On this page
- Departments (3)
- Adverts (9)
-
Text (10)
-
- a '"•" '. ; ; nvv ^ ^^im-i'p. .._,,......
-
ROTiL ADELAIDE GALLERY
-
THE NOKTHEBN STAR. SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 27,1845.
-
THE RIGHT WAT TO "RUIN" IRELAND POVERTY ...
-
*e**^^^*—s^^****»**^^mw—m—^^im* *i^mm*mm*^*mm*^^*^^^^~i^~^^ &o !tffl*e:csi & CoiTes-pOttltfnt!
-
To Agents, Subscribers, and Readers .—Fo...
-
Robem Walton, PaEsioir. —We thank him fo...
-
Who Wants a Wife?—A correspondent, who v...
-
TO TIIE MEMBERS OF TIIE CHARTIST COOPERA...
-
TheTWiia "Fokokus.—A. letter hat 1 been ...
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
-
-
Transcript
-
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
- A '"•" '. ; ; Nvv ^ ^^Im-I'P. .._,,......
- a '"• " ' . ; nvv _^ _^^ _im-i'p . .. __ ,,... _; ., _, ¦ _.. _^ .- _^ _—^ : ; .--- ¦ _¦— .. "September 27 , 1845 . 4 _________ _== _^_________ 7 _,.- _. ¦ :. ;> _...-T _. _'H-E _^ N : _0--RTfl"E-RWSTAR . ¦ __^ _^^^^^^^^^^ _^^^^^^^^ m _*** _BBm _^ _mtWU _^ H _^^ I _^ I _^^^^ I _^ _a _^^^^—~^~~—^—^ _—^^^— ' __ - _^ _- _ - __^ - _******** _-M _* _MMWWW _^ _WWM"i _*^**^^ ' _*^ ' _^ _^^^ _\^^ -- r -- — .. — - - . i -. —— . ¦ _1-... I-. — _.. . . .... ¦ 1 _"i i ' _¦'
Rotil Adelaide Gallery
ROTiL ADELAIDE GALLERY
Ad00411
SOVJBI . EHTEETAINMBNT . 11 TMOSPHERIC Railway daily , with explanatory A lecture The Sew Zealand Chief , Pahe a Range , ¦ _wnUgive a course of lectures on the Manners and Customs of New Zealand , on the evenings of Monday , Wei nesday and Friday next Mr . Russell continues to . deltT _« rhJsnne-n _^» aiectares on Character , on Tuesday , JChnwday , and Saturday evenings . Lectures on Science , Ac _^ daily _. includlngMajorBeniowsld _' sArUficialMemory , Seal ' s Eotatoiy Steam Engine , Kollman's Locomotive . Engine for ascending inclines on _RaSways . Every _^ rening a Grand Promenade Concert , supported By _first-& te talent , both vocal and instrumental .
Ad00412
COLOSSEUM . PAT RONISED and visited by her Most Gracious MAJESTY and his Royal Highness Prince LBERT . OPEN DAILY from Ten till Six . Proounced by the Press , and confirmed by every visitor the the most perfect triumph of Art in its various _ilrandies _, both b y Day and Hight , that has ever been achieved . Eqnal to six exhibitions . The Glyptotheca , containing works of the first artists ; Mont Blanc and Mountain Torrents , Superb Conservatories , Gothic Aviary , Classic Ruins and Fountains , Panorama , of _london , re-painted hy Mr . Parris , < L _* c . Admittance , 3 s . Children , half-price . The Stalactite Caverns , the most magnificent of aU the temples which nature has "built for hersdf in the regions of night , ls . extra .
Ad00413
WEST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE . MICHAELMAS SESSIONS . NOTICE is hereby Given , that the Michaelmas General Quarter Sessions of the Peace for tho _TVest Riding ofthe county of York , will be opened at _KNARESBOROTJGH , on Tuesday , the 14 th day of October next , at Ten o ' clock in the forenoon ; and by adjournment from thence will be holden at LEEDS , on Wednesday , the loth day ofthe same month of October , at Ten ofthe clock in the forenoon ; and also , by further Adjournment from thence , will be holden at _DONGASTEIt , on Monday , the 20 th day of the same month of October , at half-past Ten of the clock in the forenoon , when all Jurors , Suitors , Persons bound hy Recognisance , and others having business at tie said several Sessions , _arcre ( JUir £ 3 tO attend the Court on tlie several days , and at the several hours above mentioned .
Ad00414
Jast published , foriy-eight pages , neatly printed , and sewn in a ¦ strapper , price Oi ., RATIONALISM . —A Treatise for the Times ; respectfully addressed to the Communists of Great Britain By G . Jacob Hoitoake . _"The _Kstionai System , in spite of all opposition , has teen malting its way ever since it was first started by Eousseau and French philosophy . "—Douglas Jerrold ' s Shitting Magazine . London : Watson , 5 , _Paul' s-alley ; and all booksellers .
Ad00415
AMERICAN EMIGRATION OFFICE , 96 , _Vfaterloo-Toad , Liverpool . THE Subscribers continue to despatch firsi-class Packets to NEW YORK , BOSTON . QUEBEC , MONTREAL , PHILADELPHIA , NEW ORLEANS , and BT , JOHN'S , N . B . Ther are also Agents for the New line of If ew Tori Packets , comprising the following magnificent ships : —¦ Tons . To Sail . H < _JTtiSGt _:- £ a 1150 6 th September . Livebpool 1150 6 th October . Who have also , For New York St , Patrick 1150 tons . „ „ Republic 1100 „ „ „ Empire 1 * 200 „ „ „ Sheffield 1000 „ „ Boston Lama 1000 „ „ Philadelphia . " . Octavhis .... . _OOO „ „ New Orleans Geo . Stevens 800 „ „ „ Thos . H . Perkins ... 1000 „
Ad00416
lFiDFPFNDhMST ORDER OF UNITED BROTHERS ( LEICESTER UMTY ) . IMPORTANT TO WORKING MEN . SELF-1 NTEKEST being the first law of nature ( and through life we find this the one grand ruling principle—neither is it wrong , if not carried out to an improper extent ) , ia these days of incerfitade it behoves every man to bave a thought for the future—to make some provision for the time of sickness , want of employment , and such like contingencies to which man is liable . The various _societies fonnedfor this purpose are amongst the foremost , estahlishedby thephilanfliropist of eur day ; the greatest good has accrnedfrom them ; but the most prominent stands the various Secret Orders ; the principle on whieh they are hound gives them a superiority above all other similar institutions . Various are their
Ad00417
TO THE EMBARRASSED .-IMPORTANT . rpHBRE are thousands of persons who hare struggled X long against the force of misfortune , but few are aware that by a very recent Act all small traders owing debts not exceeding £ 200 , farmers , and all others owing to any amount , can be entirely raised from their difficulties at a small expense , and without imprisonment or bankruptcy , _au sueh , Hr . Weston begs will apply to him at Moira-chambers _, 17 , Ironmonger-Jane , Cheapside , by letter or personally . Persons summoned for smaU debts should apply imme . diately , as tliey may thereby save themselves from frequent and lengthened commitments to prison .
