On this page
- Departments (5)
-
Text (17)
-
THE NOSTHEEN STAB. SATURDAY, SOYEMBER16, 1839. , - ^^ ^h. ~ - ~
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
TO THE PEOPLE.
-
TO HEADERSANIX CORREStpKpEKTS^
-
OUR BIRTHDAy.
-
Untitled Article
-
this has • ¦ • . :/• ; W "; opium scrip; . ' . ' . : " ( ' ¦ .;. : ¦;' ¦ . ¦ ¦ • „ ¦
-
Untitled Article
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
-
-
Transcript
-
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
The Nostheen Stab. Saturday, Soyember16, 1839. , - ^^ ^H. ~ - ~
THE NOSTHEEN STAB . SATURDAY , SOYEMBER 16 , 1839 . , - ^^ ^ h . ~ - ~
Untitled Article
THE INSURRECTION , ferox . —33 a * I-were dead ! t ) , what is dsxlh , compared to slavery ! Bmtes jnsy bear bondage—they -were Bade for It , When Heaven set man above tbemj bat no mark , 3 > e £ nite and indelible , ispufc Upon o * # tna-n to tnay'lr jifm from another , That he ^ aoald lire Ms slave . O heavy cnrse ! . To hive thongat , reason , judgment , feelings , tastes Saaaieas , and conscience , like another man , Andsotiare equal liberty to use them , SnicaOismood their master ! Why "was I bom
With passion to be free—with faculties To -ase enlargement— -with desires that cleave Te Moh achievements—and with sympathies -Attracting me to objects fair and noble—Jmd yet wiih . power over myself as little As any beast of burden ? Why should I live * There are of brutes themselves that will not tame ^ So Men in them is nature— -w hom the spur And lash , instead" ef curbing , oely chafe Int « prouder mettle?—that -will let yon loll them , Ere they ¦ will soffet you to master them . I am a man and live 2
; Sheridan Knowies . If HroSj a born slave , "was justified by nature in such feeling a 3 is here ^ expressed ; if all sophistry of art could not banish the strong flow of impulse ^ and of self-respect from Ms mind , -whose "bondage was born with him , what msst-be the ieehngs of those , who hare oomparri 3 ons to make , and-svhose slavery is Tnade tie more galling , by the recollection that they were born free , and that , as ompared -with their ancestors , they . are now Blares Haying no other gronnds whereon te form a
judg-Saeni of the insurrection in "Wales , taan the reports of a press which we were justified in using sceptirally , "we inclined last week , to wew the recent Outbreak , as the madness of a few , heightened by && colouring of the Government -artists , but from ihe evidence of some of the "witnesses ,- we are ; now Justified ingmngto the "whole proceedings the stamp of reality . That it was a mountain torrent long pent up until costumed oppression , and multiplied insult , prematurel y burst the dams , we now "believe . That other and nobler motives than
plunder , devastation , or merely the supply of immediate waai , arged the assailants to the attack is manifest from the fact that many are sworn to be in good and constant employment . . TMs fact furnishes matter of strong reproach to the press , while , to loose who can appreciate the' noble sentiments of Beok , it carries with it tie conviction , that comparatively easy circumstances will not be accepted fcy the people as a substitute for liberty .
That emeutes of this description wiD most fre-« raently be suppressed by disciplined force , we are ready to believe and confess , and . -would therefore caution the people , as we always have cautioned fhem , against suffering themselves to be drawn into them ; but that they are the forerunners of a general ¦ ad irresistible demand for freedom , none but the fool or the wilfully blind will deny ., At first the Tory press -used the God-send , as a means of "Wiig accusation almost palliating the act ; but scarcely is the ink of approval or scant reproach dry , before the columns of the
same pres teem with fabricated charges against Mr . Pkost . As long as the Tvaes had only to deal TRththe wfldness of undisciplined despair , it saw 210 terror in the assault , but when convinced by an anonymous and hired slanderer , under the guise of an forthorised correspondent , thai Mr . Fkost tt « t > hetm . a party to the proceedings , ihen is the volcano ef abuse let loose upon the victim . Then is , Mr . Pbost , in order to insure for him a fair and impartial trial , accused of being low bora—convicted of -rrands , -of libels , of conspiracies and deceit , wfcfla the verdict of his townsmen , by his
appointment to the commission of the , peace , with the best knowledge of hb character , furnishes to the Times noanswerto the charges of big rlyV-ln ^ t . g TT' asauain , Xord Johs Hcssell appointed Mr . Frost a magistrate , and , as my Lord ilELBoraxxsaid in the Honse © f Lords , after the most searching enquiry into his character and fitness ; and yet the confidence of those to "whom he is known through the whole of Ms life , and the satisfactory inquiries of Lord Jobs Bcssell , are to fade before the stinking breath of somepenny a ^ iner , sent down to "Wales to fabricate testimony against a man , who like the printer of the Times , ias snSered persecntion for telling traih . -
The middle classes , who have now by the operation of machinery , turned man into a beast of burden , ¦ winch may or may not be employed at their plea sure or convenience , and who may not even live , exeept upon their-wiQ and Diddmg , hope to hold power and increase oppression by the bayonet , paid for ky the people ; hut they axe mistaken . The whole « f pnblic opinion is organised against a
continuance of oppression , and dreadful will be the crash , if what should l > e yielded to justice and circumstances , shall only be surrendered to force . Talk x » w of inflammatory speeches , of incendiary harangues , of tumnltuon 3 risings ! "Wh y the fools lave closed the safety valve , which alone prevented ¦ &B boiler from long since exploding , and let them look to Wales for a practical instance of what is sure to follow the putting down of the free
expresopinion . _ LetthepeoplealEolooktoWales , andlearnalesson from what has occurred there . Prom it they may learn , that the man who stands beside them to-day may appear inthe witness boxagainst them to-morrow Xet them reflect upon the fact that the principal witnesses are informers , andhave been accomplices . Let them also bear in aind the fact , that some wh © marshalled them were the first to abandon them , and to leave them to their fate : and let them thence learn
liow to estimate the value of such advisers as would nereafter lead them into similar positions . Bat frith all this , no one act f concert , conspiracy or treachery , has been attempted to be proved a ^ inst Mr . Frost , though he is immured within ihe walls of a dungeon , under a charge of Mgh treason , but we do not think the Government will try him on that charge . It will be more easy to insure a conviction , to them equally valuable , for a less ieinous offence .
