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T$.Bi NQRXHEftN STAR. SATURDAY, OCTOBER 20, 1838.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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ORIGINAL €€ ORRESP 0 NDENCE . n . Ejaon tf " JW-iftrOeni Stuf * wuftto 4 e ditttxcth ^ -der&cd , titat i * t&ordiaa avtk&ejbr Ou dueuttion of * Z 7 j 2 Se Owtfiww , tkty en MX toie identified « fc * §» Ssrfsnoitx er toe Layuag * of Vteir several Carre * jgmdads . • " ' . - - . - ^ 7 p . mAT , .-fiORRESPONDENCE . ' ^ J ^ u ^ ZZ ^ Z * -, ^ *^
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TO THE EDITOBS OT THE NORTHERN STAR . gEJTtEMEJT j—We hare nad a most delightful fortjAght si tins ifflhibrions spot ; . and , thank God . oar with iw -wonderfuHjr unproved .: I uerer expeffcaced such an alteration for the better in so short period- To-day , however , the weather has changed , ? he wind in high , the sea rough , the done * lowering , j v gea-ljirds all inland , and the distant mountains « e afl topt with snow ; altogether warning us of the approach of a stormy season . We are therefore con-Wjjjermg " whether it-will be bert to remain here , to proceed inland southwards , or remrn to Hudders We had yesterday a most delightful drive with Mr . JLlkbis , tne obliging and attentive landlord of the ¦ Mosrm Arms , who lent tu ia » ear , and kindly
sMompamednsto GwrychCastle , thebeautifuland romantic Beat of Llotd H . T 3 . Hesketh , Esq .. It is built on the side of the Tanroggb mountain , and is , take it altogether , one of the most extraordinary and besufifid places I have seen . It has been sixteen yesra in -fcaJMiBg , and it is sot yet finished . The style ib th ** of par Erst Edwatu > , save that seme of lie arches are a century or two later . I cannot descr ibe itristtlement-nses above battlement , tower fonnounte tower , one terrace overhangs another , and the wood * and rocks of the mountain overtop and shelter the whole . The views are reall y enchanting ; from the towers , terraces , and the principal rooms , yftu have a view of the most fertile and pictnresque Tale of Clwyd , with its renown «» d Castle of Rhnddlau , and the-new of the sea beyond is truly magnificent j tht land view is bounded on either side bv a
range of mountains ; in frost , the sea spreads his restless and interminable surface . The owner of the Castle is a man of the right stamp , fie spends his money at home ; instead of squandering it at Newyi&EET and such like places , ne improves and beautifies his property , and , under his own eye , he conrtandy ^ employs a great number of artisans and 2 tbonrers , "whose countenances bespeak the contentment of their owners . The suite of rooms is beautiM ; no expense seems to have been spared to make this place worthy of its noble-mindedowSer . The library is , indeed , the sweetest spot I ever saw : it wonldmake a man stadious if he were naturally an € a « ny to thought and retirement . I was told that , every Christmas , the poor were liberally supplied witnfood and clothing , and that the owner had no greater happiness than to see . all around him blithesome and gav .
The funiiturelwars ample evidence of the good taste , eMH , and industry of his amiable wife Lady Exily . From what I heard of the family , I could not refrain , most heartily , wishing , that God might « ver bless them , and I hoped inwardly , that the owner of Gwrych-was an enemy to the accursedmandestreying ^ New Poor Law . Gwrych is about a mile from Abugele , where at the Bee , ( one of the best inns in the kingdom , ) we dined , and men returned home . The drive is beautiful—£ he day was fine ^ -and we were not weary . You will perhaps be angry , because 1 occupy so janch of your space , with a report of a day ' s ramble Remember , I am now out of your busy , striving world , and here , such apparent trifles , ' are both
amusing and instructive . My mind is naturally formed to enjoy such scenes , and 1 do rejoice , in having a few weeks devoted to absence from those busy turmoils which throng the path of an ^ agitator , '—turmoils , which nothing but the hope oi benefiiring mj fellow conntrymea , conld induce me to engage in . I feel persuaded th * t that numerous class of your readers , who respect me , win not ba angry , because I tell them of that which yields me pleasure , I have inspected the plan of the Basffle , which is now being erected , for the confinement and punishment of the poor in this " Union . " I had been positively assured , by a gentleman who farms abont 200 acres near this place ; that there was to be
no separation of husbands and wives , of parents and children , in this ' Union . " I did not believe the tale , though , no doubt , he did ; for where is there an agricultural tenant , who dare doubt the word of his landlord ? He had been assured , that " eparation" would be the mle in this workhouse . Be spouted loudly in favour of the New Law ; but , when I drew his attention to the " Act , " and to the * Commissionfirs Rules "—he candidly confessed ¦ "he had never seen either , but he was sure it was a food law ; the only difference between the old and toe new Law , being , that the poor would be much bea&r relieved -and provided for , under the latter , than they had been under the former . " He candidly confessed . * that the Welsh people could never be
hrought to tubmit to separation . " This man is what is called a tbit respectable farmer , who hears from the steward what his landlord says about the Isew Poor Law , and straight swears that the law is , as his landlord represents it , a " boon" to the working classes . The building of the Bastile is , however , fast dispelling the mist , and I have seen many a farmer lookvery oddly when it has beennamed . The Elan of the Bastile is for ^ separation ; " men on one side , women on the other , and children in another dmsion . The children and parents in this establishment will not -even ea * together . I observed the two " dead houses" as usual ; and close to each of these jhe horrible . "Black Holes . " The " Devil Kings never forget these , their hell-beeotten twins .