Ad00418
LESSONS IN MILLINERY AND DRESSMAKING . MADAM E GALLIOS , 44 , New Bond-street , continues her superior method of teaching the art of Dress Making . She undertakes to make persons of the smallest capacity proficient in Cutting , Fitting , and Executing , in the most finished style , in Six Lessons , for One Pound . Her superior method can be fiilly substantiated by references to pupils , and bas never been equalled by any competitor . a ? - " ? " Practice hours from eleven till four .
Ad00419
JUST PUBLISHED , In one volume , foolscap 8 vo ,, neat cloth , price _Ts . 6 d „ THE PUKGATORY OF SUICIDES ; A Prison Rhyme : in Ten Books : BY THOMAS COOPER THE CHARTIST . J . How , Publisher , 132 , Fleet-street . _Sf Orders from the Country to be sent through the Booksellers .
The Nokthebn Star. Saturday, September 27,1845.
THE NOKTHEBN STAR . SATURDAY , SEPTEMBER 27 , 1845 .
The Right Wat To "Ruin" Ireland Poverty ...
THE RIGHT WAT TO "RUIN" IRELAND POVERTY EXCHANGED FOR PLENTY , WHEN
lABOPR HAS PAIR PLAY . _Ow two former occasions we have enabled the readers ofthe Star to " journey" with the " Commissioner" of the Times office in his peregrinations through Ireland to " see with his own eyes " the real state of the Irish people , in their " homes" and on their lands ; and to inquire as to the causes that have rendered the working inhabitants of a peculiarly fertile country thc most miserably poor and debased in physical condition of any population known , either in savago or civilised life . We trust that _SUCll "J 0 M >
_neyings" have not been without profit : but that each one and all of those that ' peruse this journal knows something more of Ireland than he did—is able to divine somewhat of the causes which have reduced its producers to the " very coai-scst sort of diet "—and is also able to indicate the measures that must be adopted , both by rulers and the people tliemselves , to raise the Irish toilers to thc state and condition befitting MEN— -to say nothing of their deserts as laborious tillers of the soil , nor of their right , as such , to be the " FIRST partakers of the fruits !"
In former " _journeyings" we have seen the actual condition of a large portion ofthe people fully exposed . We have , with " oub commissioner , " been over the apologies for farms ; seen the rude mode of culture ; seen the effect of insecure tenure ; seen the tenant afraid to produce more than the rent and a meagre supply of potatoes for himself ; seen tho " middleman" watching the poor "holder" of the " bit of land" as a kite watches a sparrow , to know when he can screw the rent up , and thus increase his unholy gains ; we have seen how en . terprise ; is crushed — how industry is repressed —how every . inducement to " improve" is withheld ; we have entered the mud cabin , and seen the
" thokey" ( well-off ) fanner without other floor than the earth—not the ban earth , but earth covered with filth from the animals that necessity obliges him to shelter under the same roof with himself ; wehave seen him without furniture , with loose straw for a bed , and with no other food than potatoes eaten with pepper-and-water ; we have heard this same "thokcy " farmer declaring tliat " not a bitof bread have I eaten since I was born , ; " and " _vio never taste meat of any kind , " or bacon , unless a pig chances to die of some disorder , aud we cannot sell it : " we have seen and
heard of all this as THE RESULT of landlordism in one aspect ; as the result of thatsortof Landlordism which obtains at Glenties and in the Isle of Arran , where the Marquis of Convngham exactsthe highest rents his impoverished tenantry can be squeezed out of , while he spends his time in " yachting" and in declining all "trouble" and "business . " Wehave now to see the result of another " application of property "—that sort of application which recognises and acts on , the principle that " property has its DUTIES as well as its rights . "
For this purpose we must again accompany " our Commissioner . " We last left him at the Isle of Arran , on the Marquis of Contsgham ' s " estate , " where the "thokey" farmer lived , who "had never lasted bread since he was born : " we must now go with him to Gweedore , a place in the immediate neighbourhood of Glenties , where he found such utter destitution and abject misery aa we formerly described . Both places , Glenties and Gweedore , are in the county of Donegal . We have now to see what Gweedore was ; what it now is ; and what has wbought the _TTONDEBFGi change now observable . " Oce Commissioner" commences his " report" as follows : —
In my last letter I endeavoured to describe the Wretched and depressed condition ofthe people in the districtfrom Glenties to this place , and their utter ignorance of ths comforts and almost ofthe decencies of life , and attempted to show these facts to be attributable to the manner in which they are left utterly neglected , to the absence of everything like example , and to the system of extracting from them , in the shape of rent , every morsel beyond mere subsistence , which their rude cultivation can obtain from theland . To-day I intend describing to you what was and what is now the condition of thepeople ofthe district from which I write .