The Star and Its proprietor have already snftered much in this cause ; however , despite of farther © ppression , our motto Etfll shall . be « no surxender . " The meetings of the people when « oasisdngof hundreds of thousands , hare teen ( to show the weakness of pubBc opinion ) estimated at a mere handful , while the numbers who attacked Newport , probably some 2000 , have been xagniSed variously by the pressfrom 8000 to 100000 . -Sifi cap of var present ignorant rulers is now toll to « verflowing—they TuiTe prepared the draught , let aenvdrinkii . Onr course is to keep public opinion together , and not to allow the power of the wicked to endanger the cause of the virtnons .
Untitled Article
TYRANNICAL , BASE , BRUTAL , AND BLOODY PERSECUTION OF FEARGUS O'CONNOR , AND EXTRAORDINARY PBOSECUTION OF THAT GENTLEMAN
REV 1 VA 1 . OP THE STAR CHAMBER , RESURRECTION OF THE BLOODY JEFFRIES .
Ih the sereral Biiagglea between the friends of fi * Court and &e friends of &e People , even in * mes -when the latter were in » position to dictate , aod flie former were ready to obej , we found the Ccart party awake to the Yalne " « f individual pre zsgtfzve , and at&ongh r ^ ^ adait the people 4 vkx forced , ) to a partieipaikm of r ^ resentative powe ^ jet has the right of the ArroBSEr-GEinaui to nanrp the fimefions of a Grand Jury , by in-¦ titatinfrfBOsecofionB , u-ofcio , been conadfired a light better worth preserving for tyrannical purpo « i than Mferal ottierB , which were yielded ¦ w ithout a Btraale , while that , and that alone , & **> &iiu > aerenl ck * ngw , -was stipulated for by •• CtBrt psr ^ , ¦ ¦ - . - ¦ ¦¦
Untitled Article
That the value of this may be understood , it is necessary to state the form of a ' prosecution under an ex-nffino . The AaroB . -sKT-GEHiaiAi , ** his own person , file 3 his bill , and puts ituponihe file , and hecomes the prosecutor in the name of the Sovereign . AUforms of presentment before a Grand Jury are dispensed with , and all matters set forth , as in a common "bOl of indictment , are set aside . One would naturally suppose that the pliancy of recent Grand Juries , more especially that of Chester , would , without offering so gross an insult to the community as the Revival of the Star Chamber , have satisfied the Astobjcet-Gexeiui . ; however , it seemeth otherwise , for the Liberal Whig Government are prosecuting Mr . O'Coxxob ex officlo . . ^^ n _ A J . ^ - - >_ . ^_ ^ ^^ X % «« im MkMV ^^^ UTtnDKl / WUi . IlIQ T ^ £ k ^
The "books do not furnish "as "with the exact date when prosecution by Ex-offido was first instituted . However , we can collett that this moDBter was dreaded and provided against in the interval between the reigns of Edward III . andHEKKY YII ., and was nurtured in the reign of the latter tyrant , by two slavish and unprincipled lawyers , Empsox and Dudley , who , as if " per fas aui nejas > ' like our modern Jeffries , were resolved to gain a place in the page of history , and whose reward will be found in the exposition of their - character by the historian "Russell , " in his History of Modern Europe , dedicated to His Grace the Duke of Bedford . In
speaking of the tyrant , Rvssell says , " He had found two Ministers , Empsom and Dudley , perfectly qualified to second his rapacious and tyrannical inclinations , and to prey upon his defenceless people . These instruments of oppression were both lawyers : the first of mean birth , of brutal manners , and of "unrelenting temper ; the second better born , and better bred , but equally unjust , severe and inflexible . " Such is the character given of Empsojj and Dcldey , and let us now consider the light in which these favourite instruments were viewed hy the ablest la-sryers of the age , and the precautions which were thought necessary to curtail
so nnjust and anomalous a power , by ancient Books of Law , as Glavin , G . 1—Fleta , L . 2 , C . 92 , 102 , 13 ) 3 . —Mag . Car . 29—2 nd . Inst . 46 . All these say no man shall " be charged but hy indictment or presentment . So in Sts . 25 th , E . 3 . C . 4—i 2 nd Edwabd III . C 3—5 th Edwabd III . C . 9 . So in the year books of 26 th Edwxkd III ., * ' all suits of the King jnnsi be by presentment or indictment . ' * £ fnpse « owfi > i « i / £ yprincipallybroughtrjr-q ^ Jctosinto vogue . The Star Chamber favoured them , but at all times they received but little favour from the Judges . Blacksto . ve , Book 4 , C 33 , says— " To this end the Court of Star Chamber was remodelled
and armed vrith powers the most dangerous and unconstitutional over the peesohs and properties of the subject . Informations were allowed to be re-¦ ceivei in lieu of indictments at the Assizes and Sessions of the Peace , in order to multiply risssand pecuniary penalties . " Added to these several proofs of the odium in which prosecutions by ei oj ^ cio has at all times been held , the charge has ever stood foremost in the Whig catalogne of Tory accusations .
