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THE NORTHERN STAR. SATURDAY, JANUARY 1. 1842.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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t ejA-TAL RAILWAY ACCIDENT AT ; LEEDS . On Monday morning , an inquest tt& ' i held at the ' Court Houses before John Biackbttrr ., Esq ., < m fche body of Henry Hoyle , tweaty-Sve ytms of age * an engineer ontae ^ North Midland RaJlTyay ,-who died -in the Leeda General Infirmary , on S ^ aturday morning , from injuries occasioned by thabreaJnng of a Wheel , on If o . 18 , locomotive engine , "with , vr bich ha ^ w «« aveying a fs&t train from' Derby to Le&Js , on U » Wednesday prerious . The inquest -was attended by Mr . Pattfecm , the oempany ' s secretary , from Loadon , Mr . Eddisofij of teedtj solicitor to tee company , and Mr . Oreag , the manager at the Leeds Btatior ., ancVit is bat ^ UBtieei » siy ,- that every facility irs / j offered by the csmpoay , in' the course of the eao ^ uiry , ¦ whka lasted several bows .-—Hie fbHoirins evidence * n adduced ; : —
Joan Cressy—1 was irpper -guard on the Xorfch Midland Railway from Defoy to Leeds , on W « dnesd * y last . I haTe been nearly two years in the ^ feuction . I knew Hairy Hbyle ; be tt » -s a driTer on the North Midland Railvray . We left ' Derby at one o '« Seck . ITbere ^ ere four first class , o ;» third , and three second class eyrliages . WeTaa fifteen minutes lateat BeJper-j we ¦ did not mate ~ up the lost time . Hoyle "was ¦ perfedity sober Coring the whole Journey . I believe the engines -jre always examined at 3 > erbv before stating . We got to Uonsanton -at thirty . frw minutes .-past tta * e ; -weougbt to bare been there sfc fourteen , atinutes past three . We travelled from 2 ftrmanlon . « t the rate of twenty-five miles aa-hour . W-e could jkjS go fast . Heyle said he could not get his steam ut > , as the coie ¦ was Tery bad . ^ . "was in the « awnd < las 9 * camage , - where the break is , next 4 o the -tender , -vbea the accident happened . I was looking out of * be Trindo -w at the time I sawihe engine and
¦ iaa derlea'W fee carriages and na across the line . The aeddent happened about fifty yards ironutbe 'bridge ] which eroeses the Wakefield road ; the engine -stopped , on tiie-embankment . The wheels of the carriage I was in were lifted up . and were thwwn off the-railej the ceuplin » had been broken that attached the tender to 4 h » carriages . Hoylo was laid close by the tender . He ; ¦ was iaseasib ' e , and very much eat about ihe 'bead ; he ¦ wasiwEoved in about fifteen minutes ; the stoker was standing near , not mneh hurt . 1 found the -engine off the-line about thirty yar ^ s from tfee carriages , nearly &t the bottom of the embankment . The fore wheel ' of the engine was broken ; the tyre had come off it- -I cannet say whether ?*»* iDjory * sese beforeibe « nglne gU off the line or not . I observed nothing on the line to obstruct the progress of the engine . At the time of the accident we were going twenty-five miles an bear . It was quite light I cannot form an opinion sb to the causa of the accident Hoyle was a sober
run . Mr . Allanson , house surgeon at the Leeds'Infirmary . 12 ie deceased was brought to the Infirmary abont halfpast seven on Wednesday evening . He was insensibly . Sis skull was -severely fractured on the left-side , and fee-was bleeding / ram the left ear ; several portions of bone had entered the brain ; these were removed by Mr . Smith . Ha died about three o ' clock on Friday morning ; he never spoke after he was brought io . The severe injuries done to the brain ton ihe cause of death .
Mark Wakefield , the foreman of the engines , at Darby . Was at Darby on Wednesday , when . Jifo . 18 engine started . I examined her at half-past twelve o ' clock , afc-wbjch time I considered her all right The tyre of the wheels was of wrought ir » n ; -ihe engine has been in use since May last ; no fresh-wHeels have been since that time put on ; but this wheel that is broken had been mended a little on the flange in July last ; the wheel had failed a little . I have -seen , the tyre of the wheel since the accident , but have not examined it ; there is no difference in the construction of the -wheels . I considered the wheel to fee perfectly cafe when it left Derby ; I could not tell where tbe - wheel had been repaired after it had been done ; I thought it as strong and as good as anewwhecL
John Morris , Esq ., of Himslet I was on the Wakefield rood en Wednesday afternoon , on the new catting , near the bridge . It was about a quarter to four o ' clock . I saw the train coming down ; it did cot strike me that it was going at an unusual rats . I did cot see any thing on the line to retard its progress , r waa looking at the train at the time the accident happened . I ODserred the engine all in a moment dart across the line , and the carriages seemed to be passing ii . I immediately went to the spot I was probably from one to two hundred yards from the place . ^ When I got up I saw Hoyle laid near the tender ; the engine was entirely off the line , and down the embankment ; the tender was also on the slope . I did not examine the engine ; a man was holding Hoyle , and be said he was dead . One of the rails , over which the Rp g JTift had crossed was broken , but there was no obetreetion at all on the line on which the train was
faareBing . "" - ¦ . Bobert Craven , servant to Mr . Bateson , of Wortley , -who was also on the WaLefieid read , corroborated the evidence of Mr . Morris . John Tuke , fishmonger , of Bsmsley . I was on the train when the aeddest happened on Wednesday last I joined it at Cudworth station ; the train was sixteen minutes behind its time ; we left Cudworth at four sninutes past three . In my opinion , we travelled too traick all the way . The time to amve in Leeds is four o ' clock ; when we got to Normanton , we were before time , and were detained there some minutes . I had 320 watch to guide me . I was told by a person in the same carriage that it wanted twenty minutes to four o ' clock a very short time before the accident happened-I was in a third cla \ s carriage ; about a mile before the accident happened , an unusual quantity-of hot coals were Mown into the carriage in which I was , and I
then thought something was about to happen ; I was afraid and stood up ; I have travelled a great deal on the line , and never experienced the coals fly into the carriage so much before ; we then got into an extra speed . In my opinion , we were travelling not less than forty mUeff an hour . I was standing up when the accident happened ; I think it was quick travelling and the unevennesa of the . line which threw us off the line ; I consider the rails there are not evenly bud . The deceased was in liquor ; I observed it after the accident happened ; he smelt strong ef wise . I held hixa up * wben I smelt bis breatfe ; I covered his face with my handkerchi ef , and washed him afterwards ; he vomited something of the colour of port wine . A surgeon was sent for , who attended immediately , and paid every attention to the deceased . I have no hesitatian in saying we were going at the rate of forty miles an hour . We were before time at Normanton , < "i ri were detained there some minutes .
