was carried unanimously . ¦ •• ¦¦¦ - A vote of thanks was then given to The Chairman , who declared it to bo his deliberate opinion , after the experience of sixteen years , during which he filled the offices of churchwarden , overseer , and vestryman , that the administration of relief under Sturges _Bourne ' s Act was decidedly superior to that under the New Poor Law . lie felt thoroughly _peraunded in his own mind , and that was one great reason why he consented to preside at such a meeting , that the old law was much better adapted to tho state of society now than the new law could everlo mado to be . ( Cheers . ) It'had given liim great
pleasure to seethe whole proceedings of the meeting so orderly and unanimous , and he hoped they would now quietly separate and go home . ( Cheers . ) The meeting , which at one period numbered not less , ' we sliould -think ; than 0 , 000 or 7 , 000 , then peaceably dispersed . Shortly afterwards a band of music _paraded the principal streets , followed by largo numbers of the _factoij operatives . Preparations were made for burning in eftigy tbetwo newly elected guardians , but the design was fortunately abandoned , considerable apprehension being entertained limn the great influx of constabulary tliat a collision with that force might take place ; Wc are happy to state tliat no breach of the public peace took place during tho night . Rochdalb , Tuesday _Morninq .
The opposition to the introduction ot this law into the borough of'Rochdale continued unabated , and the excitement created last wecK by the extraordinary attempt ofthe Commissioners to force it on the district has been increased , 'in consequence of the summary proceedings which have just been adopted . Yesterday Messrs . S . Dearden , J 7 Sc ! oliield / andW . Mallilieu , overseers of the township of _CastletOH , were summoned before the magistrates to show cause why they refused to pay over to the treasurer of tlio union the sum of £ 355 8 s ., the amount in whicli that township was assessed . The case . created considerable- interest in this town , and the court was _thcvel ' ore
crowded by the ratepayers . The magistrates on the bench were Mr . J . Taylor , of Todmorden ( a gentleman who distinguished himself by introducing tho measure into that _locality and who ; it is stated ; had his house set on fire and his furniture broken by tlio mob on that occasion ); Mr . 0 . Ashworth , of Rochdale ; Mr . W . . Chadwick , at whose instance the summons was issued ; and Mr . Clement Royds , who acted as chairman—one of tliose gentlemen who recently declared from the bench that he would sooner throw up his commission than become the instrument of introducing the New Poor Law into the district . Mr . Twisileton , the Assistant Poor Law Commissioner , was also onthe bench .
• Mi * . Roberts , clerk to thc union , appeared in support of the summons , aud Mr . John Cobbett , barrister _. iforth * overseers . . When the case was called Mr . Chadwick withdrew _from-the bench . Mr . Roberts put in the order from thc Poor Law Commissioners ; directing the magistrates to form the union , dated July 22 , 18-15 ; also tho minutes of a meeting of _nrtgistrates held on the loth of August , when an order was mad * on the three overseers for the sum of 3551 . 8 s . ; and proved that On Friday last , at . a mtetiug of . _magistrates , wlusn there wev « present Mr . Chadwick , Mr . Kel-iall _, aud tlie Rev . T . S : Mills , Mr . Chadwick was ordered to take out the summons which they wcr _» then hearing . 7 Mr . Royds then said , Mr . Dearden , arc you inclined to pay this money ? Mr . Cobbett . —Mr .. Dearden has left his case in my hands , and therefore I hope you will allow me to show cause why he should not be called _ii'iou for tins
money ...- Mr . Royds . —I don't care about that . Dearden , will you pay thc money ? . Mr . Dearden . —I shall when 1 get it ,- if 1 find I ani compelled to pay . Not otherwise . Mr . Royds . —Schollield , will you pay the money f ' Mr . Schollield . —I shall leave the matter inthe hands of my legal adviser . Mr . Cobbett . —I hope , sir , you will allow mo to say a few words on behalf of my- clients . They bare intrusted their case to mc ; autl I think I can show ynu tlmt they ought not now to be called upon _ty pa * - vhb moiiey . _; . .. . After a short pause , Mr . Royds . nodded assent h ' Mr . Cobbett ' _pfoi-ce d _« d , to . _heiress thc bench ' lie