There is tne angularity in this Basrile , rendered absolutel y necessary , in consequence of the falsehoods which have been propagated by the landlords , { most of them , unfortunately , in this Union , being Whigs , ) in order to induce the people to submit to the infliction of this dreadful scourge : there are ten separate cells , for M old married pairs , " and these " cells" are 3 iot , as in other places , within a conrryard . They are intended to allow the " old" people free ingress and egress . I was told that *• the Commissioner objected verymuch to this alteration from their general ' rale ; "but that the Guardians stood oat , aiuiatlast prevailed upon the Commissioners to permit them to leave the very old people at liberty . " The correspondence on this subject would
be wonh a ¦** Jew ' s eye . " The Guardians would no doubt tell the Commissioneis how , under the direction of the nobles « nd squires , they had deluded the people , « fec ; and also represent that , at fresest at least , it would not be safe to imprison and separate the very old people . " I wonld have tbe people look sharply about them ; else these cells may , some day , be walled in , same as the rest . 1 had a good laugh with the fanner about whom I hare been writing . When we had done with the New Poor Law , he began to blame tbe manufacturers li for wishing for a repeal of the Corn Laws . " Ht-re I had him in a " cleft stick . " I never shall forget his change of phiz , as I demonstrated to him tnat . " if the New Poor Law were not repealed ,
the Corn Laws must be repealed . " When I said , " the New Poor Law was passed for the sole purpose of reducing the wages of the labourers , it is therefore evident , that the self-same principle must and will require the repeal of the Corn Laws , to reduce tbe price of bread . " The man looked unutterable things , and said— " If that be it , the Landlords mast reduce their rents . " " Id that case" 1 said , " there wiU be so rents foT half the landlords , and right richly they will deserve their fate . " The fanner seemed lost and bewildered , and said "I will think a little more about what you say , and about the New Poor Law—perhaps we shall meet again . " I hare not seen him since . I wish he were bold enough to go and tell his noble (?) landlord
, what »• tbe Yorksbireman" told him . I have this morning received a letter from an aristocratic friend , who has just been visiting Ramsgaxe and Margate ; it is useful to spread the real truth , from parts where the New Poor Law is in operation . The . Lords , ( poor deluding and deluded mortals 1 ) '¦ willhave it , " that the labourers are very fond of it '; ' hear what r ^ y friend say * : — " I asked a very tidy , decent , respectable woman , if tbp New Poor Law was working well ronnd her neighbourhood r " She said , " the people did not at all like it ; and that there were now more vagrants than ever she remembered , pussing her house ; and that the people did not know what to do for a living . " I met two men casually by the sea-shore ; I asied ,
"howwages were ? " " Fallen , " said a lad about eiehteen years of age . I answered , that "I doubted ~ it , for that I had heard the New Poor Law had made wages r ise . " Oh ! but I know it , " said he , where a man could have earned 12 s . he now only earns 9 s . and that's -little enough to live on , for a man with a family . " He then mentioned the name of a man . whose wages had been reduced from 12 s . to 9 * . and muttered-something to his companion , about two others ^ to which theother replied , — "Itis ashame ;" . ahdadded " Aye , we want two or three more Courtensys . —it is a pity he was so unfortunate . " I fonndan oldish Gresher working ib Margate , on a piece of land he rented : he spoke also s-jrongly
against the New Poor Law , and said , he was surprised the people did not resist it ; that the English spirit -eemed quite gone , " I saw two other person * at Ramsgatfi , who sp _ okein . tb . e same manner of tbe law . . 1 do think it strange that 3 never find a labourer , who speaks well of the New Poor Law . 1 speak with those I meet by chance—in the field—in the garden—in the pubne-honse—¦ on the road-sidetj the sea-shore—4 a the court-yard—in the stable , find they all ape ? in one and the same story . Yet , I never give them an insi ght into my opinions , till I have-heard theirs : but 1 tell them , "I have heard that the New Poor Law has done so much good . " And , then , I ask them "is it true . "
So far , from my friend . He is as respectable as lay aratocrer caxr be ; yet after all , theTords are ample enough to . believe , that they can gull the J *» p fe »> y ^ wearing , in their places , in thei ? house , u fhat the New Poor taw works well , that it Tdse ' * He * i » ri that tfie labourers are actually delighted
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It is impossible that this delusion can be long successfully practiced . The danger to " the order ** ¦ who attempts it , is very great . It is quite possible to make life and property as insecure in England and Wales , asit is , at this moment , in Ireland ; but it is not possible to find money to pay a proportionate number of police and military for England , such as is now required in Ireland . Let the Noble Lords turn that over , and " then serioMly ask themselves , is it wise thua to -force on , a state of things , which must ruin our own order , and which may endanger the throne ? I do wish , gentlemen , that you would try to awake those sleepy , drowsy Lords . Do ring the whole truth in their deaf , but lordly ears . I find it impossible to communicate intelligibly Ui . im ^ bU , « . can ba >» ^ S ^^^ 7 H , ^ hi > 5 gS , L ° 5 *! S
with the rustic labourers of these parts ; some of them speak a little broken English , but they evidently dislike to conversein our tongue . I hive , however , been happy to meet a highly respectable clergyman , wheis a vicar of a large parish ia this "Union . " You may judge of his character by the following fact . I mentioned-his name to the surgeon of that part of the " Union" in which his parish is situated , he said , " Mr . - —— " ( I do not mention his name , because _ persecution , her ? , as elsewhere , might fol law , ) _ "is a most excellent man ; as soon as 1 wa * appointed to his pari » h , he said to me , ' I shall expec you to inform me whenever any of my poor pa iishioners send for you , in order that I may see tha-Theywant for nothing . '" I asked this clergyman
now the labouring classes liked the New Poor Law ? His answer was , as nearly as I can remember his ¦ words , "ph , it is horrible , the poor people are hornfied- with this n <» w workhouse , which they are building near St . Asaph . I am sure it is impossible to manage the poor for less expense , eventually , than we nave done under the old law . Our people area very industrious , frugal race , and they are particularly attached to their native spot . I am sure , if you were to go into the poorest cottage , and propose to keep them better in a strange place , the answer would-be . ' Let ns live and die here amongst our kindred . ' Oh , it is horrible to think of taking the poor peopl ? from the distant mountains of the " Union , " from their kindred and neighbours , and their native heartks , and to place them at such a distance—amongst perfect strangers , where thev can
never see those amoagst wLom they have always dwelt !! It is nothing less than transportation 3 The poor things are horrified at the thought ol it ! Yes , Sir , I am a Welchman , I know the fteJingg ol these poor people , and I am sure , however well they may be kept in the Union Workhouse , tbey will die there of broken hearts ! " Such , gentlemen , were the words of a clergyman , "who know * and who loves the poor . " Now , 3 would ask the nobles of this 'Union , " is it wise to destroy that holy feeling of patriotism , which , would lead the peasantry to die in defence of home ? I ask them , is it safe to transform a band of patriots into a horde of banditti ? 1 do not know , Ge&tJemen , whether you will be angry with my letter from this place ; I think it Is useful to hand you such information as I can collect , in order that the feelings of tbe people here may be known to vour readers .
