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'{.Words are hat wind , —~~'-' Actions speak the mind." * What is to be done ibr the people, must he done hy the geop ie.'
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TO THE OLD GUARDS. Fr iesds asd Comrades...
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TOLffl, 10.682. MBIOH, SMH1DAI, Ml17. li...
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SOUTH LONDON CHARTIST HALL. The first me...
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OVERFLOWING MEETING AT THE JOHN STREET I...
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HUGH STOWELL ASJ> MR. FOX'S BILL FOR A S...
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FRAMEWORK-KNITTERS. For some timo past t...
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Liberty of Spkecfi i.v Scotland.—.Messrs...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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'{.Words Are Hat Wind , —~~'-' Actions Speak The Mind." * What Is To Be Done Ibr The People, Must He Done Hy The Geop Ie.'
' { . Words are hat wind , —~~' - ' Actions speak the mind . " * What is to be done ibr the people , must he done hy the geop ie . '
To The Old Guards. Fr Iesds Asd Comrades...
TO THE OLD GUARDS . Fr iesds asd Comrades , — The season is changing—the summer is _< 3 oming , and the mercury is _beginning to rise in the human thermometer . The whole _country is now one busy hire—all the _hees are _buzzfatr outside , and the drones are l > uz 2 ing in the House of Commons . Ministers base their « ower not more npon the disunion ofthe Peeljtes and the Protectionists , than upon the _distmion ofthe people ; a disunion which is now , I _reo-ret to think , becoming dail y stronger , but which however , I feel confident , will be
, . speedily dispelled , and for this reason—because the working classes now are thoughtful and reflective , and can onl y be enlisted for the _accomp lishment of their own objects , although for a time they may be artfull y disunited . 3 Iv friends , I have attended the meetings of _^ _jje _parliamentary and Financial Reform Conference on Tuesday and Wednesday , and I was happy to hear many of the speeches delivered there , because the energy and truthfulness ofthe speakers must lead the _Confer-^ _nce to understand that the Chartist part y . are not to be catered for b y mere clap-trap .
Mr . Fox , the member for Oldham—Lawrence Heyworth , the member for Derby—and Geoe ge Thompson , the member for the Tower Hamlets—advocated veritable _democratic and Chartist p rinci ples . The Rev . Mr . _'WoBKAli » Baptistminister ofBethnal-green—. an eloquent and engaging looking young man —unequivocally declared himself and the majority of the men in Bethnal-green—to be veritable Chartists . Alderman Schoiefield rand Mr . AlCOCK , delegates from Sheffield , stated that the men of Sheffield had been deceived by tfce Reform Bill , that they were Chartists , and were determined to remain so .
You may rest assured , Old Guards , that these announcements gave me no little pleasure , and the more especially as they were loudly cheered by a large majority of the Conference . Mr . Bcight stated , that it would be foolish and impolitic to contend for a more Democratic change than that sought by the Association , because , he said , it would alarm the timid . How , if another man had made
such an assertion he woald have been laughed at And why " ? because , if you propose to re-• duce thc franchise by ten shUIings , the timid , as a matter of course , would be alarmed , as they dread any chango , because they do not understand the meaning of it ; but are the brave and energetic toiling millions to remain in shackles and fetters , manufactured from the iuniditv of the idle and luxurious ? The
Reform Bill , Catholic Emancipation , ant ! Free Trade were long deferred npon the same foolish grounds ; whereas , if a modicum of any of those measures had been seasonabl y « _3 nceded , the timid might have resisted the frill growth of all for a longer period . The Catholics and the working classes-were then creditors , and satisfied to receive an instalment from the Government , who were their debtora : the Government , however , refused
the instalment , and the creditors looked for twenty shillings in the pound ; they sued for it , and they thought they had obtained it when they accomplished Emancipation and _Reform j bnt , alas J they were woefull y deceived , as neither Catholic or Protestant derived one particle of benefit from either Emancipation or Reform ; and upon this fact the Rev . Mr . _TTorrall , Alderman Scholeeield , and Mr . Alcock , truly based their argument .
Sir Joshua Walmslet , and others , showed —and I think satisfactorily—that the accomp lishment of their object would add at least -four millions to the present electoral body . 2 fow , such an augmentation would afford me no small p leasure—nay , delight ; while I feel convinced that , with even that-constituency and Triennial Parliaments , without the Payment of Members , you would have as corrupt , if not a more corrupt , Parliament than you have now—and I will tell you why : because von may rely npon it , that if feat increased
_constituency was bound to elect members for counties possessing £ 600 a year , and members for boroughs possessing £ 300 a year , and to hold office for three years , that those representatives—if not paid b y you for their honest labour—would take care dishonestly to pay themselves ; and , whatever the popular outcry mig ht be against their injustice , they wonld hold the purse-strings of the nation during the whole three years , and would then snap tlieir fingers at you when , within that time , tliey had nestled themselves in snug offices .
Old Guards , I think I hear some enthusiastic Reformer exclaim , " Ay , but the people would not let them . " Now , such was the very cry before the Reform Bill ; while the very first act ofthe Reform Ministry wasto destroy that strife and control which carried the Reform Bill ; and you may rest assured that , with Triennial Parliaments , no out-door power coald ever effect a dissolution until the time had expired , and that all the _butchering force of
me conntry would be put into operation to suppress any antagonism to a system which enriched the most fortunate . Upon the other hand , if yon had Payment of Members , * even _with Triennial Parliaments , I have that confidence in the sagacity and integrity of the working classess , to feel convinced that they would elect honest and upright representatives from their own order , who would never deceive them .
