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TO THE EDITOR OF THE FREEMAN'S
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THE NORTHERN STAB, SATURDAY, JANUARY la, 1842.
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THE LATE "SLAVE" MEETING IN LEEDS
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8ta 2Seau*ttS antr Corr?£pontJ£ntj&
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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PROSECUTION OF MB . GEORGE WHITE , BIRMINGHAM . ADBF . ESS TO THE MEMBERS OF TSS 1 TA-. IIOi ^ &L CHARTER ASSOCIATION OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND . Beoihkes in iHECArss of Fbeedoh , —Another aiiempi is being made to imprison oar patriotio and ener ^ erio leaders—a prosecution for libel against oar champion , George White , and as lie will have to appear , at the Court of Queen ' s Bench , to show cacsB why a -writ should iiot ba issued against him , and as Mr . White has nothing to depend upon but his own exertions , a Committee has been formed for tie purpose of raisiDg a fund to enable him to meet Ms ihsrsecntors . aad be prepared for his defence . We
fiiarefore take the liberty of soliciting the aid of every lover of liberty . Brother Chartists , —Birmingham is full of hum-Bags and pretended friends , who do all that lies in their power to keep the people as divided as they possibly can , 'which presents almost insurmountable aifiicuities Jbr us to contend against , and were it not for the exertions of Mr . White , with those of onr talented lecturer ( Mason , ) we feel confident that vre should not be able to maintain the position which ¦ we now hold . Shall thi 3 man , who ha 3 a double claim to oar protection , in consequence of the
determined manner in which he stood against a "whole host of gentlemen assassins at the late Cora Law meeting in the town of Birmingham;—shall this man , who has been so useful to ns . go again to bis dreary and lonesome dungeon ! He most assuredly will , if the spirit of liberty has so entirely left the hearts of Englishmen , that they will not reach an helping handj bnt we know that it is not so ; and we have no doubt , with the assiftance of our brethren , he will be still at liberty , and , as he always has done , will still continue to rouse the people to a sense of their duty , and lire to be a determined enemy to all oppression and tyranny .
Hoping this will be met with the spirit that it deserves , We remain , on behalf of the Committee , W . Thom , Chairman , 11 , Barn S ' reei . H . Welsfobd , Secretary .
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TO THE MEMBERS , SUB-TKEASURERS , SUB-SECRETARIES , AND COUNCILLORS
OF THE NATIONAL CHARTER ASSOCIATION . Beetjcben , —I wish to give some general instructions , as it will gare me a vast amount of trouble that I should Jiave by writing privately . First . All remittances should be made per posteffice orderj the expence of the order is threepence for any sum under £ 2 ; this i 3 the safest method . When the order is sent the sender ought to take down the date and number of the order ; and all moneys should be made payable on ilr . Heywood ,
the General Treasurer , No . 60 , Oidham-straet , Manchester . No money ought to be sent in say other way . This is a most effectual method to keep both the sender and the receiver honest , because , if the person who Bends the money applies to the postoffice , he can . at any time proTe he seat it ; and if any sab-Secretary should be so dishonest ' as to say he seat it when he did not , the General-Secretary has it then in hi 3 power to prove that he never received it . Let their post-offics orders be &eni for the future to the General-Treasurer .
Secondly , a 3 to who are members and who are not . It is ih . 3 general understanding that taking Ont a card and paying one penny weekly constitutes a member ; but if any person can prove , after he has taken oat his card , that he is not able to pay his weekly contribution , then he is to be considered-a boTiajide member . The members in each district to bs the judges when a man is able to pay and when not . Each district to make such local legal regulations as shall conduce to the forwarding the Association in the best possible manner , for . while our Association i 3 one , yet in some districts they
may be poorer thfln in other districts , and members thus find it more difficult to pay their subscriptions ; it shall then be for fce members to come to arrangements amongst themselves ( when a member ¦ who can pay , but who does not ) how many weeks it shall be before such person shall ba considered ne longera member . The circumstances of the Association are so different in different districts , that it is impossible for the Executive to make a positive role on this head , bnt had rather leave this to the good sense of the officers and members of the Association themselves .
Thirdly , the balloting for the candidates for the Convention will be holden on Monday , the 24 th of -January . In each district where only the required number of candidates are in the field there will be no ballot , but where there are more than the number that are to be returned , then the ballot shall be resozted to in that district . All the members of the association io vote in such district ; the d amber of votes to be forwarded by each local sub-Secretary to tHe district snb-Sscreiarr , who shall immediately forrrard to ine the names of the candidates , and the number of votes for each candidate . All the returns to be in my possession by February the 1 st .
Fourthly , public meetings shall be called betwixt Ibe t > nd and the 11 th days of February , to elect _ tbe metsbers for Convention , the final decision to be forwarded to me by Monday , the 14 th of February and a correct list of the names of the members of the Convention to be published in theNor&em Star , Kniional Vindicator , and Chartist Circular , on Saturday , the 19 ; h aad 2 oth days of February , and lie Convention to meet on Monday ) the 2 S ; h day of February , 1842 . Fifthly , the Executive ought io meet immediately , tvhich they will do if the association will only half settle its accounts with them , at all events every serve will be strained fcr them to assemble in Bristol an Mondaythe 7 ih day of February .
, Those piaces that require cards must see that it i 3 imppsable for me to forward them just at present ; but I will endeavour to dispatch all the cards that are "wanted in the courss of next week . John CasipbelLj Secretary .
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TO THE PITMEN OP THE TT >~ E AND WEARHE 3 or the C 5 oi . i-ieb . ies , —By reference to another column of tbe Star , you vrill see that & delegate meeting Is called for the 22 nd of January , at Caester-le-Strest . It appears that it is deemed advisable te call you together by delegation , to make a stand against the eBcroachmeists of jonr coal -sde-srera . The " note of preparat ion" "was sounded last week atThornley , where the most intdligent men of the coal districts -were assembled . Let Gvery colliery ebey the summons of that meeting . The inroads daily made on the pitmen by their masters , renders it imperative that the standard of union should again be -01 * 1 x 164 in the North , and the rights of industry established on a baaa too strong for local despots to siibvsri .
