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^^ m$ f^^±^ mnu^J^J^- THE NORTHERN STAR. 7
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- -VC-Tiem -We learn that tbe colliers o...
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FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS. For tlie Week c...
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AGRICULTURAL INCONSISTENCIES. Prejudice ...
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ADDRESS OF THE POOR'S PROTECTING SOCIETY TO THE INHABITANTS OF PAISLEf, AND SCOTLAND GENERALLY.
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Fallow Townsmen*,—»Ve again taae tlic li...
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Hawick.— The Public Footvatiis. — The ad...
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Alarmiko Occurrence at St. Philip's Cnun...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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^^ M$ F^^±^ Mnu^J^J^- The Northern Star. 7
_^^ m $ f _^^ _± _^ mnu _^ J _^ J _^ - THE NORTHERN STAR . 7
- -Vc-Tiem -We Learn That Tbe Colliers O...
- _-VC-Tiem -We learn that tbe colliers of T _2 E o _Shire are about again to turn out for _ceuth Staffordslure a _^ _^ thkk coal _^ . _^ _^ tLerajVimCC _« _t and the thin coal men 3 s . 6 d . per _B 0 _*^ _du _^ _eaW to deniandariseof 6 d . aday . ins , a _" ; ,, ! f _eaoiralent to an addition of os . a ton _'rbfe Sacture ofirorL-Eirmingliam Journal . in 11 * U » * Ass 0 CUTIOS . _ M r . John Skelton _^ _" _" _mtoi lecturer to the above body ) delivered ( tlic a _KTv 7 . numerous and respectable assemblage _ana T ~ : J „ wmi of the Partkeiiium , St MartinV _Indie _^ X _evening , October 19 th , on tke obhiA _K ? be obtained by the United Trades _, _jece son ° _^ _patnabj was unanimously called to the _^ lr . Jenas _^ _^ . _^ _gpgggj-j introduced the lecturer , chair , J " " , _^ concise history of the rise and who _ga _™ * " . „ « Association of United Trades ;" pros rcss oi i fonn ded 011 two " greatfacts" —lirst , _sbA saw i _-ij-cr classes do not receive ** a fair day ' s tliat » 1 C 1 7 _ftir _' _day's work ;* ' and , secondly , that for wa _» „ iiait their endeavours to obtain this liave , HH _" 7 _'S tioiis , been unsuccessful . He regretted _w _^ _lfc _™ ilin- * apathy of the wealth _producere to ' _^ - _^ nfinterest , TCt the vas _** number represented _Oflate Conference , and the great ability with at rr * -. de matters was tliere discussed , showed _prowhirli tn , OB „ r i . _» j _~*~* t _^ ii . 1 : JitBome tuts _vuiiciusu
. The Uonlerence au w » _-u _" _" _^ _ihe old method of Trades proceedure was worn lWt nJ that a change was necessary . The great _«* - _SJ was , -what should that change be ? He _be-^ S thev all agreed that some change was _neees-1 ( Hear , licar . ) Strikes on thc system of _indi-^?« l _Tr-ides had long been tried , and found want--, ( licar , hear . ) Thus , in the year 1810 , the i _^' ton _Spiw-cis _^« _ws » 6 * 4 in •* _ttvlte _ysMcU cost % 4 J 00 , and ended in failure , the Spinners being _"Veiled to return to work at a reduction of wages . A _^ iin iu 1 S 16 , they were similarly engaged , at a cost f i * -6 000 , with similar results . The Trades of
_tjancliester , Glasgow , Braaiora , tne _rottenes , i \ oriLuiubcrland , and Durham . had , in the course of a Lr Tears , spent no less than three millions of money - _j _' _jjjmilar mode of warfare—with what results the resent condition of the workers but too well and too Lallv attested . ( Hear , hear . ) Well , then , the _AsqcL-ition he had the honour to serve , had come to the _atius ' ion that individual Trade strikes were futde ; and that , if anything was to be done to arrest and aav the agressions of capital , it must be by a united effort , and that each trade must combine for tbe good wealthand
« f all—( cheers ); thus bringing numbers , , jutclliscnce to bear at a given point against the macluiatious of the tyrannical employer . ( Loud cheers . ) Heir second grand point was , tbe " employmentof labaur in agriculture and manufactures , " thus doing what he conceived was of all things essential—viz ., ¦ Inuring the surplus Jabour out of the mariet , and en-ploying it on the land for their own advantagealso employing other portions of their surplus hands in erectiug _' butldings , factories , houses , & e ., for _ihenisdves lo work in , and produce wealth for their own nmfit without the intervention of au employer , and
thus ultimately abolishing the middle class altogether . / Louil clieersj But it might be asked , how was this tobe done ? how could the fuud be raised for sueh a purpose ! Tlie Association had projected a joint < ock company ; one of their rules run as follows : — " States : The shares of the Association shall be £ 5 , upon which a minimum weekly instalment of 3 d . shall lie i > aid bv cub shareholder : Trades Unions to have thc power of taking an unlimited number of shares . " Tims it would at once be seen that individual members of trades could take shares , and even the poorest , M-oriilcd hewas in work , could contribute 3 d . a week forsutU a self-redeeming purpose ; and , as regards Trade Societie _** , there was scarce a trade but had some members in it who were favourable to removing
tlic surplus hands from the market : let them agitate ik matter in their several bodies , and it would not ka _ililiieult object to show the Trades the benefit of their taking up shares as a body . This is the age of - _jineress , —despite all prejudice and opposition we must go onwards ; let us , then , hut investigate and _jierscverc , and success at no distant day is certain . — . Mr . Skelton was listened to with breathless attention _thronsiiout , and resumed his seat much applauded . — ilr . Wilson , Shoemaker , made a few observations , and was ably replied to by Mr . Robson , of the same cafu—Mr . J . F . Linden , Tailor , and Mr . Jones of tie same trade , addressed the meeting in favour of lie objects broached by the lecturer . —Mr . James , . Shoemaker , said a few words disapprobatory , comriLiining that the lecturer had not shown or admitted tie need that had been derived from strikes ; and a
_rery violent Irishman , said to be a Shoemaker , in lie body of the meeting , demanded of thc lecturer if to had not said that he would not rest until he had hnke up , root and branch , all Trade Societies . —Mr . Skelton rose to make a general reply ; and , in answer w tlie question put by his friend in thc body of tbe meeting , said , he bad most undoubtedly said that he _TtonW never rest until the present futile Trades Sorieiics were changed—( hisses and loud cheere ); but as a member of a Trade Society , as a paying member —as a man who had contributed to Trade Societies all his life—he had no interest in breaking up Trade Societies , except it was to supersede them by a better and wore effectual organisation—( loud cheers ) , and _f-ticli he deemed " The Association of United Trade ? . " A vote of thanks was then given to the Chairman , aad the meeting dissolved .
Sheffield . —The Buildixg Trades . — On Monday the building trades of Sheffield walked in procession from their respective club-houses , with bands playing and banners" _flying , to the Corn Exchange _enmnd-, and from _Whence to an adjoining village called Cherry Tree Hill , about three miles from the _io-ni , two a-brcast , Joiuers taking the iead , followed by the Masons , Bricklayers , Plasterers , and _Lalttiiras . A short address was delivered by Mr . _Ueorge Evinson , Bricklayer , on the necessity ofthe trades uniting in one consolidated society . The memhas of the several trades afterwards dinned at their _ft-spativc _clubhouses . A general union of all tbe liuldiiig trades is being established in this town .