Cressey recaHsd . —It is usual to stop some-minutes at If ormaiitjsu . We leave carriages there both for York and Manchester ; the York carriages leave before we < lo ; we were not kept at Normanton because we were before onr time ; it was thirty-five minutes past three when we got to ITormanton , and 45 minutes past three ¦ when we left , having stopped there ten minutes . It ¦ would be near four , by my time-piece , -when the acci-¦ dent happened , bnt I did not look at it particularly ; the time to arrive at If ornranton is fourteen minutes past three . The usual time from Normanten to Leeda is twenty minutes . I sm sure we did not average more than tweuty-five miles an hour at any time cf oui journey . I did not hear any complaint of quick tra- ; -relling from any of the passengers . I think there is no uneTfcuness in the line at the place where the accident osenrred .
Thomas Dobson , engineer , of Derby . I am in tire gerriOB of the Korth Midland Bailway Company , and supeiiEtsnd the repairs of the locomotive engines . The engine , Ifo . 18 , was repaired i n Jaly and Angust last ; on that occasion the fiuige was repaired , it had given way a little longitudinally ; there had been an - onsoundness in the iron ; the tire was all taken off , acd a new piece of flange was welled on ; I considered it quit * sound . It is the duty of Wakefield . - to examine the engines before they go out ; they come into my hands when they want repairing . My opinion of
the quality of the iron from which this tire is made , is that , en the whole , it is tolerably good iron , and snmciett for the purpose for which it is intended ; some parts cf it are goodani others indiffireit It -was a very severe frost oa Wednesday , and this , in my opinion , h 3 d asted upon the iron , and had assisted any mischief which might have been going on . I cannot detect any fisw in any part of it . If the line was uneven i t might accelerate an accident I xio not think extra speed would occasion it I cannot tell whether the tire had broken before the engine was off the line or not If the tire had eome off the wheel it would
£ ~ > t have stopped its passage across the other line , though it might have retarded it John Fotherby of Sheffield , machine maker . —I was a passenger by the train when the accident happened . I got in at Bimsiey , which plase we left a little after ihree o ' clock ; we stopped a short time at Normanton ; I can scarcely form an opinion as to the rate of speed from Bamsley to Normanton ; I t-hfair we were going qoicker when the accident happened than at any former &viQ —we were then going Tery quick . I can form no opinion as to the time it occured . I should think we veae . going at the rate of thirty miles an hour ; we had not been long at that rate . The accident happened
in a moment I stood up , and saw the engine going down the embankmeDt ; w e were passing it I did not notice the wheels of the engine when I saw it passing ; Jexamined the wheels afterwards ; I found the tire all detached from the -wheel ; it was laid on tfc . 3 down line , abont thirty yards from the engine . I eximined the metal , and having been amwigstitall xny life , I shonid say that it is of a Tery Indifferent quality ; it appeared to me at the time to ' be more like cast metal than wrought I had no idea aV the time that it was wrought iron . I did E . ot bear any of the passengers complain of . the speed , nor did X hear any aisnn expressed ..
-Wm .-Walker—1-aai a stoker on the North Midland Btiltray . I knew Hoyle , toe deceased , and have done £ vsr-since the ShtmsLd and Botherham line opened , Heiiasbeen aa engine drives since that period ; he did cot go out every day , bnt was two dajs out and one in ., I was with Mm when the actifient happened . It -wanted twenty minutes to four when ire staitad from If ormanton : we travelled at its rate of from tirentyfive to thirty miles an hour : we tad Tery little fire in ¦ when the accident happened ; I had thro-sra oa all the « ake we had at Norciaatoa . TJie . sptid had bsgun to decrease before tho accident happened ; &sd I aid not j , expect-we should haTe steam to see the train in . I lib . v » oa th »; foot plate whea' the accident kappeaed ; I 811 ^ : " : " ¦ " ' iiiiK " .
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first heard a bit of a -rap under the engine : the engineer wbifltled twice , -and I ran to the break on tin tender ; I then , saw the engine run off the line , and down the bank . I didaiot know the cause of ths « ceident until it we over . I am not aware of any unevenness in the rails at the place where the accident happened . I "do not'know that there is any defect . I do not think , the engine would hays run off the line bad not the tire conte off first I cannot aoceunt for tiie tire coming off .- The wheel and tire were \ to \ h perfect , to far as I * now . I was fchrowa within » few yards of Hoyle ; I had a rib broken , and received some brsises . To ^ ihe best of my belief , i t was entirely accidental , and no blame attached to Hoylfi . I am sure -we neTer -went at the rate of forty mile * an hoar ; I do liot think we went so much as thirty . I think it was about four o ' clock- I am sure Hoyle was perfectly
William BurSett—I am * guard on the North Midlaad Bsilway ^ md waB in the same carriage with Cressey at the time of the accident I believe we were behind oar time , but I don't know as to the time . Wo were going at the « te of twenty-five milea an hour . I am sore we never went so much aa forty . Hoyle complainai that his coke was bad , and said he could not gethu steam up . We have travelled faster . I have not noticed any unevenness in the rails at this particular place , nor am I aware that it is uneven between there and Woodlesford . I cannot Bpeak as to the precise time of the accident . I had spoken to Hoyle at Swinton , he was perfectly sober . Mr . Thomas Dyson , assistant engineer on the railway , had frequently examined the line , and deposed aa to its general excellence .
Tkis being the whole of the evidence , the Coroner went minutely through the whole of it , and pointed out to the Jury the law as applicable to the case . After the very luminous summing up , the Jury after a short consultation , returned a verdict of " Accidental death , " expressing an opinion that the iron of the tire was not of the best quality , ' and recommending the Railway Company in future to have the iron used for wheels properly tested .