To -work , then , like men ! let you ? yearly bonds mo longer be the bonds of slavery . Prepare for the delegate meetiEg . Xet Microft prepare the Sonth Durham district . Tkere are plenty of warm hearts on " coaly Tyne" who will not fail to do their duty . Tse " Wear is already aliTe to its interest ; and the delegate meeting for this month will determine the question of elavery or freedom . Youi ftrifhfrfl friend , Geoege BiJixs ,
To The Editor Of The Freeman's
TO THE EDITOR OF THE FREEMAN'S
JOURNAL . - Sra , —The folio-wing passsge occurs In the Daily Freeman of the 29 th clt-, and the WteVy oi the 1 st instant : — " A member here handed his Lordship a printed circular , which ne mid had been distributed among the coal porters . " The Loud Mayob—Faugh ! is not it signed by Paddy O'Higgins , aad does not everybody know -who Paddy O'Higgins is 7 ( Loud cries of ' Hear , hear , ' and laughter . ) He u greatly mistaken if he thinks he can have aay influence among th& honest coal porters . They ¦ understand him perfectly , and there is no fear that any of them ¦ sill be got to folloir his advice . ( Hear , hear , and cheers . ) I wish my recommendation should bs perfectly understood . I announced it yesterday , and
I jepeat it to-day . Let the people bring any -wretch ¦ wlio attempt to cajole them icto taking illegal oaths before any of the magistrates -who have been newly appointed , or before any of the old Tory magistrates , and I -warrant they conld do nothing -which -would rex their Worshi ps more than their doing so .- ( Hear , hear , and laughter . ) The magistrate ¦ will be ^ xceedongiy sorry to see his friend there . He -would much zataer see hiia in the ¦ witness-box , and he himself en ths Jary -which -would convict the people -whom he had deluded , on hia evidence . ( Hear . ) Tou well know how it would delight the Attorney-General and his satellites to see the people convicted of roch crimes . ( Hear , hear . ) His Lordship then observedthat She Repealers could have no connection with any illegal Societies . " ^^
It appeass , as reported , in a ralher more offensive form in the Register of same dates . To that establish-Bwnt-waMDfwhat-wsa deemed a demanded exculpation of the " UniTenol Suffrage Society , " in matterand lom » earl 7 as follows , but which the editor ( not the proprietor ) of that journal arrogantly , Bapercffiously , and contemptuously refused to insert , on the ground that . " it came from OHiggins . " Such an assertion on bis part was es gratuitously untrue as wantonly impertinent It came from Irishmen -who thought themselves aggrieved , and had the spirit to defend themselves Bui if it ev-sn did coaie from " O"Higgins , " even from "Ts&tiy O'Hi-gics , " why is he to be accounted an alien —an outJbvr—a ; pariah in his native l&nd ? Is the J& $ i&r to insert every viraperation , every denunciation ? Is Mr . OBiggiiu to be continually held up to the execr&u&uof his countrymen , and yet to be refused rrsa the privilege of as arraigned criminal—to be heard
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in his own defence ? This may be the liberality of the Register , but -we now appeal to the justice of the Free man , and request your insertion of the following : — " With the individual censure conveyed in the passage quoted , we have noihing to do , further than to regret that any cause should require , or any individual be found to mite such abusive personal attacks , in an age in which manners , at least , have . been ameliorated and in which the progress of temperance jurtifie *! ns in believing that Christian forbearance , charity , and good will , -were abeufc to finperaede the former substrata ef vopuhrbaxangae , that practical , jood wwabont being iiosecnted , and rhetorical artifice on the eve of being abandoned . But as the card \ as it i& in the Register the circular ( as it is in the Freeman ) , is an emanation
of-the " Universal Suffrage Society , " of which we have the honour to be members , and of which Mr . O'Higgins is the respected president , and as his lordship-was pleased to insinuate that Mr . O'Higgins had administered to us oaths ( of course illegally )* and farther expressed a desire to see his " old friend" turn common informer ; and farther his anxiety to " be himself on the jury , that he might convict the deluded . " ( How charitable ? j We think it but just to oarselyes to remove from h'a Lordship ' s mind any apprehension on the subjfet , by declaring that we are bound by no illegal oaths , and repudiate indignantly the aspersion . Ws congregate for the purpose , as far as in us lies , of nistji-g , on Mr . O'Conuell ' a own ( adopted ) principle of moral might , Mr . O Connell ' s own draft of the People ' s CbzTtsT , the law of the land ; and t » do this -weare determined tolegally co-operate with the English and Scotch Chartists , whorsciprocateourfssistanceby advocating the
Repeat of Ireland ' s unjust and baneful Union . Weeannot saffiaVntlj- express our detestatisn of any miscreant who would dare to impose on Mr . O'Connell ' s credulity , so far S 3 to make him the instrument of euch unjust accusations , the author of such foul epithets , and the fulminator of such mischievous denunciations ; dor can we at all imagine how so acute and experienced a politician could be made seriously to believe the ridiculous story of secret oaths , < fcc . Mauy of us are members of the Repeal Asscciation , and we are all the friends of the working classes , too long neglected , and the strenuous asserters of civil and religious liberty , in its most unre stricted sKise , all over the world . With pity and contempt , then , for the venal and man-worshipping Register , with thanks and respect to you , and with a coaS-Jent hope that Mr . O'Cozmell will do us the justice to which -we are entitled , by withdra-wing his unmeasured , unmerited , and , vre trust , thoughtlessly-conferred
censure , We are , Your obedient humble servants , W . H . Dyott Patrick O'Connell Henry Clark Edward Dciapsey Thomas O'Brien Patrick li'Mahon Patrick Rafter Patrick M'Carten John Norton James Dillon John Ktcgan Patrick O'Connor Patrick M'AIahon ( For nearly six hundred , K . Dunne men . )
P . S . —Ih order to avoid all further misrepresentation , -wa . enclose with this a copy of 9 ur objects , aHd the reasons for advocating the measures here enumerated : — Universal Suffrage , Eirctoral Ditt-icts , Tote by Ballot , Anting Parliaments , No Property Qualification for representatives , Payment of Members of Parliament , and Ke-¦ peai of the Legislative Union between Great Britain and Ireland .
The Northern Stab, Saturday, January La, 1842.
THE NORTHERN STAB , SATURDAY , JANUARY la , 1842 .