The ex qfficHo , now filed against Mr . O'Connor consists of two hundred folios , the office copy of which cost ten pousds , while the copy of a bill found by " a Grand Jury might have been had for asking . Mr . O'Cox > oh is charged , not only with what he has himself nttered , but with having published the speeches of the Rev . Mr . Jackson , of J . B- O'BsiEX , Dr . Tatxoh , Sir . Tatlob , of Birmingham , and Mr . Shcttlewobth , of Manchester ; with - having published the resolutions passed at Newcastle during Mr . O'Beiek ' s visit ; those passed at Manchester during Mr . O'Brien ' s visit to that place ; the resolutions passed at Hochdale , at Birmingham , and several other places;—Trith having addressed the people of Birmingham , in
tie Bull Ring , and having led them from thence to GoBta Green , in company with Frostj—-with having given his OPINION ( though a barrister ) as to the legality of the Bull Ring meeting ; with having incited the people to arm , rebel , and upset tho Constitution ; and , in short , with every word spoken by every one of the pariy a * and with more offences than the Star , if wholly occupied witk the recital , would contain . This is the fifth prosecution .-which Mr . O'Connor has had to sustain since ¦ theestablishment of the Northern Star , sad . this being itsiirth day , the anniversary is most propitiously ushered in . Aye , we Bay propitiously , and not in irony , for in proportion to the service rendered , in like proportion will persecution and punishment be measured out . "We do not wish to see eo devoted
and uncompromising , and unceasing an advocate suffering ^ punishment and persecution , bnfc in ns own words , if the cause is only to "be gained by martyrdom , let him be a martyr rather than the cause should perish . The most remarkable feature in the present prose-« ution-is the fact , that one Government article has gone the round of the whole Press , metropolitan and provincial , stating that all men will acknowledge' the propriety of the step . What , then , becomes of the liberty of the Press I In what position stands the Sun , who reeommended " revolution ' '
as the only means of repealing , the Corn Laws How must fare the Times , and those Papers who have published the treasonable speeches of Mr . Bradshaw and others of the bloody Cumberland assassin band ! "Why , well , because"they are Tories , and members of the loyal corps of offenders . If we know anything of Mr . O'Connor , however , we feel ¦ perfectly convinced that persecution will rather spur him to fresh deeds of patriotism , than turn him from hi 3 course . We may fearlessly assert that history furnishes no parallel of equal
consistency in a public character , associatedj from the commencement , with a party out of the pale of the Constitution . Regardless of the coldness of friends and the censure of slavesheedless of persecution , where the end to be attained was likely to serve the cause in which he haa embarked , he has never once called in other aid than his own energy to meet alL From him we hear no word of despondency , no sigh of sorrow , no confession of repentance , but , on the contrary , a resolve to persevere unto the death . At the
present moment , when the & 11 stretah of the most practised lawyer would be required to ineet this deadly blow , we find Mr . O'Coxkob determined ( regardless of self ) to insure protection for Mr . Frost and others . In their several trials where he 13 compelled to stand godfather for all * the value of the free press is made manifest , and it is" now for the people . themselves , ( for they are omnipotent , ) to sayj whether so gross , so cowardly and so tyrannical anattaek Bhallbe successfully made for the suppression of the only organ which has been considered ^ worthy the honour of being distinguished ly an Ex-offido prosecution . The only instance of such an act of tyranny under "the present most tyrannical Government .
- It is now evident that for sometime past every act of Mr . O'Coskob ' s has been closely watched by the Government , while as we shall shortly be enabled to prove , his person has . been beset with spies and informers , who through secret intelligence , anonymous letters , and other such schemes , have laid snares and traps , which nothing hat the most ceaseless watching and prudence conld have foiled . Mr . O'Cokkob . is in possession of a mass of evidenco which will famish proof convincing , against members of the present Government , of acts of treachery eoaspiracy , and deeds , little short of , if not wholly amounting to , high treason . His life is evidently sought for , but we feel convinoed that the people wfll not tamely submit to his destruction .
Untitled Article
THE LORD MAYOR'S DINNER , AND THE UNPOPULAR MINISTERS . On Saturdav last , the Lord Mayor gave his usual annna ! feast , and , to which , as usual , her Majesty's Ministers were invited . Mklbopbjie , Nobjunbt , and Paijcebstox , were selected as the three begt drilled of the awkward squad . This occasion generally furnishes to theMiniker an opportunity of test
Untitled Article
ing , the estimation in which his Government ia held , and is considered perhaps the fairest opportunity ; that canbe afforded in this dull season of the year , and after reflection upon the work of the preceding ' session . Upon Lord Melbourne rising to return thanks for the health of himself and comrades , however , he was met with a volley of hisses , hootr ings , and groanings , never before dealt out to any political character , even the most reckless .- He spoke of his determination to suppress domestic outbreak by force , and was assailed with renewed groans , until at length he complained . The Lord Mayor in Tain , endeavoured to get him a hearing , and finally the triumvirate walked off to the tune of the Rogues' March . Will they take it as one of the signs of the times . IT ) ft Tn& Afj ^ lMlfl ^ m # «« % «« % ^ W ^ n « All »«« fv ^ JtwMlBHUbii «^^ X £ ^ ^ ^ . 1 J
Untitled Article
London , Wednesday . Mt Dear Friends , —A most bloody prosecution has been instituted against me , but I only laugh at it . I take this opportunity of again assuring you , that I will go on as I have commenced , and die or have Universal Suffrage . I . can devote . but . little time to my -own concerns , yours require all sny attention . The Champion and Weekly Chronicle have long been printing the very matters with which , and almost in their language , I am charged in the Ex-offido . 1 shall have somethiag to say to you , personally , next week , for the Ex-officio shall not gag me . I am , ever yours , Faithfully FEARGUS O'CONNOR .