Have you marked the signs of the times—I mean tbe recent alteration in the tone of many newspapers ? If 1 mistake not , deep political schemes ar e now plotting . 1 should not be surprised to see a government . composed of those , who hare for years most bitterly opposed each other , of aU parties-Whig , Conservanve , and Racical ; but all Alalthusians . The New Poor Law a little mitigated to delude the people , will constitute the bond of " Union . " 1 wish 1 may be mistaken . If I am not , then we shall vtry soon have universal police , and unmitigated tyranny ; or civil war , and the chance of constitutional liberty or abject slavery . The battle for the constitution will soon begin ; then , perhaps , the Tories "vrin open their eyes .
Well ,-well , we must take our chance ; I have built on the word of- God and on the constitution . I wiU run all lists with them 5 but , I mistake , If very great political changrs are not in the wind . Our enemies are altering their plan of attack ; now is the time for prudence and increased activity and determinatiou on our part . Do warn the people against their old enemies with new faces . I-remai » , Gentlemen , -. Your obliged Servant ,
RICHARD OASTLER . Rhyl , near St . Asapb , Oct . 12 th , 1838 . P . S . —By the byT that is curious law which the Ashton magistrates have made . * Killing no murder " is a joke to it . Now , supposing three > tout men were to assault and rob those three magistrates . W hy , if their law be justice , then those thieves weuld be justified . There can be no doubt about that . 1 told the poor boy to apply to them for justice , to be > "Tire I did ; " he has done so j I wiU never recommend either he or any one else , to apply to them again . But I do advise ererj man in that district immediately to place himself , in a state of self preservation and defence . A word or two on tbe law of A > hton in my next . Let us never , however , forget , the accursed New Poor Law shall be totally repealed . R . O .
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WLRS AND WAR EXPENSES . Since the year 1 , 000 there have been twenty-four different wars between England and France—twelTe between England and Scotland—eight between England and Spain—and seven with other countries —in all , fifty-one wtirs ! There > iave been sis -wars within one hundred years , . viz .: — Destruction of Cost Sterling . Human Life . 1 . "Warenaing .. 1697 .. jf 21 , 500 , 000 .. 100 , 000 slain ¦ ) » 80 , ( KX ) lamine = o 2 . War began .- . 1702 43 , 000 , 000 . . 250 , 000 slain g . s 3 . "Warbegan .. 1739 48 , 000 , 000 .. 2-10 , 0 ( 0 " y ^ 4 . War began . . 1756 .. 111 , 000 , 000 . . 250 , 000 „ 2 ? 5 . American 1 * ^
War began . . 1775 .. 139 , 000 , 000 . . 200 , 000 J £ C . The French t War began . ; i 793 .. 1 , , 000 , 000 2 , 000 , 000 „ J [ Among the several belligerents , of whom 700 , 000 are computed to have been inhabitants of the United Kingdom . ] "At the conclusion of the war which ended 1697 , the National Debt was twenty-one millions and a half ; at the conclusion of tbe last war , in 1815 , the National debt amounted to no less than one thousand and fifty millions ! On the 29 th May , 1660 , Charles II . was restored to thf throne of England . In 1664 he declared war asainst H olland upon very frivolous pretences . Two English shipshad been taken by theDutch , andthongh they offered to make a proper compensation , Charles would not accept it , but immediately proceeded to hostilities .
After three years' war both sides were equally tired , and a peace was concluded at Breda , July 10 . 1667 . William III . ascended the throne 1689 . In respect to foreign wars William ' s grand object was to humble tbe pride of the French King , and with this view he entered into a confederacy with the Emperor , the King of Spain , the United Provinces , the Duke of Savoy , and the Elector of Brandenburg ' s which potentates declared war against Louis in 1689 ; and in 1697 , , alter a war of eight years , bloody and expensive ,-a peace "was concluded at Ryswick , in HoUand , the principal article of which , relating to King William , was , thai he should be acknowledged Kins tif Great Britain .
The war "in which William eDgaged , from motives of ambition , shews the melancholy effects of entering into continental alliances on terms which have always been the misfortnne of England . Betweea twenty and thirty millions Stirling expended , and one hundred Utousand men slain upon tlie Conti nent , -were not the only evils attending tbe contest . \ Y hilst blood and devastation marked the military operations abroad , poverty , famine , and distress , ragedrat home . William being the principal of the confederacy , had the confederacy to support . It was ihenthat coin was exported in the greatest abundance to feed the affies , in consequence of which , in England it was double , and in Scotland four times its ordinary pr ice ; and in one of those years , in Scotland alone , eighty thousand poor people [ says Dalrymple ] died of tcant !
Queen Anne , ascended the throne in 1702 , and immediately proceeded to pro . « ecutft the design which her predecessor had formed , to humble the pride of the Bourbon family , by depriving Phili p of the Crown of Spain , and compelling the French King to adhere to the second treaty of partition . Acordingly war was declared against France in 1702 , by England , Holland , and the Empire ; and after it had been prosecuted eleven years , with various success , a peace was concluded , and signed at Utrecht , on 11 th April , 1713 . Bat the grand object for which the war bad been undertaken was finally abandoned . King Philip was left in quite possession of the Crown .
During this war was achieved the victory over the French at Blenhein . Ten thousand French and Bavarians were slain on tbe field of battle , the greater part of thirty squadrons of dragoons were drowned in the Danube and much plunder and many-trophies were obtained . Bnt notwithstanding these signal acquisitions , the nation was a considerable loser ; for the expense of the war , as stated by Sir John Sinclair , amounted to £ 43 , 360 , 000 , which made a serious addition to the National Debt , and to the taxes that were laid on the people to pay the interest of it . * Daring the reign of George II ., a . war was begun in " the latter end of 1739 , commonly called the * ' Logwood "war , " J ) ttween England on the one side , and France and Spain on the other , which terminated in a peace at . Aix-la-Chapelle , in 1748 , after a contest of nine years .
The expenses of this war are stated at the sum of £ 46 , 418 , 689 . Notwithstanding the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle , ( which concluded a war in which nothing was gained by an- party but the expending of each other's str ength and resources , ) peace was not of long continuance .
