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THE NOUTHEEN STAR. SATURDAY, DECEMBER 17, 1842.
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8Fo Mesto$tr& &vto <§ovvt#$()ttoent&.
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THE EXEGUTIYE ¦ ' ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦'' ¦ ¦ ¦ '¦ ¦ - . ' ¦ . ' ¦ ¦ aijid : ¦ ¦¦ ¦ :'" : ' ¦ ¦ " '¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ •¦ • " ¦ THE TE0PLE.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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TRIUMPH OF CHARTISM Va IRELAND . A public meeting of the ChartU '* 3 of Dublin to be held at one o ' clock on Sunday , i ' jie 27 : h ultimo , having been duly announced by pl' . » carding the city on the previous Saturday , and mb . Sunday morning a placard was hung out in the front . of Mr . O'Higgins liouse , £ o . 14 , Korlh Anne-etreet , where the meeting was to be held . Police Sergeant Al'Dowal , DJio .. 13 , ^ patched hiB opportunity to steal the placard . Mr . OHinrins having discovered that * the placard was ¦ tolenfapplied to the policeman on the ~ b&te , " to ascertain if fee knew anything about it . The policeman , D 74 , said that he had taken it away by order « f Sergeant M'Dowal . On the next day , Monday , Mr O' -Hi ggins applied to the magistrates at Henrystreet police office , to iaie his informations against the police man for the felony . The sitting
magisirate , Mr . Studdert , refused the information upon the groends that the polios were authorised by law to remove all things which they deemed to be the cause of obstruction . Mr . O'Higginstook several exceptions to this interference of the law , all of which were overruled by the sapient magistrate . Mr . CHiggins then announced his intention to have a motion made in the Queen's Bench for a Mandamus to compel the magistrate to take Hs informations . He also applied to . the magistrate to have his property restored to him , and in doing so said that his object was to get the placard for the purpose of placing it agaxn in the same spot from whence it was stolen . This was also refused . Mr . O'Higgins then said that the withholding of his placard would have no other effect than that of putting him to the expense of a new board for the placard .
Upon this subject the Frteman's Journal of the 1 st contained the following spirited remarks , and aiso the subjoined letter from Mi . O'Higgins . « Then there is a third case , of which our paper of yesterday contained the particulars . Mr . O'Eiggina , % lespeetabk householder of T > ablln for many yean , thought proper to affix a pkurd to his house . It is not pretended that the placard contained anything illegal or contrary to moral propriety , and yet a policeman , in tha exercise ot his judgment , thought proper to
carry away Mr . O'Higgins ' s property from hia nous a ! Was there ever heard of an outrage more wanton than tail ? And was there any repress afforded when Mr . O'Higgina complained to the magistrate ? Wai there an ; caution or reprimand given to the constable ¦ who fim ^ thus violated private rights ? Waa there any promise made Chat the violation should not be repeated ? By so means . On fee contrary , the constable was commended for his attention to public convenience , in depriving a citizen of his property , and we heard it propounded from the magisterial bench that '
" * A police-constable baa an undoubted right to T 8 H > 0 TS asjthinf which . i » &t tmereist c > f his < ncn judgmad , he considers to be calculated to occasion an obstruction in the public streets 2 ' ' < This ia most-extraordinary doctrine . , and most tyrannical also . We do cot say that the tyranny &rue 3 from -the magisterial interpretation of the law , but we say it does arise from the Btate of the law itself , which € ¦ 9 have left in doubt so serious an aggression upon jrtlilfl rights . " Mr . O'Higgins , however , baa expressed bis
determination to try the law as administered by Mr . Studdert , and the fact as perpetrated by Sergeant M'Dowal We are glad of it In our apprehension the constable mU find tbat be has exceeded even -the extravagant powers which the new Tory police Act has conferred on persons of his class ; and we apprehend , too , that Mt Stndderfc will be shown that if ha gave an honest citizan redress fora gross violation of his private rights , be would be quite ' as worthy of the seat he held , ' sa when he permits a policeman to set as M Dowal has done , -without even theforoality of a reprimand .