did not mean to question the validity of the union , nor the power of the board of . guardian *; he « ul > - nutted , however , with reference to the conduct oftlie foor Law Commissioners , and the mode . in whieh they were attempting to enforce the law , that pending the decision - of the" Court of Queen ' s Benrli the hearing of this caste should not be proeeedw ! with * He insisted that the proceedings' of the Com '" ' ' " erg were most " h _* reg-iUr _, and wis proceeding to comment on the peculiar position of the ' eausc— " l _** eg ' ma v . the Guardians of Rochdale "—in the court above , ¦ vrhcu was _" ag « im interrupted by the chairman . _MrU " _ds *~ Mr ; Cobbett , we are aware of all that ; . I * '' f : * : * -epeat it here ; ' you had ' better come to l _£ n » . W ° '* " _' and Weskil ] f _* _° _«* -ig « l . _? SffS 3 hS _^ r- !!» _you _^ _Iam not _goins lo
: _SftS _^ ii _^ ob ] i _^? _^ come to the point at once . , 'id—The bench ' was ¦ . Mr . Cobbett again , proceed * ¦¦ Vioiual order was ware that shortly after ' tb * : / S _' _a ouestion issued by the . Poo / . Law Com . i » W . _Igdm _? S . was , raised as . to . its legality , a . « d- ¥ ?> S ? _? v f _., . . taken . for . the purpose of : deten' _«" uft _£ '' , ) at l . " _, ' . The . cause , was removed . from the . Queen ' s Jleneij W . Liverpool assizes , where it . was tried ' before Air . _Jufr tice > _Viglitman . in April last , and a _nominal _vci'ihct taken . for the Crown , , with several points- reserved tor the consideration of the judges . ' Now , i /' it turned ' : out ; that the . decision of the Court above s . » oul ( - _}» against , the ' . eomm ' issiojie ' i _' _9 , , every . act 0 / tlie guardians , / and evpry ' payment . made to the u _. _" _" ' ™ . woud be illegal ; and-a $ ., tho d « cision of the judfe 0 S would . be given at the latest nowwithin two months /
. he _, submitted ,. the magistrates , should suspend the , adjudication of this matter . till that time it his clients ' were compelled , . how to pay the mone 7 . ) find the union were de ' elaved by the Court above to be . . . illegal , . tliey . might be sued . for . the recovery , of what ; moiie ' y . they had paid . to the treasurer ot the union ' .- lie did not mean to say that lus clients reiused'to , pay the money on this ground _f'one ; on the contrary / he was instructed to say that they would resist the introduction of the law by every legal means in their power * , but ' while the legality of the union was matter of dispute , pending the decision of the Court ' above / he ' thought he was justified in asking the bench to dismiss , or at least postpone the heanngpf the ciiae . ' Mr . " Ashworth- said , ' that ,. on Mr . _Cobbett's own showing , the magistrates had no choice but to enforce pavment .
. - ; , ' ihe Chairriiari ' . —Mr . Roberts , are you instructed ' to press the case ; and takeout a warrant bf distraint ¦ against tlio parties ? - '' ' ' . , " " ' Mr . Roberts . —I ani ; sir . The money must be paid . * The Chairman . —Theh take out your warrant , ami 7 executeitassoonaspossible- —thisafteriioon _. ifyoucan . A warrant of distraint was' then granted , and th » ' parties left the court , '" " '"' ' ' '
¦ Dbopsibs Cuiublp. Bv Hoixowav'stills.—...
¦ Dbopsibs _Cuiublp . bv _Hoixowav'sTills . —Ext _ra-ORDiNAitr Case !—Mrs . Charlotte Diggle , residing at ono of the aim-houses at Chapel-street , Westminster _, was , by the watery dropsy , ' so dveadVully swollen' in body and legs , as to be increased to double her usual size . Medical r . _ien had declared her past all _em'c , indeed , her dcAth was daily expected ; yet , however extraordinary it may appear , she was reduced severs ' inches in hulk , after taking only a few doses _>¦( 'ho above extr . _-, _tonlinai'y medicine . This wonderful remedy ma _* y be eonsidorod as j * _. perfect euro lor auy kind of * dropsy , however lo ' ag sianding or _daugcrons the _e ' aao ma y bo .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 20, 1845, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns4_20091845/page/6/
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