Old Guards , if the selection of any portion e the Charter was left to me , I would prefer Annual Parliaments and Payment of _Members to all the other points ; for , rely npon it , that noble lords , Government hacks , officials , admirals , generals , colonels , and men selling themselves for base lucre , will never consider _M one single princi ple except that of selfishness . Old Guards , while I fearlessly express those as my sentiments , nevertheless , as the new associati on has added "No _propertyqualificahon" to their little stock , I entertain a strong and fervent hope , that vour steadfastness to
jour own princi ples will induce them , erelong , tO adopt the WHOLE HOG , BRISTLES A _3 JD ALL . Jai nd , however , this must be done by argument and not by violence , as the voice of _sno _wiefl g _g j _j _^ _ouggp _jjjjyj _jj _, _gajinon _^ roan -terhaps I mi ght tickle your fancy better , and _Scure for myself more popularity , were I to create a regular flare up against this new _jaoTement- _. but as I see the advantage of allowing the jury class strictl y to understand the _ejects of the working class , and as I wish you to have the advantage of then ; meeting rooms , and as I wish them to have the advantage of Tour knowledge aud information , I shonld look
_upon myself as a hypocrite and a traitor , if I v eretothrowany , the slightest , obstaclein their _Va because when your trade gets bad , and _* _hen their taxes press npon themselves , and n t upon you , they'll go to bed Reformers and _^ Chartists . , - _^ 1 must now be off to the Conference , 1 _^ e not time to write more .
lour Faithful Friend and Advocate , Fear us _O'Coxxoit . _i _-s _* —I omitted to state that every Mem-„ ° f Parliament upon the platform—and th Were Humerous—tow invited to address 6 meeting , _w-jth the single exception of 1 , 7 ? O'Cosxor . I wish it , however , to _e distinctl y understood , that I fully acquit Sir i & fc _^ _WAL 5 IstEr » and the leading gentlenw tue Conference , of any desire to prevent . - from addressing that body , as I am credibly Wa < hat ihG ho 3 ti % to rae Proceeded " _* the Business Committee , to whom was _*?? mi _tted the power of deciding who was to _^^ ess the Conference . F . O'C .
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*¦ - ---. _ ¦ : - ¦ f t - fi ' 3- ' " ? f \ *' J \ ' -. it rr » AND NATIONAL _TBADES' JOURNAL .
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TOLffl , 10 . 682 . _MBIOH , SMH 1 DAI , Ml 17 . liiO . _^ . _SSSSSSi—
South London Chartist Hall. The First Me...
SOUTH LONDON CHARTIST HALL . The first meeting convened under the superintendance ofthe Provisional Committee of the National Charter Association , in this hall , was held on Monday evening , April 22 nd , and was more numerously attended than any meeting held on this side of the water for two years past . Mr . Patiissos was unanimously called to the chair , and said , that night they wonld not be called upon to support the Parliamentary Reformers , but to stand firml y by , and agitate for the People ' s Charter . He could not understand , for the life of him , if they expended " all their strength" in support of the Parliamentary and Financial Reformers , what use would it be " holding the Charter in view" when their energies were entirely exhausted .
The resolutions to be proposed partook both of a political and social character—they were open to discussion ; and should any one have objections to offer , or amendments to propose , let them come forward , and , as far as he ( the chairman ) was concerned , he would do his duty in getting them a full and fair hearing . ( Hear , hear . ) He had much pleasure in calling upou Mr . Q . W . M . Reynolds to move the first resolution . . Mr . Ketxolds , on rising , was greeted with prolonged cheering , and moved the following resolution : — " That ; as the life , liberty , and property of every individual is , or may be , affected by the laws of the land ia which he lives ; and as every person is bound to pay obedience -to the same ; and as no
man ls _^ or can be , actuaUy represented who has * not a vote in the election of a representative , can ,- ; not be said to be fairly _protectel by the laws he is bound to obey—this meeting is of opinion that every mau in this realm hath a natural and equal right to vote in the choice of a representative to parliament ; pledges itself not to give up agitating until the said right is granted to every man ( criminals , insane persons and infants only excepted ) , together with the remaining points of the People ' s Charter . This meeting is also of opinion , that any agitation which will not give to others the same rights they claim
for themselves , cannot be based on true and just principles—so that , while we refrain from factious opposition to any such agitation , we are , nevertheless , determined not to combine nor unite with any such party , conscientiously believing the same would end in disappointment and _dissatisfaction to the most needy , and most deserving of the working classes . " Mr . Reynolds said , it gave him great pleasure to move tbat resolution , as he was forthe "whole Charter , " and had but little sympathy for those who advocated anything short of tbat measure . ( Hear , hear . ) Mr . Reynolds here reiterated his determination to move an amendment in
the programme of the Parliamentary Reformers , at their Conference , which would commence to-morrow—namely , for registration , in lieu of _taxationwhich would , if adopted , bring them to Universal , or Manhood Suffrage . ( Cheers . ) lie intended , also , to add Payment of Members . He should do so , because be believed that any measure less than tbat embracing the six points of the Charter would prove injurious to the working classes . ( Cheers . ) [ At this moment Messrs . J . J . Bezer , Bryson , Martin , Snell , Young , and others of the liberated victims came on the platform , and were welcomed by hearty and prolonged cheering . ] Mr . Reynolds said , if any justification was required for the step he was about to take , they had it in the harsh treatment and the severity of the verdicts passed on
those men who had just been liberated from prison —( loud cheers)—and he ( Mr . Reynolds ) believed that if a less measure of Parliamentary Refoian was obtained , the middle classes would turn round upon the working classes and say— " This is a final measure , and if yon attempt any further agitation you will be prosecuted ; we shall be the jury , and will convict you . " ( Loud cheers . ) The working classes now toiled almost day and night for a bare subsistence , and were scarcely thanked for their labour , and they were not unfreouently called " a mere mob " of "the canaille , " beings without either rights or privileges . ( Hear , hear . ) At a recent meeting , at the National HaU , he had spoken of their social rights ; the Times bad seized upon his speech ,
evidently with a view to hold him up to scorn as a spoliator ; representing him as having a desire " to sell the estates of the rich , " when , he knew right well that he had said all changes must be . made b y Act of Parliament , and that as first steps under the Charter , he had recommended the Repeal of the Laws of Mortmain , Primogeniture , and Entail ; and that he had then said that parliament did now interfere with private property in the matter of railroads , quays , or wharves , granting compensation for the private lands and property it took for the benefit of the public , and * he hoped the time would come when a government , elected by the people , would hold all the lands for the benefit of the whole people . ( Tremendous cheering . ) There