_^ _obt'i Wales _AizxE-is . —At a meeting of Colliers Mdat the Plough Inn , Rhcsemedre _, North Wales , M the ICth inst ., it was unanimously-agreed , — -1 st , But a vote __ of thanks is due , and hereby given to the Lancashire Miners , for the noble and generous aid they have afforded ns in our late struggle with nit Coal Kings of this district . 2 nd . That we , the Colliers present , regret the apathy and neglect of the Sunn Wales Colliers , but pledge ourselves to use ttery lawful exertion to forward tbe cause of the _^ biers' association in this principality . The Golfers of Black Park , near Chick , _North Wales , in the _anploy of Mr . Thomas Edward , struck work on the 1 st inst . for an advance in their wages , wliich terminated about the 10 th inst ., with an advance of about
w-e nty pcr cent . With the advance , their wages _« dl only average 2 s . 6 d . per day , for from ten to ""eke bours labour . The truck system is carried oa in this district to a very great extent . iioOI ASD SnOEUiKEHS * STRIKE AT _DEKBTt AXD _LoUGHJ-onot-ciL—Mr . Ward , of Derby , having lately made _« vcral reductions in his wages , and the men being determined to resist these robberies on their already scanty wages , made application to their district committee , and they , seeing the injustice of Mr . Ward's conduct , sanctioned a strike at Derby . Mr . Ward -uas a shop in Loughborough , and it was found neces-S . _-UT to strike that shop as well , and thirty-four men ten his employment , leaving him two unprincipled "WjfflbotiJs in each place to " scab" It for him . The
_rooimittee afterwards detected a Mr . Flack , of _loifcrlibarough , getting up work for Ward , _consequently his shop was struck also , and all his men left him . Subsequently , a Mr . Bombroff was found to be manufacturing for Ward , and this shop was placed oa strike . The employers finding the men so determined to uphold their rights , had a meeting amongst themselves , and appointed a deputation to wait upon ihe committee of the men to argue the question , and fry to arrange matters . Subsequently , a general Meeting of the men was called to meet the employers , they trying to intimidate the men into compliance , b
y threatening to buy their work , and employ no more society men ; but this had . no effect , for the Operatives agreed to a man to stick to their original determination to stand out for the wages they _formerly had . The employers afterwards had a meet" >?• and agreed to unite to defeat the men , and assist inose shops already on strike ; but this will be _fruit--tes , as our district committee have sanctioned a general strike at Loughborough , and the men are waving as fast as they can finish their work , so that lhe _employees will soon haTe the town to themselves , and then they will he compelled to give in and recall the men . _Jasuis Gooi > e , District Secretary .
_TTiTKis _* -ox the WATEn Prom Ha noverwehear ofa practical _tWcry of a kind so curious as to require some further explanation before we can quite understand it ; and we are rather suspicious , inasmuch as we have , r fancy we haye , some recollection ot a somewhat similar story making the round of the continental papers several years ago . It is _« iven however , in this instance , with an imposing detail and the guarantee of names—if there be no borrowing of these for the occasion . The report is . that two young men , one a Swede and the other a Normantaking a hint ftom that sort of foot-gear of fir planks called skies , by means of which , in those northern countries , the inhabitants pass through-valleys and xavines filled with snow , without sinking—have been in that the
exhibiting capital exploit of walking on the water by means of dies—made , iowever , for tbe latter _purnosS i with iron plates hollow within . Baet-¦ _wards and forwards , mnch at their ease , according to the report , did the exhibitors walk and run—govng through the military exercise with knapsacks at their hacks , and finally drawing a boat containing eight persons , all without wetting their shoes . The Minister of War has , ifc is said , pnt a portion of the garrison of Hanover under the training of these gentlemen , for the purpose of learning what might wovesoEsefnl a military _matWEuvre ; and as MM . _Ajellberg-M-4 Balcken propose carrying their invention into other _eountries , our readers will probably suspend their _opisjjons till they have a nearer view of this novel meeting _# f sky and water . —Mechanics ' _Mdgarfne ,
3gn ' Chltuw Attf Soi'tmutmt
_3 gn ' _cHltuw _attf Soi'tmUtmt
Field-Garden Operations. For Tlie Week C...
FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS . For tlie Week commencing Monday , Oct . HOlh , 1 S 43 . lExtractedfromaDiAnr of Actual Operations on five small farms on thc estates of the late Mrs . D . Gilbert , near Eastbourne , in Sussex ; and on several model farms on the estates ot tlie Earl of Dartmouth at Slaithwaite , in Yorkshire , published by -Mr . Nowell , of Farnley Tyas , near iluddcrslieid , in order to guide otlier possessore of field gardens , by showing them what labours ought to be undertaken on their own lands . The farms selected as models are—First . Two school farms at Willingdon and Eastdean , of
bve acres each , conducted by G . Cruttcnden and John Harris . Second . Two private farms , of five or six acres - . one worked by Jesse Piper , the other by John Dumbrell—the former at Eastdean , the latter at Jevington—all of them within a few miles of Lastbourne . Third . Au industrial school farm at _Slaithwaite . Fourth . Several private model fanns near the same place . The consecutive operations in these reports will enable the curious resder to compare the climate and agricultural value of the south with the no . th of England . The _Duut is-aided by "Notes and Observations" from the pen of Mr . Nowell , calculated for the time and season , which wc subjoin .
" Can you keep a pig t You will find a pig the best save-all that you can have abouta garden , and he will pay yon well for his keep . "— ' Plus Rev . R . W . Kyle ' s lecture . Note . —The school fartns are cultivated by boys , ivho in return for three hours' teaching in the morning give three hours of their labour in the afternoon for tlte master * -- benefit , whichrenders the schools selfsuppoiSTiXQ . We believe that at Famly Tyas sixseventlis of tile _prodvxo of the school farm will be assigned ta tlic boys , ynd one-seventh to the master who uiUl receive _l / ic usual school-fees , help the boys to _cultivute tlieir land , and teach than , in addition to reading , writing , die , to convert their produce into bacon , by attending to pig-keeping , which at Christmas may be divided , after , paxjiny rent and levy , amongst them in proportion to their services , and be made thus indirectly to reach their pareiits in a way tlie most grateful to their feelings . " ]
SUSSEX . _MoxnAT—Willingdon School . Wet weather , boys in school all day . Eastdean . School . Wet , boys cleaning up the cellar , assorting potatoes . 1 'iper . Sowing wheat . Dumbrell . Wet weather , digging up a lew potatoes ; Tuesday— Willingdon School . Wei weather , boys in school all day , Eastdean School , Wet day , boys in the afternoon plaiting straw to make themselves hats . Piper . Thrashing barley . Dumbrell . Digging up carrots , hoeing mangel _wurisel . _Wednesday — Willingdon School . Boys digging for wheat . Eastdean School . Boys digging for wheat , emptying pigstye tank , picking stones and haulm . Piper . Thrashing barley . Dumbrell . Digging up carrots , storing mangel wurzel . Thursday— Willingdon School . Boys digging for
wheat . Eastdean School . Boys digging up and storing potatoes , drawing drills , sowing wheat , and treading the ground . Piper . The same as yesterday , Dumbrell . Digging up carrots and potatoes . Fbiday—WiUingdon School . Boys digging lor wheat . Eastdean School . Boys pulling and storing swede turnips , and gathering up weeds . Piper . The same as before . Dumbrell . Digging up carrots aud potatoes , heifer carrying dung aud potatoes . Saturday— Willingdon School . Boys carrying solid and liquid manure to the wheat . Eastdean School Boys emptying portable pails , cleaning school room and pigstyes , and getting Sunday food for the cows . Piper . Winnowing barley . Dumbrell . Digging carrots and turnips , topping them , heifer carrying dung .