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TREMENDOUS EXPLOSION OF 0 ITNPOWDER , AND LOSS OF LIFE ON TH ^ LINE OF THE BRISTOL AND GLOUCESTER RAILWAY . Bristol , Tuesday A-tarnoon . One of those frightful accidents , attended with the sacrifice of human life , consequent on the careless usa of gunpowder , and which , since the commencement ot the-various great railway and othdr undertakings , have been of too frequent occurrence in this kingdom , took place yesterday ( Monday ) , on the line of the Gloucester and . Bristol Railway ( now in course of construction ) in the neighbourhood of the small town of Wick war , Gloucestershire . The accident was of the most eerious description ; three of the unfortunate labourers
employed on the line were killed upon the spot , their bodies being frightfully mutilated by the force of the explosion ; and five others were so seriously injured as to render it necessary that they should be immediately conveyed to the infirmary in this city , where they now lie , one or two of them in a dangerous state . This afternoon one of them , John Hodces , is sufficiently revived to admit of his conversing on the subject of the melancholy and fatal occurrence ; he does not seem capable of giving a ; very clear account of the matter , but his statement is as follows : —The labourers in the employ of one of the contractors were engaged in excavating some earth-work in the neighbourhood of Wiekwar , for the purpose of making a tunnel , and on their leaving off work at the close of the last week , they placed
a barrel , containing about half a cwt of gunpowder , in the mouth of the excavation , thinking that by so doing they should secure it at once from depredation , and from the action of the weather . On Monday morning , one of the men , named Henry Williams , who is a blacksmith ,-was'directed to point and sharpen some of the tools used in excavating . Whether he was aware or not of the presence of ihe gunpowder does not seem Tery clear , but he went on working in the usual manner , by heating the iron and beating it on the anvil , until at length a spark came in contact with the powder , and a tremendous explosion ensued . At the time of the accident there were eight men in the tunnel and its immediate neighbourhood . Three of them were killed immediately , their bodies being
biown to a considerable distance , where . they were afterwards found dreadfully scorched and mutilated : one of them was without his head , which was forced to a great distance from the trunk . Hodges states that two of the dead men were named Matthew Stephens and James Bennet ; the name of the third he dyes not remember having heard , but be says he is quite sure that three were killed . The names of the five men at present in the infirmary are , Thomas White , who has lost one eye , and the other is dreadfully injured , and whose body is burnt and bruised in every part ; George Collins , much burnt , and has received an extensive wound of the leg ; John Hodges , much burnt on the face and legs ; Lewis Crew , much burnt and braised ; Henry Williams , ditto , ditto . The explosion blew the blacksmith ' s shop and a mill-pound on the works ' all to
atoms , and scattered the stones , < fec , in all directions . It may be readily imagined that the utmost consternation and alarm was produced in Wick war and the neighbourhood , the inhabitants being for some time at a lou to account for the very violent shock . A working man who came here this afternoon , and who . fays he was hi Wiekwar at the time , gives a somewhat different version of the matter . He says the workmen were lowering the powder into a shaft , and let a spark fall into it Hedge's account however , is generally received as being the most correct The force of th « explosion was felt to within five or six miles of this city . At the Tillages of Almondabury , Tockington , &c , the houses were shaken in such a manner as to greatly alarm the inhabitants , who imagined for some time that they had been -visited by an earthquake . Almondsbury is seven miles' distant from the scene of the explosion .
The Northern Star. Saturday, January 1. 1842.
THE NORTHERN STAR . SATURDAY , JANUARY 1 . 1842 .
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Sisce our last , the arrival of the American Packet Ship "Independence , " has pnt us in possession of the American President ' s Message . Thi 3 important State document presents , as usual , a striking contrast to the " infinite deal of nothing" which we are in the habit of enduring under the name of a royal speech . The document is much too long for us to print . "But we are glad to perceive that , in so far as the relationships of the United States with this country are concerned , its tone is everything that could be desired—mild and conciliatory , but firm and independent—such as befits the mouthpiece of a great ; and free people . The result of the M'Lbod affair » is referred to in terms of satisfactory gratulation ; ; while , in reference to the right claimed by the State 1 of New York to adjudicate independently of the ! Federal Government , in a matter which , by tho
re-[ cognition of M'Leod ' s acts by the British Govexn-; ment had become international in character , the I President says : — | " I cannot fail , however , to suggest to Congress the I propriety , and , in eome degree , the necessity , of r making such provisions by law , so far as they may i consmuiionaliy do eo , for the removal at their com-! mencement , and at the option of the party , of all | such cases as may hereafter arise , and which may I inrolvethe faithful observance and execution of our ' international obligations , from the state to the ! federal judiciary . This Government , by our
institu-[ tions , is charged with the maintenance of peace and the preservation of amicable relations with the nations of the earth , and ought to possess , without i question , all the reasonable and proper means of I maintaining the one and preserving the other . \ -Whilst jast confidence is felt in the judiciary of the ' states , yetthi 3 Government ought to be competent ! in itself for the fulfilment of the high duties which i have been devolved upon it under the organio law by hthe states themselves . " \ In reference to the burning of the Caroline , the I President holds that : — '
; "No such atonement as was due for the public ; wrong done to the United States by the invasion of ( her territory , bo wholly irreconcilable with her j rights as an independent power , hasyet been made . " ! * ' He denies the right of any country to invade the | territories of another under any pretext unless when la confessed and voluntarily acknowledged inability ; to enforce its own laws renders the Government [ nugatory and helpless . He pats the question we i think in a very clear and just light , in the followf ing paragraph : —
" If , upon a full investigation of all the faetB , it shall appear that the Caroline was governed by a hostile intent , or had made common cause with those who were in the occupancy of Nary Island , then , so far as he f the owner ] is concerned , there can be no claim to indemnity tor the destruction of his boat which the Government would -feel itself bound id prosecute ; since he wonld have acted not only in derogation of the rights of Great Britain , but in clear violation of the laws of the United States ; that is a question which , however settled , ie no manner involves the higher consideration of the violation of territorial
sovereignty and jurisdiction . To reoognise it as an admissible practice that each Government in its turn , upon any sudden and unauthorised outbreak on a frontier , the extent of which renders it impossible for either to have an efficient force on every mile of it , and which outbreak , therefore , neither may be able to suppress in a day , may take . vengeance into it 3 own hands , and , without even a remonstrance , and in ike' absence of any pressing or . overruling necessity , invade the territory t-f the other , would inevitablv lead to results equally to be deplored by both . When border collisions come to receive the
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sanction , or to be made on the authority Of either GoTermnenfc , general war must be the inevitable result . " ¦ ¦" - . ' ; ; . ' .. ¦ ; . , "¦ ¦ ¦; ¦ ; Having thus frankly state * the grounds which the American nation b » re to think themselves ill used in the affair , it ia passed by as unworthy of further notice , with the mere expression of » "Hope that tne British Government will iee ihe propriety of renouncing , as a rule of future action , the precedent which has been set in the affair at SfthloRsar . ' "¦ " ¦ . ~ \ - ¦¦ , ¦ ¦ -. '" . . ' ¦ : ¦ . ' ¦ ¦ ¦¦ ' . ' - ¦ ,.- '
On the Bubject of the new regulations ataong European nations for the suppression of the slave trade , by which the right to detain and search all suspected vessels is recognised , the President holds most unequivocal language . He deprecates the slave trafifo as strongly as possible , but demurs , in ioto > to the subjection of American ships and citizens to any code of maritime regulations to which they have not been
parties;"However desirous the United States may be for the suppression of the slave trade , they cannot , obnsent to interpolations into the maritime code at the mere will and pleasure of other Governments . We deny the right of any suoh interpolation to any One , or all the nations of the earth , without our consent . We claim to have a voice in all amendments or alterations of that code . Certain it is , that if the right to detain American ships on the high seas can ba justified on the plea of a necessity for such detention , arising out of the existence of treaties between
other nationB , the same plea may be extended and enlarged by the new stipulations of new treaties to which the United States may not be a party . This Government will not cease to urge upon that of Great Britain full and ample remuneration for all losses , whether arising from detention . or otherwise , to which American citizens have heretofore beep , or may hereafter be , subjected by the exercise of rights which this Government cannot recognise aslegitimate and proper . "
This rery proper spirit is characterised by the factious papers as an evidence that the professed anxiety of the President for the annihilation of tho " wicked traffio" is insincere . No honest man can find any such thing in it . The latter portion of the Message is occupied with domestic matters . It contains an outline of the projected new treasury arrangements , which , if adopted , will do much to prevent the recurrence of the fatal mischiefs of the bank system .