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WAGES OF LASOUR AND " EXTENSIONS
OF COMMERCE . The articles we have recently devoted to the examination of this subject have , we are glad to say , excited considerable attention even amongst the manufacturers themselves . In several instances have our statements been confirmed bj those who have , for more than half a century , been engaged in the leading departments of onr staple manufactures More than one case have we heard of , where the
workman has taken his Northern Star in his hand , and requested his employer to read what we have had to say ; and the paper has been kindly returned with the observation , that onr " statements were but too true . " We are bound to say , however , that we have heard of this occurring only with the small masters . They are approachable . They do not turn up their noses when Bill comes near them . They have a little fellow-feeling with the operative whom they employ .
We have heard , though , of the observations and conduct of one who once ranked amongst the " greatest" millowners in the West Riding of Yorkshire . He is a man who is well known both by masters and men . To him the woollen factory masters of Yorkshire are more indebted , than to any other person or cause for the immense sum 3 of money they have been enabled to rake together by the employment of machinery . Perhaps no one in the entire woollen trade knows so much of the operation of our commercial system as the mau does we speak of . Perhaps no one has had suoh
opportunities of Beeing and experiencing so much of t as he has . He knew Yorkshire when the woollen trade was entirely in the hands of the domestic manufacturer . He remembers the time when the clothier was enabled to go to the woolstapler , and buy his " piece-wool , " and manufacture bis own piece , the major portion of the work being all done on his own hearth , as it werein his own house . He knew Yorkshire when the fulling was done by the Master Fuller ; and the finishing by the Master Cropper ; and the dying by the Master Dyer ; and when all
these got good living profits for their work , and paid good wages to their workmen . He knows , too , of the introduction of the " swape shears , " or " cropping frames . " He knowa of the prognostics of the men engaged in the finishing department , at the introduction of this first machine to compete with , and supercede ¦ their labour . He knows of the times of " General Ludd . " He know 3 when a confederacy existed amongst the workmen of an entire district , more formidable than any thing of the sort ever known before , or since . He knows of the fight at
Rawfold ' s mill ; and he knows of the York Special Commission , and the hanging of seventeen men on one day ] Ha knotre of the inefficacy of such confederacy to step the progress of tke Bystem then jast begun . He knows of the introduction of the " Raising-gi ^ , " and of the " Lewis , " and of the " Perpetual . " He has seen the Bjstem gradually take root , and " extend" further and further , wider and wider . He has seen the " Master Weaver , " the " Master Fulltr , " the " Master Dyer , " and the "Master Cropper , " all drop off , one by one , uatil there is scarcely a single one in some of these walks to ba found ! He has seen their
several businesses moaopolizsd by one man , and all performed under one roof . He has seen the woolsorting , the cardicg , fhe Blubbing , the spinning , the weaving , the dying , the scouring , the fulling , the raising , the drying , the cropping , the burling , the fine drawing , and the pressing , come , to be done all by , or under , one manj when nearly each separate division used to be a walk for master and man distinct to itself . He has seen monopoly raise itself on the ruin of thousands . He has seen men enter the business " with capital" procured from a banker , and by hard-driven bargains in buying in , and
by keen competition in selling , drive their less " fortunate" brother-tradesman to the dogs ! He has known many , who , forty years ago , had not a shilling to bless themselves with , become , by these means , to be worth their thousands ! He has seen th * comforts gradually leave the cottage of the workman , and the man ' s labour superceded by machinery so contrived as to drag into the factory the child of his heart , to earn a livelihood for its workless parent . He has seen sad felt the operations of the entire system . No one in Yorkshire more bo . No one better qualified to judge . No one whose opinion is of so much value .
What then is his testimony ! Is it that we have overcharged the picture we have given of the happy home of the workman , when the eight-days' clock , the flitch of bacon , the load of flour , the good bed , and the " meal-kisl" were dvcillers in his cottage ? Is it that we are wrong in . saying that the operations of our present system have fetched these out of the cottage , at the same time that they have sent hundreds of respectable and worthy masters into the ranks of the driven-down workmen ? Is his testimony against us in these respects ? No ! He avers that our statements are true ! The paper containing our first article under the head " Wages of . Labour , " was placed in his haads by a workman
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, aad his attention directed to it . His answer , when he returned the paper , was , "It ia true I It is true !" - - 1 ;¦ ¦ ¦ : " .: ¦ . ; . ¦ ¦ .:. ¦ ¦ ¦; ' ¦ ¦ ¦ ; ; ¦ ¦ .. . ¦ . ; ¦ ¦ ¦{ ' . ; Apropos of the circumstance of a workman daring to approach his master , to ask him to read the Northern Star ! The reader will readily believe that the master was not like the major portion of our " . great" masters I Perhaps nothing that could be adduced , so forcibly shows the bad working of our present system , as the difference in the bearing and conduct of the employer towards the workman in past times and present . The terms upon which
master and man formerly associated ^ showed that a healthy feeling subsisted between them . English independence actuated the one , and purse-proud arrogance did not actuate the other . How is it now ? Do master and men nowassooiate ? Does Bill and Tom go to crack their joke , or join in the sport , with Mr . Marshall ? Does Mr . Marshall treat Habet and Jack as if they were fellow mortals ? Do the employers and the employed meet to coaeult with one another , or to advise witk one another ! Is that feeling of mutual respect and kindness whioh formerly animated both , now subsisting V The very question is a mockery ! Go
into the factory-yard and the counting-house not * / See the puffed-up pride and overbearing arrogance of the " master , " and the timid , cringiDg , sycophantic , slinking manner of the slave ! This alone tells us the present commercial system is wrong ! If it had more of attraction in it ; if it drew the two parties closer together ; if itknit them in one bond , so as to make them like members of the same family , it would show that there was some good in it somewhere , which , worked for good . But it does not do this ! It drives them further and further asunder It is totally and completely repellant ! This alone shows that some " organio change" is needed in the system !
During Christmas week , a middle-aged journeyman cropper called in at our office , to thauk us kt what he called our " meal-kist" Articles . His joy waa great , he said , to see the cause of the workman taken up so spiritedly , so truthfully , and so homely ! The Articles , he avered , had taken him and bis fellows back to the old limes , when the " meal-kist" was filled , and the bacon and beef were fonnd in their larders , and on their tables . "I was apprenticed in Huddersfield , "said he , " and have been in the trade ever since . I know that what you have
said is true , both as to the past and present condition of the operative . When I was still an apprentice , I , many times and oft , earned a guinea a-day ! No journeyman cropper made less than £ 4 or £ 5 a-week . Now I would be glad to work a week for 15 s . J When we made good wageB , and were consequently well-off , the masters did not disdain to speak to as I They would come amongst ; us , converse and joke with us , join us in our frolics , —( and we had many !>—and were not above taking a meal with us , nor asking us to their tables .