My object in doing this is to attempt to prove , by these patent examples , that the evils which have afflicted this partof Ireland , at least , and which still continue to depress portions ofthis county , are purely social ; and that when a _joeiol remedy has heen applied those evils have vanished That I may avoid even the suspicion of prejudice in laying bare a subject so painful , let me quote the opinion ofMr . NicholIs , the Poor Law Commissioner , as to the general condition of the Irish peasantry , and also as to their condition in the county of Donegal . That gentleman in his first report to Lord John Russell , in 1836 , says : —
"Duringmy progress through the country , H was impossible not to notice the depression of feeling , morally and personally , ofthe Irish peasantry , and this to an extent which a stranger could not witness without very painful emotions . It shows itself in their mode of living , iu their habitations , in their dress , in thc dress oftheir children , and in their general economy and conduct . They seem to feel no pride , no emulation ; to be heedless of the present , and reckless of the future . They do not ( speaking of the peasantry as a whole ) strive to improve their appearance , or add to their comforts . Their cabins still continue slovenly , smoky , filthy , almost without furniture , or any article of convenience or decency . On entering a cottage the woman and children are often seen
seated on the floor , surrounded hy pigs and poultry , m the midst of filth—the man lounging at the door , to approach which it is necessary to wade through mud ; yet he is too indolent to make a dry approach to his dwelling , although there are materials fit for the purpose close at hand ; his wife is too slatternly to sweep the place in which they live , or remove the dirt and offal , however offensive , from tbe floor , If you point out these circumstances to the peasantry themselves , and endeavour to reason with and show them how easily they might improve their condition and increase their comforts , you are invariably met
¦ svith excuses as to their poverty . Are a woman and her children , and her cabin filthy—whilst a stream of water runs gurgling at the very door!— -the answer invariably is , — 'Sure , how can we help it ? we are so poor ! ' With the man it is the same ; you find him idly bashing in the sun or seated by the fire , whilst his cabin is surrounded by mud , and scarcely approachable from the accumulation of every kind of filth ; and he , too , will exclaim . * Sure , how can we help it ? we are so poor 1 ' Whilst , at _theverysametime , heis smoking tobacco , and has probably not denied himself the enjoyment of whisky . "
Such was the description of their condition in 1836 , and I am assured by gentlemen , and by the Roman Catholic priests in this neighbourhood , that that description was literally accurate . Inthe year 1838 * lord G . A . Hill purchased several small properties in this neighbourhood , which , in the aggregate , amounted to upwards of 23 , 000 acres . This large estate borders on the north-west coast or corner of Ireland , and through it runs a small river , the Gweedore , which empties itself into the sea , and which can be entered at its mouth by vessels of 200 tons burden . The neighbourhood abounds with wild and magnificent mountain scenery ; and at . the period in question , though ' tiickly' peopled in patches , was almost wholly _uncultivated , Tast tracts of land capable of improvement and
The Right Wat To "Ruin" Ireland Poverty ...
profitable cultivation were mere bog wastes like many other portions of this county ,. Iu 1837 Patrick M'Kye , the schoolmaster ofthe district , memorialized the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland in the folio wing terms : — "That the parishioners ofthis parish of West Tallaghabegley , inthe barony of Kilmacrennan , and county of Donegal , ABE IN XHB MOST HEEDT , _nUNOat , ASD _NAasn CONDITION OF ANT PEOPLE THAT EVBB CAME WITHIN THE pbecincts of Mr KNOWLEDGE , although 1 have travelled Ja part of nine counties in Ireland , also a part of England and Scotland , together with a part of British America ; I have likewise perambulated 2 , 253 miles through seven of the United States , and never witnessed the tenth part of such hunger , hardships , and nakedness . "
This schoolmaster then proceeds to describe tbe whole stock and furniture of the population , which by the census of 18 il was 9 , 049 . They had among them but one cart and One plough , twenty shovels , thirty-two rakes , two ftatlier beds , _axxd eight chaff beds . They had no clocks ; there was not a looking-glass in the whole parish abovc 3 d . in price ; they had no garden vegetables ov fruits of any kind but potatoes and cabbage . He goes on to say , — " None oftheir married or unmarried women can afford more than one shift , aud some cannot afford any ; more than one half of both men and women cannot afford shoes to their feet , nor can many of them afford a second bed , out whoU families of sons and daughters of mature age _indiserimtnatdy lie together xvith their parents . " They have no means of harrowing their land but with meadow rakes . Their farms are so small that from four to ten farms can be harrowed in a day with one rake .
" Their beds are straw , green and dried rushes , or mountainbent ; their bedclothes are either coarse sheets , or no sheets , and ragged filthy blankets ; and worse than all I have mentioned , thereis a general prospect of starvation . " He says , further on : — " If any gentleman is sent to investigate this , I will go with him from house to house , where his eyes Willfully satisfy and convince him , and where I can show aim « iout 140 cftiWren bare naked , who _web-s so nuniNO whites , and some hundreds only covered with filthy rags most disgusting to look at . Also men and beast housed together , i . e ., the families in one end ofthe house , and the cattle in the other end of the kitchen . " Some houses have within their walls from lewt . to oOcwt . of dung ; others having from 10 to 15 tons weight of dung , and only cleanedoutonce a-year . ' "
The effect ofthis memorial , which appeared m some of the English newspapers , was to cause a largo collection of money in England , which was distributed amongst these people . In fact , " famine was periodical among them , with fever as its attendant , and wretchedness pervaded the district . " "Such a lamentable condition of a people , " says Lord George Hill , in a short account which he has published regarding this part of Donegal , under the title of Facts from Gweedore , "is scarcely' in fairness , to be attributed to individual neglect or apathy . It is rather the result of a system which for ages has held its sway , and which no proprietor could grapple with or _OhViatCUnleSS llO _WOB prepared , resolutely , patiently , and expensively , to introduce and wor _*; out a counter system . " But itwas _tecause no individuals were found to do this that the system continued . "
The rents were very small . Amongst eighty tenants on one ofthe properties purchased by this nobleman 10 s . was the highest rent paid , and almost all the rents were in arrear and had to be collected in trifling payments at fairs . The land was held in rundale , the nature of which I have before described to you ; and in some instances a tenant holding but this small portion of land had his proportion in thirty or'forty different places ; and these proportions were often so small , that not more than half a stone of oats would be required to sowthem . There were no fences between these small patches of land , belonging to different tenants , and "fights , trespasses , confusion , disputes , assaults , and litigation , were the natural and unavoidable consequences of this system . " Their horses and cows , such as they had . were- often held in the same way ; andl willquote an amusing instance of this from the work I have already named : —
In an adjacent island ; belonging to this estate , three men were concerned in one horse ; hut the poor brute was rendered Useless , as the unfortunate foot of the supernumerary leg remained unshod , none of them being willing to acknewledgeits dependency , and accordingly it became quite lame . There were many intestine rows on the subject ; at length one of the * company' came to the mainland and called on a magistrate for advice , stating that the animal was entirely useless now ; that he had not oidy kept up , decently , his proper hoof , at his own expense , but had shed this fourth foot twice to boot ; yet the other two proprietors resolutely refused to shoe more than Gieir own foot . "
Tliere was no mn , no road , and no market wiihn a dozen miles . The people , therefore , could not sell their produce , if disposed to do so , for its value , and their only alternative was to distil their grain into whisky . Their corn thus became consumed before their new potatoes came in , and annuaUy they were on the verge of starvation , and compelled to _sbtain meal on credit from extor . tioners at exorbitant prices . This was the state of the people in the district of Gweedore—a state as miserable and thoroughly debased is it possible to conceive ? Even thc condition of tho misery-steeped tenantry of the pleasure-loving " business-evading" Marquis of Coxynoham was not more degraded . It was " as bad as bad can be . "
Absentee landlordism ; middlemen rack-renting ; screwing the last potatoe from the miserable tiller of the soil , to minister to the pleasures of the spendthrift at Vienna or Rome , * all these things had done their _tvork—and made the district as poor as it was possible to be , without actual famine existing . Such was the condition of this district in 1837 , where , amongst 9 , 000 of a population , they " had but one cart , ose plough , thirty-two rakes , two feather beds , and eight chaff-beds , _* " or ten beds for the whole 9 , 000 ! Such was the condition of the people ofthis district , where the three " proprietors" of a pWunfortunate brute could not afford to have the fourth leg shod : Bueh was the condition of this district : let
us now see ivhat it is : — This was the condition of the estate , and of the people when Lord George Hill purchased it in 1837 . That nobleman determined upon reclaiming it , and , if possible , to put the people in a better way . The people here are for the most par t the aboriginal Irish , and speak the Erse language . Lord George Hill learned their language , mixed among them , and taught them hy example to do what he told them . _Ngftr the mouth of the river he built a corn store to receive all their produce , if they wished to sell it , To meet their numerous wants , and to save them from extortion , 'be built a shop at the stow ; and tlie
people , having sold their corn at one side can obtain at the other any article of crockery , grocery , saddlery , ironmongery , timber , iron , ropes , meal , leather , woollen goods , or useful medicines , which they may require , at the market prices of Londonderry . Tins is the only market for their goods , and the only shop at which they can purchase anything for twenty miles round . A dispensary teas also built , and a sessions-house erected / A quay _WSS made for vessels to unload at the store , and a corn-mill erected . Then ' followed a school , in which I yesterday saw some thirty as neatly dressed and clean-looking children as can be seen in England .