COW-EEEDIKG . Willingdon School . Cows feeding on white turnips , with a little barley straw . Dumbrell ' s . One cow fed three days with turnips , _potatoes , and straw , varied in tbe other three by giving cabbage or chaff . One cow aud heifer fed with turnips , carrot tops , and straw , occasionally omitting the carrot tops , aud giving potatoes . llEMAEK . — From this time until Hay-day all your cattle must be fed in the house or straw yard , upon good food , aud plenty of it , sueh as turnips , carrots , niuugel wurzel , and a little clean straw . Keserve your hay , jf you have any , for the calving kine .
DEEP v . SHALLOW DRAINAGE . I have attentively read Mr . Bennett ' s letter , and agree with most of his remarks ; but scarcely thiuk his diagram can represent the nature of your soil and subsoil , as you described the latter , in which the four-feet drains were placed at Woodford , to contain _clialk and flint in places , interchanging with thc clay . Your soil is satisfactorily proved to have been a pervious soil , not a gault , wliich I take to be a name implying indurated or impervious clays—clays which , in in situ , scarcely contain any water , and allow no water to descend into or pas ' s through them . Where such beds occur in thick unbroken strata , I agree with Mr . Bennett that it would probably be useless to lay drains many inches deeper than into the gault , since no subterranean water would have to be removed .
I will now proceed to explain my view oftlie eause of deep drains running after rain " earlier than shallower drains ia the same field ; but we must lirst clearly appreciate a much more important matter , viz ., how it happens that certain soils , like youvs , remain wet with thirty-inch drains , and become dry when more deeply drained . This is the first step in the iuquiry . We know yery well that all soils possess the faculty of absorbing and retaining water , though in proportions which vary with , and are dependent on their composition and texture . If a subsoil contain water
in excess over its power ot retention , there exists what may be termed free water * in the soil , and the level of this water—or the depth below the surface at which it can be kept—is determinable and determined by the depth of the drains . Let us suppose thirty inches to be the depth of the drains , tbe subsoil— - " _, c , the soil below thirty inches—may nevertheless be , aud we know that in retentive soils it _geueral-y is , overcharged with water—except in longcontinued hot weather . Thus the super or active soil , reposes , in reality , on a pillow of water thirty inches beneath the surface .
¦ now iii under these circumstances , whieh are the general conditions of clays and other retentive soils , the super-soil possess a powerful absorbing faculty , 1 imagine that so fast as the moisture is evaporated from the surface , fresh portions of water are continually drawn up by capillary attraction among the molecules ofthe soil , and by the roots of plants , which act as so many pumps , to replace that lost by evaporation . An injurious wetness is thus preserved in , and becomes the prevailing habit of the supersoil , so long as the force of capillary attraction equals er exceeds the evaporative force . But if we remove tne free water to a greater distance from the surface by deeper drains , we not only place this reservoir of aqueous supply further irom the surface ,
but put a greater bulk of earth iuto a condition to absorb during rain , more water than it contains very shortly after rain ; for we have laid dry ( so to speak ) a greater mass of soil , aud when raiu tails the soil is capable of imbibing and benefitting by it , which it could not do when already drunk or saturated with bottom water . By removing the permanent water level to a greater depth , say to four feet from the surface , we , in fact , vastly diminish the force of capillary attraction in respec . of the super and active soil ; for , although its agency is very powerful , the sphere of capillary action is limited as to the height to which it can cause water to be suspended ; aud its force diminishes very rapidly as . the distance increases between the surface of the soil and the bed of
water . A very simple experiment wonld illustrate and justify this explanation . Take four flower-pots or cylinders with open ends , of equal diameter , but varying in length respectively , as one , two , three , or four feet . Place one end of each pot vertically in a pan , and fill them all ' with similar soil ; then put water in the pans , and expose the surface of all the pots to the influence of the atmosphere . It will be found that much more water will be evaporated in thc same time , from tlie shorter than from the longer
pots , because more will be drawn up to the surface in a given time ; and if the supply be maintained in the pans , there will be very little change in the particular hygrometric condition of the masses of earth in each pot ; yet the quantity ot humidity contained in each , at a given depth below the surface , will be _foundto be widely different . The earth in the fortyeight inch pot will be moist at twelve inches deep , but not wet ; whereas that in the twelve-inch pot will be always supersaturated with water , and so on in the other pots in different degrees .
You have experienced m your seven-acre tlurty inch-deeppot thatthe soil was always too wet for healthy vegetation ; but now that you have lowered the level of the free water , the injurious wetness of the active soil has vanished . You have now a pot with a pan four feet deep , and when rain , however excessive , falls , your soil is in a condition to receive and transmit the whole of it downwards , and the plants will not be injured by rain in ordinary seasons , as provision is made for removing all excess as quickly as experience has shown to be necessary . Tne water runs over ihe pan through the drain 3 as soon as , or before , it becomes hurtful .
"When rain falls on soils in this condition , it first Saturates all the soil it encounters , as It would a piece of blotting paper ; it then goes on sinking _down-Jfards , by gravity , until the soil about the level of Ti « T _^ become 3 unable to retain more water _inennt flwpai excess over the retaining power of tne soil then passes into the drain—this is followed by other drops , and so on , the water which falls on the _^ surface continually following the escaping water —it must be , therefore , quite evident that your old tWineh drains would * cease to disehargl water wlZ th e _of ™ i ° . < be four-feet drainl , as the water passes b y them in its descent to the deeper drains . Aot a drop can linger at the level of the * Ihepresence Cf free water is ascertainable by digging ii hole , and seeing if any water flows into it . J Sa S
Field-Garden Operations. For Tlie Week C...
upper drains until the mass of soil existing between that and the level of the deeper drains be also surcharged , which may happen in certain soils under very heavy long-continued rains ; and this does sometimes happen . _^ I know several instances of drains twenty-seven inches deep having occasionally discharged a little _* ater , though the land was underdrained again and across , like yours , with four-feet drains . This arises from the opposition of the lower bod of unworked soil to the passage of water , which Aaiu _/ _s , as Mr . Bennett properly describes it , in that mass , and requires time for its complete disappearance . It is this obstruction to the horizontal _travelling of ' the Water from midway between a pair of drains , which causes the exhibition of water standing
in the soil beneath the crown of your ridges at a higher level than at the drain bottoms ; and nothing , perhaps , can more clearly demonstrate the superior efficacy of deep over shallow drainage , for clays and highly retentive soils , than that experiment , which has been corroborated by many similar ones . I could en _' arge on this point were it necessary , and show clearly why deep drains enable us to place them much wider apart than shallower drains , and yet retain , at all times , sufficient moisture in the soil , without excess at any time , even midway between the drains ; but this letter is already too long : I will only add , in confirmation of my view of thc force of capillary attraction in supplying the upper bed with moisture from below , that I was lately shown a piece of land by a tenant of Sir T . D . Acland ' s , in Devon ,
who had drained it three feet deep . Tliere were no springs iu it , and the state of moisture was the same midway between as over the drains ; yet , according to Mr . _Burdon _' s ( the tenant ) opinion , and I quite concurred with him , the whole field was too damp . Intermediatcdraiusdriven between theexistingdrains to the same depth , would _cfleet no good in this case ; no more water would be discharged from the field by increasing thc number of thrcc-fcet drains : the only , but a perfect cure would be effected by still deeper drainage , for the soil is evidently of a nature to conduct moisture upward from a very considerable depth by capillary attraction . There is no otlier force at work in such a case as I noiv cite , but capillary attraction , to cause the water to ascend ; and there are no other means of diminishing the quantity of suspended moisture , but by lowering thc level of the bottom water .