could be nothing wrong in this , always providing that the present holders were duly compensated ; but if he or any one else were to advocate spoliation , he verily believed that he or they would be hissed from the platform . ( Loudeheers . ) He must confess tbat he held it to be a wrong and a robbery for one to have superfluities , whilst another lacked the positive necessaries of life , and more especially so when the possessor happened to be a useless , indolent aristocrat . ( Loud cheers . ) He maintained tbat preaching Socialism , as well as Chartism , was only acting in accordance with the dictates of Common Sense ; it would be worse than useless to occupy time and means in advocacy of the Charter , unless the Cbarter led to the adoption of social
rights . ( Hear , hear . ) Socialism meant finding employnent'for the unemployed , food for the hungry , and raiment for the naked . Socialism wns horrified at the gross immorality and the mass of prostitution that prevailed in our streets ; and the numerous suicides that took , place amongst those unfortunates , was a proof that such a mode cf life was unnatural and most abhorrent to them . Where was the wisdom or patriotism of Parliament , wben tbey looked on and saw gaunt famine prevail in Ireland—when they daily _witnessed scenes of wretchedness and misery which drove poor wretches to the poor-law bastile , and separated husbands from wives , and parents from their offspring ? ( Hear . ) Tet did these rulers call themselves Christians , whilst tbey violated the fundamental rules of Christianity . ( Hear , hear . ) And
here the genius of Socialism stepped in to perform its great mission of humanity ; andhe conceived that no man could be their friend , who would attempt to stay its progress . ( Loud cheers . ) "When they witnessed the enormous progress this princip le was making in France he was sure that they could come to no other conclusion than that Socialism was a compound of sublime facts . ( Loud cheering . ) Sure he was , did Socialism prevail , rags and wretchedness would be chased out of existence . ( Loud cheers . ) Mr . Reynolds next reviewed the origin and progress of _aristocracy , and asked was it wonderful that men so formed and trained , should be the deadly enemies of Chartism and Socialism , seeing that those measures would lay the axe to the root of their tyranniennd oppressive privileges I Then , he said , let them discuss the social subject , and when the Cbarter came—as come it
would—( tremendous cheering)—Socialism would be the leg itimate question . ( Hear , hear . ) The upper and middle classes appeared to dread the increasing intelligence of their working class brethren , and were apparently throwing a small modicum of reform by way of a sop to stay their progress . ( Hear , hear . ) Thc working classes had been deluded in 1832 , and again on the repeal of the Corn Laws . Hence , he said , stand staunch to principles , join tbe ranks of the _National Charter Association , remember that every one of the members of its Provisional Committee are the advocates of political- and social rights . ( Loud cheers . ) Support their efforts , and g ive vitality to the veritable National Charter Association ; be firm and true , and political rights and
social privileges must soon be theirs . Mr . Keynolds resumed his seat amidst rapturous applause . Mr . D . W . _Rufft , in seconding the resolution , a 3 kcd why he was thereto-night , seeing that he had retired from politics for some few years ? It was because the cries ot his suffering fellow-men were greater than he could bear . ( Hear , hear . ) They owed those brave fellows who had just emerged from the bastile , and now stood on the platform , a deep debt of gratitude—( loud cheers)—and which he thought they would hest repay by convincino them that they were more determined than ever to gain their rights and liberties . ( Loud cheers . ) Tfce resolution he held in his hand contained the
gems of great and glorious principles , principles which proved that when they came from their Creator tbey were free , and that the earth and its fruits belonged of right to all . ( Great cheering . ) He trusted that the working classes would not be frig htened at any bugbear their opponents might put forward . ( Hear , hear . ) Socialism meant co-operation , and when the working classes could appreciate its blessings , they would co-operative for themselves . ( Applause . ) "When the working man had his pittance doled out to him on Saturday nhjhts he had tt count it over and over again before he could tell how to spend it , so as to preserve an existence for the coming week , for himself , wife , and family . As regarded the sympathy of the middle classes , God help them ! he had seen enough
South London Chartist Hall. The First Me...
of that whilst performing the duties of Inspector of Weights and measures , for his district . ' ( Hear , hear . ) If they required veritable _svmpathy and support , they must look for . _it'amonist their own order , and look neither to middle . nor " upper class , but band themselves to gether , determinedly bent on obtaining their full ri ghts and privileges . In their agitation , let them remember that the comparative failure in France had resulted from the i g norance of her citizens of their social rights , which caused the provinces to act against the capital . Then let them make themselves acquainted with their social rights , and so long , as . they could use hand , tongue , or pen , let them never cease agitating until they were in full possession of political rights and social privileges . ( Great _eheerinff . V "
Mr . J . J . Bkzeii was now introduced by the chairman , and was greeted with great cheering . ' He said , he was a most grateful man , the Whigs had been very very kind to him , and he exhibited his gratitude-b y attending the _veryhrst Chartist meeting after his liberation . ( Laughter . ) His eighty-six weeks * confinement bad not reformed him , except it had changed his mind a little ; when he went to prison he thought his principles were right , but now he was sure they were . ( Cheers . ) A brother radical had met him coming to that meeting , and shook him cordially by the hand , and asked him did he mean to cause the meeting to laugh ? Ho hoped the meeting would remember that , although eighty-six weeks' incarceration had not broken his heart , yet he could not conceive , that . _Newgatels sombre walls _0
_wrert- _««* _tttgdT ; _oT 5 _nIivWhif spirits or make htm gayr- ( hear , hear)—more especially when he remembered . he had left their honest uncompromising friend ( John Shaw ) immured-within its walls , - He had heard , too , ( what should he , as a loyal man , call them , ) wicked speeches . He was not a learned man , although he had been called to the bar—( laughter)—and when there , his learned brother , her Majesty ' s Attorney-General , had said , pointing to him ( Mr . Bezer , ) " The prisoner has positively offered to sell Lord John Russell a pike—a pike , yes , gentlemen , a pike . " ( Roars of laughter , ) Ah . it was easy for them to laugh , but allow him to say it put all the old ladies in ceurt into a state of " Terroris extremis . " ( Increased laughter . ) Well , he had told them tbat he was not a learned man , but he had searched Johnson , Entick , and others , and
had there found that a pike was a fish , and of course by a parity of reasoning , a fish was a pike . ( Laughter . ) Well , as they all knew he was a Citymerchant , he dealt in fish , and , of course , merchant-like , wished to have the patronage of the first Minister of the Crown ; but instead of giving him ( Mr . Bezer ) an order for the pike , he hadgiven him an order for the " Stone Jug . ( Laughter and applause . ) When there , he had been visited by the magistrates ; one in particular said : — " Oh , you are Bezer—you are a fool—I don ' t pity you—you not only get yourself into trouble , but you endeavour to get others into trouble by your talk _» -ah , 'twas lucky for you that you did not attempt to march from Kennington Common , for I suppose you were there , or you would all have been annihilated , for I bad command of the bridges ; one did come roaring out , I am a _Chartist—brandishing his stick—I took it from him