Untitled Article
TO THE . RADICALS OF THE EMPIRE . Friends , —In the commentary in last week ' s Star npon the recent insurrection of the "Welch people , no mention was made of the name of Mr . Frost . The account was taken from the London press , which has at all times most treacherously attributed every act , whether of riot , plunder , or disorder , to the Chartists in general , and to that leader especially in whose locality the circumstance happened to occur . The fact of two out of three of the men recently convicted at Warwick , being incontrovertibly proved to have been absent from the scene , furnishes ample
proof of the amount of reliance to be placed upon accusation or conviction ^ where the object is to suppress Chartism . Since last week , accounts have been received of the arrest of Mr . Frost , together vritb the evidence upon which he haa been committed fc > Monmouth Gaol , for what the Magistrates are pleased to call high treason . Under these circumstances , it becomes my duty to analyse the evidence . In the first place the lawis , that if a man joins with others for the performance of an illegal act , but subsequently abandons his intention , he is not responsible for subsequent acts committed by his
associates , and it does not appear from the evidence of any one of the parties -who-appear against-Mr . Frost , that he took any part in the riot . Even the evidence of those parties , which the Government at last must rely upon to substantiate a charge of conspiracy , would go no further than to prove a determination by the party , as far as Mr . Fnost was concerned , to attack the Gaol of Monmouth , for the purpose of liberating Vincent and other prisoners confined there for political offences ; this attempt , even if successful , would not amount to high treason . Mr . Frost i 3 painted by tho prea 3 as a bloodthirsty
and overbearing tyrant , while the principal witness , Mr . Brovgh , who identifies him as being brought armed , not as having been with j or come to the party , admits that , although a political , enemy of Mr . Frost ' s , yet that immediately upon appearing before him he was set at liberty . Was this tho act of a bloodthirsty or overbearing man ! He is also described as a reckless man , with his mind made up to the worst , while conscious of his innocence , he allows himself to be taken , while well armed , with sufficient assistance at hand , by a Constable and a Solicitor , neither of whom are stated to be'armed . Is . ^ this a proof of desperation or reckleaBfcess ? Perhaps at no period are signs of conscious guilt so manifest as at the moment of a person ' s
apprehension , and yet we find Mr . Frost quite composed , merely supposing that search 'was being made for manuscripts of his , at a time when the proof of such manuscripts would be of comparative insignificance , as compared with the crime , with which ^ if guilty , he must have known he stood charged . Again , if we couple the evidence of Maithew Williams , the informer , and the first witness produced against Mr . Frost , with the state of preparedness of the Magistrates , who declare that theyhadnoprevious ! ntimation , thewhble plot at once reverts back to the origination , and shows that . behind this affair , there yet remain some unexplained facts , which 8 oonert > r later must come to light . The documents found upon some of the poor fellows who were shot are paraded as bearing marks of evident
intentions to create revolution and tumults , while not one _ of them amounted to more than evidence of membership of some Working Man ' s Association , the motto of some being peace , lawj and order , and all expressing strongly the crying grievance of the idle living luxuriously upon the sweat of the laborious . Frost , having been , a Member of the Convention , having been cruelly treated by an oppressive Government—and man always hates and dreads those ¦ whom he oppresses—Having at all times sympathized . with the poor and oppressed , was the most likely man in his locality to he pounced
upon , npon such an occasion ; however , let not our rulers suppose that such a life can be sacrificed , without such a struggle as every humane and good man in the State will say upon the occasion he is bound to make . Now is the time to discover whether inthe whole body of the people , there is yet enough of energy , or of justice , resolution j and judgment , to save from tiestructioh a man , who has proved himself to possess every , virtue which can adorn human nature . Many eyes will be raised , and loud will be the execration against me for haviDg thus expressed my opinion j but I care not ,
because I am convinced of the innocence of him , whom I boast to call my friend . By the almost superhuman exertion of one man , ( Mr . Pitkethly , ) who walked twelve hours a day for six days , backed by the immediate and hearty response of England and Scotland , the lives of Howell , Jones , and Roberts , were Bpared , and the same unwearied exertion upon our parts , can still restore Frost to liberty , to family , and to home . This is Monday morning , and I have already had one legal consultation about his position and defence . It is confidently anticipated , that he , together with the other
prisoners , will be tried by a Special Commission , when the Government will have the appointment of the Judge ; and the time also will be appointed by them . They cannot well have that Commission before Christmas , and for the following reasons . The present is Term time , when all the Judges and most eminent Barristers are fully engaged . For about a fortnight after Term , which ends on the 25 th Nov ., the time is occupied with what is called Sittings after Term , and subsequently to which , and before Christmas , a recess of about twelve or fifteen days generally occurs . This period is not a likely time for the Commission , as the conviction of $ Ir . Frost , which they evidently calculate upon , would not be
the most palatable Christmas box , with which to amuse the half-fed working people . No , they would securely usher in their Christmas triumph , ¦ while the halls of the wealthy ring with festivities , and the peasant' s hovel presents the Weeding heart , brooding over the loss of a good friend and a kind man When men embark in a cause like ours they ahonld at all time te prepared for the worst , inasmuch , as -onr arrangements , plans , and operations are liable , though evcrsofullof judgment , to be frustrated by a sudden attack of our opponents ; thus , if they find our moral endeavours sufficient to effect our purpose , those moral means -will at once be converted , not into an attack or an outbreak , but into : an imperative necessity for self-defence .
Untitled Article
The over zealous friend is not unfrer Uently more dangerous than the open foe , let us ; therefore take caution imd courage for our motto apOn the present occasions If the government gr dnt a Special Commission , most probably sho ^ iy , aftCT . Christmas will be appointed for holdin £ it , indeed so anxious will the authorities be t o : ricretch eyeryV' point-ibra conviction , that it will '^ fe them iiearly that time to get up their ease ; T Afy question vthen is , are we to remain idle spv-tators , while the officers and agents of the Crow n are busily engiged in the work . - ~ rill . A . a ^* a ^ ^* ± Jk I as « * m m ^ m * ± m * J 3 ' *« > - * a ^ * a ^ ^_*« h m . ' -. ' -d 1 ' . 11 ' ' . '
of destrugtjoni Is liberty to be kept down by the swords—are its friends to be t . ied like dogs to swing in the air I Iffo forbid it , nature- ^ -forbid it working men .. Whs / i then becomes pur duty ? Again I Bay to strain eveTy point for the liberation of Frost . You will at of ice see the injustice of a Special Commission , y ^ ho Government send down the picked prosecutor ? , from the bar at your expense , while no Cou / jsel attends for the prisoners , unless they are wb at is called " specially retained / ' that ia instead 0 / . getting ten guineas , the leader must receive three \ iundred guineas , and the other about one hundred
guineas each . To meet ttie prosecution of Mr . Frost and others , then we must ' . instantly sot to work . We have had enough of Defence CommitteeSj who from their ignorance of law , notwithstanding , the very best iutentions , have rather led themselves into scrapes than served those , for whom they would have shed their bloocL Responsibility , must rest somewhere , and therefore I beg to suggest the propriety of retaining Sir William Follett , the ablest lawyer in the world , as leading oounsel for the prisoners , together with Mr . Clarkson , one of the most practised barristers who pleads in criminal
cases , and Mr . Ciiambers as junior , All ? he funds now in hand j together with what the people can furnish , and the Star ' s supply , should be applied , with economy , but sufficient liberality for the ; defence of our friends . Committees should be instantly formed , to set about the work without one inbrnent ' s losspf time , as we are goneraUy 'backward in our operations . If the country will appoint a good committee , well : but if not ; I will undertake the management of the defence jnyself , ; and will allow the people to hold me responsible for a proper discharge of the duty , n the meantime , let us not ,
while thus seeking justice for our friends ; be led into despondency , by the vaunting boasts of a weak and truculent Government , who if unopposed would establisha military despotism in the country . Of the Star Chamber prosecutions now instituted by the Attorney-Genebal against me , I shall not say one word here . You know that I never require either sympathy or subscription for myself , but I feel morally convinced that by our timely , united , and well-directed exertions , we niay gave our frierid , while apathy will lead to his destruction and disgrace . It by no means follows , that the commitment of Mr . Frostfor ' hightreason : will bo followed by a trial for high treason , they will try him according to the evidence they may be enabled to
collect . I have now over £ 200 in my hands for the payment of which I have never yet received any order j let those who subscribed it : say whether a more fitting opportunity could occur for its expenditure . The press , as well Tory as Whig , will use every . exertion to , prejudice the public mind against Frost . We must be as unremitting in our exertions to meet them . Every thing that can be done must be done . I know the difficulty of getting up public meetings now , and it would appear as if this season of the year was at all times to be fruitful with such events . 'For now seven years , that is from the persecution of tho Dorchester labburers , I - . ' have been compelled about this time each year to get up a defence for one party or another / and now I shall make my annual tour in defence of
Frost ; Observe , a proclamation is not law , nor does it hold as law ; and , therefore , if ourmeetings are attempted to be suppressed , or if the-, masters , knowing the strength of public opinion j shall by force prevent their men from attending during the long hours of slavery , we shall be justified ,, ( unless shown by the Attorney-General , who entered Dudley by torch-light , and proclaimed them legal , that they are now illegal ) , in having general torch-light meetiDg 8 , if we are not ailowedto meet by day , andif they are not shown to be illegal . They are not illegal . However , although I have subjected
myself to five prosecutions in less than a yearj I will not subject one of you--. to injurywithout certain calculation as to the result ; and ; thereforej I will not take a single step without sufficient considerat ion , while I pledge myself that if twenty men throughout England and Scotland work as I shall work , the ^ drk will be done . I hope that patriotic : committees , for the purpose of procuring justice for Mr . Frost , and the other prisoners wiU bo forthwith appointed in . every part , of the Empire . Let not one moment be lost . Delays are dangerous ; the Attorney-General will not delay . I am , your Faithful Friend , FEARGUS O'CONNOR .