The French Chambers have been also opened since our last , and the "Citizen King" exhibited his confidence in his people by opening them in person ; proceeding to the duty in a close carriage drawn by four horses , and attended by four other carriages , precautions having been taken to prevent the approach qf any person within musket-shot , ot the line of march , except the military on duty ; even the terraces of the Tuileries gardens were closed .
The trial of the conspirators , Quenisset and his fellows , has been concluded . Three of them are sentenced to death , and seven to various terms of imprisonment , ranging from five years to life ; among whom is M . Duporr , the conductor of the Journal du Peuple , in whose person the utter prostration of the Frenoh press is aimed at . A spirited protest has been published by the greater
portion of the newspaper press , and by the chief literary characters of the Kingdom ; exposing very mildly , but firmly , the atrocious character of this attempt to extinguish every vestige of the " liberty of the press ; " appealing to the Deputies for protection , andj in case of their dereliction of duty , to the elective body . It remains to be seen whether the throne of the tyrant be so firmly set aa that this last atrocity will be borne .
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CAPABILITIES OF GREAT BRITAIN TO MAINTAIN ITS POPULATION . Auoho the various attempts which political economists are continually making to throw dust into the eyes of tho people , in order that they may carry out their nefarious schemes of despotism and plunder , there is one aim , one determined purpose , from which they never turn aside even for a moment . They never forget to put forth their claims to tax the people in every part of the empire for their own especial profit and advantage . It is not , however , on all occasions that they exhibit their
purposes . The cloak of patriotism and the mask of philanthropy are most frequently assumed ; and intense selfishness is not unfrequently made to assume the appearance of regard for national honour and public prosperity . Sometimes , however , the cunning of the serpent is ound inadequate ; and the foul form peeps through its drapery ; , of which the first article in the Colonial Oaxette of last week affords a striking proof . The Colonial Gazette is the organ of the "Liberals" of the Whig-Radical party , and is devoted to the support of the men and measures which hare been a curse .
and would still further be a curse to some of the fairest portions of the globe . Of coursei " Ships , Colonies , and Commerce" is their motto ; and emigration , for the purpose of filling the pockets of unprincipled speculators with gold wrung from the labour of the unfortunate exiles , is with them a favourite project . In the article to which we allude on Colonial Government and Taxation , the writer takes vast pains to persuade his readers that he is most anxious to promote the welfare and prosperity of the colonists . His zeal , however , has carried him too far j and he has let us into the somewhat startling secret that the prosperity of our distant dependencies is to be promoted for the
laudable purpose of compelling them to yield a considerable portion of revenue , ia addition to the local taxation , for the support of the central government at home . We have taken some pains in our recent articles oa Emigration to give to our readers such information , as might enable them to arrive at just conclusions as to the designs and effects of the newfangled scheme of wholesale transportation . We never had a doubt } as to the fact , that either Whigs or Tories would starve , hang , or banish the people , providing they could realise a profit by the speculation ; and we are happy to find that the " liberal " writer ia this " liberal" journal fully bears us out ia the opinion we had formed of the unblushing rascality of both the rival faction ? .
That we may not be aooused of misrepresentation , we will quote the writer ' s own words : — '' It must be a principle in the consideration of the subject that the unoccupied lands of our colonial territories belong to the empire ; such being the case , of course they are not to be given away to any body of applicants without due return for the benefit of their original owner , the empire ; and that return must consist of the utmost posiible advantage , which can be obtained from the orantees . Settlements therefore
founded on these lands should be conducted in such manner as not only to be no burden to the parent state , but to furnish their quota of aid towards the strength' and welfare of the empire at large . In . order to that , they must be governed on a scale commensurate with imperial requirements . But if the power of taxation were altogether surrendered to the settlers , they would forget the larger interests in their own pettier objects , and would laugh at exhorta tions to tax themselves for imperial interests . "
Truly , and so they ought . Of what earthly use or moment are "imperial interests" to those whom " imperial "tyranny has . compelled to leave their native shores , and to seek an asylum in the distant wilderness . We especially request our readers to note carefully the sentences which we hare printed in Italics ; and then ask themselves what the plain English of it all comes to . To us it appears marvellously like this . ** We'have colonies which are almost unprofitable to us for want of hands to cultivate them . The
Government has , by its wasteful extravagance , impoverished th « people and exhausted the treasury . Ministers want money , and the aristocracy want places , sinecures , and pensions . The colonies must take off our surplus population and recruit our finances . But how ! We have it j we'll sell the unappropriated lands at such a rate as shall tempt purchasers ; but under such well arranged conditions as shall secure an aristocratio government , and at the same time , subject the colonists to be taxed by the Imperial Parliament , at any time , in any way , and to any extent , that our necessities may render desirable , or circumstances advisable . " We leave any man to judge if this be not a fair interpretation of the Bentiments quoted above : and if it
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be , then , yre say , ~ Don't emigrate at all . Endeavour to destroy the aristocratic influence at home , instead of making it take deeper root in our possesiobis i * wid . ? : !! 7 _ , ;< v >;^ When we say "Dotr't emigrate , " we say so from the conviction long since expressed by us , that there , is plenty for every man at home ; that the land , if properly cultivated , would yield a supply of food si ^ fe ^ t ; fbr ' ; -fow ^ inhabiiante . And jthis fycfc wo iutyr proceei : to demonstrate . ? : v : v . ' ¦ ¦ ., ;¦ : . ¦ : .. ' : / :. " .. ¦ ¦ ¦ . •• .. ; .. : : ' ' '; .: , ;^ v ¦'¦; : ¦" . 1 writer in the Colonial - Gazette , in an article on "Tne Causes of the National Distress , " t ^ us ' lcOplIy insults his countrymen , aud libels Providence r r ^
•* When the extent of the superfices of the British Islands , and the snm of their actual population , shewn by the recent census to amount to nearly twenty-seven millions of souls , are compared , the convection cannot fail to force itself upon the most offusoat e understanding , that the timo is fairly come , when England , evea it' every acre of her soil were cultivated , can no longer , of herself , supply either food or employment for a very large proportion of her children ; -and though certainly it doe ^ not follow , ' as a principle of justice , that , one portion should quit the common territorial inheritance' for the mere accommodation of tho rest , yet self-preservatioh is an influence ; that will not the less suggest ' the expediency of safcrifice which minor influences might prove insufficient to enforce . "
Such are the bold and unblushing statements put forth for the evident purpose of inducing the sons of labour to forsake the land of their fatherSj and to seek a distant home ; not for the sake of any real advantage it would be to them , but eimply that they may become more entirely the bond slaves of the profit-mougers and 4 the colonial aristocracy . The writer says " the conviction cannot fail to force itself upon the most offuscate understanding that the time is fairly come , when England , even if every aero of her soil were oaHivated , dan no loager of herself supply either food or employment , for a
very Iarge portion of her children . " Our understandings may be " most offuscate , " at least in the estimation of Whig trafflckers ia sophistry and delusion , but we have the vanity to suppose ourselves not quite destitute of common sense ; by the use of which we hope to show our readers , firstly ,, that the lands of the United Kingdom are amply euffioient to produce all ; the necessaries of life for at least four times the number of the existing population ; secondly , point out ; the best meana by which the natural capabilities of the land may be developed ; and thirdly , exhibit some of the resuHe which would flow from a proper appropriation of the means at
our disposal ; / ; As to the first point , we will cite authorities from which our opponents will hardly venture to dissent . M'Cuu . och , generally considered an authority by the ^ LiberalSj" states that the United Kingdom could produce food for one . hundred millions of inhabitants . Bishop Watson says that Great Britain is capable of maintaining thirty millions of inhabitants ; another writer , Dr ; HAii , says it would support , with ease , ninety millions ; while the Earl of Laudkrdale , one of the modern political economist school , declarea it might support one hundred and . eighty , millions 1 ; ; V .