and threw it into the water ; can I do any thing for you _(? " Tes , he wished to see his wife— "for what reason ? " Because he was a husband and father . ( Loud cheers . ) " Oh ! that ' s no reason . " Four times had this " Commander of Bridges" visited him and repeated the same tale ; but he hoped the meeting would not think the " Commander " was Mr . Alderman Farebrother . ( Loud laughter . ) He trusted he was addressing three parties merged into one ; viz ., Chartists , Socialists , and Republicans ; and he conceived that any one who attempted to create disunion was a rascal . He knew he was not speaking much to the resolution ; but since he had been out of prison he had not seen many papers , as he had been busily engaged looking after home and his family . ( Cheers . ) lie knew tbey were called queer names sometimes , but some how or other , they possessed natural affections notwithstanding , but he trusted for the future to make amends . Mr . Bezer then called for three
cheers for John Shaw , which were heartily given , and resumed his seat greatly applauded . Mr . Side said , he did not stand there to oppose the resolution ; be admired the Cbarter , and bad been a member of the National Union of the Working Classes , from whom some of them had sprung , The chairman had intimated that the Charter League was going for the little Charter , leaving the People ' s Charter in perspective ; but no one had ever said so . He and the Charter League contended , tbat Chartism would be facilitated by anything the Parliamentary Reformers might gain . ( Oh ! oh ! and laughter . ) He believed , that if the Parliamentarians gained what they were seeking that the
Charter would follow in six months . ( Oh ! oh ! Laughter , and derisive cheers . ) Why , those who were admitted to the franchise now must be ofthe poorer classes , as every person paying four shillings and sixpence per week rent now , could have the franchise if they liked . ( No , no . ) Working men mi ght even improve their sanitory condition , by taking £ 50 houses conjointly—each apartment of the clear value of £ 10—giving the vote . Again , that portion of the middle classes called shopkeepers , were interested in the working men getting better wages . ( Shouts of derisive cheers and laughter . ) Why , would not they have more money to spend with them ? ( Derisive cheers and laughter . )
Mr . Elliot said he had been opposed to theParliamentarians from fhe first , believing as he did that the middle classes lived entirely on what they wrung from the industrial class . ( Cheers . ) Hence he called on all to join the National Charter Association . Let those who produced all be firm , and stand together ; and , whilst they support tailors , shoemakers , printers , & c ., in their associations , still keep pushing onwards , and , depend upon it , home colonies would follow . ( Cheers . ) The resolution was then put , and carried unanimously .
Mr . Stallwood rose to move the second resolution as follows : — " That this meeting is of opinion that a government fully possesses tbe means to carry out the organisation of productive labour , not only so far as regards the production of property , but also to guarantee to the producers a fair share of such production ; and this meeting pledges itself not to lose sight of so important a question , but to agitate and discuss the same , so that in the event of a government being elected on thc principles of pure democracy , the question may bo fully understood , and speedily put into practice . " Mr . Stallwood said he was most happy to propose tbat resolution . The political one had preceded it , and was the " means ; " the one he now proposed was ™ social one , wliich was the " end . " His friend ( if
he would permit him lo call him so ) Mr . Side had said he had belonged to tbe National Union of the Working Classes . He ( Mr . Stallwood ) had also belonged to that body . This being so , Mr . Side had then been a political and social reformer , as the declaration of rights embodied in the rules of that defunct association would show ; and he ( Mr . Stallwood ) hoped Mr . Side would soon retrace his steps , and be again a social as well as a political reformer . ( Cheers . ) It seemed somewhat extraordinary to him how Mr . Side could have fallen into so many errors . He had told them that " any occupier of a house , ofthe clear yearly value of £ 10 , could have a vote if he liked . " Now , he ( Mr . Stallwood ) would like to possess a vote ; yet , although ho rented a house of the clear yearly value of £ 10 , hehad not , or
could not , under present circumstances , obtain the vote , —( bear , )—and his was by no means a singular case ; no person who resided either in Fulbam , Hammersmith , Kensington , or Chelsea , could have a vote , unless possessed of the county qualification . ( Hear , bear . ) Again Mr . Side had said , houses of £ 50 a year rent , could be taken conjointly , and each clear £ 10 _wou'd givo a vote . Now it was known that with thc exception of places let out as chambers , landlords would not let housos in the way described , but simply to individuals , and if the landlord resided on the premises , why his residence , as had been decided over and over again , damnified the _rinhts of all the lodgers . ( Hear , hear . ) Than Mr . Side had asserted thatthe middle class shopkeepers were interested in the workmen getting better wages , when it was a well known fact that the workman got as much as he rould for his labour , and the emplojer gave as little
as possible . ( Hear . ) Besides , did not common sense now sav to the workman—you bave worked long enough for others , co-operate , and divide the whole profits arising from labour amongst thc producers ? ( Cheering . ) Mr . Stallwood then gave a description of the reception of the working classes at a recent Parliamentary and Financial Reform dinner ; shewed the difference between the little and great Charter ; illustrated the progress of socialism as evinced in the progress of the tailors _, shoemakers ' , printers ' , etc ., etc ., co-operativo societies , nnd urged them onward in the good work . Mr . Stallwood resumed his seat amidst great applause . Mr . Milsb , in seconding thc resolution , said it contained the great and all-moving princi ple of socialreform —( hear , hear)—and he believed , if they once got a taste of the blessings of co-operation , it would make them better Chartists , as they would have the rote to protect it , ( Hear , hear . ) A gen-
South London Chartist Hall. The First Me...
_J _. r _™ . _^? ** halI » at a preceding meeting had said " The . Charter and something more . " What more ? _h *} PP _™ endedb y this time the gentleman comprehended Ihe something more meant social riehts . ( Lou cheers . ) Forei gn polities had been _depref _^ _-u ' j foreign politics had * taught him much ; ne had seen how matters stood in France from a want -pf the-k nowled ge of social rights , and he had determineu to do bis best to prevent such a catastrophe here . ( Loud cheers . ) The resolution was then put and carried unanimously .
. Messrs Bishop , _Bbniley , and other friends from the City locality , came forward and sung the _*« _Marseille , amidst r apturous applause , . A . vote of thanks was given by acclamation to the _Chairman ; three cheers were given for Ernest Jones , and the other victims how incarcerated ; three _o " _, _^ for the Charter , and our social rights . £ 1 bs . lOd . was collected at the doors as the meeting broke up , and we learn that a gentleman also presented 10 s . on the platform . . Thus peaceably , though joyousl y , ended _thefirst and most enthusiastic meeting convened by the Provisional Committe in South London .