Untitled Article
Ocr present Niimberbegins the third year of the existence of the Northern < S ? a ?^ the' 6 stabli 8 hment of . whichwillberegardcd hereafter as an epoch in the political anhals of this country . Tho two years that have passed over us haiVe been big with stirring interest ; fraught with events ; of no ordinary character . The germ of knowlodgej bursting into new activ&yambngsi ; the people , showing them the position they do occupy , and that they , ought to occupy , Jiad begun already to produce that Bpirit of determined restlessness —of onward movement—which had alarmed the factions , and caused them to think seriously of concentrating the many powers with which
they are invested , by the one mighty power , the power of exclusive law making . Thus , then , were the two mighty parties—the enfranchised few , powerful in wealth j arid in exclusive privileges , andthe ndn-enfranchised many ^ powerful in numbers , in worth , andinintelligence , watching each other like two , champions . in arms . But the power of the people was to a great extent , neutralized forwantof that unity of purpose , that singleness of determination , which characterized the oppressor . It has been the province of the Northern JSlar to ; remedy this grand defect ; to keep in check the crbtchet-mongers , and to keep th * people constantly directed to the " one" great " thing" politically " needful " —Universal Suffrage .
Seeing from first to last the futility of seeking to lop Off the prurient branches from the great tree of corruption , while the stenv remained firmly rooted in , and nurturedby , the rotten system of partial representation , we have invariably bent all " our efforts , not to the patchwbrk of paltering with single grievances , but to the upsetting « f the whole system ; of misrule ^ at once , by demanding for the whole people an entire power over the making of the lawSr
The importance and the wisdom of this ; policy , is best evinced by the alarm which it has excited in the camp ' . of despotism , and the reiterated sorties made upon us from the garrison of corruption ; as well as the slight skirmishea we have been compelled to hold with the numerous foraging companies and marauding scouta cbn-/ nected with the enemy . For the present , we shall confine our retrospect to the successive fires opened upon us from the main body . We
shall not notice the puny efforts of the slavish , base , and trading portion of the Press , by which we have been from tiine to time assailed , and which weknow to have , in every instance , left the conflict , most sincerely wishing that it had never sought that conflict . We shall take no notice of the many pop-guna which , in the form of individual attacky or secret ^ uhdermiuing influence , have tried their feeble powers for our destruction . We eliall inerely poiat ,
Untitled Article
for / proof , that our position is 1 the ^ bne best calculated to sustain the people ' s cause , and the one most feared by their oppressor s , to the almost constant roar of the heavy artillery of Government prosecutions , that has been kept up dur ing the whole term ; of Our existence . A purely friyblbus , maliciQUSj and vexatious ^ chequer process was first issued against bur publisherj for an alleged technical informality ^ in the ? ording of the imprint ; an informality which , ihad it existed , needed but to have been pointed out , to have been removed ; in proof , however , that the object of Government waB not the cor-A " ' ¦ . j * it' l .. i r - . # T . «^ L t '«' .- ~ r" 4 : ¦ - t - V 1 " ¦
recting of the informality , but the destruction of the people ' s Organ of opinion , the existence of the alleged informality was first intimated to us by an Exchequer Writ . This piece of tyranny was jnet ; was beaten ; and the humbled Goyeidinent was glad to drop the prosecution ; The Star went on , collecting , concentrating , and givhigenergy tp public opinion , till the trembling cowards sought again to overturn it by a prosecution ba'ely infamous . The Guardians of Warminster Bastile were elevated to the dignity of becoming cat ' s r paws to : scratch out the hot nuts for the Simiar tribe of ministers ; a
paragraph of four lines , copied from another paper , and involving a horrible charge against these Guardiaria , ( the truth of which charge has not yet been disproved , ) was laid hold of as the pretext for subjecting the proprietor of the Northern Star to the expense , and harrassment j and inconvenience of a prosecution , under a criminal information , for libel . The prosecution was had , the paltry wretches winced , and writhed under the castigation of his defence , until their souls shrunk into their native nothingness . They had , of course , a verdict , and Mr . O'Connor was held to bail to appear for judgment during the present term , in the court
of Queen ' s Bench . Pending this judgment , the dastard villains ^ not yet satisfied , without giving him one moment's notice , or telling him of what offence he was accused , bring ina ^ ainst him Beveral true bills of indictment ,. and cause him tobe arrested on a judge ' s warrant ; binding him again in heavy bail . This was not enough , to make assurance doubly ; sure , the mild Attorney-General of a " Liberal" and " Reforndirig" Government , ' * honest John Campn ell" is instructed by his "honest '"' pals" to have recourse to the most disreputable , the most suspicious , and the most cowardly , of all Government modes of prosecution , an ex'officio information :
Our readers will remember that in our last number we gave a paragraph from the Snii , newspaper , rejoicing that an ex-officio information had been filed against Mr . Feargcs O'Connor , had been issued . We had not then , as we stated , received any other information on the suBj ' ect , than that which was afforded by the paragraph in ue 8 tion . During the day , however , we learnt , by the following letter from Mr . O'Connor's Attorney , that the fact was rightly stated . " 7 , Great George-street , " Westminster . " 7 th Nov ., 1839 .