Here it will be seen that Bishop Watson is vastly below Dr . Hall and the Nobi ^ Earl , and yet he is upwards of three millions above the existing popul ation , which , according to the recent census is no * quite twenty-seven millions . Another writer of considerable eminence flays : — . " On the most moderate calculation , Great Britain and Ireland are capable of maintaining , in ease and
amuence , one hund ; ed and twenty millions of , inhabitants . ThU proceeda on the supposition , that the vrhole mountain and waste land ia deducted as altogether unprofitable , and that the remaining arable land is divided into three parto , of which two-thirds are ; entirely set aside for luxuries and ^ conveniences , andi ^ tixat the remaining third alone is devoted to the staple food of man , partly in wheat and partly in potatoes . "—Sheriff Allisons " Principles ofPqpulaiion , "p . 5 l , voii I . England can maintain ............... 60 , 000 , 000 Ireland ....... . ;; .., ........... 48 , 000 , 600 Scotland ......:........ ........... 15 . 000 , 000
The British Islands 123 , 000 ^ 00 This calculation , though much below that of the Earl of Lauderdale , is four times greater than that of Bishop Watson , one-fourth more than Dr . Hall , and one-sixth more than Mr . M'Culloch . These five gentlemen hare all considered the subject—they hare arrived at widely different results ; the numbers of : population -whioh they severally give as capable : of being supported ia the British islands from our own produce , amounts in the aggregate to
five hundred and twenty-three millions , which divided by fire , gives , as the average result of their labours , one hundred and four millions six hundred thousand , which is four millions six hundred thousand more than the population allowed by M'Cullock , and nearly seventy-eight millions above the actual population of the present time . We presume these authorities will be deemed by all reflecting men , much more worthy of attention , than the improved assertions of a nameless scribbler in a Whig-Radical newspaper . ;
We beg to call the particular attention of our readers to the following table : drawn up , ai it has been from official sources , it has high claims to the mo 3 t attentive consideration of the whole people * Reasonings may be fallacious , but figures , like facts j are stubborn things . QUANTITY OF LAND IN THE CTNITED . " t \ ' [ ' . ;/ v - -:. KINGDOM . .- ' . ¦ ¦ ; ' ¦ ¦ . ¦ , ¦ ¦¦ . ¦ .
. tUnoltivated TT w . Cultivated butcpbleof Sfw £ TotaL impiyement apI ° w ¦ Acres . Acres . Acres . Acres . England 25 , 632 , 000 3 , 454 , 000 3 , 256 , 400 32 , 342 , 400 Wales ^ . 3 , 11 T ; 000 539 , 000 l , 105 , 00 » 4 , 752 , » 00 Scotland 5 , 265 , 000 5 . 950 , 000 8 , 523 , 930 19 , 788 , 980 Ireland „ 12 , 125 , 280 4 , 900 , 000 2 , 416 864 19 , 441 , 944 Britlslea 383 , 690 166 , 000 56 ^ 469 1 , 119 , 159 Totals 46 , 522 , 970 15 , 000 , 000 15 , 871 , 463 77 , 394 , 433
From this table it appears that there are fifteen millions of acres of nncultiyated land capable of cultivation ia ; the British Islands ; and these , according to Mr . O'Connor ' s calculation , would immediately produce food for seven millions of people ; and in less than ten years would provide for fifteen millions of people ; and at the expiration of twentyi one years , the ongiaal farina of fifteen acres each would be capable of being subdivided for the families , into farms of five acres each , if necessary . Thus would our present waste lands , New England , Ireland , and Scotland , of themselves , support on the spot twenty-one millions in affluence , comfort , and splendour , at the end of twenty-one years , and for ever : !" ' ' : " ¦ ¦ ' ' ¦ v : i ' : '¦ " - , ; ; : ; -- ' ;
This calculation is , however , far below the mark , as we shall show presently . We will , however , first see how the present system works in reference to what is called cultivated lands , because we shall then discover how it is that we have a scarcity of food , " and a : " surplus population , " We presume the average lands of England and Ireland are pretty much idike—equally defective under bad management , and equally productive under good . We wDl ^ th erefore , avail ourselves of the calculations of Mr . O'Connor , in his
M Letters to sthe Landlords of Ireland ; " ; a work which has no equal for practical utility and moderate reasoning in the English language ; which ought to be conned till all its principles are familiar to him by every honest man ; and which being now published in the " Labourer ' s Library , ^ byi J . Hobsou , for twopence , may be and should be obtained by every working man . "We beg ; the espi&oiaiattentiori of our readers to the ^ foUowmg details / The cal ^ culation is made upon the produce of a farm of one hundred aores , and on this subject Mr ; O'Connor
thu 3 writes . : —; : ;; ¦ ¦ - ; ... ¦ ' , ; " . " _ :: ' -: : ; : "¦ ¦; . ¦ : ¦ '¦¦ :, ¦; ¦ ¦ ;;¦ ;• " Ten farmers , the % holding one thousand acres of land in the county of Cork , and living upon theso farms for twenty-five years , ( a time when the family becomes marriageable , ) will not . unitedly , ; have spent £ 20 per aunuin in the manufacturing market . They live very ; itUe , if anything , better than their labourers , wi th ¦ w . ' iom they breakfast and dine b 5 x days in Uie week brei > ifaat being potatoes , and thick ; aiilk , blue , 'v ffOm sixty | o eighty-fow boara old , sometiniefl boiled into
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, - ¦ .. ' .. ¦ . . - . ¦ - . ¦ . ¦ ¦ . . . ¦ -. ¦ . --. ¦ . . ¦ -.. - ¦ ¦ - ... ¦ ¦ . --- .,.-j . ;; iV ,, ' ,- -: / , -.: ¦ '» .. ¦ ¦ curda and whey , and sometimes xpWh voA they have the same for dinner , ironv tiae . l « t <»? : January ; to the 3 lBt of December . If the < fa * mw canrholApOBaesMon * add keep the stock ^^ togettWw ^ . ^ Mtb ^ tw ^ tf-ftTe years bo bas ^ Mtaped . t ^^ portions , ; he « onsiderahimseU light well . ofll . v We P » i Bnppose him to have three sous and two daughters To the daughters he gives £ 160 each ; the second son he marries to another farmer ' s daughter , with whom
he gets ona hundred pounds ; the eldest son remains for some time iminMiled , and when bis parents meet with a . aaitable match tot him in their old Me ,. they with the goaaoon t ^ he yonngefifc son ) give np the farm t *> * the beir , ( with ¦ *{ his iBonour ' a *! consent , and « wneihing inorej xn& live themselves upon a . tew / acrea of which the son pays the rent ; and the fifty pounds Bpared after the d ^ ughter «\ portion remains for , -Which ever shal l be survivor , to live with , the youngest , who seldom or never marries during the life of the old couple . ^ ' - . ; - / : ¦ ¦ ; ' ., ¦ . ;¦ . .. ;• ' , - . ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ . : _ - , - ¦ . : ¦ ¦ , "¦; ' / ' . . ' -ii ' . :. Y-.