In concluding these remarks , I may observe , that the advocates and adopters of shallow drainage do not appear to me to _bs sufficiently aware of the fact , that it is the existence of free or bottom water too near the _surfacs whieh keeps the upper soil wet , not the superabundance of rain . A fanner occupying deeply-drained land will rarely , in my opinion , quarrel with the rain , if the season be an average one as respects temperature . It is true that he cannot command the temperature of the seasons , but lie may order excess of water off his fields , and render the bed of soil warmer by many degrees than it would otherwise be , by compelling thc rain to sink to a proper depth , and dittribute below the greater heat with whicli it is charged on the surface . Josiah Parkes .
Agricultural Inconsistencies. Prejudice ...
AGRICULTURAL INCONSISTENCIES . Prejudice and error generally go hand in hand : a man may be allowed to indulge in obstinacy for his own gratification , but when society is affected by it , the _sooifer a new light breaks in upon him the better . Ask nineteen farmers out of twenty who hold strong c ! aj 7 land , and they will tell you it is of no use placing deep four-feet drains in such soils—the water can't get in—a horse ' s foot-hole ( without an opening under it ) will hold water like a basin , and so on . Well , five minutes after , you tell the same farmers you propose digging a cellar , well-bricked , six or eight feet deep : what is their remark ? " 01 it's of no use your making an underground cellar in our soil , you can ' t keep the water out ! " Was there ever sueh an illustration of prejudice as this ? What Is a drain-pipe but a small cellar full of air ? Then , again , common sense tells us , you can't keep , a light
fluid under a heavy one . You might as well try to keep a cork under water as to keep air under water . " O ! but then our soil isn't porous . " If uot , how can it hold water so readily ? I am led to these observations by a strong controversy I am having with sonic Essex folks , who protest that I am mad or foolish for placing one-inch pipes , at four feet depth , in strong clays . It is in vain I refer to the numerous proofs _brought forward by Mr . Parkes , engineer to the Royal Agricultural Society , and confirmed by Air . Pusey . * They still dispute ifc . It is in vain I tell them I cannot keep the rain water out of socketed pipes twelve feet deep , that convey a spring to my farm-yard . Do _^ try and convince this huge class of doubters ; for it is of national importance . Four feet of good porous clay would afford a far better meal to some strong bean or other tap-roots than the usual six inches ; and a saving of £ 4 . to £ 5 per acre in drainage is no trifle .
Another glaring inconsistency is the subject of tillage . I proposed sub-soiling my heavy land for beans , so as tn admit thc action of frost and air abundantly . A demurrer was instantly raised by a farmer present . " O ! we always plough shallow for beans . " " Well , I know you do . Do you ever doublespit your gardens ? " " O 1 certainly we do . " " Do you ever grew beans in your garden ? " " To be sure ; capital ones . " " Wlntt f and that on doubicdug ground ! impossible , surely . " lt would puzzle a conjuror to tell why a farmer always digs his garden twenty inches , and ploughs his laud only live inches . Docks , thistles , couch , and other strong decp-rooted
weeds , aro not to be found in his garden . What reason can a farmer give for drilling his beans nt seven inches in his field and twenty-seven iu his garden ? Does the former mode give him a larger or earlier produce ? Again , a farmer will caution you against s . tting in a draught , or lying on a damp bed ; of course , he takes care not to do so lumself , but , while he practises this for himsel _f and ' recommends it to his friends , he pursues an entirely different plan with his cattle . They must be exposed to both , as if their sensations and physiology differed in that respect from our own 1 Let us keep our cattle warm , dry , and well fed , and we shall seldom feel the cramp in our pockets . I , J . _Meciiu
Address Of The Poor's Protecting Society To The Inhabitants Of Paislef, And Scotland Generally.
ADDRESS OF THE POOR'S PROTECTING SOCIETY TO THE INHABITANTS OF PAISLEf , AND SCOTLAND GENERALLY .
Fallow Townsmen*,—»Ve Again Taae Tlic Li...
Fallow Townsmen * , —» Ve again _taae tlic liberty oi addressing you on the question of the Poor ' s Law . The New Poor Law Bill for Scotland has passed tho legislature of the country with all its defective clauses . For this the people of Scotland are highly culpable : they have failed in their duty and the rich have prevailed . We do not hesitate to declare that the passing of this bill will prove a lasting stain on both Houses of Parliament . We are told that the _design of Government is the happiness of the governed , but what care the members of our present Douse of Commons for this groat _principle .
The New Poor Law Bill for Scotland—a measure deeplv affecting the interest of the poor of the whole country—was apparently to them unworthy of a passinc thought . Only a hundred or so took any interest inthe matter , a great majority of whom used their every endeavour to render the bill as defective as possible . It is painful to reflect how little the interest of the labouring poor is attended to . by the Government and the wealthier classes . Will nothing but the terrible outburst ofa starving people , smarting under the recollection of a thousand wrongs , awaken them to a just sense of duty ? Wc have no desire to answer this question in the negative . God forbid that such an event should ever take place in this country ; but if it should so happen , they can
have no excuse . We are living in one of thc hnest countries in the world ; the people are noted for their industry , frugality , and enterprise . Britain , during the last half century—notwithstanding her long and ruinous war with France , and the vast expenditure of her Government , amounting during that period to the enormous sum of three thousand four hundred millions sterling , in defiance of the insane policy of her rulers , of the many restrictions on commerce—has gradually increased in wealth . The annual produce of the people amounts to five hundred millions sterling . By the recent inventions and improvements in the arts and sciences , the produce of the people has been increased forty-fold . A very limited part of these , our ample resources ,
if properly applied by the Government , would be sufficient to banish vice and misery from our shores . But , alas ! while ourcountry has increased in wealth , poverty , disease , and death have increased amongst the people . Distinguished persons who have travelled over the principal parts of the world , inform us _ tli . it they had only to visit Ireland to witness the climax of human misery ; and that distinguished philanthropist , Dr . Allison , declares , in his excellent work on the management of the poor , that the people of Scotland are fast approaching to a similar condition , and can only be . saved from which by the establishment of a proper system of Poor ' s Laws . This serious truth must be apparent to all who have paid the smallest attention to the great suffering and destitution prevailing in thc large towns of Scotland . " Previous to the year 1815 , the number of fever patients taken into the Infirmary of Edinburgh never
exceeded 130 in the year ; during the three years following 1817 they amounted to 2715 , or 905 m the year ; after the failures in 1825 they amounted to 3520 , or 1173 in the year ; in the three years following the great failures in 1805 thev amounted to 9740 ; and during these t hree last years , 40 , 000 persons in the City of Glasgow , and 10 , 000 in the town of Dundee , were seized with fever , " being one sixth of thc inhabitants of these populous seats of commerce . Immediatel _y subsequent to the late extensive failures in Paisley , fever prevailed to such an extent that an extra Infirmary had tobe obtained , whicli was far from being adequate to contain the numerous persons afflicted with that fatal disease . Thus we observe each period of distress has been accompanied witli a great increase of fever , by whicli thousands of the poor have been consigned to the tomb , and the greater part of the survivors reduced to a state of irretrievable misery . The amount of fever during those periods was
Fallow Townsmen*,—»Ve Again Taae Tlic Li...