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aSaE ^^^^ K ^ s tfg ^ &f&z&zssi ^^ m ^ m i ^ il ^^ f ^ sss sfe ^^ SSSSL-SSSS JeWry , ; 1763 / ' * ^ ^^ luded in haTe lm aie fo 611 T . ^ ., ; , . t ^ t a ^ t ^ % S ^ wfct rec ™ t ; i
inS . ^ Tft ° mos * rtunate S ^ wSS ? " !!^ *^ . ; one hundred ships 2 , 7 ^* " ^ f ^ y 64 or token from the enemy ; Well ™ milh ° nS 8 t - ^ ^^ ed in plunder Denies immense acquisitions on tbe continent of ^ S - ¦ 28 fa * Xl £ f * ig ~ ¦^ mfiSUff , ^ . ' & ¦«* " ^ neiSW ' n ?* £ eQ J ° y to MessingB of t o S ^? k ! re - ln ** cour 8 ft of ^ er recovery to strength and affluence , she was again interrupted oy tte unhappy and calamitous contest with the American colonies , which broke out in 1775 . mit - ^ iea w ere in a sta te of rapid advancem ^ and fliey imported from the mother-country goods to the amount of £ 4 , 500 , 000 sterling ; this ™^ £ r » annihilated ' -b y the war , and &reat numbers of respectable merchants and others were entirely mined . After
_ a straggle of seven or eight years , in which , § 23 » S » W hnman ^ V and ' expended 3 lMOs ™ ! P eace was a **** between the hvSV ^ ! Paris , on September , 1783 , lZ ™ £ * GrwtBntem acknowledged the thirteen ^ SSS ^ JSSt ; Aatt ^ ** ' sovereign , and _ The misery and expense occasioned by the American War were severely felt by the public , and were the cause of great dissatisfaction , both in and out of rarnament . ¦ ln 1786 , was negociated a commercial treaty with . france , on terms mutually advantageous to both countries . This treaty was hailed by the reflecting part of the community , and especially by merchants and manufacturers , as the harbinger of a lasting peace , and , under a sincerely pacific administration , migut have been rendered invaluable in promoting the goodnnderstandinif ' once moresubsisting between the two sroveruments ; but , unhappily , this treaty was of short duration , for , in 1793 . Eneland and
france were again involved in an awful contest , which continued with little intermission till 1815 , when , after a waste of blood and treasure , unparalleled in the history of the world , peace was restored . The expenses of the French War are stated as ander ; and these vast ( urns are probably much within the actual amount , viz : — ° m 3 ^ T" ** . ™ ± \ ^ Moo , ooo , ooo France , ditto , ditto 690 , 000 , 000 Austria , ditto , ditto , 220 , 000 , 000 rhe other states of Europe , ditto 1 , 012 , 000 , 000 sV ^ z . z : zT . * i" ± ii 27 ' ' °
£ 3 , 049 , 000 , 000 As regards Great Britain , the war debt , now , in 1837 , amounts to £ 800 , 000 , 000 sterling , with no prospect of its being liquidated . Indeed , there is scarcely an instance throughout Europe of any public debt being repaid , ihe revenues ol almost every conn try being- wasted in supporting ruinous warlike establishments in time of peuce—the sure way of concocting a succession ol wars . The following iwms of loss and expense should be added to the cost of last war : — First . —The valre of British merchant vessels and their cargoes , captured and lost durirg the war , 1793 to 1815 . Second . —The value of British merchant vessels wrecked , by bring deprived , by the war , of access to friendly ports .
Note 1 . —About twelve thousand British merchant vessels were lost or captured during the war , 1793 to 1815 , and at an average value of £ 6 , 000 lor each vessel , they would be worth seventy-two millions . Uf a ship ' s company consisting of twelve persons , four or five are usually married men , and two or three others assist parents wi'h their wages . Every vessel captured in war reduces a number of families to indigence . War increases poor-rates : — Poor-rates in England and Wales , lT 92 t £ 2 , 000 , 000 Ditto ditto 1818 , 7 , 800 , 000 Third . —The value of British property seized and destroyed during the war , at various places in Europe , particularly at the-folio wiug , viz : —
Hamburgh Frankfort Riga Leipzig Copenhagen Genoa Dautzic Bremen Trieste Naples Moscow France Amsterdam Venice Spain Rotterdam Leghorn Portugal N . B . Claims have lately been lodged with the British Commissionere , for property destroyed at Copenhagen , to the amount of £ 550 , 000 and upwards . Fourth . —The military , naval , and other pensions 1815 to 1837 Note . —The expenditure of the British Govermenl from 1815 to 1838 , for army and navy , ( and pensions mostly connected therewith ) has amouuted to the enormous sum of £ 418 , 000 , 000 , or thereabouts .
Fifth . —The amount of taxes continued upon the public , 1815 to 1838 , to pay the interest of the wardebt . Note . —The interest of the war-debt in 1837 , was £ 28 , 576 , 000 . Sixth . —The increase of the establishment beyond that of 1792 , Such was the terrible destruction of human life , occasioned by the late war , that upwards of two millions of our fellow-men are stated to have fallen a sacrifice thereto among the several belligerents ; and , at the termination of hostilities in 1815 , it waa computed that there were 200 , 000 widows , and 1 , 000 , 000 children , in the various countries ol Europe , who had lost their husbands and parents by the war . M . de Pradt estimates the " loss of life snstained
by the French forces during the six campaigns in the Peninsular war , at six hundred thousand men . " The loss sustained by the Spaniards and their allies was , probably , as great as the loss oftheFrench ; we should reflect that many districts of the Peninsula were from time to time laid waste by the contending armies , and theunoffending inhabitants consequently exposed to the woes of war . Thus we have a total of one million two hundred thousand human beings sacrificed in political interference in the affairs ol Spain and Portugal . It used to be said of Germany , that it was the grave of English armies . Spain , however , appears to have been equally fatal , both as regards the sword and the climate . The sickness in the army under the Duke of Wellington is stated to have been at five different periods as follows . ( See Col . Napier ' s Works : ) -
PERIODS PRESENT SICK January , 1810 ... 20 , 000 , 9 , 000 April , 1811 .. 52 , 613 ...... 9 , 233 October , 1811 ... 29 , .... 1 / . 9 / 4 January , 1812 ... 30 , 222 .... 11 , 444 April , 1812 ... 26 , 897 .... 11 , 452 Besides many more tottering in the ranks from the effects of past illne ? s . The expenditure of the British Government during the last six years of the war , is stated to have been as under .-MSee the works of J . Lowe , Esq . ) PERIODS EXPENDITURE 1810 t £ 89 , 110 , 154 1811 92 . 190 , 699 1812 103 , 421 , 538 1813 120 , 952 , 657 1814 116 , 843 , 889 1815 116 , 491 , 051
£ 638 , 999 , 9 S 8 A very large proportion of this 638 millions of money , wrong from the people of Britain , and irretrievably lost , was squandered in prosecnting the Peninsular war .