After some further observations , which it is not necessary toi quote here , h 6 proceeds : — - iV i " " Let us now see -what suiplus , after such support , the tutu , leaves for traffio and supply , ; in the consuming and manufacturing markets . We -will take a year ' s produce : — ' ; - ; ; ; " -- ' ..- ' " - \ : : - :- --: i . ¦ :. ¦ - ¦ . ¦¦ - ¦ ¦ ; . ' •' . ' ¦ ¦ ' ;¦¦ : ¦ ¦ .. . . ¦ ' ¦ ' ' ^ ¦ ¦ •¦ ¦ : ' --- - ' - ¦ ' ¦ ¦ . ¦ ¦/¦ ¦ ¦ - • : ^ ' :. - ' : ' ¦ :: " :- . - •" ... ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ - ,-X ; . - / 8 . -. ; 'd . . ' Fifty bags of wheat at £ 1 5 s . per bag ... 62 10 : © v Sixteen cwtsu pi butter , Bsconds and : thirds , at £ 3 5 s . per : OWtu ..... >; . ^ . V . , 52 O : Twenty barrels of oats , spared from . ; ; / horses , at 10 s . 7 per barrel - ¦ .. i . i « i ..-,.. ' 10 0 . Ten fat pigs , at 2 i cwt per ; pJg , at £ 1 % ¦; ' ; per cwt . .. i ............ ^ ... ; ....,..... < .. .. 25 00 Spared potat&es ...,...... •••••••••••••« . •••• 21 io o
¦' ¦ ¦ ¦ ' ¦ - " /• ;¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ " / - ¦/; .. ' ' ' ¦ ¦ .:. ' : ¦ ¦ - ^ ^ ° ° Rent , say 20 s . per acre ..................... 100 0 Tithe and county rate .. > ................... io o 0 Paid to five labourers ; besides diet ...... 29 0 Renewal-. cf cattle for dairy ........... V .. 10 0 0 Wear and teat , smith's work , and addi- , . tionalmen at harve 8 t ............. i .. i ... ' . 20 0 0 Laid by for children :.. v ^ . i ...... ;; ... i .... 10 fr 0 Spent in manufacturing market .......... ¦ 0 10 0 ¦ . - ^ : ;" , r--.,-. ; ' ; . ' ¦ ¦ ¦• ¦ . ' : ¦ ¦ : £ 170 10 v 0
"Now vrhatlnteresthasthefarmer for hia capital em ployed as follows ?¦— ; - ¦ ; v < Price of twenty cows , at £ 7 a head ...,,. 140 0 , 0 3 Fourhoiws / at £ lQ > icb ............... v .. 40 0 0 Carts , tackling , ploughs , harrows , &c ... 20 0 0
• ¦ •¦ ¦ . - . ' . ' . " " ¦ ' ' - ¦; '¦ ¦ ¦ - . - . ;•}¦ . ; " - ;•;¦ ¦ . . ; £ 2 oo ; o ; o y ¦ " What Interest baa he for that whioh ^ requires £ 1 Q : ayear to keen it up , by the ren « wai of dairy stock to its original value ? He has just the £ 10 a year , which he lays by , if all goes well I And what is his remuneration ? Just the ameunt of comfort that I have shewn hint to be partaker ^ of ! - And " thna ,-for twenty-five years he and his family undeitake great rUk and reBponslbillty , and at the end of that timo ate more than happy if remunerated with " hifl HonourV bond lot £ 250 ; * ' ¦ ••" .. ' ¦ ' \ . - ' - : ¦ : :: ¦' ¦> ' , ¦•¦ ; . .. .:.-o- ' ;; : Having thus shown the effects of the present system , he proceeds to contrast it with what -would be accomplished by a more just and rational system of management , He says : ^—
" Landlords ! let us now consider-wh ^ t a hun d red acres of ground subdivided into'ten farms of ten acres each is capable of doing ; how many it would maintaiH ; the description of malntainancai ; and the surplus , after having supplied the family , which it would leave for traffic in the manufacturing and commercial market ; I shall , according to promise , take the rudestcalculationa ; and , firstly ; as tothe gross produce . " One-and-half acres of potatoes , half an acre of fallow ,
one acre of lay Urwatd ) oats , two acres of wheat ; half an acre of meadow , quarter of an acre of Sue with clover , one rood of kitchen garden , one ditto of vetches , spring and aumnier ; and four acres of pasture . Produce for family ' s consumption for one year , ( family consisting of V man , bis vrife , and five cMldren ); sixty atoneia of wheat ; fifty atones of oatmeal ; five hundred atones of potatoes ; twenty stones of bacon ; vegetables > half the milk of a cow-.- wiUi poultry , eggsi and honey . : ¦ : '¦ . , : '¦¦''¦' / • :- / - " : ^¦ ' ' ¦'; : r '' - " - ¦ ' " - ¦ ¦ : . .-
" Let us bow see -what this will afford the family per week . More than a stone of -wheat flour ; a atone of oatmeal ; ten stones of potatoes ; for forty-five-weeks , deducting seven weeks for Lent , ( a time -when Catho-U ^ sabBtaln from meat , ) two pounds of bacon on Sundays , Mondays , and Tuesdays , every -week in the year ; and three quarte of new milk per day , twenty one quarts per week , — -thus estimating a- cow'a milk at twelve quarts a-day for the summer season , and allowing one quarter of her milk in summer and the other quarter to be used in butter daring " winter ; but I take nil as milk . Value of produce , after the above amount for consumption shall have been deducted : —
; ; : ¦¦ :. ¦ ¦ . ;; , ¦;;¦; :. - / - ' ,: ; ¦ ¦ . ; - . ¦ ¦ . ' .:. , £ . id . ; - Nine bags of wheat , at twenty stone the bag , at £ 1 5 s the bag : ..... f . i .......... 11 5 0 Produce of a cow and a half , valued at £ 8 percow ..........,.,.,. ; ........ V . i .... i 12 0 0 Fiv « barrels of oats , at fourteen stone the barrel , at 10 a the barrel , or less thandd . per stone .................. .... 2 10 0 Profit on four bacon pigs , fed from May to March , and bdught at nine months 10
i old ; £ 2 ioso each .... ^ ........... w ...., o o Profit on four sheep , fatted ^^ after shearing , 10 i a head .... ; ............ i ....,. M . 2 • # ¦¦ ¦ Eggs , poultry , linen , ( or spun flax ) . „ ... 5 0 0 Those amounts , added , make ... £ 42 15 o From-whichdeduct : — Kent and rates ............... 11 « 0 Laid by for the girls'portion and casualities , per annum ............. 7 15 0 . , : - , ¦ .... - - . - ¦ ,. .: - ; . .. ¦ - .. ¦ ' : 13 :-15- 0- - Total .,... ; . ; ..... ; .... a £ 24 p o which deducted from the £ 42 15 s . leaves £ 24 to be annually expended in the manufacturing and commercial market . " ¦ ¦'" ' . ¦ ¦ ... ¦;" ¦¦ / " ¦ ' . ' . ' : ¦ ¦ ' \ .. ; . ¦ . .- ' , . . ' . •¦ . ¦ . ; . ;; ' ¦ " . . -. These statements we think are sufficient to convince any mind capable of being convinced that the deficiency of food , so much complained of , is not to be attributed to a want of capability in the land , but to a want of justice in the system and common sense in the landlords . We now proceed to show that the land is capable of doing much more than Mr . O'Connor has calculated . Ia Mr . O'Connor's