The laud op THE TENANTS WAS _SftUARED INTO _10-ACRE _fakkb , and they were required eaeh to build his house on his farm . Ik this TnEr were assisted . Premiums were offered for the neatest and cleanest cottages ; for the hest crop of turnips ; for the greatest quantity of land brought into cultivation ; for the best drained farm ; for the beat fences ; for the best made stockings , and so on . ltoads were made ; an inn has been built , which rivals iu comfort an English hotel , and large tracts of the bog moor have been brought into cultivation . That is the present condition , of the very district where so much of abject misery and utter prostration of mind and body was exhibited in 1837 . Wliat . a change ! It behoves us to find out how it has been brought about . What spell has been worked ? What causes have been brought into operation , to work such a wonderful reverse , in so short a timo ? Listen : —
I date my letter ftom the centre of the hills in the north of Donegal , where , ten years ago , there was not a road , —where scarcely anything but bogs , and heather , and rocks , were to be seen for miles , —where the people held the land in rundale , and did as they liked , —paid no rent , and lived on potatoes and the produce of illicit distillation . I write from the centre of au estate where the subdivision of farms had gone on to such an extent , that about seven years agoitwas sold to its present owner , Lord George Hill , on the advice of the then agent of the late owner , whe was my informant as to this fact , because the rents were so small and numerous , and difficult to collect , that they were not worth the expense and trouble
of collecting , ret I now write from an inn as comfortable as any in England , —comforts the value of which you learn doubly to appreciate from the miseries you endure before you arrive here from Donegal , should you be compelled to stop a night on the road . Luxuriant crops surround the inn ; industry and cleanliness begin to mark the people ; each man has his own squared farm and a decent cottage , and there are good roads . AU this is to be attributed tothe public spirit and liberality , and to the individual and personal _exertions of the present noble oxvner and his able agent . In fact , A goo » _hAHMOBD has effected all this social improvement , and has made glad this " wilderness and solitary place . "
" A pood landlord \ " What a strange sound the words have ! " a good landlord : " dwell on the words again ; and again linger on them , while the imagination tries to figure to itself the sort of being that" a ood landlord" can possibly be . When' " oub commissioner" was at Glenties and on the Iriand of Arran , he told us that the " owner " the Marquis of Cohykobam , " was a pood , easy sort of person ; fond of yachting ; but with a total aversion to trouble or business : " but the condition of hie tenantry , screwed down to the worst of potatoes and _pepper-watev , and too littleeven of them , told that though hemighthe " a good sort of man" he was far from being "» good landlord . " But here we hare a good man . showing
The Right Wat To "Ruin" Ireland Poverty ...
himself to be " a good landlord" by his acts—by his persevering endeavours to discharge the DUTIES which devolved on him as "owner" of the property which conferred the right to call it bis " own " And we are here told the nature of the compact by virtue of which " private property in land" is recognised . No man can hold absolutely . The estate he calls his " own" has not been conferred on him by " patent from on high , " nor even by human law or institute , t * do with as he pleases . Ho only " holds" on certain conditions : one of which conditions is , that he has not absolute dominion over the land he calls " his own . " He cannot use it even as he may will . _Vhe statute book is full of restraints
md restrictions onthe USE of " property . " because such restraints and restrictions are needed by the common good . In like manner the " owner" of large tracts of land has DUTIES to perform—duties which cannot appertain to him that has no land . One important duty is , to see that injustice 66 no } done to those who by birth and labour have a right to subsist out of the soil of which he is the " owner , " The compact is , that all labouring persons and the really poor shall be maintained out of the land : _M-aitone-i first : and then his claim , as landlord , cornea next in order to be satisfied . If the landlord class , either by one species of trick or another ; either b y withholding the necessary power to " rate
and assess , " for such first maintenance , as for centuries was the case in Ireland ; or by such a paring down of the power , as is now the casein England , Ireland , and Scotland , under the new Poor Laws , which renders the right to a first maintenance nugatory ,-TIIE COMPACT IS BROKEN , and we live in a state where MIGHT alone confers right . Whenever this is the case , the " owners" of property are sure to suffer most in the long run . A contest is inevitable , in a state of things where tho mass is doomed to " potatoes and pepper-waier , " while the racked-rents of a large estate is spent in " yachting : " and though the power ofthe sword whicli wealth can hire , may for a time , and a long time too , put down
with a strong-hand the " embodied spirit of discontent ,, " yet the cause of the hungry and tho wronged will assuredly triumph in the end , and revenge wreak its vengeance on those " owners" of " lands " and wealth who have originally broken faith and shuffled off their duties . The only ground on which private property can bo at all defended in any state of society , is , that the common wealis thereby promoted , because a class ib called into existence who are bound , hf compact , to perform certain duties which the interests of general societ y call for : and if the duties ,
wliich are the main condition of "holding , " are neglected or abandoncd , away goes all argument and all reason for the institution of private property itself . It therefore behoves those who do possess what they call their " own , " that they should , in this matter , follow the example set them by Lord Geohge Hill at Gweedore : the more especially as the notion is fast setting-in . that private property of all sorts is an ivil—and that a new phase of civilisation is opening on mankind , when the principle will be fully recognised aud acted on , that " all the stuff in the world belongs to _ail ' the jolk . mi the world . "
We have seen what " agood landlord" can effect , even under the worst of ch'cumstances : but , in order to render thc picture complete , we must also see the manner of effecting thc change described . And here , if we see cause to be gratified at me result , we shall see more cause to _^ be gratified at thc pains taken by the " good landlord" to accomplish his worthy purpose . He entered on his task under the most discouraging circumstances . A stranger : looked on with suspicion , by a people unused to kindness , only among themselves ; a people knowing not of any relationship between a landlord and his tenantry , but a high and increasing rental , oxacted at evevy cost to the