_ I » _ 1708 France wag visited with severe national calamities—sickness was very prevalent , food unusually dear , and a general impoverishment spread throughout the kingdom . Under these humiliating cirenmstances Lewis made the allies honourable offers of peace . Bnt unhappil y * such was the love of war—tlie thirst ior . military glory—and the insati&bl £ avarice and ambition of great men , particularly the Duke ' of Marlborough , who , although in the receipt of-nearly ^• 10 , 000 a-year of the public ttouey , artfully eontrived to defeat the negotiations , and the ^ Blft-aa continued . The French were indignant at this inHH ^ Wof the allies , "and in their subsequent operations evinced redoubled efforts . Hostilities were protracted mth various success till 1713 * " By this time the distress throughout Great Britain had become very great , and the miseries occasioned by the war seriouslv affected the Qneen's health which was fast declining , ft therefore became lipedful to conclude a treaty without delay ; and the terms were nearly , such as might have been had before the commencement of hostilities . Qneen Anne did not live to see the kiagdum regain its wonted prosperity but died at Kensington , August , 1714 , having been engaged in war the greater part of her reign .
| " The expense of an ordinary campaign would be suffi . cient to endow a school in every parish in England and Ireland forever . "—Dymond . " ¦ . , \
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GREAT RADICAL DEMONSTRATION AT NEWTON , tfEAR ; SHREWSBURY , J ^? ^ ?^• ¦ ifei * assemblage of the ESSSfo limned ! ^ adjoining the town / for the gj of ^ eemg ^^ e National Petition and 'SSF £ * " *?'' At hU * I ** two o ' clock apro rJ ™ t u ^ 88868 ' maay of the shopkeepers and r ^ pepUbe tradesmen of the town , aJd ij&wri fiu llf £ tt , thecan ? e > ^ raied and ' marched to the appointed place , preceded by a band and a numerous S , * W ^ " ^ ' ^ - ^ oU-dib . &llpd& -- iiri 6 iig other mottoes , were inacr ibed , as well asitTariety of appropriate devices : — > ! . l _ ...... NEWTON . Nt ^ 2 ^^ ' ° S
Eny ^ fc ^ ^ ' ' "mmcienttlmt . he wfllsit . / P ^^^^^ m ^^ a ^ . obey ^ W ^ ^^^ WpSTe law .., we are toa ignorant to m " P ^^^ f e «« t law of natore . may ^ i ^^ ^ ^^ ' *»« ¦ our chilarea hereafter Moral power waiemancinate the wpria . bor ^ nm ^ r ^" ^ , ^^ ? had been "ected at the « 2 dS * ^ l Whfcfa forms a beautiful rising SS f ^ t ' a Md ^ crowd 8 ^ sposed themselves with great order and decorum on the . loping sward , infrontof and around the platform , whence they P ^ ? . ailanima Ma nd imposing Aspect . -
; ^ ft - RD J JANKE ^ ^^ toously Voted splendid speeches hadbeen made 1 } $££ Cha e ^^ Dan iel Thomas , JohV lewis , John Howin and Mr . Pierce , of Birmingham ^ -alV of which we aresorry our space compels W to omit , v Mr . Chaklbs Jones , of Welchpool , was " turnip N ^ rl ^ SP ^ ^ f ^ : Convention North Wales ^ and appomted by acclamation . A vote of thants having been tendered by accUmation to the chairman , and the U 8 nal routine business transacted , the assembled thousands dispersed m the ^ same quiet * nd orderly manner in which they had congregated . In the erening , another meeting was held in the rooms of the Association , and the necessary steps taken for carrying into effect the resolutions passed at the preceding meeting . (
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Horrid Murd . jsr . —At Garmpnsay Moor , on Saturday two navigators , named DaUhide and Hasson , quarrelled about a woman who had been cohabiting with them , whilst employed upon the railroad in the neighbourhood . The quarrel was apparently made up , and they left the public bouse at Cojthoe together . Hasson went towards bis home , and was followed by Dakhide , who stabbed him m the abdomen , so that his bowels protruded . In this dreadful condition \ he wounded man contrived to reach a house in the neighbourhood , wkere he subsequently died , but not before he kad identified the assassin , who was taken up for the crime , and was , on the finding of the coroner ' s jury on Monday , full y committed to Durham gaol on a charge of wilful murder . —SUnderland Beacon .
A Young Gentleman Shot bv a Gamekeeper . —We are informed that a fine young gentleman , Mr . O'Reilly , son to Dr . O'Reilly , formerly of Carlow , was shot on Wednesday , near Castleeomer , by the game-keeper of the Hun . C . B . Wandesforde . According to the report , Mn O'Reilly who carried a fowling piece , had fired at a crow on » tree , when the game-keeper came up and demanded the gun , which Mr . O'Reilly refused to give him , whereupon the game-keeper instantly shot him dead . The game-keeper has been apprehended , and committed to Kilkenny gaol . —iemster Independent .
Singular and Fatal AccidhTnt . — Qn Saturday last the Charlotte , of this port , having taken in nearly her whole cargo of coals , the trimmers went on board to finish their work . They were six in number , and on entering the hold , having with them lighted candles , an explosion of foul air took place , which dreadfully burnt the whole party . On Monday Joseph Lbwry , one of the sufferers , died from the effects of the explosion , and three other men now in the hospital are not expected to survive . Tbe circumstance of sul phuretted hydrogen accumulating in the hold of a vessel fs a very extraordinary fact ; it is supposed to have arisen from the batches being down during the night . The crew received no injury , nor was the vessel at all damaged by the explosion . —Sundertand Beacon
The Speaking Canary Bird ! —" Nature is progressing in these parts ! " as the Yankees say . Mr . Van Amburgh has transformed lions , tigers , and leopards into lambs , and the Adelaide Gallery exhibits a canary bird that can talk ! We heard him with our own ears exclaim " Sweet pretty Dickey ! " and call « Maria i" with good emphasis and discretion . We are told th , at he imitates the ringing -of but parlour bell with the gr « iatertt precision , and can repeat several sentences in a tone far
Huperior to that ever attained by jay , starling , parrot , or cockatoo ! The Ornithologists say that the canary ov-ghi not to be able to speak , seeing that his throat is only constructed for giving utteranee to warbling sounds , but unfortunately for their theory the present specimen is a controversialist . He cocks his tail , turns kis head pertly over his left shoulder , winKH his right eye knowingly , and upsets their comparative anatomy with" Sweet pretty Dickey . "—Morning Post . '' ,- '' .