So many years ago , tms Christmas , if a master had not asked his workmen to go into the house , and partake of his Christinas cheer , cake and cheese with the other et ceteras , his conduct would have been a whole country side's talk ! But those day 3 are gone ! and they have gone just as our wages have decreased ! As the latter got less and less , the conduct and bearing of the masters became more stiff and haughty ! A workman now dare almost as soon take an asp in bis hand , as speak to his employer . The feeling that oucc existed between us is gone . Neither of us * like' one
another . The masters look upon us as degraded beings , and treat us as if we were thieves : we know them to be upstart tyrants and purse-proud oppressors . I will give you an instance of their dealings with us . Since the * shearboard" was done away with by the * new and improved ' machines , I have been glad , as you happily express it , toha re permission to roast myself in a' stove , ' or dance attendance on a' Gig' or a Lewis ! ' Since I leftHaddertfield I have worked in Leeds , at old SiiEEPaHANKS ' s , for eight yeaiB . And when at the end of that period of service he had no further occasion for me , and I applied to him for ' a character , ' the old lisping 3 1 "J iT f a . f — - — _ : T _ 1 _ ± " T . _ __ . _ d 1 said t ive chaacktor
— , 'I can ' g you a - : I never give cba-acktors / And the old scoundrel will not set a neio man on , unless he can produce a character from his last place ! I have for the last eight months been totally ont of work , living as I couid ! I do not know what the present state of things will end in : but this I know , a change must lake place . Whatever that change id , I hope it will not be another downward step in the road we have been Koing ! Let me beg of you to keep on as you have begun : tell us , working men , wkat the effects of our past conduct have been upon wages and living ; speak plainly to us ; come home to our understandings : and then we shall be prepared to act a right part for ourselves . "
Such in substance was the language of a man who may be taken as a sample of his class . We have given his words as nearly as we could , that the masters may see that their haughty , overbearing , and oppressive conduct is not without its effect ! This man loved and respected his first and early masters he entertained no such feeling towards his later ones ! Let the "great" masters pouder over this It speaks volumes to them !
In our paper of January 1 st , we gave from the Nottingham Review a short article descriptive of the present condition of both masters and men in tho town of Mansfkld . That statement met the eye of a gentleman who has formerly been extensively engaged in the manufacture of that town and district ; and he has furnished us with particulars of his own knowledge , as to the state of trade , and of those engaged in it , forty years ago ; and of the causes which bavo produced the horrible state described in the following article , which we again insert : —
Never , -we believe , -was the condition of the poor at Mansfield so bad as at present . Starvation is doing its -work , and , as it is naturally to be expected , is fast reducing the middle classes to the verge of ruin . How harrewing is it to the leelingg of intelligent , honest , industrious , and once-respectable parishioners , to be obliged to submit to th « embarrassing alternative , of either applying to the Union House for relief , or actually perish in a land of plenty . But , is it not still more distressimg to be told by the minions in office , that they have no right to relief -while their homes possess a remnant of furniture , by which they could supply their exigencies ? Wo know men , -whose lives
are in every respect irreproachable , living in such a state of destitution , as to express , in the intensity of their sufferings , a wish that death might at once put an end to their struggles . We could enumerate * instances of tbe most sppaliing destitution , in Mansfield— -where fathers are traversing the streets in mental agony , unable to bear the sight of their unhappy homts—whilst the mothers , surrounded by their famishing offspring , have scarcely a morsel in the -world , to appease their era-ring appetites—with scarcely any other covering to shield them from the inclemency of a winter's night , than the scanty and tattered apparel which they have worn in tha day . "
Nottingham , Mansfield , Sutton-in-Ashfield , and their surrounding districts , are well known as being the principal st-ats of our lace and hosiery manufactures . It is well known too , that those formerly engaged in those manufactures , both masters and men , were « ' well to do" ! ! It-is well known that the master could make a competency , —not in a few years , as the " great" masters in the cotton and woollen districts
have lately done—but in a legitimate majiner , by ordinary business-like attention to his calling ; and the workman earned , andreceived , wages which made him comparatively comfortable and happy . It is well known , too , that machinery has been extensively introduced into these distriot 3 , to aid in the manufacturing operations ; and it is equally as well known that the men resisted that introduction , Bome of them with their lives . "General Lbd »"
tried his hand in Nottinghamshire , as well as in Yorkshire ! The rememberance of this struggle between sinew and iron , flesh and steel , will be perpetuated bo 5 or £ as the works of BrRo . v exist to record his eloquent pleadiugs for the men , against ; the iron-heart of the legislator and the halter of the hau ^ man ! But" General Ludd" failed ! The "frames" were introduced . Then began that race of competition , aad underselling , and producing " cheap , " aad . making trashy goodi ; and along wiih
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these things , reduction after reduotion , —reduction after reduction , —of the wages of the operatives ; until at last it has ended in bringing all concerned into the awful situation above described w Thirty or ; forty years ago / ' says the gentleman we have before alluded to , ( and who has been extensively engaged in the Hoisety Trade , ) " stockings could could not be made good enough . The manufacturer then could only secure custom by seryiBg the merchant and shopkeeper . with , the Very best made goods ; and the retailers could only give satisfaction in their dealings by supplying each as they could highly recommeud . then , confidence was mutual , and dealings regular . The manufacturer bad a certain business . ¦ There were ' slack times and
' brisk'times , to be Bure , just as the seasons came round ; but then the manufacturer could take advantage of the one , and get his stocks of the best made goods ready to meet the other . No turning off of hands then I The , master could depend upon his custom too well to require that . Bat then he made no ' patohed-up-cuts , 'nor any ' thick-and-thin-courses . ' His stockings wef e made well . Every inch of every
stecking alike . All the * narrowings' regularly made . Tho * bindings-fn' in the heel , foot-bottom , and toe , duly attended to . Each size so arranged in these particulars , as to ensure ' a fit' ; and the whole made of 'double cotton '; and doubled again at the heel , foot-bottom , and across the toes . / J well remember those times ! Then there was some credit in being engaged in the trade : now it is a mass of cheatery and roguery from beginning to end . |
lf I well remember the years 1808 , 9 , and 10 . About that time we had a considerable trade in a sort of lace , called 'Spider Nett ' . To make this , a considerable number of wide frames were prepared ; and a great number of * 30 gage , 30 inches wide Point Nett' frames appropriated to the work At the same time was also brought out a new description of stocking , in both silk and cotton , with this new lace work round the Jsmall of the leg and instep . They were called ' Spider Nett Hose '; and were made of fine quality' and * best manufacture . ' I had none made lower than 36 gage ; and I paid
903 . per dozen fof workmanship < alone , for womensized hose . This article took well , both at home and abroad , particularly with the Spaniards and in the West Indies . 1 have a firm and Balisfied opinion , derived from my travels abroad , and other circumstances , that had the trade continued to make this article in a proper manner , it would never have been out of demand . But as the Spider-Lace trade began to slacken , those who had frames applied them to the making of these Spider Nett Hose . ' Some ! of the frames were adapted to m » ie two stockings at once ; others three at once ; and others even / our at once ! All these were * cut-ups , ' Considerations about shape
were ftuifce out of the question ! The'' Seamer' and the scissors had to form that ! Stitton-in-Ashfield had the honour of commencing this kind of game ; it was quickly followed by others ; and Nottingham was soon filled with cart-loads of 'Spider Nett Hose / —material and workmanshi p altogether for 2 lW per dozeu 1 ! The manufacturers of this trashy stuff were termed 'Bag Hosiers . ' The system they had entered upon soon found their pockets ; and when they came to Market , they ; in a very little time , found themselves compelled to sell . They could not return without money . Prices , ruinous as they were , were thus again beaten down . A very Bhort period saw these manufacturers compelled to eell for 12 a . per dozen , and even lower than that !