account of his visit to Selby we find an account of certain experiments , made by Mr . Liuton , upon onft-fifth of an acre of land . It appears that he has three-fourths of an aerie , for which he pays four pounds per' annum rent ; of this only one-fifth is in a high state of cultivation , from which , after paying a labourer three shillings per day for ten hours work , he is able to make profit at the rate of sixteen pounds per acre . He last year had one cow , but the produce was sb much greater than the demand , that he has this year two cows * ji flock of geese , some pigs , &c . Last year / with only twenty-four perches
cultivated , the profit , over all expences , after paying four pounds rent , and ; after paying for labour ^ for seed , and all other expenceSj the profit was about twelve pounds , on one-seventh of ana acre in producing order . If the whole was highly cultivated , as the grass land yields little or nothing , it would leave profit , after outlay and rent , eightyfive pounds per annum . These are facts , and they warrant us in coming to the conclusion that the waste lands alone , if highly cultivated , would px 6 ducVthe ; necesgarira least three persons per acre , that is , for forty-five million souls ; , ; . -
We think we have now proved heyond the possibility of Buecessful contradiction , that the British Islands can produce food for four times tho number of the existing population . We will , howeveri add One calculation more , which will pit ; the matter beyond , all reasonablei doubt . We will take the population at twenty-seven millions ¦ , and we ^ find by the above table that the number of cultivated ^ acres is 46 ^ 522 ^ 70 , to which add i ^ 0 /) 0 b ^ making & total of . 61 , 522 ^ . Supp ose that only 45 000 , 000 out of this 61 522 , 970 acres are cultivated so as to produce food , per acre , for ; three persons , they would ; provide the means of subsistence for 135 , 000 , 000 human beings , which # > s | five times the amount of the population taken Vat 27 ^ 000 i 000
We leave these facts to ^ neak fb i themselves , and proceed to point out , secondly , the best means by which the natnral < apabilities of the Jand maybi 4 ^ ped . V ^ bonr is ttie hest manure ^ and the ^ land will flourish more under the ;^ duing povrar of the 8 p ^ e , mponneotion with a \ human J ^ i ^ d hand thai by ; ill the steam ploughs * ad new-fangled machinery th » t has ; ever been applied to it . The labourer who putehb earnings into the Swindling Bank truly earns wages to / put them into a bag vrith holes ; but he who puts his etrength and energy , and capital if ¦ he has it , into a bank of earth , puts it into ; a bank that never refuses payment , and always pays inintereat tenfold more than it receives in principali We have got what is called a surplus population j that ia to eay , th > miagled folly and rascality of oar
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social system has draw * bnadreaa of thousands of our agriouln-al populatioa from tho healthy and invigorating pdranitsibf comitry life hito those tert 88 teial hells- ^ Leeds , Man ^ eatet , ^ bctpbr ly and the other ^ ena of d ^ ii ^ e ^ whieii have ^ sprang up , with ' - \ mushroom rapidity-ifliider I the ibla ^ tog in- [ influence of the manufacturing system- —a ' system which' lias said to gold ** Thou art my hope ^' and to the fine ^ g » ld , . ^ Thou , arimy eonfidence , ^ ; A ^ system which / nnderJua jind ; proper arra ^ ementsv ; might have been , andi will bnardaybe ^ an ineal dulabie , blessing ; but wW ^ atpr ^ en ^ nnder thedifeoting influences of sel ^ hness , avarice , and anibitbn »
like the Iocuata of JEgy pt , devours , with an insatiable appetite , every green thinit . Ia < jonrieetion % it ^ this ; system , > weShare' a xaach ^ e ^^ though in itaiihfancyriB « apable \ Of ^ pwiudng-mor ^ of the necessaries of life : in ; five " year 8 i ttian the whole population of the Qlbb © conld consume in fifty . Thus , then ^ we have a producing poWe f which encourages in us a spirit of the-most irebkless and destractive competition j and we have a landed aris * tOQraoy ^ who neither ^ know their own interes ts , or care for thd 3 e of their country . ; The owa ^ arty ^ have ; got power , which they refuse to relinquish j the otbier party are seeking to gain the power , which , if they had it , they are too ignorant to use for any beneficial purpose . ¦ A death-grapple is rapidly ap »
proaohing between them- ; arid it behovea the people most assiduously tb ; wa . tch every moyemant of their oppressors aad to seize on every favourable opportunity for elevating their own characters , and improving their own condition . The fact is , the people must have tho waste land at all events , and they musl have capital , without which to reclaim them is impossible . This capital , might be raised by tho establishment of joint stock companies ; which , if fairly and honourably oondabted , Would fee productive of great good : but these ajre ; lia , ble to the objection , that their ^^ progress ^ wonWf b& unavoidably slow * , they would partake too much of the nature of monopbly , and the advancers Of capital would be almost certain to obtain more than their fair share of influence in the management of the >
coucern . We do not say that these effects could not be guarded against , but we think a much safer and easier plan , and One more likely to produce immediate beneficial results would be , that suggested by Mr . O'Connob to the landlords of Ire * : £ uid / :- - ' - v- . : x :. . ¦' . - . ; ,. ' •¦¦ ¦;/•; ' ; ^ '" . ; , ;¦ 7 . - ¦ ' . ' ¦ ¦' ¦ : ' ¦ , [ ' Speaking of the waste lands and the means of applying them to the relief of the existing distress , that gentleman says ' . — - > : ; : ; " The value of those fifteen millions of acres , at twenty yeara' purchase , at a cent of one ehilling and foiirpence per , acre , would , (^ Government £ 20000 , 000 . ; ;;; . > ¦ ;
, " Now what I propose is , that Government shall purchase the lands from you , say at that rate , and then , under proper ofiSclal management , at the head of which should be a Cabinet Miniater , to ba called the Minister of Agricnltnre , lease these lauds at one shilling and fourpence per acre in lots of fifteen acres , with a capital of one hundied pounds advanced to each tenant , subjecting the t enant to a rent of five pounds per annum ; for the land and the interest of one hundred pounds at fpur ' per cent ; that ia , one pound for land and four pounds for interest ^ - > ' ¦ ; : ? . ; - ; - - /^