Overflowing Meeting At The John Street I...
OVERFLOWING MEETING AT THE JOHN STREET INSTITUTION , ON BEHALF OF THE INCARCERATED POLITICAL VICTIMS , CONVENED BY THE PROVISIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE'NATIONAL _CHAR-^ _IffiR * ASSOCIATION . Tuesday evening , April 23 rd , having heen set apart for . the Victims , at an early hour the Hall was filled to _overflowing ; . Mr . J . Arnott was unanimously called to the chair , and briefly opened the proceedings by announcing that thirteen of their liberated-brethren , who had passed the fiery ordeal , were restored to
them , and now stood on that platform . ( Immense cheering . ) Hc would call on Mr . Huffy to move the following resolution : — " That this meeting is of opinion that imprisonment , or any other punishment , for the expression of political sentiments is a gross violation of jthat freedom of speech , which is one othe recognised rights of the people ; and this meet ing is further of belief , that it is the duty of the people to labour unceasingly for the liberation of their friends , and the abrogation of those unjust enactments under which they were imprisoned , with the view of preventing future outrages upon the right of public discussion . "
Mr . Ruffy said , they were there to-night to protest against a government illegally constituted . They were there to protest against the harshness with which their brethren had been treated . They were there to protest against the violation of justice tbat bad been committed ; and they were there to bear witness to the heroic virtues of their liberated brethren . ( Great cheering . ) He believed there was not a friend to ju 3 ice or freedom hut would agree to that resolution * Tbey met in tbat Hall , night after night , to discuss remedies , simply because they found their fellow men oppressed , and nearl y destitute ofthe requirements of life . ( Hear , hear . ) Last night he was informed that a gentleman was
lecturing in that Hall on arts and sciences , connected with what was termed the great exposition of in . _dustry for 1851 . He thought the greatest of all science , was the science of government . Now , could he have his way , be would have a space in the building set apart , and call it the Ark of Government ; in the centre of which he would have placed a certain little lady ( of course be did not mean the Queen of these realms , ) surrounded by all the tinsel and gew . gaw of the Court , and place over the head of the wax figure a large label , inscribed with the cost per day , which , summed up . makes per annum the gross total of £ 385 , 000 . True , he should he at some joss to describe the figure represented by the model .
Perhaps it would not be appropriate to designate it * ' chief creator or sinners . " , Immediately opposite , he would have the model of a prince , ( a foreign one of course . ) with his cost £ 30 , 000 per annum labelled conspicuously , and his designation should be " second chief , creator of sinners . " Facing these be would have placed a distressed needle woman , whose hard toil , was requited by 2 | d . per day . In another corner he would bave the bench of Bishops , with their crosiers , mitres , and lawn , inscribed witli " cost ten millions per annum . " ( Hear , hear . ) Facing these he would have placed some of the unfortunate creatures driven to prostitution , and over these he would have placed a label , " effect of State
Christianiiy . " ( Loud cheers . ) Again , facing these he would have a picture of contented workmen , following rational employment—wives and children in back grounds—with school rooms , pleasure grounds , libraries , & c , and , as a companion picture , he would have men , women and children , free from care , with pleasure and wisdom depicted in their countenances , happiness reigning in their bosoms , revelling on the green sward in their leisure hours . Over these he would have inscribed , " Socialism as it shall be under the glorious rule of the People ' s Charter . " ( Immense and long continued applause . ) It was now Eomethine like twenty years since he
commenced in the movement , and he had seen little or no real progress , and it was time that they _commerced to do something practical : this could only be effected by the discussion of tbeir social rights . ( Hear , hear . ) Social rights would bring the land back to those to whom it naturall y belonged , viz ., the whole people . ( Loud cheers . ) How came it that these men , who were just liberated , had been confined ? Simply , because they- attempted . to awaken the feeling of the people to a sense of their just rig hts . He had very great pleasure in submitting that resolution to their consideration . ( Loud cheers . )
Mr . T . Brown , in seconding the resolution said The principal purpose of their meeting to night was to memorialise the government for the release o ' tbose political prisoners still in confinement , and whose treatment was most scandalous , and which was a clear judication that the Chartists had not done tbeir duty . ( Hear . ) Some of those m * n recently liberated , had , for the cause , sacrificed home , friend _; , employment , etc ., and one or two of them were in that mest unenviable pesition of baving no home to go to , —( hear)—whilst from the long : absence of _busbands and fathers ,, some of the homes of others were reduced to be nearly as desolate as tbe gloomy ' cells from which they had
just emerged . ( Hear , hear . ) He thought it their duty not only to send one but many memorials . ( Hear , hear . ) He had heard expressions fall from noble lords much stronger than any for wbich Bezer and others had been convicted , which clearly proved it to be a party affair . ( Hear , hear . ) The men had been treated most harshl y in prison , and it was high time that they aroused themselves on behalf of their incarcerated suffering fellow men . ( Cheers . ) Be it remembered , that th . ose men were not virtually criminals , theirs were only political crimes , and insuch casts what were denominated as great crimes and misdemeanours to day , were extolled as great and . raost heroic virtues to-morrow . ( Loud cheers . )
The Chairman now introduced Mr . J . J . _Bezek , one of the liberated victims , who was greeted witli a most rapturous welcome . Ilo said : On the 28 th of July , 1848 , he was on the platform of the Milton-street Institution , but at the same date in 1849 , ho foundhimself in quite-a different place . And why ? because he had spoken freely , and he meant what he then said , ( Hear . ) He recollected one sentence he had uttered to the government reporters ; it was— " They were there , not because he feared the government , but because the government feared the uneducated costermonger , "—( great cheering )—and his saying had been verified , When brother Shaw got out he should have a tale to tell tliem . ( Three cheers was called for , and heartily given , for John Shaw . ) On tho occasion somo of
bis friends had advised him to go out of tho way , and ho had taken himself to Iligbgate ; only five persons knew where ho was , and one of them bad proved a Judas , by selling tho secret for sixtyp ieces of copper—yes , for five shillings . ( Hear , licrir . ) Well , he was arrested , tried , as it was called , and convicted , of course ; and what was ho charged with f Why , conspiring against Her Majesty , her crown , and dignity . " ( Laughter . ) Now , really , he had never mentioned the littlo lady ' s name ; but hc had told tho people , they—the producers of wealth—were respectable ; of course this was seditious—truth and sedition being synonimous terms . ( Loud cheers . ) Well , he was now out of prison , in mind and principle a wiser man than when he went in , —( cheers)—and to use a lady ' s _expressioW * Ho was aB well as could he
Overflowing Meeting At The John Street I...