A Modern Polygamist .- —At the Cheltenham Police-office , on Tuesday , Dennis Hopetown , an Irish deceiver , was placed at the bar , charged by tbe assistant-overseer with leaving his wife and child chargeable to the parish . A very wrerched-looking object stated herself to be the prisoner ' s wife , to whom she had been married upwards of eleven years , but that he had denert ^ d her , and had married another woman , with wbqm she found him living comfortably in a pleasant cottage on the banks of the Severn .: The second Mrs . Hopetown said she had been married to her false lord five years . The poor
woman , who possesses considerable beauty , was almost heart-broken at the discovery , and said she would resign him , together with all hope of future happinP 83 , to her who had the first claim to him . The prisoner sajd , " Then faith , darlints , you ' ve neither of you the first claim , for there ' s a Mrs . Hopetown now living who was married tome before either of ye . " Th «* officer said that under the circumstances he could not press the charge , bui the Bench said they should bind the uniortunate females over to prosecute the prisoner for bigamy , and committed him upon that charge . —Cheltenham
Chronicle . ;¦ ¦' . ' Dreadful Accident , —On the evening of Thursday last , Mrs . Perry , of Castle-street , met with her . death under circumstances of great horror . She was " Supposed to have beeii engaged in lighting fbe copper fire , and from some cause of other her cloihe 8 caught fire , for she was seen at the back of the house to be in flames . Running through the house , in which there was no person but herself , she dreadfully alarmed her neighbours by appearing in the public 9 treek ! , and by running into a neighbour ' s house in . flames from bead to foot . Bw ' ng seen by a man named Kobert Huff , he got h hprse-clotb , threw it round her , and with the assistance ot others got her" into her own house again
while Mr . Wing , of the Blackbirds publicnouse , procured a pail of wrater . By their exertions the flames were put out , and the remains of her clothes taken off her body . Mr . ShiHitoe , the surgeon , was seDt for , and was in immediate attendance . Mrs . Berry was Jthen alive , but Hot perfectlj sensible . Her appearance was of the '•' . most horrid description , tbe whole of the skin being burnt off the body , the hair reduced to a cinder ^ and blood gushing from the mouth . and nose . In this dreadful state she lingered for sceral Hoots , when death terminated her wretched sufferings . The deceased was 70 years of age . A . coroner ' s inquest was held on the following morning at the Green Dragon , when a verdict of " Accidental death " was returned by the jury . —Herts Reformer .
The Gouncil Of the Northern Political Union met on Wednesday evening , Mr . T . Horn in the chair , when it . was unanimously agreed that a delegate should be . sent to . represent the people of Newcastle at the Carlisle Dembhstration , to be bolden on the 25 th- inst * ' ' ' ¦'¦ ';
T$.Bi Nqrxheftn Star. Saturday, October 20, 1838.
T $ . Bi NQRXHEftN STAR . SATURDAY , OCTOBER 20 , 1838 .
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THE ARGUMENT . In our last number we noticed the article- in the Monthly Chronicle , containing Sir LYitdN Bulwek ' s discovery that the demand of the people for Universal Suffrage , trod tbe other " points" of the People ' s Charter is merely ^ the Akti ^ Poob Law Agitation in Disgtjtse , " and the offer by way of compromise to give up the'New Poor Law in exchange . -1 st order , as we suppose , that the equivalent thus offered may notbe copstrued into an unconditional acknowledgement of the people ' s right to that which they ask , it is accompanied b y an effort at proving , first , that the jpebple don't want
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thei Suffrage ; and secondly , that they have no rigbr to it , We now proceed agreeably to our promise , last week , to examine this argument and ^ ee what Itw worthV He * ommence * his attack upon the People ' 8 Charter in these words : — thfn !!^? ^^^ 011186 ^ « " * g ^ en to in ^ heS W - ? t 0 ld ^ at we should ^ i ^ up « S ^^ VM , ec . » dl J , dl « , be , 1 ^ . ^^
mmm ^ mm Srt r — v « hlbitioo ^ palace Yard has ^ fehe to ^ onnnoag vaticiBMion ^^ S metropolis ha « not declared in favour of th « People ' s Charter . The pulse was felt , but it belt tSv and its healthful indifference * as to « ns it ^ J ag ^ tabon is a symptom that the disease is at present confined to the extremitiw . " present
B y those who happen to know that the National Petition received at one station , in one day , 16 000 signatures , the as 8 ertion that " the metropolis ' has riot declared in favour of the People's Cbarterj " will scarcely be received without better evidence than the mere ipse dixit even of Sir Edward Lytton Bulweb . But , supposing it to be so , what then ? is the People ' s Charter unjust , because Loudon has not declared for it ? Are the principles therein contained of no importance to the public weal because the meeting ia Palace Yard was not so numerous as the meetings at Birminghamat
Man-, chester , and at Peep Green ? This would be indeed , curious logic-Whig logic , with a vengeance . We have already placed the meeting in Palace Yard before our readers in its true light : we have shewn that its importance was not so much in the numbers present as in the fact of its being a rallying point in which met tbe energies and determination of almost the whole people , expressed by their delegates from all parts of the three kingdoms . But even in point of numbers , the Palace Yard Meeting was anything hut what the Whig and Tory writers would represent it-ra failure . Public
meetings , as exhibitions of party strength—the light in which our enemies love to regard them—are not to be estimated positively , but relativel y . The Whigs and the Tories have their favourite topics of declamation , as well as the people : let them try their strength . We defy either faction , with all their peculiar resources of wealth , influence , and intimidation , to get up a meeting that shall bear comparison with it . The fact , then , that the largest meeting ever holden in Palace Yard , did declare for the
People ' s Charter , and did affix to the petition for it SIXTEEN THOUSAND SIGNATUBES UPON THE spot , tells badl y as a proof oft he "healthful indifference" to this subject of the metropolitan pulse . But what reason does Sir Edwabd Lytton Bulwer assign for what he wishes to represent as the failure of the Palace Yard Meeting ? How admirably do some asen furnish answers to their own arguments , and put arguments into the mouths of their opponents !