<« This sum of £ 120 , 000 , 600 I propose to consolidate into one national fund , which abaU etaud as a mortgage upon the fifteen millions of acres , and over which the Parliament alone shall have control ; and that It shall not be a transferable stock , or a stock allowed to be niade the medium of exchange , barter , or trafl 3 c io the Jews' temple ; bat that . the Government ; snail merely be agent for the fund-holder and fund-payer- — receiving from the one and paying to the other . ; ; " rpropose thatfatter the first eleTen years the tenant shall yearly pay ten pounds in liquidation of bis debt j thereby liquidating the whole amount in Ithfl next ten years , or with the twenty-first year of his tenancy ; at
the close of which period-r-twfinty-one . years—Ip « ji pese that the . tenant shall / pay no more than the < wiginal chief-rent , of one ahllllng and fourpence par acre , and all local taxes ; or a pound per anmim for his hold * ing for « ver and ever , and Amea—until sorna future generation , in its wisdom , ehall see the State necessity of making the then occupiers —( themselves being parties )—pay something more as a quota of any national requirement . Now , those who are in love with a national debt as a bond of union , haVe it here in the flesh and the spirit ; those who so loudly call out for the cultivation of our waste lands have here the only chance by which their : desire , whiob is improvement and ; the bettering of the poor man's condition , can be simultaneously effected ; those who 'fear that popuiktion presses too hardly upon the means of subsistenee *
have here the means of obviating that disaster ; those of the school of political economy have here the practical illustration of one of their darling principleH—that 'when circumstances close up one channel of speculation and industry , other circumstances open another chan nel ; ' those who wonld : gladly find a resting place for the' surplus population , ' made such by the substituticln of artificial for natural' labour , have here the harbour open for them ; those who would add to our now , as they Bay , 'toe scanty surface of wheat-producing land / have here an extension offered to them ; while , although I would much prefer the more improved field for the establishment of a free labour standard of value , I have no objection , provided he gets Hit means , to allow my client to work out his own salvation in the more barren field ?• ' ?¦ ¦ . "¦ . ¦ : ¦ - . - ¦ ¦'¦ , ' ¦• ¦¦ ' ¦; ¦ ¦ ¦; " ; . ¦ . :: . : ¦ ; ¦ - •;; . , - . v . ; . ; v \ - ; V
. We know of no better way fot the establishment of a . system of home colonisation ; and we ; know of nothing but such a system of co-operative unity as is involved in home colonisation , that is capable of preserving the country from inevitable destruction , Lei the people ; be drawn away ¦ from the manufac * turing districts , and . located upon the land , in eompauies of from twelve hundred to two thousand persons , of various ages , and capable of performing the Various operations of mechanics , artists , manufacturers , and agriculturists ; and let these be provided with the means of subaiateuce , and the materials for labour , and we have no fear for the result . We are satisfied that if the locality was well chosen , and the arrangements judiciously made , these actively producing would soon become
setf-Hupporting ; colonies ; and that in- a coiBqparatively short time they would be able to repay the money advanced for their establishment , and would become independent of money-mbngers , capitajlists , Corn Laws , and foreign market s fore veri , ;;;; ' ?;¦ ''' ::: ¦ - ¦' . " ' . ; ' ¦ ¦ y . ?^ ¦ ¦ There are some things connected with these projected colonies too important to be omitted , though our jspace forbids us ; to : go » into ; the eubjeot at length . Good water is an absolute reqaisite ; > nd the proximity of stone quarries and coal or iron mines is i , subject of no ; small imporanCe . where such advantages can be obtained . It is not likely that all the various mechanical arts and
manufactories can ; be tiomhined in ^^ one settlement , nor is it at all necesEary that . ' -they ^ should . Local bircumstanceswould mainlydetermine the peculiar avocations to which the skill , industry ; and capital could fef most profitably applied ; aad each colony would interchange its surplus productions with ita n $ ighbbnry and thus a fraternal nnion would be established throughout the ^ Whple . The buildings would be no unimportant matter ; They should be 6 ^; ( sonstructbd as to aid the purposes of health , Cleanliness , cohyenienqe ; and to combine thoadvantagesl of sboiabUly with flie ; nibst perfect adaptation for individual and domestic privacy , i We would have
them surrounded with every appliance for thb most perfect dovelopement of iagricultural scienbe s and with a ^ ihe b ^ eauties of nature and art , Vrhich the inddstry ^ and ; enterprise of . the inhabitants could proenre or produoe ; . Thnff- a community of interests and ' all that is really valuable ; in eocial instituUons would be obtained , while every man would feel himself invested with not only a right to the possession of theftnits of his ovra industry * bnt also bfihe iwreor to [ exercise Euch / rig | it , All wpuld be equal before the law . ; while thojrigbis of private property would be individually redogEiaed and collectively maintained . ;¦ ¦ ¦;¦ : > : \¦ ., / : ¦ . '' - ¦ . ; . ' . ~ y
Let us now loofc ;» t some > f the t ^ ltswhicli would flowfrom a proper apprbpriatibn of the meana at our disposal , v ; ¦ ¦ v " ; ' ; -. 7-v ; - - . ; ' ; - : ;;^; . : ¦¦ : .-, - -: {; . ; ; - ; .-From kil thaV we have ^ said , it ia plain that the only elements requisite for the securing of national prosperity , iare land and labour and capital , in combinative unity . Of the first we have five times more ^ han would suffica for our present wants ; of labour , we have a superabundance-willing and anxious to be employed- ; and of capital nobody over dreams that there is any lack . How is it , then > we ask , that we have minions in a sjaje ^ f . Pauperism ; or fast approaching to that BUrte !; How is it that with fpleaty of land , plenty
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Jan. 1, 1842, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1142/page/4/
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