" This had its certain effect upon the other portions of the hosiery manufacture . It induced the like practices and the like results throughout all its branches . Plain stockings were soon made in the same infamous manner , and for the same infamous prices ; and this descriptiouof goods were significantly named' blind spi ders / " So extraordinarily low has this system reduced
this apeoiea of manufacture , that , when passing through Nottingham six months ago , I was offered women-sized stockings , made of 30 gage frame , material and workmanship altogether , FOR 4 s . per dozen pairs ! ! My priceto my workmen alone , for the same description of article , made the old way , was 21 s . per dozen ! and I never sold them for less than 36 s . per dozen , even though fifty dozens were taken together" !!!
Aye , there it is ! There is a picture , in miniature , of the whole operation of our commercial system Look At it , " lads" !! Say , would not an " extension" of it do you all good I ! See tho end ! Is it not desirable ? Look at it well ! Mark its progress through all its stages I It shp-wsj at one view , the operation of the whole Bystem from beginning to end . You see it commence with the trade in a good and healthy state ; when all concerned in it are well-cared for , and well paid . Then commences the march of unregulated machinery , producing a tremendous , but inefficient , struggle against it , on
the part of the men . Then follows keen competition amongst the masters , and in its train the system of trashy goods , to supply the ra ^ e for " cheap , " " cheaper still" ; producing " embarrassmeat" and "' difficulties" amongst the masters , whose necessitous situation is now taken advantage of by the " great" buyers who have" capital , " and who thus sink him lower and lower ! At length the master ' s capital and workman ' s wages are gone Both are done up ! Ruin is their portion ! See their condition , as described by the Nottingham Review ! . Aud who has benefitted by all this ?
' Has the master ? No ! lie is ruined Has the workman ? No ! He is beggared ! Has the consumer or wearer ! No !! He isprovided with trash , —dear . ata gift ! Who , then , has benefitted ? No one ? Yes {—the " great" capitalist He , and he only , has made his thousands by screwing the poor necessitous maker down below prime cost , when he came compelled to sell before he could feed his family ! Yes , this is he that has gained by all this ! and this is he , and only he , who bawls out for an " extension" of the system ! What say you lads ? IS HE TO HAVE IT 1
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The result of the late " slave" meeting in Leeds has chagrined the " humbugs" most woefully . The unexpected attendance of the " slaves" at the meeting upset all the equanimity bf the " kid-gloved gentry "; and they have not yet . fecovered ifc They had iuttnded to have had a snug little gathering of their own , under the colftiir of " a public meeting , " to which " every frion-d of humanity" had been invited ; and the atfondance of " the public , " in answer to this public invitation , disconcerted the
project of the palr / ry gang . Perhaps the most ludicrous evidence of thoir woe-begone condition is contained in a lachrymose epistle inserted ; invthe Leeds Mercury ar . d Leeds Intelligencer of Saturday last . The writer there declares his intention of " taking the lav ] " upon those who attended at this public meeting , " and took part in the proceedings ! ; But ; uiif ' jrtuuately for him , he does not know what the loiv is ! and he implores of the people of Leeds to subscribe a sum of money to ^ enable him to learn !¦!¦! .