grounddown tenant , * debased in condition , and habituated to filth and squalor , was it to be wondered at that tliey should not understand how any man could sympathise with them , or seek to elevate them in the social scale ? They could not understand this _^ at first . They looked upon the efforts ot their new landlord as another engine of that tyranny from which they bad so severely suffered . They therefore placed every obstacle in his path : and it was only by continued kindness that the way to the hearts of thc once abject tenantry was found , aud their own efforts for the amelioration of their own condition successfully directed . How that was accomplished , " our Commissioher" shall tell us * . —
Though the improvements effected are trippingly related , nothing hut the most persevering determination _accomplished tliem . The people , utterly ignorant and both mentally and physically degraded , resolutely opposed every step to improvement . "Tliey were not disposed to abandon the rundait system . " says the book on these improvements already quoted , " and did not seem to have a taste for simple plain dealing , or that matters should be put straight or made easy of apprehension . " " The first year not a single individual could be induced to compete for the premiums , the people thinking it all a hoax , and that it was only ail attempt 'to humbug' them , being convinced that no gentleman would be so great a fool as to give his money merely to benefit others . "
They suspectedeverything that was attempted , and opposed it , thinking it was intended for their injury and the landlord ' s benefit ; and by harassing and vexatious opposition liopod , as they expressed it , "in the end , to tire out Lord George Hill , prevent the divisions from being occupied , and thus defeat tho new plans altogether , " Nothing would tempt them to make the fences ofthe new farms , though they were offered to be well paid for it ; and when at length a stranger was got to begiu the ditching , to set them an example , they attempted " to frighten him from his work by throwing sods at him . " "When he > had completed the first fence , the people assembled at night and destroyed it . Whilst they were thus engaged a prisoner was taken hy tlie police , and they were so frightened at
this that the improvements were allowed to proceed quietly . Scarcely a man among them knew how to handle a spade , or could or would work . When the foundation of the hotel in which I am writing was commenced , one of tho peasantry who was absolutely starving was induced by the offer of wages to begin it . A wheelbarrow , a pickaxe , and spade , were provided for him , as he had no tools , and the people were so enraged at him that his tools were all stolen that night . The agent , Mr . Forster , determinedly persevered . He went With the man next day into one of their hest fields , and began marking out with his own hand the foundation for the hotel . Thc people came to him in a great fright to know what he was about to do on their best land . He coolly
told them , that " as they had stolen his man ' s tools so that he could not quarry stones for the hotel , he was going to build it there , as there were plenty of stones in their ditches . " They promised him , if he would not build there , tho tools should be found ; next morning they were left at the labourer ' s door . At length example prevaUed , and two or throe of them came and offered to work ; and finally , all eagerly sought work . But they could not como to work till ten in the morning , after breakfast , as " they _wern't used to work before breakfast , and didn't like it . " When they began to feel the benefits o ! employment , they were told that they must begin work at five o ' clock in the morning ; some two or three only came . The rest , after being warned , when they again neglected to eonie to work at that hour , were quietly
paid off , and told , that " as they had occupation at home , they had better stay away , as there were plenty willing to work . " This gradually had the desired effect ¦ and they began to work like other labourers . The land all round the hotel was then trenched , drained , and gravelled , and sown with potatoes . The labourers , as they did the work under the agent ' s superintendence , laughed at him , * saying , "they did not care about working , as they were paid for it , but it was the greatest folly in the world , as nothing would ever grow there . " The hotel is now surrounded with a broad belt of potatoes and oats as fine as any I have seen in Ireland . The tenants , seeing this , have begun ( urged on by the premiums ) to gravel and drain their own lands in the same way ,, and everywhere patches of well-cultivated land and plentiful crops are to be sewi .
In 1810 some of the tenants , seeing that every promise to them was strictly fulfilled , thought they would at least try for the premiums , and there were _thirty-six competitors , and premiums amounting to £ 10 were so fairly awarded by the judges that they caused general satisfaction . Last year the number of competitors had increased to 239 , and the premiums to £ 60 . I yesterday went through some of the cottages the tenants of which tad won premiums for them . There was no dirt , no Sith . They were well built and whitewashed . The eroakery ( they never had anything beyond an iron pot before ) was
neatly arranged ; there was no smoke in the houses * and what was worth more thau all , the women _slwwed their houses with pride , and were delighted at the _wmmendations they received , and tie . men seemed no less proud of their little farms , and showed their crops of turnips , oats , and improvements , with evident _pleasure . Two years and a half ago £ 500 _-jsorth of oats were sold by the tenants at the market price at the store ; _last year £ 1 , 300 worth was sold ; andtWs year there ig a vastly increased pro-• ft !!!'*! . I _^ uantities of ke ] P have also been bought irom them , to encourage their industry . From tine 1 st of Marclr , 18-tt , to the 1 st of March , 181 S U » T _* ylt _fcomtiw _ftg-itiS ?!* books ) , 16 & _9 _Q days' employ-
The Right Wat To "Ruin" Ireland Poverty ...
ment hare been given to labourers on the estate . The wages giv _« n are 8 d . and lOd . a-day . Taking _«•• average at 9 d „ £ G 26 9 s . have been paid among them in _waSes * Working at six days in the week , throughout _i _™ year > this would give employment to fifty-three men ana eleven days over . In reality , however , tliis great amoa _** _J ° labour has been spread over a much larger numbs . " or men , and perhaps 100 men may be taken as the numb . _**[ generally employed ; though this , lam informed , is belon the mark , as it does not include men engaged in making 1 the roads on the estate , who were paid by the piece .