Mr joear Sir , — " I am sorry you have been put to any inconvenience by my having addressed my letter to Leeds , instead of Manchester . I did tins in consequence of not being able to answer your CQUiniunica tion by return of . post , on account of Mr . Maule's absence on Monday . As you are so much a bird of passage that as I was not able to do so , I thought the surest way to find you would be to writeto Leeds . " You have by this time probably received my former letter , by -Hrhicb . you -will see that your attendance in town -will not be requked before the latter part of next week . Mr . Maule has > however , promised to give me ample notice , so that you may not be unnecessarily inconvenienced . I have sent a duplicat * of this letter to Manchester , as desired by yours of this morninir .
"lam , "My dear Sir , •' Yours very truly , " Marshall Turner . ? V . O'Connor , Esq . ; " Five 6 'clocl :. — -I have reopened tiiis letter to add that Iba ^ re jus t received the follow ing letter from Mr . Maule . I will send him an undertaking to appear in the morning : — ' Treasury , 7 th' 8 ' oy ,, 1839 . 'R V . FEARGUS O ' CONNOR , ESO .
' GENT . —I beg leave to acquaint you that the Attorney-General has filed a criminal information against Mr . O'Connor , for publishing certain seditious libels in the Northern Stir newspapers of the 13 th and 20 th July last , and a Writ of Spa has been issued , and is now in my bands , for the purpose of being served , but tiefore I take .. this step , I beg to inquire whether you will aceept the seryice of the writ for him , and undertake to appear . '' ¦ - '¦ ' I take this opportunity of acquainting you that under the present circumstance , the Attorney-General does not intend to call upon Mr . O'Connor to appear in the present term for judgment in the prosecution against him which vras held at the last Yorkshire Assizes .. '¦ ¦ ¦ ' ¦ - ' . " ¦ ¦ '¦'' . • ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ :
'I am , Gent ' Your obedient Servant , ' Geo . Maule . Messrs . Yates and Tutner . " * So thet ^ it seemB that after the fashion of all cowards the Government shrunk from following np their own deeds , they knew the libel cause to have been of so paltry and contemptible a nature that no judge would deal with Jt in terms that would not reflect disgrace on the pursuerSj and therefore , having achieved the only object which in the littleness of their soul , theyhad set before them , having subjected Mr , O' Connor to >
harrassment , annoyance , and expenee , they skulk out , at last ^ when their meanness would become apparent , and refuse to bring him up for judgment ; while their rancour , still waxing warmer and growing deeper as they perceive their inability to crush , the influence of Mr . O'Connor or the power of the Northern Star , is again manifested under this new phase of villany . The object of all these attacks is * plain enough . It is that by continued harassment , by a series of unjust attacks , they may cripple the dnergies , and perhaps y a long period of " improved prisonx discipline " destroy the life of Mr . O'Connor ; thinking ,
no doubt , that iii bis destruction , they will a < 5-compliah also the destruction of the Star . Poor fools ! howshort ^ ghted is their policy ! Have they not yet learnt that pirsecutibn feeds and nourishes its victims , and often fans a : spaflsinto / a flame 1 We thank them , inost sincerely thank them , for their many marks of courteous attention . , Kext tb our own unbendin < honesty , and its appreciation by the people , to this hostile favour , we attribute our preeminence over every newspaper that now does , ¦ ¦ . ; or ever did , flourish in the world . To the Goyerumment then , and to all our enemies , both secret and avowed , we once more throw down the
gauntlet—. Strong , armed in honesty , we se © No terror in their threats ; and for The upshoto' their malice ^ feel No apprehensive fear . We smiling view the dagger in their hand And bid theta strike . ' To the people we deem it alike unnecessary to tender thanks or promises , ^ Te haveibtenbefore themso long that they ^ know ^ us welhtheyhave supported us noblyj because , in doingisb , they were taking the best means Q f supporting their own cauBe so let it be ; and when ; We cease to mirror faitii nlly thepnblic mindi and honestly to fight the peopled battles , kt them wst ni from them and regard us is a fallen star . ^ "
Untitled Article
To our Leeds Subscribers . —those SiOscriberi ^ " % &r ? t ^ ^ ° ' Wtom . to irmfertS ao ^ L ^ rT f ^ ° ? Z V > ^ Pe « Aoi ^ been stopped . The reason of this is ^ -that , lad meek in ^ m ^ *"> 1 ? mJS m ^^ Z Sf ^^ W * : The cause assigned iy hint far this procedure is a fidse one We neter compel any agent to take a ^ u ^ of vaSs r ¦ : ¦ % * ¦ $% ? ? : " * ^ V ^ auireMmZ ' keep aZ J ®
Untitled Article
THE . PORf raits of Stephens will be given to the Note ca ^ SttbscribersonSaiitrday , the 2 $ rd . ReceivedJVE / s Utter from JFhiiehaveiL W . Muir , KiLMARNOCK , eaa 7 iat » any number of Bien hepte } aes ^ payingc ^ in Mvdn ( x . SOUTH Shields . —TA « ¦ subscribers of M * . LacldaTidlta& better apply to Mrd Carrutherst Newcastle , who . wid makedr ^ nger ^ ' ¦ ' agent , . ' . ' '¦ . ' . " : ¦ ¦ ' ¦ : ¦'¦ ' ¦ ' . ¦ : ' . "¦ - ¦ r : ' " ¦ .- ¦ ' : , ' ¦ ¦¦ . ' ¦ ' . ' W . C . J . —Tobdlance £ 2 19 s . id > -Sendto theoMca . 111- J *^* v « ~ ^ . - ' _ 1 ^_^ . _ ~ ^^ 1 . ¦ - _ J * ftl - _^^ V ' 0 t 1 ' 4 . ^ - ~ 9 - ¦ # - ''>* A '_