twelve times less in the lar _^ e towns of England than m those ot Scotland ; and were it not for the continual influx ofthe unfortunate people of Ireland , who have no legal claim to relief , fever would be scarcely known amongst them . Why is this ? England , during the last 2 * 50 years , has had the benefit of a proper administration of her Poor Laws . "A fever which consigns thousands'to the grave , " says Dr . llarty , "consi gns tens of thousands to a worse late , for lever spares the children and cuts off the parents , leaving the wretched _offspring to iill up the future males of prostitution , mendicancy , and crime . " llence the principal cause of wing after wing beiiig added to the jails of our country , in which ; ire crowded the unfortunate victims of poverty—the sons and
daughters Oi the poor . Our country _presents us with scenes of the most appalling destitution . It is long since the great b » dy of the people in the Lowlands of Scotland were ejected from the land , and the hardy and industrious sdhs and daughters of the North are now dviven in large masses from their native Highlaud homes . " Wo shudder , " says Dr . Allison , " at the savage answer , attributed to a Highland Chieitain , when asked what was to become of the numerous families whom he had ejected to make room for sheep walks ? ' Loch Duich is deep enough for them all . ' " Savage though ibis answer may appear , we conceive it an exclamation of mercy when compared with the sufferings , of the poor in many of our commercial districts . Thousands of the people have not
a bed to He on , nor a blanket to cover them : sleeping during the night with the clothes , or rather rags , which _covor their bodies during the day . _Persuus of eighty years of age are found stretched on boards , not having even the comfort of a bed of straw . The poor , after toiling the best oftheir days for the _benctit of their country , are left to depend for subsistence on the charity of the humane . On such precarious means they live but few years in a miserable condition , and sink into the grave from the effects of destitution . So great is the mortality amongst the poor of late years , that the demand for coffins " has increased live-fold . The poor's laws of Scotland arc truly a mockery of their misery . In 517 parishes no assessment is raised for the support of the poor , and
in 283 parishes the allowance given to the poor is only fourpence per week , and in a number of the parishes it is as low as one farthing ; yet , in the face of these incontrovertible facts , these laws are considered by the aristocracy of Scotland as the perfection of human wisdom . These men , brought up from infancy in the luxurious lap of affluence , basking throughout life iu tlie ' suusliiuo of prosperity , never deigning to cross the threshold of unfortunate poverty , are evidently reckless of the rights and interests ofthe poor ; yet , notwithstanding their indifference , they have a strong desire to be well thought of by the people . Tliey declare tbat the establishment of pour's laws would d y up the streams of public and private charity , and desiroy that spirit of independence existing in the minds of the people , by rendering tliem wholly _denendent on the wealthier classes during times of
great distress . These statements , tuough plausible at first sight , arc the very reverse of truth . Is it right tliat thc people should be allowed to continue in their present miserable condition , that the rich may have proper objects on wham to exercise their benevolence ? The want of a poor's law creates great misery , to the sight of which the rich become habituated , and therefore indifferent . Will the people be more debased to learn that during times of distress they have a right to be supported agreeably to the law—to learn that they are merely receiving hack a part of their own—than to know that it wholly depends on the casual whims of the wealthy donor , whether they shall live or die ? It is folly lo think so . The Now Poor Law has , with justice , been termed a landlord ' s bill ; without doubt , the _inlliieiice of these men has been used secretly as well as _upeiily to render it a dead letter to the people .
The salvation ofthe working classes most assuredly _reats with themselves , and « -e fondly hoped that they would have come forward generally at this time to stem this torrent of humuii misery—to cheek this system of wholesale murder of the labouring poor ; but in this we are sorry to say we have boon much disappointed . The resolutions adopted at ' your public meeting we immediately transmitted to leading men in all the principal towns and villages in thc country . Wc accompanied our letters at different periods with copies of your address , calling oil them to get up public meetings in sup ort of your resolutions ; but with the exceptions of Edinburgh , Glasgow , Aberdeen , Dundee , and a . few of the villages , the letters in our possession from a number of the
principal towns of Scotland , prove thatthe people are all but dead to this question so deeply affecting their _intcict-t . Even the people of Paisley have proven themselves very lukewarm on this question—Paisley , whose inhabitants have so recently emerged from a state of great suffering— Paisley , 1500 familie - of the inhabitants to which were proven before a committee of thc liouse of Commons , during tho late distress , to be without a blanket in thc dead of winter . Fcllow-townsmea , we feci pleasure to have it in our power to state that these periods of great distress have passed away , and wc would that wc had it in our power to state that they would _luvi-y return , but divet ' iil experience ever reminds us that they . have come , and it requires no spirit of prophecy to foretel that they will at no distant date return again . We , therefore , seriously call upon you to rouse from
your ' prcsent lethargy * , rest assured that the apathy now existing in the public mind is thc surest prop of slavery . You arc giving your oppressors every reason to hope that they have crushed the spirit of thc people , aud that they will therefore be able to trample on their rights with impunity . The wages of the labouring classes arc .-olo « over Scotland , that itis impossible for them to provide against poverty arising from want of employment , old age , infirmity , or disease ; and with our great improvements in machinery , aud the continual influx of the people of Ireland , in which country th-. ro are no less than two millions of people dependent for subsistence on voluntary _contributions , we may feel certain 7 there will ever be-such a _i-edundancj of hands in the market as will reduce the price of labour to thc lowest possible rate .
Let us therefore demand at the hand ef the Legislature that the poor shall not be allowed to starve in a laud of plenty—that ample provision shall be made for the labourer when he cannot lind employment to provide for liimself . By a blunder in the _neiv Poor-Law Bill , it cannot legally come into operation till August , 1840 ; we would therefore advise __ that a public meeting be convened to adopt resolutions recommending the people of Scotland to appoint a national deputation to wait on the Government and every member of Parliament , at the commencement of next session , and to remonstrate with them on the injustice of refusing to make provision in the Bill for the support of the unemployed able-bodied poor , and to recommend sueh improvements in the Bill as will render it beneficial to the people . A very small sum from each of the towns and villages would be sufficient to cover the expenses of the deputation , which , if properly backed by public opinion , could not fail to bo of lasting benefit to the poor of the
country . We are , fellow-townsmen , in the cause of suffering humanity , James Flemish , Prcses .. Duscvs Sinclair , Secretary . Rouekt Gard . nf _. ii , Treasurer .
Hawick.— The Public Footvatiis. — The Ad...