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Some kind friend of his has also published ' * another appeal" to the public to the same effect , which has excited much more attention than the original one . Tbe latter appeal appeared in the form of a placard , posted in the public streets ; and crowds of people were to be seen at every street corner , on Wednesday and Thursday , conning it overt We hope it will have its intended effect ! A knowledge of the " law of public meetings" wants " extending , " whether our ; commerce does , or not ; for had thai " law" been ; generally understood , and strictly
enforced , we should jiot have seen snch strange vagaries and antics played by Magisterial Chairmen , Mayors , and High sheriffs , a 3 we have seehl By all means let a knowledge of the " law of public meetings" ba " extended ;" and we shall hear no more of the " humbugs" daring to insult the public , by inviting them to attend " a public meeting , " and then threaten to prosecute them for accepting the invitation 11 ! -: [ . To aid in accomplishing so desirable an object , vre willingly give insertion to the following appeal I and commend it to tho best consideration of all interested in the settlement of the question : —
WANTED , by Young Jabez Bunting , a sum of money , to enable him to finish hia Education . * The Law Staff of Leeds has lately received a most valuable accession in the person of Mr . Jabez Bunting , Jun ., son of the Methodislic Pope . His attainments are beyond compare f and his demeanour as modest as thai of a' maiden of coy fifteen . ' The Rev . G . B . Macdonald describes him as' an eminent legal gentleman , ' True , his education has cost much money . Truej the poor pennies of the Methodists have , many of them , been put in requisition ^ True , the- *' . Paternal Fund' has had to sweat ! What of that Haye we not the worth of our money ? Are not his ' eminent legal attainments '; more than an eqaivalent 1 We do not often meet with * eminehce '
so great in lawyers so young 1 We have a * prime pennyworth ' for our penny ! Jubcz , however , labours under one defeot--only one . He has ' studied the law , ' and his 'legal attainments' are ' eminent . ' Yet * he does notktww the law of Public Meetings ! ' He wants to know this law . He wants to ask the Judges . He wants perfecting ; But he has riot pennies' enOw ! The ' Fund' is low , or is not now come-at-able J It is important that Jabez shonld find the bottom of this intricate question , therefore he is compelled to appeal to the public for means to enable him to put the finish to his education . A penny subscription
will do ! Noneof the Jubezes ever turned up their noses at Pennies : therefore , good folks , do read Jabez ' s appeal to your pockets in last Saturday ' s Mercury and Intel ., and fork out the blunt ! It will not do for Jabez to bo deficient ! He must learn the law . Do afford him the means . Stump up ! in good earnest . Let Jabez ' have the brass , ' for he is totally devoid ! Do , good folks , let him thoroughly learn the law ! He must know all about it , or his ' eminence will not be satisfied . He cannot fathom this deep subject till you afford the . mean ' s f so , good people , make haste ! Jabez is extremely anxious ' . to gethold of the money 1
Meanwhile , he is conferring with , and receiving excellent preparatory instruction from , Mr . GillrASD Scarth . JabexaAa already learned from that gentleman , that it is lawful , when Dr . Warren takes and pays for the Music Hall for a private meeting of his owii , to' conspire , beforehand , to fill and pack the Hall with creatures of your own , to ' violentiy and tyrannically interrupt' the intended prpceediugs of the evening ! Jabez his also learned from Mr . ScARTH , that it is lawful ^ when Dr . Warben ' s friends proposed a Chairmaa of their own , to preside over their own private meeting , to so arrange , beforehand , that he Mr . Scar : th , shall be proposed for Chairman , asan ' Amendment . ' Jabez has also learned from the same teacher , that it is lawful for
Mr . Scarth , under such circumstances , and without the putting to the vote of either Motion or Amendment , to clamber over the railing in front of the Orchestra , and take possession of the Chair , and ' violently and tjfrannically' and forcibly kept possession of it , until two distinct votes of the meeting have been taken and recorded that he shall not preside Jabez has also learned from Gillvard that it is lawful , when you are thus foiled in one of your objects , ( obtaining the presidency of a meeting ) , to ' Ytolently ' and ' tyrannically' interrupt the speakers not on your side , so continually and in such earnest , as to make it necessary for ' Brother Burton , ' of
lioundhay , to hold you , to prevent you from fighting ! Jabez has also learned from Mr . Scarth , that it is lawful , when ^ you hav e no other means left of defeating the object of those who have taken , and paid for , the meeting place , for a meeting of their own , to move a resolution totally irrelevant ; and when the Chairman declines to enter tain it , because of its irrelevancy , to usurp his functions , and insist upon putting it yourself . All this has Jabez learned from Gill yard Scarth ; for Mr . Scarth has assured him that he Krvows it is lawful soto act ; for so he acted towards Dr . Wabben and his friends in the Musio Hall , Leeds , on the 17 th of Dec . 1834 .
But then this lesson of Mr . Scarth s does not meet Jabez ' s wants . This was only a private meeting of Dr . Warren ' s own 1 which Mr . Scarth thus * violently and tyrannically' interrupted and broke up . It Tiap not ai PUBLIC Meeting , to which the Publio had beeu intitod by public placard ; and where , when they assemble , they have a right to deal with the question they are called on to consider , as a majority of them think fit . It is the 'Law of Public Meetings' that Jabex has yet to learn . The 'Jaw' and ' experience' of Mr . Gill yard Scarth only . ' applies to jDri . ia '/ e meetings , ubt to public ones : m Jabez is still as fast as ever ! He cannot gain his end , unless be gets the Pennies ! It is the monoy he is fast for . He knows it is that which makes the Mare to go . Lot him have it then
HASTE ! HASTE ! WITH THE RHINO I ' Down , down with your Dust , ' and ' finish ' Jabez !
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THE " RIVAL DISSENTERS" AND THE "RIVAL EDITORS . " A very edifying squabble has , for the last few weeks , been raging between those two " organs of Dissenters , " Mr . Edward Baines , of the Leeds Mercury , and Dr . Samuel Smiles , of the Leeds Times . It is not our purpose to interfere in the quarrel . God forbid ! The two may belabour one another as often and as hard as they like ; and no interference shall they have from us . Our mentioning the subject at all is for quite another purpose . InlastSaturaay'sAfcrcMrjr . Mr . BAiNES gave some lessons , and laid down some principles of " civil and religious liberty , " which we deem
worthy of being generally circulated , with a view to their being generally acted on . If they were so , we should have less of "toleration" in the world than we have ; for we should have perfect freedom of thought , and perfect liberty of expression ; a state of things as much opposed to " toleration" of every sort as light is to darkness . To aid , then , in the promulgation of these principles is the object of bur present notice . Our paper circulates where the Leeds Mercury is never heard of , save when we happen to mention it : and tlvia proceeding of outs will piace Mr . Baines ' s lessons in the hands of tons of thousands who would othrwise never have heard of them .
We must premise , as a sort of key to the due understanding of the matter , that we have lately had a sort pi contest about a new burial ground in Leeds , The old ones are just filled ; and their state is smb . as to threaten a pestilence in the town , if some speedy means are not taken to remedy the existing evil . ¦' . ' . ;' ¦ " The burial grounds attached to churches , and in which alone an interment can be fobced , are generally purchased by means of a church-rate laid ia the usual manner by the rate-payers . In this
particular case , Mr . E . Baines saw no objection to the laying of a rate / or such a purpose , Dissenter though he be ; and , thinking so , he gave expression to his opinion . Dr . Smiles thought differently ; and he not only gave expression to his opinion , but very roundly accused M " . Baines of desertion from the camp of Dissent , aud of betrayal of the cause of the Dissenters . Hereupon follovvcd the ' ¦ ' stock" epithets used on all such occasions . Not one of them was a-missing . It has been a regular quarrel !