At tne _nvor-Blde facing the hotel I saw about thirty men at work , lowering the bed of the river . The men , _gensrally , are small in stature ; but I never saw more diligent labourers . These men , who , four years ago , did not know how to use a spade , and neither could nor would work except in their own way , and who were annually starving , are now working well , doing their best , and receiving good wages . Of the nature of " tenant-right" I shall take a future opportunity of writing , and respecting it now I do not wi 6 h even to hint an opinion . But was it the " tenantright" which converted this former desert and bleak wilderness—this example of barbarism and starvation , into fertile corn fields , the seat of industry and content ,
and into a humanised abode ? In this instance at least it is a fact that the existence of the custom of tenantright was the greatest possible obstacle to _improvwnent . For every squared farm there were twenty claimants for compensation , though each tenant got a squared farm to himself in place of his former rundale fragments of land ; and the opposition , and discontents , and arbitrations , ou this score were enough to have conquered patience . Did converting the Roman Catholic population to Protestantism effect this change ? They are Roman Catholics yet . Did Saxonising them and making them Orangemen effect it ? They are all Celts . Did the getting up of monster meetings and talking nonsense about" repeal" effect it ? No . The remedy was a social
one . The people wero justly dealt with , taught , shown by example , encouraged , employed . A community the most hopeless and desperate in condition and ch'cumstances has by theso means been reclaimed , and smiling eontcnt and tin rewards of industry are everywhere to be seen . A barren waste has been converted into a fine property , which will eventually amply reward its present owner for his great exertions , A starving , and desperate , and degraded peasantry are rapidly becoming comfortable small farmers . The country is improved , and that district , the people of which formerly depended on the charity of England to save them from starvation , now adds to the wealth ofthe empire by its productiveness . This is the work of one mau ; aud that man is one of the resident landlords of Ireland .
This is the mode to "ruin" Ireland ' . This is something like the small farm system which we wish to see extensively introduced in England , and not the system of Glenties and Arran , to which we are referred as" an example of vvM tl \ _u small-farm system will do for any country . " Still even this , excellent as it is compared with what formerly prevailed , is not all we need . It will be seen that the good effects that have followed on Lord George Hill ' s praiseworthy and persevering exertions , _depeno on * HIMSELF , as " a good landlord . " The tenantry have no security that " a bad landlord" shall not follow , when thc
connection between them and their present "lord " shall cease . The Marquis of GW _. _* _* : gham , for instance , may _succeed , either by purchase , marriage or otherwise ; and Gweedore become again a second Glenties . Tliere is no averting this danger , or mode of remedying this evil , but in SECURITY of TENURE ! That tenure must necessarily be bad , which operates on the condition of the occupiers , so as to make it bearable or miserable , according to the whims , caprice , feeling , or inclination of their landlord _. Let the tenure be a SECURE one , and it will matter little whether thc landlord be a "bad" or a
" good" one , farther than the social example set to the community . At all events , a secure tenure will greatly abridge the power for mischief a " bad" landlord iwssesses . Suppose that Lord George Hill was to give his ten-acre farmers leases in perpetuity at a corn rent , would the farmers be any worse off ? Would not the _sEcumnadd to their confidence ? Would they not in such case know that they wero armed against the vjorst landlord that could succeed , if they kept the simple covenants of the lease ? Would they not also have every spur to exertion , inasmuch as
all the improvements they effected would be their own ? Is there any danger , now that they have tasted thc sweets of a well-built white-washed comfortable cottage , and a food befitting comfortable small-fanners ; is there any fear of their degenerating again to the mud-hovel with its dirt and filth ? —with its diet of " potatoes and pepper-water'' ? Would not the pride of the women , which induced them to show their houses with their crockery neatly arranged * , & ndthe * oric ? cofthcmen on their farms , with their crops of turnips and oats , impel them «& wa ? t \ s to a higher degree of subtantiality still ? We trust that Loud George Hill will try .
*E**^^^*—S^^****»**^^Mw—M—^^Im* *I^Mm*Mm*^*Mm*^^*^^^^~I^~^^ &O !Tffl*E:Csi & Coites-Pottltfnt!
* _e _**^^^*—s _^^****»**^^ _mw—m—^^ _im _* * i _^ mm _* mm _*^* mm _*^^*^^^^~ _i _^~^^ _& o ! _tffl _* e : csi & _CoiTes-pOttltfnt !
To Agents, Subscribers, And Readers .—Fo...
To Agents , Subscribers , and Readers . —For some time after our location in the metropolis , we were inconvenienced by having the paper machined away from the printing-office where it was " set . " This arose from the machines we had at Leeds having to be removed and re-erected . Much disappointment to the readers was the consequence , both in bad printing and late arrivals . Another cause of delay was in having thc printing and publishing office so wide apart . Letters intended for one place were constantly sent to the other * , and all the arrangements we could make did not prevent mistakes arising from this source . This has determined us to concentrate our operations . The printing machine is now at work in
our own office * , and -we have further determined to publish there also . In future , therefore , the " setting , " printing , and publishing of the star will be done under one roof . This will involve no change to the agents and subscribers , only in the addressing of their communications , and the greater punctuality with which their orders can be attended to . All communications must , therefore , in future , be addressed as follows : — Orders for the paper and advertisements , to F . O'Connor , Esq ., 17 , Great Windmill-street , Haymarket , London . Communications for the paper , to Mr , Joshua Hobson ,
Editor Northern Star , Office , 17 , Great _Windmill-strest , Haymarket , London . All orders for money must he im & A payable to Mv . 0 _'Connort at the Charing-cross Post-office ,.
Robem Walton, Paesioir. —We Thank Him Fo...
Robem Walton , _PaEsioir . —We thank him for the paper . We shall not forget the article—thoughit may be some time ere wo notice it , Geobqb _WiLTHna , Swanwick . — We have tried three several times since the former notice appeared to get a copy of the Field Gardens' Act ; but tht answer . ia each case at the Queen ' s Printing-house was , " hot ready yet . " _Albxanoer Kenn-kM , Glasgow , shall have . ' due attention . James Butterwobth , _Hetwood .. —Never mind the poor daft mon , or his ravings . " They that sow the wind shall reap the whirlwind . " L . W—AVe have no room this week . P . M'Grath _^— We cannot find room . The MS . shall be sent to those it is addressed to .