DEFNCE FUND . ¦ ¦; ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ' ¦ ' . ¦• ¦ ¦ v ' . ' ¦ ¦ ¦'" . ' ' : ' - ¦ - ¦ ¦ ¦ ' r . ¦ : . .. - [ v ' ¦ ¦¦ ¦ £ . . * . a . From the WorkingMen ' s Association \ : in the : FaleofLeven yI ) umVa 8 14 # Mrs . S } 1 itm . —JFe hove not ' onecopy' forJune 15 . Wh . Frost , JaALiFAX , must apply to Peter Fodat i Bank-street , Sheffield . . . ' ; R . CJARRUTHERS .- — ± -We waited so long for his letter coining Mt week , that we could not get the whole of ihemirilothePost-qffieeinjlime . Enquirer . —The plan looks weU : enough in theory ; bid tee greatly [ doM whether it wilt ansiver in practice . J . B—The letter of Sir . & to the Radicals of Leigh has been published in the SterS The other letters shall
appear . . The other correspondence alluded to ite cannot publish .: . The " great complaints" ullicded 16 can corns frojn none but very ignorant and thoughtless people . , . . : ' . : ¦ : •' ¦ ¦ .. ' ¦" Honley N . jy . ^ r-They can have the papers by paying cash in advance . — We have noroom : for theinsertion of their letter : it wastoo late to be answered last ¦ week . '¦ : ¦/ . •¦ ' :. ¦ • ;_ ¦; . . ¦ ¦ " , . ;¦ ; " . . ¦" ' ¦' : '¦ ' ¦¦ ¦; . / . . : Midgley Constable . —The paragraph oh ihis subject isamontKold : that is . a reason ( itshouldnoiappear as "' news ' ; ' 'bidtlieinsolentthreat'oj' '" . ' withdratring their subscriptions from the Star" if it be not inserted , : Udvesm > no alternative but to leave it out and run the ¦ risk . . : ' . . : " . - .. '¦ . ' ; '¦ . " - .. ¦ : ' ' ¦ - " ¦ - ' . ;¦ :. ¦ : ¦¦ ¦ ¦ ¦¦
The College Youths of Oldhaii .- ^ -JF « ca tmot " oblige them . " They must apply to the paper they mention . ; . . ' . . : ;\ - : .- 'r : Robert Wilson . —At present weare too ML
Untitled Article
Verily th ^^ ngenrity of nation no bonnds . If ^^ \ re areaoi toe ** mostthinking nation" ^^ npon the fac&of the globe , / we are certainly the most keen , and at the Jame tuna the most gullible . Our readers will be aware that we have for jriany years past been dennng from our " rnjan £ nipirej > r a » the pnppies callit , a contraband trade with China : in the pernicious drag opiuni , from which traffic the East India Company , and other > f respectable" British merchantgiderived most usurious profits ! j : The ose of this drug produced imostperniciona and demoralizing effects upon the Chinese population and the Emperor of CWna who , though , a heathen idolater , seems to have more care for the morality of bis sBDjects than some JeWrChristian Government that
we could mention have , although these same Goverunients be ijuppprted by bands of Chri * tian 8 » Patriots , and Phtiantbjpp ist » of all shades and denominations ; the . Emfaeror of China having tbii . care for ; the inorialify of his subjects , ^ qr ii » anyyea » remonstrated against thiar smuggling trade j as not only insultin g ' to him and permcions to hia people ; bot BJSb disgraceful to the merchants concerned in it .. These remonstrances were totally diregarded and lha BmnggleH becamet more and more audacion ever ; sneceedmg year , nntil at last flieEoiperor in jost indignation haa ordered the whole of the opium about to be landed 16 be seized , we believe to the extent of three millions sterlihe , and having aeiaed ^ has very properly ordered it to be buriied . .-The ^ smuggled opium tbin is burned , and all that the honest smueelers of it . have torest nnon i « som *
faint , vague " , and shadowy hope of . " compensation ^ (! 1 ) < fro in the British Government . No * S " . ^ P ingenuity of ; these contrabaad fellows t Having lost the solids they very cunningly take to * J . airy , the cloudv , and unsnbstantial ; in short * they pot the sums they have lost and " hope to b 5 compensated" ior apon HttlebitB of paper , call it " opiumsCTip , ^ and gell ic ta the highest bidde * . 1 hia aonp is regularly launched amongst the 'foreign Hecuritieg , ^ and will , no doubt ; shortly overtop ; « Biddle ' s Bank Sharea '' and other enviable investments . Wonderful people ! that can turn its very lossea intqgain , and thus grow rich at both endfc and increase its " vast capital and nnbonhaed resources ^ V through good and thrqugh evil , through snow and throngh sunshine , in despite of fate and lOrtaneT ¦ :. ¦ ¦ - . ¦ ¦ ¦ .. ¦ . ' . ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦¦ [¦• ¦ ¦ : ' : ¦> . ¦ - ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ -. ¦ : ¦ .. . -v . ¦ . /
,. W $ " well remember that whea"the saintly ' voldL Wl !' - '— tord . Bexley , then Chancellor of thefcx « heqaer , redocedthe duty on foreign spiritflv iua grand argument was , ^ that if spirits were cheapen mr people would drink more of them : a predicnon the truth of wbicb . has been woefnll y realized ! wnen the game pious personage -was pressed to * edace ^ the malt tax rather , the wholesome heveraafr beer , he rernsed , lei » t forsooth it should endanger the TflVt ^ llXl , © . ! . ¦ . ' : ¦¦' . '¦ - ¦¦¦ ' .- ' ¦ -. ¦¦¦ ¦ " . " -. > ,, ¦ ¦ : ' . ¦ ¦ " ¦ . , JhPB ^ ras the moralityVhealth ; and domestic comaway in the fap ^ of the , Br iusb . ParUament , and in thananae of a British Sovereignwho vear v cfj againat