expected , "—( _laughter)—and so ho ought to be , considering that in eighty-six weeks he had swallowed , upon a fair computatios' _^ three hogsheads of skilly . ( Laughter . ) Well , it appeared that _Popes _^ ran away , Kings had their whiskers shaved off , —( laughter)—and stand -, ye' firm , , for the poet has writt ' e / _i-r .., : ; :,, " Mijir | s ' * and Thrones from this world shall bo hurled , And peace arid Brotherhood through the universe prevail . " Brontkbrb O'Brien was next introduced ! amidst applause , and said , the'first thing be had to- do was to congratulate them on * having a baker ' s dojren of tbe liberated victims ipresent —( loud cheer _»)> -a _* nd it was a great _pleasuretoJtnow that they had eome out better men than they _^ _went in . It was pleas-! _£ _. ! . know that persecution and _imorisonment
had tailed in damping . their energies for the People ' s Charter . ( Cheers . ) Their friend Shaw , and their gallant young friend Ernest Jones , and the other martyrs , were imprisoned for their excess of virtue _. Free Traders had attended meetings—made speeches —and murder had ensued ; : but those men had not been treated as Ernest Jones was ; and why ? —becauso tbat patriot had been tried by a Whi " government , and middle class vampires . ( Cheers . } He ( Mr . O'Brien ) was a man who could see far Into the future . Their friend Bezer had told them that kings had had . their whiskers shaved off , and he prophesied tbeir heads would follow their whisk _iL-. _JJJ 9 _V _& _jcheoTH . ) , He thought-ihat violent gpeeches _;( rtlthou _^^ injure , riot : benefit , their cause . It . wasnot only
nceessary tha t the twelve hundred persons present should be up to the mark , but also the floating millions out of doors , and how to get at these men wa 9 a subject worthy of consideration . He would most respectfully and deferentially call the attention of Harney , Vernon , and their other friends , to the matter , with a view of finding a remedy . Oh ! he wished he could show them a letter from their friend Leyne in Paris , addressed to the Irishman , in which he asked his countrymen not to confine themselves to Universal Suffrage , but to direct their attention to their social rights . ( Cheers . ) And he wished he could induce his and their friend Harney to say what he meant by that " something more " than the Charter . The National Reform League had endeavoured to explain what it meant by social
rights . Its members had issued seven resolutions , which resolutions would be stereotyped in Mancb . es ter , Glasgow , and London . So mueh confidence did the friends of the Reform League place in the principles contained in those resolutions , that tbey had resolved , if possible , to get thirty millions of tbem distributed in Europe—( loud cheers)—fifteen millions of them on the continent . His wish was that those resolutions should be discussed as a means tc obtain social rights . He wished his and their friend Harney would lend his assistance in inducing his continental friends to translate and circulate the principles of those resolutions , p lacing thein in the bands of those who are now actively engaged preparing the mighty future . ( Great cheering . ) Anybody might make a profession of Chartism or
Republicanism . Even Louis Napoleon called himself a Republican ; and well he _mi-rht , seeing that the Republic bad given him six millions of vetes _^ - thoreby making him the first man ih Prance , whereas nature had made him the last . ( Laughter , and cheers . ) Mr . O'Brien concluded by making an eloquent appeal to the meeting to give liberally to the Victim Fund , seeing that tbe victims had sacrificed so' largely for them , and resumed his seat much applauded . Mr . W . J . Verxon said , he felt much pleasure in supporting that resolution , especially as he found himself—right and left—surrounded by those who had recently been liberated from prison . ( Hear . ) He contended that punishment should never be inflieted unless it had a tendency to prevent a recurrence of the crime for which it was inflicted . Well ,
just suppose that in 1848 they had attempted to overthrow tho government , tbe only punishment justice and wisdom would have inflicted , would havo been an attempt to convince the insurgents of the error of tlieir ways : but nothing of the sort had ever been attempted , but recurrence to brute force had been freely indulged in . ( Hear , hear . ) Mr . O'Brien had said , nil the men had come out better Chartists . Speaking from his own experience he said , they had all come out much more than Chartists , nnd this would ever be the case ; where brutality was practised it never could induce love , but must engender deep and deadly hate . ( Hear , hear . ) As the only piece of advice he wa 9 likely to offer Sir G . Grey ,
in a civil way , he said , try kindness , and if that failed give up tho point . ( Loud cheers . ) Mr . O'Brien had asked , what was meant by something more than the Charter ? and had commended seven resolutions issued by the Reform League . He ( Mr . Vernon ) bad not seen the seven resolutions , but would make it a point to do so , and-consider them minutely , and if he found them to contain a full measure of social rights , ho would do all in his power to circulate them and insure their adoption in practice . ( Cheers . ) "What he meant by something more wns , in plain terms , " that the producer of wealth should enjoy the full measure of such produce . " ( Loud cheers . )
The resolution was then put , and carried unanimously . Julian Harney , who , on coming forward was received with graat applause , said : lie should consider it out of place to say much on any other subject than the one pointedly before them , viz ., that of the _nicmorisl he was about to propose on behalf of their incarcerated brethren . ( llear . ) But , nevertheless , he would say , in reply to the observations of Mr . O'Brien , that his ( Mr . Harney ' s ) " somethingmore" included the seven excellent resolutions of Mr . O'Brien , nnd still something more . ( Great cheering . ) He then read the following memorial—To the Right Hon . Sir George Grey , Her JIajesty's Secretary of State , this Memorial , adopted at a Public M ecting , held at the Literary und Scientific Institution , John-street , _Fitzroy-squiire ,
Sheweth that the memorialists have experienced great satisfaction from the exercise ofthe Government ' s clemency in liberating ; from prison some of the persons who , in tbe year 1848 , were convicted of sedition , and other political offences . They deplore , luowover , that the Government has not extended the same humane consideration and mitigation of punishment to others , who still remain in penal confinement , in consequence of convictions on siniilm- charges . The memorialists , therefore , earnestly and respectfully entreat the Government , to enlarge the sphere of their mercy , and to restore to liberty _timest Charles Jones , Joseph J . J . Fussell , John Shaw , _I'eter Murray M'Douall , Francis Looney , " and the others now _sulTering imprisonment In various gaols in many parts of the kingdom , for the expression of their political opinions .