Hawick . — The Public Footvatiis . — The adjonrned public meeting of the inhabitants was held on Wednesday evening week in the Town * hall , called by the Committee on the Bye Paths , on their return from Jedburgh , where the patties ¦ were tried for opening the road through the Buccleuch property . The statement made to the meeting was to the followi _ng ' effect : —" That there were twelve panels ,
charged with tumultuous assembling , noting , malicious mischief , and breach of the peace . Advocate-Deputy Brown had been brought from Edinburgh to conduct the prosecution . This is of a very rare occurrence at the _tlierifl ' _s' Court , but it shows tho anxiety to secure a conviction , and he intimated to thc agent for thc prisoner the evening before that he would depart from the charge of malicious mischief , and accept the pica of guilty from seven of the prisoners , freeing the other five altogether , and recommend a fine to the court . This offer was communicated to the committee , who , after maturely considering the circumstances , agreed to it , and sent an express to Jedburgh to notify tlio same to _theiu agent . They also told all their witnesses that they
would not be required . About two o ' clock in the morning a messenger from Jedburgh brought the news that the prosecutors had increased their demands , and that , consequently , all the prisoners vfoukl have to go to trial . This was quickly intimated to those concerned , and conveyances hired to convey their witnesses to Jedburgh . At the meeting of the court thc same offer was made to the agent for the ucfence by tlie Advocate-Deputy , with this difference—that he would accept of a plea of _gui ty from five , and free the other seven altogether . This offer was agreed to , and the five were fined three pounds each , and bound over to keep the peace for six months under a penalty of ten pounds . The committee would not have agreed to this compromise , had they not been aware that several witnesses were ready to swear , though falsely , that they were put in bodily fear , which it appears made the
proceeding " riotous and tumultuous . " The meeting expressed their approval of the proccedingsof the committee by unanimously passing a vote of thanks to them , but they reprobated the conduct of the prosecutors , in no very measured terms , for the way they had conducted the prosecution—every means being taken to involve tlic committee in a ruinous expense , while the *; rogue money" was made available for all the expenses of the prosecutors . Tliey also resolved to continue the contest to the last , notwithstanding the desertion of the middle classes j and as they are now convinced that working men alone will have the burden to bear , they resolved to face it out manfully , and it they beoverpowercd , and crushed by the heavy purses of their aristocrat and miloorat opponents , the odium will rest on the town council and shopecwey , who have , basely betrayed and abandoned tbe rights of the public .
Hawick.— The Public Footvatiis. — The Ad...
THREATENED FAMINE IN IRELAND . The accounts of the patatoe crop iu Ireland are of 11 nature to excite the most serious apprehensions for the ensuing year . The alarm ,-wo ' lire told , is somewhat abated ; " still , under the most favourable circumstances , and _allowing for every . _exaggeration , there will lie a lamentable deficiency of the crop , which will be far under an average one . " A correspondent in thc county of Kildarcsays—There is no di ubt of the failure of the crop , and there is every reason to _«] . iprvhend a famine in consequence . The attention of most persons appears to be entirely _directed tu one poi . it—that of ascertaining how far any portion of the crop win be saved . Suppose the untainted portioii were secured from the destruction which threatens ii —would the vast population of this country be secured from watit approaching to famine ?—1 think not . The Cork Reporter of the Uth
says—Accounts continue to reach us of the deplorable state of the crop . The malady is increasing , and the district which was free -f esterd-iy is to-day visited with the pestilence . Kerry , ivhich was hitherto safe , is beginning to complain , and our Crookhaven correspondent , iiho last week informed us that all was right iu that district , now assures us that since he last wrote the potatoe murrain has made its appearance . Things begin to wear an alarming aspect . We think it full time for tlie Government to act . The accounts from Meath , from the neighbourhood of Dublin , from Tyrone , ltoscommon , Waterford , Kilkenny , and Carlow , Down and Armagh , are ail to the same eft ' ect . The vegetable pestilence , though not universal , and in some instances happily ascertained to have been exaggerated , is yet known to be spreading , ami tobe most destructive . The extent of the loss cannot be at present known . The first appearance bus often proved delusive .
The failure of this crop would now be a _onlaniily in any of the north-western _couutviesof Europe , far beyond what it would have been iu the last generation a greater calamity indeed that any could realize till they saw it fulfilled . Dut Ireland above all other countries is dependent on this crop , not only for well being , but for existence . England and Belgium , and other continental districts which share the disaster , have all many resources . The potato is only part of their labourers' diet . They liave manufactures , and commerce , and capital , to procure foreign supplies equal to their deficiency at home . They have large accumulations both of . money , and of stock ,
and food , which enable tliem to draw on their neighbours and on the future . The vast population is only provisioned for one year . Ofa food which no human ingenuity can preserve longer than oue year it raises just enough to last one year . That is the one string to its bow . . Reduce it by an inch or two and the bow is useless . There are tribes which live on the fish that visit their shores . The shoal changes its route , and they perish . There are tribes that live by the chase . The deer are exterminated , and so are their pursuers . There are those who live on the track of the _b-iai * and the elk . Tbe prey gets a day ' s too much start , and they die before _| they can come up . Such is the rude improvidence ot Ireland .
The peasant reckons not quite from day to day , but , what is not iiiuuli bitter , frota year io year . IU puts iuto the ground as much as 011 a narrow calculation will serve lor a twelvemonth . It falls short , and he must starve for a month or two . lie may be helped by his neighbours , but should all be iii the same case , how are all to be helped ? An Irish famine is one of the most dreadful calamities which could be imagined to interrupt the present flush ot British prosperity , and the more subi . tautial bles . siugs of a thirty yours' puace . The circumstances of the time threaten aggravations beyond the usual catalogue of horrors , lt may he said , indeed , that fortune and misfortune come equally amiss to a nation whieh rejoices in opportunities of evil , which chooses to consider itself always ou the eve ofa general war or a private rebellion ,
which ranks itself among the worst enemies of the empire , and which is never prepared to avail itself either of the mercies of Heaven or the kindness of man . But Ireland is just now , we fear it must be said , more than everunder the dominion ofa cruel and unprincipled faction , which has succeeded to the utmost of its unnalural _^ ambition iu alienating tlie affections and exasperating the jealousies ofthe two countries . Of all alienations , that between tlio poor aud the rich , between the helpless and tlieir natural benefactors , is fraught with the most immediate suffering and wrong . Sueh is the rclatiou which the inhuman industry of Mr . O'ConneU and his ecclesiastical legion have succeeded in establishing between destitute Ireland and wealthy England . It . answers , of course , their private purpose , which perhaps the most awful of famines might scarcely be said to disappoint _.
Iu the fii'st place , every Irishman is prepared to set down any visitation whatever to British ascendancy . Ashis _uvevageofuiisev' _-isa Saxon iutliction , much more its occasional excess . Then there is really some reason to fear that the demagogue and the priest will deliberately stand between English charity aud Celtic starvation , Every instinct of their fanaticism or tlieir conspiracy will urge them to misrepresent and calumniate the good intentions of England , so as to paralyze both the hand that should give and that whicli should receive . When the report of dying myriads thrills tlirough the unanimous and sympathetic hearts of England , the first impulses ol
an habitual _benevolincc will be instantly rewarded "ith the foulest of slanders , and , ou the other hand , tho perishing multitude , whom nature herself was teaching gratitude , will be instructed to see a worse death in the dole ot English bounty . To act otherwise would be an extent of humility , of tenderness , and of candour , which it is scarcely possible to expect from the case-hardened leaders of Irish agitation . It is only just possible to imagine that they may treat the instinctive overflowings of British charity with a respectful , because a necessary , silence for a time , only that they may husband their calumnies for a more fitting _occasion .