Out of it , however , we shall be able to pick one or two good thinga—things worth preserving ! They will be Useful to refer to another day , should we ever find Mr . Baines forgetting his ^ wn lessons . Mr . Baines , then , in his last missive , thus discourseth : — " Thereis one particular feature about Dr . Smilt : s ' s Z 3 ' al . 'for the rights . of conscience , which the Dissenters would do well to note , as it may turn out t » be ' of consequence to some of them . No one so great a stickler as he for conscience : but if it should chance that any other person ' s conscience does not scruple and boggle at the same precise places with what he ealls his conscience , then that other is forthwith to he denounced as void of all princijplei and a do
wnright traitor to Disseut 1 This , we say , ia a peculiar feature in zeal for the rights of conscience : and it might not be amiss for the Dissenters to inquire how far and how long this kind of zeal for conscienfte will square with : their principles or serve their cause . For , if we mistake not , this conscientious despotism , over conscience ,, this intolerant siipport of toleration , this tyrannous zeal for liberty , are nearly akin to the spirit of Holy Inquisitors , and are mote likely to light up the the flames of persecution than to render service to tho cause of Dissent , Dissenters , aboyo all men . are bound both
by their principles and by their interests * to regard conscience as a sacred thing , —never to be coerced or dictated to , —and never to be prostituted as a flea FOH THE INDULGENCB OF ANY UNWORTHY PASSION . " WJEEESpECTjnay u'eADMIllE true sensitiveness of conscience in otliers , ^ espe 6 i&liym tho Editor ot the Leeds Times ; but we might hayo hoped that forbearance would have beeu shown us , if with our inferior li ght and lesa ' exquisite . sensibility , we had not felt the sameinsurmountable objections on buch an eDiergency . We endeavour to follow our consciences ; :. te far asthey lead us ; butif any man te / lsus that we ouzhi to follow jjis conscience undaot ovr QYrn
Untitled Article
then we must demur , ' and say that we have not so learnt theprinciples ofreligious liberty . " New these pas 3 ages > we repeal aw gpd , excellent ! If they were reduced to practice we should enjoy universal freedom of thought aDfd ^ expression No one would be so presamp . tuous ot so impions as to arrogate to himself the power of "tolerating" his fellow man ! Civil and religious liberty-woTild indeed universally prevafli ¦ ; . ; v v True , in reading the above , the oiind is irresistibly filled with recollections that seem to favour the idea that Mr . Baines ' s conduct has not always beea in keeping with his teachibg . True ,, we are ^ compelled to remember that he has not always paid that " respect" and " admiration" to ' sensitlvenesa of
conscience in others" which he here claims for his own . True it is , that the mind is filled with suspicion that Mr . Baines has not . always regarded " conscience as a sacred thing , ne ^ er to be coerced or dictated to ; and never to be PBOSTitDTED as a plea for the indulgence of an unworthy passion . " True ,- the recollection of Mr . Baines's conduct towards some of his Dissenting brethren , whose " consciences did not scruple and ; boggle at the precise places with what he calls his conscience , ' * rise uppermost , as we read his now admirable teachings . True , his commendation and open support of the ruffian Bkindley , in hia crusade against Mr . Baines ' s brother Dissenters , the Socialists , is irresistiblyrecalled to memory . True , the turning away from
their work , through the instrumentality of fMessrs Bbindley and Baines , of scores of upright and worthy men , merely because their ** consciences did not scruple and boggle at the precise places With the consciences of these two gentlemen , forces itself-upon the recollection . True , his designation of Robert Owbn as a " B ^/ , " and his followers as a " society of bea 8 ts ; " and his invention of a lie that Mr . Owen had besn excluded from the Commercial Room of the George Ian , Haddersfield , as a sort of cover and warranty for his foul attacks : true , the recollection of all these things , arid many other such like , irresistibly rushes upon the mind ; as we read the teachings of Mr . Baines , respecting the rights of conscieuce and their sacred nature ; and involuntarily force the questions , — "has this man ' s practice been anything near
a hundredth part like his teachings ! " '' has he endeavoured to serve out to others a modicum only of what he claims for himself ? " True , all these thoughts pass iu the mind when we read Mr . BAiNES s admirable definitions of the rights of conscience : but no matter : we endeavour to repress them with the hope that the gentleman has seen " the err or of hisway a ; " that the attempt , or fancied attempt of others , to " coerce his conscience ; " the denunciations , and scorn , and obloquy to which he has been subjected , because of his difference of opinion with some of his brethren , will have had the effect of shewing him the wrongfulness and sin of a similar course of conduct by himself towards others . We endeavour to drown all recollections of Mr . Baines's conduct in the past , in a bright and beaming hope of an altered future 1 ;
We do not file the Leeds Mercury . The last week ' s number , however , is too good to be lost . We Bhallcarefullv preserve it , both for tho purpose of refreshing our own minds , occasionally , with the ^ excellent teachings of Mr . BaInes ; and of reminding Mr . Baines himr self of those teachings , should he ever happen to forgetthemi ; ^ 1 We know not that the Socialists could do a better thing than adopt Mr . Baines's own definition of conscience-liberty . This ; would secure them , at least ; from any attempt on his part , to again trample upon them . We advise them to place over the doors of their " Halls of Science" the following motto : —
"We endeavour to followour consciences as far as they lead us ; but if any man tells us that we ought to follow ^ Hi s conscience , and not oubown , then we . must demur , and say thctl we have not-so learnt the principles of religious liberty "— -Edwabd Baines . ¦ . . - "¦ . . ¦ . . "¦ . . ; : ¦ ' , ' . - . ¦ , ¦• ' ¦ ¦"¦ - .. ;'¦'¦¦ ¦ ;
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Bbief Rules fob the Goveenment of all wh « write for Newspapers . —Write legibly . Make as few erasures anil interlineations as possible In writing names of persons and places be more particular than usual to make wet ? letter distinct and clear—also in iising words not English Write only on one side of the paper . Employ no abbreviations whatever , but write out every wonI in full . Address communications not to any particular per 3 on , but to "The Editor . " Finally , when you sit down to write , don '' tbein a hurry . Consider that hurried writing makes slow printing . . .- ' ...