" It is because London speaks in Parliament that she is silent in Palace Yard . " So says Sir Lytton , in the very next sentence . So then , after all , " the healthful indifference of the metropolitan pulse , " about which Sir Lytton talks , is nothing more or Ie « s than an additional evidence that the monopolisers of power are desirous to preserve their Monopoly , and to bold the people still longer in thraldom . Thanks , Sir Lytton , for this information— "Because London speaks in Parliament , she ia silent in Palace Yard . '' So ranch the
greater , then , is the necessity for those who do not speak m Parliament to speak the more emphatically out of Parliament . God helps none but those who help themselves ; and it is very clear from Sir Edward Ly tton Bcxwer ' s statement that they have no help to expect from any ether quarter . u London speaks in Parliament ; she is therefore silent in Palaee Yard . " But RayS j Sir E . Lytton , " a word on tbe political demands of tbe People ' s Charter . Universal Suffrage may or may not be a sound principle . ia itself J but that it re * t « -upon tl »<» truth of the
dogma that whoever is taxed should be represented is a fallacy so gross , that the very answer to it is worn threadbare . If because you are taxed you are necessarily entiiled to a vote ; ifj as Mr . Vincent declares he who votes against this principle he a kuave , why is it that if we bad Universal Suffrage to-morrow many who pay a thousand times more in taxes than Mr . Vincent ever will do , would have < no ' vote-at all . Why is it that the footman of Miss BURDETT GotTTTS , who does not pay th « tax even for the powder in his hair , should be able to give his vote for Mr . Vincent ; and Miss Bur-DE . TT Coutts should bedeprived of that honour ?"
This is really , as Sir Lytton Bulwer say « , an objection so stale that the answer to it is worn threadbare . He supposes a case which with Universal Suffrage could never occur and then oracularly demands how the advocates of Universal Suffrage reconcile the difficulty . No consistent advocate of Universal Suffrage ever , denied the right of Miss Btjrdett Coutts , or any other unmarried woman , of full age and sound mind , to vote . Every such woman contributes her quota to the national treasury , is equally amenable as any man to all the
laws—and has , therefore , just as much interest in the good Government of the country , and as much right to participate therein hy her deputy , as any man A married woman , by the act of marriage , merges all her civil and political rights in those of her husband , and so long as she is incapable of being sued either for debts or taxes—so long as she is , to a great extent , exempted even from the punishment of her own crimes on account of her coverture—so long
we think it reasonable that her right of voting should cease from the period of her marriage , and during the life of her husband--but we repeat that the principle of Universal Suffrage necessarily includes every spinster of lull age and every widow , being of sound mind , as fit persons to exercise the elective franchise . This principle being fully stated , away at Once goes Sir E . L . Bxtlweb ' s crack illustration of Miss CotJTTS and her footman :
But the People ' s Charter makes no demand for the extension of the Suffrage to women . And what then ? Why then , says Sir E . L . Bulwer , "If we had Universal Suffrage to-morrow we should not have Universal Suffrage . " Thus does he plainly demonstrate that while affecting to ridicule the argument of justice , by which Universal Suffrage is supported , he does not even know" what Universal Suffrage means . But , suppose the People ' s Charter to have so far fallen short of embodying the full principle of Universal
Suffrage as-to leave out the women , it surely comes with a bad grace from the bit-by-bit Reformersthe advocates of " rational" and " practical" measures , to recommend its abandonment for not going far enough . 'Tis precisely saying , in other words , # You have gone a great deal too far , and therefore you- must go far ther . v This argument (!) of Sir Lytton Bui / wer's , besides its inconsistency contains also a fallacy worth looking at . —The footman is sneeringly alluded to , as not even paying the tax for the powder in his hair—and this is evidently intended as an insinuation that he pays
no . taxes at all , by way of strengthening the contrast between him and Miss BURDETT CpuTtS , whose ineotfle is said , " directly and indirectly , " to enrich the Excht iner " to the amount of £ 8 , 000 or £ 10 , 000 a-year . " Now , nothing can be more false than thisinsihuatiohj that the footman pays no taxes . Sir E . L . Btji . weh knows perfectly well , that he can scarcely spend any portion of the wages , or consume a particle of the food for which he has g iven his : labour without ¦ ; directly or indirectly " enriching the exchequer . Nor , would it be any difficult matter to : shew that he actually does pay the tax for the powder in his hair , and that the
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£ 8 , 000 or £ 10 , 000 oftaxes said to be paid , " direct !* or indirectly , " by Misa Cburts , is nearly all p ^ " directly or indirectly /' not by Miss Couiri , b * t by her servants ! , her tenants , her dependante / « ui the several unrepre ? epttid . agricviltgral and mamifiio . turjng labourers , ; Jhbse iabonr has been employed C upon the various niatters and things on which her •' income" is expended . So much for the first & !• lacy : then comes the wonderful discovery that an . extended suffrage is dangerous to liberty :- — i ;^ ? ' \** u » in a 11 » 8 ^ i hy minoritiea tb * SS ? - W ™ . ¦ nursed , and the great blessings of . <« n . .. _
The sentiment contained in this discovery * stolen from Sir Kobest Peel ' s speech at fli » famous Glasgow Banquet , and , > it 8 present form , it l 9 wen worthy of ib double Baronetted patrontwj A more false , foolish , and impudent assertion wi # never made . It is a sheer attempt to get rid of & question by what the " professionals « for whose w » Sir-E . . L ; Bulwer ' s talent is best fitted would oilT ? ' power of face . " Upon what Mstorical facts wtbjtf new maxim founded ? We defy Sir E . L ^ BwtirgB ^ to go through , all history and feyifc band % m <> n * instance of a minority having power and not tyran- ' nising over the majority . We defy bim ^ to wxhieft
one lustance in which the happiness of the whbl » ' people ever was freely consulted by any minori ^ r bL powe :. He may point to the patricians , as having nursed the liberties of ancient Kome . We deny ife " The patricians , as a class , in commoinrith the whole people , endured grievances under the ancient kingly rule which by Tarq-xjin had been rendered unhetrable . They struck , therefore , for their w » libertie » -the contest was between them and TABOUiHy they succeeded in- establishing liberty W tbems * Fref , ' but the whole hiatorf of the Coinmonweal A prove * that
so far from this minority " nursing Iibertj " in any extensive sense , they were the bittei and unceasirig tyratjts of the plebeian majorit yw Will he point to the English BardnsM a minority--and tell us that tbey wrested Magna Charta ttota the hand of feudal despotism ? This is a preciself similar case . The Barons nursed no liberty , but for themselves—part of which was the liberty to oppress the common people . In fact , alt history sustains the conclusion that minorities having th « power have ever been tyrants . Sir EnwAB »
tries to give some colour to this falsehood by another or two . ' : : " If there had been Universal Suffrage when tliflr Duke of Wellington was Premier , Catholic Emancipation would not have been carried . " The Tories may perhaps thank Sir E . L . BCL * wer for this assertion , but we cannot imagine thai even they will believe it ; and if Sir Edward him * self believe it , he has less acquaintance with thft people of Great Britain and Ireland fran we thought he had .