But it cannot be concealed that there are also circumstances too likely to chin the hand of the giver . Besides that it is not in liuimin nature , whatever it may be in grace , togive quite so freely to those who have all tlieir days reviled and traduced the giver , who have leagued and conspired against lriui , and otherwise injured lum to the very utmost extent of their humble abilities , there is also the disheartening remembrance of former bounties lavished in vain , It is not in reason to plough the barren sand , or to cultivate for ever the affections of a heart of stone . As a matter of calculation , the benefit has passed away . It is only a few years since that between £ 300 , 000 and . € 403 , 000 were freely gathered for the starving Irish peasant . Thousands contributed , not from their superfluity , but from their need . Does the Irish peasant _vewnsnibuvitt—and , _except Uv . \ t _Wxwnvt _« _. _•;<>& _fsam . present death , is he now the better \ Moreover , it has transpired how much that fund was abused - , how much went , iu effect , to the payment of rent , and to the
discharge of a landlord ' s obligations ; how much to _roadnialtiug and such matters ot private advantage . Then it must be added that the cry oftlie nation is for permanent improvement . People in secular affairs , at least , do not act so much from impulse as tVey did even twenty years since . The appeal for succour from the sister island may , perhaps , meet with as profound a sympathy , and as willing a hand , as of yore , but it is possible that prudence may interpose unseasonable delays . There may be even an inconvenient inquiry into the social condition of the country . Englishmen , with so many hazardous speculations , and so many positive duties in hand , may exercise even too much forethought for the present necessity . The best man becomes at last weary of helping those who will not help themselves , as also of und ettaUiiigforothers duties of which tliey are still too glad to be relieved . Should the nppealbe made to Parliamentary benevolence , we are sure that it will not be answered without sueh a concentration of the public ' gaze on the Irish landlord as it would be worth liis while to avert . The nation is
steadily fixing its eye upon him , and will not release lum from the most oppressing attentions till tis tenants become rather less of a public nuisance and a national scandal . It ivould be premature to suggest an immediate remedy till the extent of the disaster is kuown and reduced to calculation . To forbid exportation , as has been proposed , ivould be the surest way to prevent Ireland from ever having a stock in hand beyond her present needs . To remove the duties on all imported food , whatever its merits as a permanent measure , would be a very responsible act for a Minister , and even for a Legislature , il adopted only for the occasion . So abrupt an interference would not be very encouraging to that useful class which tills the ground and buys and sells for profit . Whatever is done , fov mercy ' s sake , let it be for good . —Times
Alarmiko Occurrence At St. Philip's Cnun...
Alarmiko Occurrence at St . Philip ' s _CnunOn , Stepney . —About half-past seven o ' clock on Sunday evening , during the performance of divine service at the new church at the back of the London Hospital , the congregation was thrown into a state of the utmost alarm by a sudden crash , which led to a supposition that the galleries were giving way . An instant rush was made to the doors , and such was the eagerness for escape that the railings of the stairs gave way , and several persons fell outward . This circumstance greatly added to the excitement which had been previously created , and the alarm was terrible . Several severe contusions were sustained , and two persons had to be removed to the London Hospital—one , whose name our reporter did not learn , suffering severely from the fright and
pressure , and the other from compound fracture of the thigh bone . Dr . Godfrey , of Mount-place , Whitechapel , was instantly in attendance , and recognised in the woman with the broken limb a poor creature named Potter , 76 years of age , upon whom he had operated five years previously for growth in the jawbone , of which he had to remove a portion . The age of the patient and the extent of the injury rendered her position very precarious . When the alarm subsided it was found , on inquiry , that the crash which led to the fearful rush was occasioned b y thc falling ofa heavy weight in the clock-case during one of the still and solemn pauses in thc ceremony : but the alarm in the first instance was such that few stopped to inquire , into the cause , as all were actuated by a desire to secure their personal safety .
Attempted Suicide . —On Friday night week , Mr . Coxhead , well known in the theatrical world , and who , it is said , has lost £ 15 , 000 in theatrical speculations , went into a hair-dresser ' s shop in Kennington , where , after he was shaved , he inflicted a dreadful gash across his throat . Surgical assistance was instantly provided , and as soon as the necessary remedies were applied the unfortunate gentleman was conveyed in a cab to his residence ina very hopeless state .
Alarmiko Occurrence At St. Philip's Cnun...
The DnuxKE . v Drawl and _Stabbix _©* at . Houx --si . ow Barback 8 .-Fi sjj , Examination , of Lieut . . _lvEitwA . _N-.-Satunlay being the day appointed for the j further examination of Lieutenant Martin _lu-anciss Kerwan , ofthe 4 th _regiment of Light Dragoons , sta- ¦ tionedat Hounslow Barracks , on the charge ot having , on the 28 th of September hist , stabbed with a sword _QAuu'tevmasterThomasTatleton , ofthe same regiment , whereby his life was for seme time in danger , the large room atthe Three Pigeon ' s Inn , New Brentford , in which the magistrates customarily hold their sittings , was , long before the hour appointed ( twelve o ' elotk ) , densely crowded by persons , anxious to witness the proceedings . Quartermaster Thomas Tarleton was then called forward , and took his
station in the witness-box . lie is a much taller and more poircrful man thim Lieutenant Kei wan , and although he looked rather p . _ile , he exhibited no weakness from thc effects of tlic injury , but stood all the time hc was giving his evidence ! Having been sworn , he deposed as follows : —1 am quartermaster of the 4 th Regiment of Light Dragoons now stationed at Hounslow Barracks . On the evening of Sunday the 28 th of September last , about ten . o ' clock , some of the officers were showing feats of strength in the anteroom of the mess-room . Amongst others , Lieutenant Kerwan , with Lieutenant Greville , of the 2 d Kegiment of Life Guards , were wrestling , and Lieutenant Kerwan was thrown twice , when Captain Fane came forward and put a stop to ifc .