The memorialists beg leave to give the assurance that by restoring tliese men to their homes , the Government will secure to themselves the gratitude of their families and friends' the esteem ofthe humane , aud the approbation of the great body of the working classes . Signed on behalf of the niectinpr , John AitNorr , Clinirman _. A gentleman in tbe body of tbe meeting asked why the name of Mitchel was not included in the memorial ? Julian * Harney replied that the memorial was founded on the liberation of their friends on the platform , but he begged to say that they had not forgotten tho glorious patriot Mitchel , and ho and bis colleagues would at any time work with thoir Irish brethren to obtain the freedom of that heroic man , and tho other noble spirits who are suffering further devotion to long oppressed Ireland . ( Much applause . ) [ Press of matter compels the omission-of Mr . Harney ' s speech . ]
Mr . WM . TEB , CoorEn , on being announced , was greeted with a most cordial welcome . Ilo said ho thought thc best thing ho could do at that late hour was , simplv to second the resolution suid resume his seat . ( Loud cries of " No , no . " ) Well , then , he would say a few words . Their friend Unrney had alluded to their late and respected friend , llcury Hetherington , who sometimes eiitertaiuod thuiu with an anecdote of a farmer , who called his poultry together , to ask them what sauce they would like to be eaten with , at which they clapped tlieir wings , and cried " bravo , " with the exception ofa young cock , which Mr . Henry Hetherington called the Chartist cock , and he declined to be eaten at all . "Ah , " said the farmer , " that ' s not tlie question . " " Yes , " said tho cock , " that ' s tho vital question to me . " - ( Loud cheers . ) It was too often tho way
with the people—that they often cheered before they knew what they were cheering for . The people sought j ustice , whicli nil the privileged classes of tyranny could never entirely eradicate- from their minds . ( Loudeheers . ) He had often been amused by the cries of the party of" Order and lleligioii , " put forward to excite and prejudice thu minds of tho people against progression . First they had " The Church in Danger , " but this had becom e stale , and tho people would no longer rally to it . Tho second was ' . 'The Throne in Danger , " this had proved very powerful . Tho judge who had tried Thomas Muir , had said— " The English constitution was the best that ever was or ever would be established . However , thoy did uot think so . Well , another cry was _«< Familv , Property and Order ; " this was taken up in France , and was finding its way here . Family was quite right , everybody felt affection for the human family ; but he maintained , that nope J _iad a ,
Overflowing Meeting At The John Street I...
right _-tasurrouhd _thcnTSB- _% _« _bysucA _efrcufflBtanceS as would enable one-family to swallow up the blood and ' marrow of . other-families . Mr . Cooper hera quoted a paragraph . from-one of ; Mr , 'nJamea ' s novels—ah 6 wing ; tbattliere was but little difference between the kings of the earth nnd'thOse of merry Sherwood , except that the Robin Hoods were the best . This very apposite paragrap h elicited the most hearty applause . He did not think it'right , ia order to . kecp up family , that the Duke of Bedford should hold lands , given him for dubious services , by Henry VIII . which , by-the-by , Henry had no right to—propert y ih this case being robbery , and he no where found history relating any great talents the original Bedfords ever possessedi llearhear . )
, , This question of property might be very well , but o _Sll 8 how G <> d ' s handwriting for a single a «» e ? What waa property ? All _besidca land was the result oflnbonr , and , therefore , _Prosdhon wan n i ! _£ i rong when be 8 aid Property was theft . Ilehetd that Ihe Nazarine and his _discipJas were quite right in declaring ? ' That he who woald not work neither should he eat . " ( Great app _& _use . ) When he was asked what hc meant by " the Charter and something more / ' he distinctl y sai _& --he meant God ' s earth for God ' s cre atures—property for those ' who- produced * it I ( Great cheering , )* 1 % was cant and' humbug to tell the people they wer intelligent when they are not . Hc gloried hi Bronterre O'Brien telling them that much _required to be done in the- way of instruction . A belter '
_illustration of thacould not be-given than the know _, ledge , that a body of boot and shoemakers had been on the strike , keeping thoir men out of work fort lows' time , at a cost of £ 35 _& r and now they were obliged to go to their work worse men than wheu they left it . ( Hear hear . ) _Anodher body of the same trade was about to follow their example . Why waste capital and _Iabourtbus ? Why not . work for themselves , and have all the profits ? . Why , with the same amount of capital , the tailors had reseued a number of their fellows from poverty and wretchedness , and set an example to the world I Two branches of shoemakers had do _» e the same—* the needle women had followed suit , and the builders were meeting every night to see bow they could effect a similar qbjeet , ( Lond eheers . ) Mr . Germ _. i > Massky sai < l 1 , 800 \ years , ago tha
Christ of Nazareth preach « il Equality and Fraternity , but . tho Pharisees of that day shouted out , _" a . wayiwith '• Bi _^ - _^ rucify ; , . hiin _hien _ipdrant ' enbUgh' _^ at this day Ernest'Jones wa _» being tortured out o existence . This true poet of labour had thought , when Rome threw off her Pope , that Englishmenthe _decendnnts of Hampden and Milton—would have been prepared . He had hoped that the spirit of _Leonidas still prevailed , but misery and degradation had done their work ; the people in by-lanes and back alleys had fallen a-prey to priests , who preached of gods of wrath , and of-hells of torture as though tbey were the devil ' s own salamanders but the day would come when thrones and aristocracies would no longer hang as millstones about their necks . ; ( Loud cheers . )
The memorial was then put , and adopted by acclamation . Mr . Harxet , in moving a vote of thanks to the Chairman , passed a high eulogy to the memories pf Williams and Sharp , and made an eloquent appeal on behalf of the Williams and Sharp Widow and Orphans' Fund . The vote _oHhanks was carried by acclamation . Three cheers were then given for "Ernest Jones , " three for the " Charter and Social Bights , " three for thc candidature of " Eugene Sue , " and the meeting then quietly dispersed . Four pounds ten shillings were colleeted at the door , and several members enrolled in the Association .
Hugh Stowell Asj> Mr. Fox's Bill For A S...