The Yoais . — -Our poetical friends have been as usual exceedingly bouhteotis ' . we have so large a stock of poetry and apologies for poetry on hand and our friends supply-us constantly soliberally ¦ that we shall not henceforth particularly notice this department in our " Notices to Correspondents . " We shall select from the mass sent us ^ mmuchxu we havero ( m partiality as possible . Accepted pieces will , therefore , be known 6 y their appearance in the . paper ¦'; and authors whose communications do not appear will not , therefore , conclude that they are rejected because of demerit , as it would be wnposswle for us to find room for half of even the ^ readable poetry that comes tous .
An Operative , at Wakefield Outwood , recom ~ mends the friends of pewsbury to visit JSast and West Ardslcy , Kirkhamgate , Alverthorpe , and Potovens , at which places , he says , a great number of signatures to the petition might be ' obtained . '" . - ¦ - ¦ . - : 7 ¦ : . : - ' . ¦¦/ , " -. ' ; . " 7 ; , ' ' ¦ ' :. ' :: ¦ . ¦ ¦ Wm . Wildi ng , Wigxx . — -The paragraph he has sent us cannot be inserted except as an advertisement Mb .. Wm . Martin , of Chestebfield , begs to ac knowledge the receipt of 8 s . 2 d . per Mr . James Sweet , of Nottingham , for Mr . Samuel Holberry t which will be forwarded 1 $ himiii thenext letter . Wm . Martin wishes to press the attention of the Chartist public to the . case of the suffering patriot , Holberry ; and any donation , however small , will be thankfully received and duly
acknowledged . Address , care of Mr . Edward Pendletqn , Maynard ' s Row , Chesterfield . George Julian Barney acknowledges the receipt of six postage stamps for Holberry and others from "A Poor Man , Bristol , " ( being his second donation . ) G . J . H . has handedthesame to the Sheffield Victim Fund Committee . Oun friends t » Knightsbndge , Chelsea , Brompton , Kensington , and Hammersmith , who complain of not obtaining the S ar , are informed that they'can be supplied at theh-ownhouseswiththe Star , Chartist Circular , £ c , by giving their orders to the following news-agents : —Mr . O Westerlon , Park Side ^ Knightsbridg-e ; Mr C . Willis , 1 , Ling-street , Kensington ; Mr R Doughty , Young-street , Kensington ; Mr . F . Barker , Dorcas Terrace . Hammersmith . ;
Mr .. John Cleave , proprietor of the English Chartist Circular , will give 10 per cent , upon all orders obtained for the Circular , in support of the Executive Council of the National Charier Association arid the Missionary Fund . Will those who wish for the Political Regeneration in , Jrcland , send as many of the forthcoming ^ tars as possible , and a few of the 24 A ult . and \ sl inst .. to P . M . Brophy , No . 14 , North Anne ~ ¦ street , Dublin ^ We did not receive Mrt O'Connor ' s letter on the Scottish Convention in time for publication . W . DaNiells . — We are extremely obliged to him for the tables he has sent us , of the wages paid to tlie carpet weavers in England , Scotland , France ,
and America . They seem to-be prepared with great care ; and the accompanying observations are valuable . We shall use them in our articles on " Wages of Labour , " as occasion serves . Mb . John Hall hasourbest thanks ' forhistablesof wages paid to the flax-dressers , pan he supply us with another , shdwing the relative numbers of men engagedinhand-hecklingrat the different periods embraced in the return ! If he cmihe will oblige usi and serve his * trade . ' J . W . J ? AKK . En .. —Nexlweek . H . D . Griffiths dissents from the opinion of " A Woolwich Cadet , " that it is advisable for Cliarlists to wear the O'Connell Medal by a ribbon , and he deems such a practice an evidence
of leadership , and a " badge of voluntary slavery . " We cannot answer his queries . Timoth y Falvey , of Macclesfield , writes to deny emphatically that part of our report of the Maneheiter Anti-Gorn-Law meeting last week , which makes him to have spoken disrespectfully of Mr . West , of whom he declares that he said not one word in disparagement . We have •«' letter from Mr . West in reference thereto , in which heundertakeitio support ' the affirmativeof the following proposition against Mr . Falvey or any other gentleman whom the " League " nay think mere qualified for the task . — That , the causes which have produced the present distress were in existence before the enactment of the Corn Laws , and that their mere repeal would not remove them ; and therefore to agitate for their repeal is a useless waste of the people ' s
energies , which might be more beneficially employed in seeking the establishment of the " ' Feople ^ sCharteryWhichmiasitreisalone . calculalcdto restore peace , huppiness i prosperity , and security to all classes of the community . " Am Old Reformer —Received . James Marshall . — We are not aware that any change has been made in the Editorship of the Dundee Chronicle since the accession to that paper of Mir . R . J . > Richardson . ^ We presume , therefore , that Mr . R . J . Richardson is stilt Editor-of ' the Dundee Chronicle . We shallnot publish his letter , It would look invidious in us to do so . The proprietors oj thet Dundee . Chronicle are the proper ' parties to whom it should be addressed . As JaiSHMAN . — We have noroora . A . H . O . ^~ We cannot give him Mr . Mariin ' s address ; we do not know it .
The Late "Slave" Meeting In Leeds
THE LATE " SLAVE" MEETING IN LEEDS
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THE REJECTION OF THE NATIONAL PETITION BY ONE HALF OF THE SCOTCH CONVENTION . We refer attention to the manly , sensible , and dispassionate letter of Dr . M'Douall upon this subject , elsewhere inserted . We had purposed to make some comment upon this extraordinary decision , * but we doubt not that this letter , and the succeeding ones to which it is preliminary , will save us the trouble . Meanwhile we do hope that no absurd fastidiousness , will prevent the
Scottish people generally from joining in the national movement . We cannot afford to have the cause suffer in its most vital points because of the morbid sensitiveness of somo few thin-skinued individuals . The idea of a whole peoplo taking fright at three lines on the Repeal of the Union , and fifteen lines on the Poor Law Amendment Act , is a little too rich 1 We give tho Scotch people credit for more sense than to permit that unity of action which is the very life of our agitation and soul of our success , to be thus paltered with and destroyed . .
8ta 2seau*Tts Antr Corr?£Pontj£Ntj&
8 ta 2 Seau * ttS antr Corr ? £ pontJ £ ntj&
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A . rT . HE ^ N / QJlff ^ „ ,. : ¦ . ¦ ., ¦ .. - ^ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ - ¦ :- ¦ ,, ^ .. : ¦ .:. :-7 : 7 ,- 7 . - ^ : V , ; . ^^; ^ t
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Jan. 15, 1842, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1144/page/4/
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