Lieutenant Kerwan immediately addressed Captain Fane , and asked him why he interfered when he was not the senior officer of the regiment then present . Captain Fane almost immediately left the room , and directly afterwards Lieutenant Kerwan also left the room . 1 was standing with my back to the l re , when Major Parlby came to the door of thcantc-rooni and called ine out . When I went to him in thc passago he told me that Lieutenant Kerwan wanted t-a go into Captain Fane ' s room . I went to the front of the barracks , and there saw Lieutenant Kerwan with two other officers . I saw that Lieutenant Kerwan was exceedingly excited , and endeavoured to soothe him . After some little time Lieutenant Kerwan said he waa ordered to the euard-rooni and would eo
there . I tried to dissuade him , lie then ascended the stairs to go to his room to put his cap ou , and I accompanied him . When we went into the room I shut thc door , and when Lieutenant Kerwan had procured his cap , ho wanted to go out ofthe room and I prevented him , by shutting the door , and standing with my back to it . Lieutenant Kerwan then seized a sword wliich was hanging near fo where lie had taken the cap from , and after nourishing it about and threatening lie would cut me down if I did not allow him to pass , ho made a pass at me , which went under my left arm . Another sword wits hanging close within my reach on the door in a scabbard , lie said " There is another sword , defend yourself . " I reached out towards it , and had irot hold of the
scabbard , when I thought he wanted to pass between 111 c andthe door , andl threw myself back against the door , and then felt the blow which inflicted the wound . I immediately said , "You have stabbed mc , " and went towards the lire , and by thclightof ifc saw blood on my shirt . There was only a fire in the room . ( . [ then left the room , and meeting sonic persons told them to fetch the doctor , and then went to my own room . The doctor came almost immediately . From the exceeding kindness I Ii _. iyc on all occasions experienced from Lieutenant Kerwan since my promotion , 1 am perfectly confident that , had it not been for thc excited state in which Lieutenant Kerwan was at that moment , arising from the blows hc had received in the falls while wrestling , and the effects
of the wine he had drunk , he ivould not have done me of the wine he had drunk , he ivould not have done me an injury . And , on my oath , 1 am also convinced , that at the moment Lieutenant Kerwan did so , he entertained no malice or ill-will against me . 1 sent a message to that effect to Lieutenant Kerwan within half an hour after thc occurrence took place . The magistrates , after an absence of nearly an hour , returned into the petty session room , and having resumed their seats , thu chairman said the bench had giveti their anxious consideration to all the facts Ofthe case , and also to the able arguments ofthe learned counsel , and although they did not consider it necessary to send Lieutenant Kerwan to trial , or to
bind over Quartermaster Tarleton to prosecute , they felt ifc to be their duty to hold Lieutenant Kerwan in recognizances to appear at the next , or any otlier session ofthe Central Criminal Court , to answer any indictment that may be preferred against him . Thc bail that would be required would be thc same as on the last occasion , viz ., Lieutenant Kerwan in £ 500 , and two sureties in £ 2-50 each . Mr . Clarkson immediately tendered Charles Lionel iiaitland Kerwan ofDalgin Park , in the county of Mayo , Ireland , brothel'to the accused , and _ltielisrd Raven _Usq _., oi King ' s Bench-walk , Inner Temple , both of whom entered into the required recognizances . The Bench then declared Lieutenant Kerwan to te discharged .
Max Killed . —Fidelity of the Dog . —Yesterday morning , about halt-past four o ' clock , a labouring man , who had lately come from Edinburgh , where he had been working at the North British Hallway , unfortunately met with his death by the tailing ofa brick-kiln near to Port Eglington , Gorbals . " It appears that thc deceased , whose body is at present in the Gorbals police-office , had laid himself down to sleep near the kiln , where the accident occurred . He is a stout young man , ancl is dressed in moleskin jacket and trousers , with strong shoes and red thibct handkerchief . lie had with him a bundle containing wearing apparel , and 9 s . 9 d . in silver and copper . A remarkable incident connected with the above occurrence was the fideli ty and sagacity exhibited by a dog belonging to tho deceased . After the accident , by which the poor man was literally buried among the bricks , the faithful animal used every exertion to aid thc workman to extricate the body , and would not leave the _spotafterwaids until taken away by force . —Glasgow Chronicle .
Disgraceful Military Riot at Ciiam / _to . _"* . * Fair . —About nine o'clock 011 Tuesday night the visitors to Charlton lair were much annoyed and alarmed by the appearance of nearly 200 of the cadets , attired in various disguises , some armed with cudgels , who commenced attacking several persons indiscriminately . They were partially rcsisicd by a body of ropemakers and some few _othcis , who were , however , ' speedily put to flight , many of them taking shelter in thc Crown and Anchor booth , into which the cadets attempted to force an entrance , but being
foiled in this , they deliberately smashed the whole of the exterior illuminated devices . A body of the police endeavoured to arrest their progress , but without effeet , and they proceeded to damage and destroy several gingerbread and other stalls . A party of the artillery were scut for , which the rioters having ascertained , contrived very prudently to make their retreat before the military had arrived . About live years since a similar disturbance took place , from which period , ifc is understood , the cadets , until this occasion , have not been allowed to visit the
above ancient suburban fair . Destructive Fikk at _Svoeniiam- Ke . vt . —On Sunday niorning , about one o ' clock , a lire broke out in the coach-house of a gentleman named Flemming , of Perry-hill , Sydenham , Kent . No exertion was spared by the inhabitants to arrest the progress of destruction , and with the most wonderful expedition the London Establishment and the West of England engines , with several lircmen _, arrived , but no water could be procured 1 W use , and by two o ' clock thc premises and contents were consumed .
A True Teagedy . —The criminal chamber of thc Cour Royale of Algiers had , on the 2 d iustaut , to decide upon a case of double assassination from Spanish jealousy and vengeance . Emmanuel Carci _, a young Spaniard of noble birth , unfurled at Carthagena the standard of insurrection , at the head ofa squadron of cavalry . Unfortunately he and his band were vanquished and dispersed , and most of them compelled to expatriate themselves . Carci , having collected a iew thousand francs , fled to Algiers , whither he was lollowed by his mistress , Manuela Pastor , a
beautiful brunette of Madrid . With the _inconsideratencss of youth they lived in a style of splendour and luxury which soon exhausted resources that they had no means of replenishing , and they were reduced to distress . As an expedient Carci got up a Spanish theatre , he playing thc part of director and premier jeune homme with Manuela as his prima donna . The French were soon weary of the dulness of the Spanish stage , ; embarrassments ensued , Carci became melancholy and morose , awl _tlu-. _vlvtd _affeatiun . of Da-ma . Manuela faded into coldness . A certain Don Ximono .
a refugee captain also , became one ot the actors , and lived on terms of intimacy with Carci and Manuela . I'he latter , disgusted by thc treatment she received from Carci , transferred her attachment to Ximeno . Carci treated thc lady with so much severity that the magistrate was obliged to interpose his paternal authority to restore peace and eft ' ect reconciliation between tliem . Challenges were frequently interchanged and accepted between Carci and Ximeno , but the kind and judicious intervention of their mutual friends always prevented their crossing their swords . At length Manuela completely abandoned Carci , andlived in the closest intimacy withhisrival . This was two much for Carci to bear ; and seein ° _* them one evening in June walking together in the Place Royale , he hastened home , disguised himself in one of thc dresses of his theatre , and , going out again , overtook them under the arcade of the Rue
B .-ib-el-Oued . Stealing behind them , he first plunged a knife deep into the side of Ximeno , and then stabbed Manuela iii the breast . Inthe murderous act his disguise partly fell off , and lie was recognised , not only by his victims , but by others also . Ximeno ' s wound was deep , and he expired of it very shortly ; but that of Manuela was _sliclit and did not put her life in any danger . Carci , having more fear of the officers of Justice than ofthe wild Arabs , fled on foot to Oran , where he found a Spanish vessel , and prevailed upon its commander to carry him to Gibraltar . Being , however , without means of subsistence , he was , according tothe hard rules of the rock , refused an asylum upon it , and forced to seek another , but in what region is not known , ashis own country is closed against him . He therefore probably , remains ignorant that the tribunal of Algiers has , in default ofhis appearance to defend himself , passed sentence of death upon him .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Oct. 25, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns4_25101845/page/7/
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