HUGH STOWELL ASJ > MR . FOX'S BILL FOR A SYSTEM OF SECULAR _EDUCATION . TO TnE EDITOtt OF THK _KORTUERJf WAR .-Sir , —I am constrained to address this note to you in consequence of the disgraceful conduct of tne Stowell p arty at the Free Trade Hall on Tuesday ni ght , April the lGth . For five _dtiys the walls were placarded with an announcement that a . public meeting would be held in the above Halt to adopt a pelition against Mr . Fox ' s motion , calling on tho government to reject tliat motion : admittanoo J > '» _- ticket only . On seeing this , those opposed to Mr . StoweU ' s scriptural education , and hi favour of Mr . Fox ' s bill , commenced running for tickets . Before Saturday , at seven o clock , upwards often thousand tickets were distributed , and the ' Stowell party had not any left for the supply of the Sunday schools and churches . So says the Stowell party , we must alter this or we are done ; we must have another set struck off , alter the type a little , and sot up a cry that there are forged tickets abroad , as a
pretence to exclude all but our own party . The meeting was announced for seven o ' clock , but before half-past _aix the streets round the Free Trade Hall were so crammed that it was a difficult matter for the eoaches and other vehicles to pass , and the doors were opened long before the stated time . When the doors were opened out rushed a _numbar of police , —I should _sny there could not be less thai _, eight at every doorway , —wha commenced examin ing tho tickets ofthe parties as they went in so that thoy could pack the . meeting with their own sort ; and to a great many was put thc question , " are you favourable to our views or not ! " before they would admit them with any ticket , and this was to bo called a public meeting ofthe inhabitants of Manchester . . I . had a ticket of each sort , but they would not admit mo with one or the other , so you seethe rascality of the black slugs and their followers . I understand that the number- ; inside were
about six thousand : nnd when they came to the vote the numbers were so near equal that the chairman , Canon Stowell , stated it was a difficult matter to decide , although he gave it as his opinion that they had the majority . But there was also a great amount of cruelty displayed by the police of this eity . When the persons addressing tho meeting stated things which were not-true , with regard to Mr . J . Watts , M . de St . Ililarc , M . A ., and ether individuals , a number of men in the body of the Hall having sufficient courage to give vent to their feelings by shouting that the statement was false , were taken and beat by the police to such an extent , that blood poured down their faces in all direction- ? , and they were put out of the meeting . One respectable _youna man , named gcholefield , living in
Great Jackson-street , Hulme , was beat to such an extent that he had to be taken I ome in a cab . While tho Stowell party , assisted by the police , were perpetrating those perfidious and " unchristianliko acts inside the Hall , we were not wasting time outside , much to the credit of Mr . J . It . Cooper , of Bridge-street , ( who procured a large cart ) , Dr . Watts Dr . Story , and M . de St . Hilaire . Vie had two glorious meetings outside , not packed , hut meetings in the open air . One was held in St . Petcr ' s-square , and was addressed by Mr . Story , of Salford , Dr . Watts , and Mr . J . It . Cooper ; a petition was adopted in favour of Mr . Pox ' s motion , and cavried unanimously . There could not have been less than two or three thousand persons present at this meeting , and there was not the ieast opposition . Finding that there was a few thousand persons round the Free Trade Hall , we came tothe
conclusion of holding a second meeting in _Korthstreet and that part of Peter-street that surrounds thc Free Trade llall ; there could not have been less than seven thousand individuals present . The numbers wore so great that it was a difficulty for the speakers to make themselves beard at the more distant parts of the meeting . The _i-penkui's were Dr . Story , Dr . J . Watts , Mr . " J . K . Cooper , M . dc St . Ililaue , and a young man who had been carried out ofthe meeting in the Hall , whoso name I couid not catch . A similar petition to tbat at the other meeting , in favour of W . J . Fox ' s motiun , was adopted , which was endorsed , signed , and sent for presentation to the Ilouse of Commons . I enclose you the two tickets for your inspection , and I think you will say with mo that it was a most disgraceful affair , I . \ m , Sir ,. Manchester . Leigh Gleavk .
Framework-Knitters. For Some Timo Past T...
FRAMEWORK-KNITTERS . For some timo past the Framework-Knitters of Nottinghamshire , Derbyshire , and Leicestershire , have been organised for _' the protection of their labour , and , thanks to their union , thoy succeeded for a timo in y awing their wages , nnu putting an end to somo Of _the _' rascally practices of tbo " middle men . " Of late , tho maiiufnctuicrs have been doing their utmost to destroy their union , by forcing- tho men into strikes . At ' least 1 , 600 fr ames have been stopped iu the counties of Nottingham and Derby . This is in tho olovo branch alone , nnd at least 2 , 500
work-peo p le _sivo out of employment . On Monday last , a n _. cetiu ! , ' of four thousand peop le was held in Ihe Market-place , at Nottingham , m support of thoso on strike . We understand that some _' ofthe men are likely to be out collecting subscriptions , and we advise that tiny should be provided with books _, setting forth , on ofh ' cial terms , their authority to receive money . This _precaution is i _^ _eessa-- ) _-, to secure the trade against hems injured by the fnu ds of impostors It is to be hoped thai the trades , and working classes generally of the Midland . Couutie . _" , will givo their fraternal aid aud pecuniary support to their brethren— the sorely-used framework-knitter . '' .
Liberty Of Spkecfi I.V Scotland.—.Messrs...
Liberty of _Spkecfi i . v Scotland . — . Messrs ; Sleig h and Russell , . who were fined ut Edinburgh * _ , lately because tliey had thought fit to move an _amenti ; _«« * ¦ '• ment to a resolution put by the L'rd Provost _H _$$ f . : _- \ i ) H _ . meeting on ihe Afimi ' _iy Bill , have had a grand si _^ e _^ f _^ _- ' _i . ' given them , in which several notable persons Bp _* We > j _£ ir ; _Xagainst the existing laws which fetlirliberty of _sptj _^ _S _O _^ ' : ' _^ Messrs . _Sleijib aud Russell arc determined to ebwin ¥ - _- _* _'i all po _« sible r _»* dress by law . ' KM &! E _£ - The O p inion Publiqnc states that the _submapet & f % electric telegraph between Hover and Calais is tM _» a . | : s ¦ i : _-s opened to * tho public on the iib of May , tbe _iinnv _^ ihM , _^ . _sary of the proclamation of the French . RQ _MfeUQ _^^^; the Constituent _Asaembly , ' " •* % A
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), April 27, 1850, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns4_27041850/page/1/
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