" In the United States , it is the few who , inth * teeth of Universal Suffrage , are doing battlft for the slave . " Here again is either wilful or foolish fallacy . Jo those of the United States where slavery exists ; Universal Suffrage does not exist , and never will exist till the slaves have been elevated to the soeial
and political condition of free men . Those , therefore , ¦ " who are doing battle for the Blave" up labouring not "in the teeth of Universal Suffrage !* but for the establishment of Universal Suffrage Thus dues thi 3 clever Whig writer go floundering on J supporting false positions by fallacious argumentB . ; erecting a building of coloured cobwebs , whioh » breath of common sense destroys at once . :
This argument (!) upon the Suffrage is closed with a Jeremiad on contrasting the present agitation with that by which the Whigs succeeded in carrying the Reform Bill : —
u Icisqielaneholy to con trsust the present "demonstrationa'J w ! Hi : lbB - 'Condnct of the working class «« in 1330 [ i then what different leaders—what different •> Pi nio ; Pt--what- practical . Benae—what tempered firmness J WhoL could suppose ^ that in 1838 , tj » schoolmasters had given place to the Cades . " ; Andpray bowis it that the people ^ haye " different leaders ? " Why are' not the same leaders in the field to guide and marshal the agitation of 1838 vs guided and marshalled that of 1830 ? Simply because now as "in all agea" the minority Vnarse' » liberty for themselves , while they deny it by every
means in their power to tbe majority—beckuue flwt Whig minority in England- are re-enacting . theV parft of the Patrician minority of Rome- ^ -having by theiid of the people succeeded in driving out the Tories , they now become in turn more rapacious tyrants than even the Tories were . Why have the peopl * different leaders ? Let Sir Edward Lyttok Bulwer answer— - " Because London speak * in Parliament she is silent in Palace Yard . ' ^—But we have also expressive exclamations about the
" practical sense" andthe " tempered finhnes 9 ' ? io £ the Reform Bill agitation as compared with tSifc . Why here is to be sure , something for the "iiber ^ jr-. nursing " minority to lament . In the glorious Reform Bill agitation , under the " ' nursing-minoritf '' leaders , the horizon was illuminated by the glare-of flaming cities and blazing castles . The people then marched after their leaders exhibiting loyal . banners of the Grown falling from the Monarch ' s head , the crape » elad executioner with the instrument > of
regicide accompanying . In the days of " practical sense" and " tempered firmness , " the spirit of tha people was called forth by the patriotic leaders of th * " liberty-nursing-minority" with significant references to the decapitated tyrants of other lords—the application being eked out by the visible appearance of the Woody-axe before them . Their regard for property in those days of " Uberiy-nursing' * leadership was- evinced hy the lighted torch , - the crumbling mansion and the flaming rain ! while their gallantry and sense of decency was equally
demonstrated by their " Groaning at the Queen 1 " Ah ! these were times for ** liberty -nursing " advocates to look -upon ; < c then what differenfe leaders!—what different opinions!—what practical sense I—what tempered firmness ! " But now , that the people agitate for themselves and not for their leaders—now , that amongst tbe leaders , " ' ^ the schoolmasters have been exchanged for the Cades , ' * here is a sight indeed ! Instead of Bristol and Nottinghamin flames and Apsley House transformed into a garrison , we have five hundred thousand
people meeting on Kersal Moor without ; , the presence of a single soldier , without a . single extraordinary constable , and with the ordinary police of the town placed under the control of the marshals of the meeting . We have a meeting inicalculable for numbers upon Peep Green , withbut " -a siriglo soldier , policeman , or constable near 6 r necessary t Truly , the " Cades" who . noyr lead the people fall far short of the noble , gallant hearing of the schoolmasters who preceded them . Poor Sir E , Lttton BuiWEit hasgredtreasoii ! indeed to exclaim ^— '
"It is melancholy to contrast the present " deh ; onstratjbns" % ith the conduct of the working classes ia 1830 * 't hen , ^ what different leaders!—what different ppinipHS l ^ rwhat practical sense I- —what temperate firmnes |!^ Who could have , thought thatiftjJSStg j the 8 eh' 6 plmasters had . given place to the . Cadesf 111 ' We place three notes of admiration at the , 9 ^ 86 of this feelirfg lament , as a proper . p ^ for , the' £ nir
phatic and argomentative ( 1 1 1 ) , witb . which 4 ? D nai Parliaments are declared impractica ^ iJ ; ^/ ^^ last argument—the (! 11 ) is n <^ dooh ^ .. hgld , ty its clever author to be unanswerable , we shall-no ^ di * tiirb bis day-dreamsi by aayihg a word ^ in ^ ^ ppoeftion . . ¦ to ; it . hut r haroig furnish ^ tt ^ intij . iitt- s ^ p ^ piSatd [ fellow , at the close of the lairi ^ j vegetate ^ iacefaU f toget&eti ; V : v
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Chelska Waterworks . — The propr ietors , of Chelsea Waterworks , at a meeting held on Friday , ordered that 7 s . a-week be allowed to the widow-of a poor man who lately lost his life b £ accident while employed in the company ' s engine-room .
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' '' S ' N' ST A ' 'KJ '" ' ' ? ^ 08 ^ 20 , 1838 . THE NORTHBR ¦ * . - \ : ^ ^^; ^ ^ --- -. ^ -t .- ^^^^^ fFZ I ^ d ^ h . h .. . ^^ ' 3 ATtt £ 800 flor f 10 „„ . _ .. ., --
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Oct. 20, 1838, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1028/page/3/
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