, every wanAa . itiU-AV ^ - ^ iik ^_^ " o **} "" v c » - year ii vi :. ^^ Y'o ^^ afion vice tod iin * h ^^ r . Wi ttouaanda % pon thousands ^? nffi ^ **** & ** 5 H ° Ven hearts j desolate children ^ rnmed intellects ; shattered conatitutiona r horrif murders ; reckleaa suicidea ; famiahed wives and infants ; tlncklj . peopled madhouses ; populon brothels ; nnheard-of aebaucheriea : Bplendidhells : Sf- ? rf ^ ' ? ro 8 titnted Pittiotiam ; and diaboUcat devunes of all sorts may not be traced to tbia aaintlT 8 U | gestiOT of a PharaBaical Financer ! * ' - t m EngK * H Government had done its duty if ithad possessed only a tithe of thamnmHtv— j
t ffT *? - ****? ° t •** ^ tbenSEmperor of Chinav mt had practiced the commands of Scripture as the Cmnesa Autocrat practiaed those of Confacius ^ w . ^ ld . i « ordered by rbyal proclamation ever * gm-atiU , vat , and wormtn 4 4 tenS > m ? £ bebeatento atoms . This is whit a : gootT government would have doneybutit had not virtalto ' put ^ JaPPmegM . f Ats people b ^> re « the revennl ;" nor to prefer the moral mtegrity of a whole nation loSSor ;^^ " ^ aividenda l' ^ -S ^ We cordially agree /^ ih the above remarks of our contemporary ; , and feel glad to see in a . Gbyernment print : published since that the sc * k * mongers arelikely to have a ^ nice bargain of it tolff ^ l ^^^ nswer has beensent % the Treasury to the claimantafor indemnification for losses sustained in consequence of the deUvery of opium to the Chineaegovernment :- — ¦ : : ¦ . ¦
; Gentlemen , —Having laid befbie the Lords Com-™^ ners of he ^ MaJeatyi Treasury : your letter ™ L £ fW ^' Bettlementof certain claims for nfif ^ S ^ T ??^ - *? -. * Chinese Gbvernment j and trana-^^ f fl ^^/ g ^ ^ Captain C . Elliot ; I havV received . their Lordships' comuianda to acquaint yon , that Parliament has pla <^ at the disposal of this Board no ju nds ^ t of ^ hicfr any compensation eould ^ be made , and that ^ the sanction of ^ ^ tliament ^ ould te required , before any ^ such claim co uld 1 be ^ recognised and t « J ° ^ revent m * J ^ onairwAioi of the intentionstP ^ B ^ rd , my Lords have felt It necessary to direci me further to state , that the subject has been ^ under tb attentive , consideration of her Majesty ' s Government and to add , that lier . Majes ^ r - s Government do not pro-S clai * ^ ? afli ^ llient a ^^ * ® Payment ot .,. , ( Signedy K . iabRbpN ; " Treasury Chambers , Nov . ii , lSSS . "
Untitled Article
YALE OF ^ LEYEN , DUMBARTONSHIKE . ^ ^ % ' ¥ * ^ on Allhallow E ve , for theb ^ neht of the incarcerated Chartists , Lovett ^ Coilins , &c now suffering in the cause of freedom . -The state Of trade and -want of accommodation was the worst-we S ^ *? «>*?** 5 Wtth . : the two flats of the Public Schoo , Eenton , were both filled , the proceeds ( after deductuig e ^ pences , wul amount to about £ 16 , which Ar | ur O'Neil preached a sermon to the Chartists here on Sunday , Nov . 3 rd , when the house was crowded in a" PMts , immbers ; ^ ent away who xould not gain fldnnt ^ . We ^ ve , senv to the National DefeW * una ± 8 ; i 4 s ., to defend our friends from toe wileB and niachinations of the Wbiga ; \
Untitled Article
iho v Hiohwat Robbert . —On Thursday night , siboufc Dalf-past seven o'clock , ; i most desperate attack wa « made by « x ^ highwayman on Mr . James : Edward Colston , - -of Whit ^ hnrcfc ^^ ear Bjristol . Mr . Colston was retujinng from Bristol market accompanied by a man servant , and vvhen near the cross roads leading to Brislington and Hengrove , within a mile of ¦ nia 1 house , one , qf the nien presented a piatbl athimi ' x f ?®^ . Jf any resistance was made he would blow out ; Jiis brains . Four of the men pulled him ftoni horsewhilst the
^ , oiher two Iseoured the servanV and BearchedAhiia ^ for plunder . Two lay across Mr . wand placed a handkerchief over hk mbuthi arid » bat over his face so as to prevent him from seeing their persohB . The rbbbors took from Mr . Colston ¦ fv ^ pocket-book ; cohtaining £ 40 in five pound notes of the Old ,. Bristol Bank ^ . and sixt een sovereigns , and some / silver ; a double-cased gold watch , maker ' s name 5 Jones , Grosvenor-streetj No , 2129 . A gold cnam . and seals . were attached to the watch ; A r ^ ^? 0 has been offered for the apprehension of the offenderB .--Ba / A Journal .
To The People.
TO THE PEOPLE .
To Headersanix Correstpkpekts^
TO HEADERSANIX CORREStpKpEKTS ^
Our Birthday.
OUR BIRTHDAy .
Untitled Article
KNARESBRO . ^ HONOPRABEE OiRDER OF THE PEXCEFtIL ' . DOT&—ii w ^ i i ? d memb 6 r 8 t f the ^ ^ Free and ^ Willing Dove ^ ebrated their . anniversary on Monday , when up-Za 2 ? xH . 4 . ^ y' 8 at domi * ° a ramptuous dinner , provided by the host of the King ' s Arms . After the clptbwas withdrawn , and the iisual toasts , songs , && , wer pven , « £ . members wives and sweathearts were . re-» aied with tea , and tte rest of the evening was spent in ine most lively and entertaining manner , during which very respectful visits were made by other friends ^^ lu ^^ othlBr Orders , which considerably increased the gaitiea of the ^ evening , and at a late hour all rfieparated highly crafified with the entertainmeni
This Has • ¦ • . :/• ; W "; Opium Scrip; . ' . ' . : " ( ' ¦ .;. : ¦;' ¦ . ¦ ¦ • „ ¦
this has ¦ . : /• ; W "; opium scrip ; . ' . ' . : " ( ' ¦ . ; . ¦; ' ¦ . ¦ ¦ „ ¦
Untitled Article
4 v THE NORTHm ^ ¦{¦ . '¦ ¦ ¦ -: ¦'¦ ¦ .. ^ - ¦ ; r : ^ - . . : ^ - ^/^ P ^ f ' - r ^^ - y , ] . '''~' ' '
-
-
Citation
-
Northern Star (1837-1852), Nov. 16, 1839, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1083/page/4/
-