Mr . _Goodfeulow , Liverpool . — Mr . Hobson would be obli ged to Mr . Goodfellow if he would , _cocamunicate Mr . w .. Jones ' s present address . Mr . Hobson wrote some time ago to the old addresa about a matter Mr , Goodfellow is privy to ; and as his letter has not even been noticed , Mr . Hobson thinks Mr . Jones has removed , Mr . Thomas- Cooper ' s address is , 1 . 31 , _Biackfriars-road London . Mr . G . _Hutchings , _Westmithxeb , asks — " Will a Public -house or Beer-shop license legalise skittle-playing , quoits , & c . 1 » No ; decidedly not . A publican ' s license authorises the sale of ale , beer , wine , and spirits * and a beer-house license authorises the sale of ale and beer only . If games of skittles or quoits are played in licensed houses , or on the premises , for money , or money's worth , the landlord is _liablcto prosecutiou . j J . Shaw . —Press of matter compels us to exsliide his address , hut it shall appear next week .
Who Wants A Wife?—A Correspondent, Who V...
Who Wants a Wife ?—A correspondent , who visited Kirb y Stephen last week , says , that he was inlormed that m that small town there were about one hundred vxm \ fifty of the softer _sexin want of partners for life , and _i according to a rough calculation , the widows numbered ninety-five , the " untried ' _uns'f fifty-five ! " What a field , " he emphatically adds , _"forthe'lordi _ofthe * _iW _^ _w' _speciia _^ w ? - _Wesimovlanil _Gwetfa
Who Wants A Wife?—A Correspondent, Who V...
RECEIPTS OF THE CHARTIST _CO-OPERATIYB LAND SOCIETY . PUB MB . O ' COIWOB . £ S . ' d . Halifax , per C . W . Smith .. .. ..... 7 5 S Wigan , per N . Canning .. . * * . .. 6 , 9 2 Manchester , per 3 . Murray •• _.. .. 12 9 0 Sowerby , per W . _Vfoodhouse .. .. ., 200 Holbeek , per W . Sykes .. .. .. .. 2 0 0 Hoimfirth , per J . Clegg .. •• .. 2 5 I Burnley , per J . Gray .. .. ¦* .. 3 0 0 / _. eeds , per W . Brook .. .. .. <¦ 5 0 Q B . irnsley , per J . Ward .. .. .. .. 200 nii . -ltenham , per W . Milton .. .. .. 1 IS _ll
A _fi nale friend , Bulwell , Notts , per J . Sweet .. 2 12 0 Presto' "" -Per J . Brown 1112 5 Oldhan . ' . per Wm . Hamer 2 0 # Sheffield , P _<* G . Cavill ,. „ „ .. 3 3 « Todmordb -n » per S . V / itham .. .. .. i 0 0 Wakefield , per T . Iazenby .. .. .. 200 Sowerby _Longrpyd , per 3 . Wilson .. .. 1 15 0 Kiddermiustei ; . per G . Holloway .. .. .. 200 Radcliffe , per T . i'owker . 2 0 0 Bolton-le-Moors , per id . Stevenson .. .. 200 Ashton-undcr-Iyne , per E . Hobson . .. .. 3 10 0 Mr . Tordoff , of _VVatei'loo _, New Bradford .. 269 Bradford , per J . _Alderk-on 113 3
FEB GENERAL _SECBEJillY
INSTALMENTS . £ s . d . £ s . d . Barnoldswick .. 054 Mr . Fidge- „ .. Oil ¦ Wheatley-lanc .. 0 10 8 Mr . _Kudjjloy ... 0 I » Mr . Parker ,. .. Oil - S BABES . T . B . C . and Sons 8 0 0 Whittington & _HTsi A in Q Mr . Dickson .. 060 It , Wright , Bar-Lambeth .. ..-10 0 noldswick „ 0 _i'l 0 Greenwich .. .. 200 Bath ? .. .. „ 1 1 ' 8 Westminster .. 0 510 Leicester .. „ . 1 lo fl Mr . Davis .. .. 0 2 0 CAllDS AND BOLES . Camberwell .. .. 030 Collie .. ., „ _, _•) 1 _# Mr . Dear .. .. 016 Todmorden .. .. O 810 Hebden-bridge .. 0 4 2 Radcliffe .. .. 0 2 0 Ovenden ,. .. 014 Greenwich .... O * 0 Halifax .. .. 020 Sowerby Helm * .. 0 i & Keighley .. .. 0 11 0 * This sum has been previously announced as for _Casdj of the National Charter Association . Thojia 8 _Makiin Wheeler , Secretary ..
NATIONAL CHARTER ASSOCIATION . _EXECOTIVE . *? ER MB . O ' CONNOB , £ 8 . d . York , per G . Jefferson 0 10 0 Sowerby Longroyd , per J . Wilson .. .. 050 PEE GENERAL SECRETABT . SOIJSOlUPTlONS . Keighley „ 0 13 ( I Mr . Whiting , Tower Hamlets „ „ .. 0 1 fl DIXON fund . Camberwell .. .. .. .. .. 0 5 3
VICTIM fcnd . Mr . Downing , Westminster .. .. .. 006 _DnSCOUBS TESTIMO . _VIAI .. Mr , Tohiu ' s hook , from a few Slop Cutters ,. 0 12 ti Thomas Martin "Wheeler ,
To Tiie Members Of Tiie Chartist Coopera...
TO TIIE MEMBERS OF TIIE CHARTIST COOPERATIVK LANU SOCIETY . Respected Friends , —As tha provisional directors of your society , we deem it our duty to address you briefly on " the progress , present position , and future prospects of our movement . Four months have now elapsed since the society was ushered into existence , during which period the most signal success has marked its career . Its _progress in popular estimation has been so rapid as to elicit the surprise of many of its most ardent admirers , while it has excited the chagrin and envy of its foes . Every project or measure designed to benefit tho people seems fated to re .
ceive the opposition of the ignorant , the envious , and the corrupt . Such has been the lot of our Land project . Its promulgation _was-the signal for a portion of the factious , subservient , and unprincipled press to yell forth its brutal opposition ; while many cantankerous individuals , pretending that their hostility sprung fi-om their devotion to Democracy , have laboured obstinately and perseveringly to crush the movement in the bud . The principles of our society have been misrepresented ; its objects distorted and derided , and its promoters vilified and abused , Never . theless . it has progressed with a celerity exceeding - our most sanguine expectations . Surmounting the obstacles by which envy and ignorance would arrest its progress , it has attained a position which cheeringly augurs its safe arrival at that goal which is the object of all human exertion—the goal of success . Friends , we have cause for mutual congratulation ill the fact , tliat thc roll of the soeiety exhibits the names of
nearly three thousand shareholders ; many of whom , in tlieir anxiety to witness the first allocation and to conviuce the sceptical of the practicability of tlic project , have , iu one payment , made good the amount of their shares . We have likewise cause for felicitation in tho circumstance * that already upwards of _JE 1500 are deposited in thc treasury of the society . Such , friends , is tlie present position of the Chartist Co-operative Land Soeiety . To us it appears a proud , a cheering one—one creating strong hopes of that bright future of success which the lapse of a short time will devclope to the world . No efforts of which our bumble abilities are capable , shall bo deemed irksome or laborious in the good cause . Since the promulgation oi the plan we may presume to say , without incurring the charge of egotism , tliat our labours have been most intense , but our reward is ample in having given the first impulse to a movement which must eventuate in _secuvvas happiness to my riads of our enslaved and impoverished fellow-creatures .
We have received communications from various parts Ofthe west of England and from Scotland , representing the necessity of factum's _vioitiiig those places to expound the Lund plan . Believing that the agitation of the Land _, question in those quarters would result in adding considerably to the strength ofour society , we have resolved that one ofour body shall proceed to the west of England , and another to Scotland , with the least possible delay . And we anticipate as the consequence of ouv labours the increasing of our society by Christmas next to at least 3000 members . We must now , friends , proceed to call your attention to the duties the performance ofwhich the interest of the society requires upon your parts . Tlie rules require revision . At the time of their promulgation we told you such would be thc case : for we are not of that school of philosophers that pretend to infallibility Of judgment . We perceive that the rules are susceptible ofimprovenient _.
and that additional ones aro required , we were anxious to accomplish the revision of the rules in- a way the least expensive . To that end wc requested , through the Star the members to hold meetings to discuss the rules , and that they should forward to us their opinions , that we niight shapothe society ' s laws in conformity therewith . Experience soon taught us that this plan would uot succeed . Wo have , therefore , resolved upon tlie holding ofa Conference for the purpose of completely revising the rules , and taking the whole subject of the- Land into consideration . This we think the most efficient and satist ' _sc . tory course that can be adopted . The expense ofthe Conference will be light—light when compared with its importance , aud the benefits that must accrue from it to the movement . We have considered the time and the place for the meeting of the Conference : we have also received communications from various parts of the country upon the subject , and have concluded that
it shall meet in Manchester , on the first _Morniay m . February next , by which time we trust to have sufficient funds in hand to be able to deliberate respecting commencing practical operations . The division of tlie branches into districts , arranging the scale ot representation , and raising the means of defraying the expenses of the Conference , shall be laid before you iu future addresses . In the interim you must not neglect your duty . Remember that Universal Suffrage is tlw basis of our society . Hold your meetings in your respective localities ; discuss the rules calmly , so that when you elect your delegate you may instruct him with your views . and thus send him to the Conference the veritable representative of your sentiments and wishes . We do not expect that each delegate will be instructed upon every iin . provement essential to the perfection of the plan . " We , as in duty bound , shall be prepared to lay before the Cor . _, ference a digest of the rules amended in conformity with
the suggestions ofthe looalihes , and our own _exyeriencd upon the working of the plan . There are , however , two subjects upou which au unequivocal expression of your opinion will , be required by us and your delegates , in the rules provision is made _forgiving only two acre allotments to the members . _>' _ow- . many individuals have taken out two shares , _ivitli a new to obtain four acres . To this we see nothing objectionable . However , it is for you . to decide the question . On the drawing of the lot shall the successful holder of two shares be entitled to a four acre allotment ? . A desire for the enrolment of the society has been expressed by mans members , while others say that legal security is _uuneci'S " sary to the conducting of its afl' airs , For our parts , we are in favour of enrolment ; believing , that it will have tl _. ie
effect of increasing public confidenee by adding to t _» iat morairesponsibility of the officers sooured by tlie ruJ . _c- " , the responsibility provided by the laws of the land . T . W --question you will discuss and decide ,, and according } >* _instruct your delegate . Friends , in conclusion , we beg to assure you of oi if untiring energy in the prosecution of . the plan . We s ) . mil go on as hitherto , turning neither to the right ov' . he M * from the pursuit ' of our object . The confidence y ou have reposed in us shall ever be respected . Ou your f ,, _vn _una nimity and kindly feeling much deponds . Guar d scrupulously against . dissension ; heed not the gloomy' prognostications of our enemies ; let energy , firmness , and unuw characterise your movements , and , depend u pon it . t _* , a ' success will . be the inevitable raward of your 1 _ubours . Thomas Ct ak _*; , _PUU . U * M ' _JBATII ,
CHS 18 IOPI UK U 0 \ "f < _E . P . S . —The balance sheet for . the past foi jr mouths _» ill appear ia . _She ensuing numberof _tlio-iVb-rt _* . ere i'tai - .
Thetwiia "Fokokus.—A. Letter Hat 1 Been ...
_TheTWiia _"Fokokus . —A . letter hat 1 been lately >'*• _' ceivedirom Barber , in which he states that his heal ® is bady & nd that his rations ami labour are bad * , aiJ wretched . He devotes his time to gatherings ; graphical and historical informattf * n of the _islnnd , _m _** is _wniting the biography of _cxtw . ordinary crinii _*" ' although his leisure time issma ' il , as he has to get "I to work every morning at fov . r o'clock . He _» _* _" " ployed giving instruction to the sons ofa clergy « ' < and is . also engaged to condwet the defence ol s < " prisoners who attempted to « scapo from the boats _^ the ship Agincourt , by suddenly seizing _* - _* _% _§** _" ' . ; and throwing them ovexboard . Barber stiliV : _^ severes in his declaration of innocence , and V _*^^ , _--forwarded a memorial for a remission of puniS" _" _-
_Suddes DEATK .-On Monday a shocking wifeji _. ofthe uncertainty of life occurred to a yo _^ L . named Daniel Brown , of Crown-csurt _, « _4 ""* , 8 t road , Camberwell * It appears thai he was aittw _^ the breakfast table , and whilst speaking to ni » he suddenly fell backwards to tUe ground . -A _^ was called with promptitude , but thc w » _i 0 » uu man had ceased to exist . _, ' tt Fibe Ann Loss of Lif 5 s .-Cowes , _Isp of _¦""" j —On Wednesday about two o ' clock , tlic _^< " - _^ Groom public house waa discovered to _w m The landlord ( J . _Keats ) , his wife , and five onu » eseaped in their bed-clothes , as did the ot hei _" » _% _; _,. with the exception of two of Keats' _^ . " _l't \ ht aged 13 years , and a boy 8 jears , _" hoM _*^ - second floor . All attempts to save worn *« t _-. vain . The poor children were found as _^ _m , fire _wartM'tal * . they hud died fr _»» _su fiocalw
-
-
Citation
-
Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 27, 1845, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns4_27091845/page/4/
-