*» Sat cannot the dtisena of Dablin see the conseqBences to which the powers assumed by the policeconitable may be stretched ? Whose premises can be safe—whose property can be unaffected if such a principle be recognised , " 70 VSB OP THE POLICK TO SEMOVE THE CAUSES O ? OBSIfirCTlOK IN THE STREETS . To the Editor of the Freeman * t Journal . Snt , —It mast be , and no doubt is , obvious to every man of common sense that Mr . Studdert'a interpretation ' ef the law with regard to the power of the dry police to remove causes ef obstruction in the atreeta , is not very profound . In the ease whick I was forced to bring before the magistrates of Henry-street Policeoffice , yesterday , and wnica appeared in the Freema n ' s
Journal this day . Mr . Studdert said , and in fact decided , that the police are by law authorised to remove anything whatever which they in their judgment may seem te be the cause of obstruction , and that therefore police aerjeant M'Dowal had a just and lawful right to take away , without my knowledge or consent , * placard whica was bung npon a boot in front of my bouse , an * oouneinc to the public that the hour of meeting of the Irian Universal Suffrage Association was changed frem six o'clock in th 9 evening to one o'clock in tfee afternoon , at which hoar it would be held exery Sunday during the winter , and until further notice ; and that the entrance to tie meeting was by Ball > -lane . The taking of the placard in tire way in which it was taken , and the decision of Mr . Studdert , magistrate , upon the
ease , involve very serious consequences to -the shopkeepers of Dablin . It is cleu that , in the event ef the opinion of the worthy magistrate , Mr . Studdert , being JegaJ , and that it tuna out , when brought I * fore a higher tribunal than the police-office , that the police have authority -nnAi ^ r the police act to remove the cSuse of obstruction whfithei remote or immediate , it follows that they have b > right to enter a shop and take away a fine painting , a handsome vest , or a piece of jTTmfo-jninnfirtnrftii cloth , with . * jm » prize medal upon it , as a just reward of the excellence of the fabric It is for the very purpose of attracting Tw »» jre » and » t > iTTitKti » - th * " * goods th&t the shopkeepers of Dublin have ,, to thair credit , gons to such enornwaa expense in fittmg up their shop windows with
plateglass . —And is it to be supposed or endured that , if a few individuals , male or female , or both , crowd round a shop window to see what they should like best before they enter the shop to bay it , that any policeman may , in the exercise of his discretion , enter tte shop acd carry away the goods out of the windows under the pretence of those goods having been the cause of the obstruction ? If this be the law , the police will soon have cheap superfine coats on the backs of all their relations , as well as cheap watches in their fobs . The decision and opinion of the experienced Mr . Sludder * , who bad been a shopkeeper fi'm * 4 f , and consequently knew the value of displaying goods in a shop window to the best advantage , but from the trouble of which he like many others was relieved bj the blighting effects of the
baneful union , must lead to the conclusion that u it be lawful tor Police-sergeant M'Dowal to take sway the placard from the front of my arose , because a certain number of people stopped to read it , it is equa'ly lawful for Sergeant il'Djwall to enter any shop in Dublin , and take away any goods or pictures which may attract public notice , and have been placed in th « windows for the very purpose of attracting public notice . The picture of the Missourhun , in Great Britain-street , eansfcs a very great cro * d to gather opposite to it—so great that passers by are forced into the street , off the flag-way . Have the police authorities sent Sergeart M'Dowal , or any other sergeant , to remove the picture "which is the remote cause ol the obstruction ? Ho . The pictures of the moose deer , in Parliament-street , which is one of the mast leading thoroughfares in Dublin , attract -vast crowds to look s . t them . Has Police
¦ ergeant 3 n ) 3 wal watched his opportunity to remove these portraits of the moose deer , in the absence of the owner , and without his knowledge , because ^ they are the causa of the obstruction ? No . ' When the Evening Mail exhibits a large placard in front of the office in Parliament-street , announcing , as a glorious victory the bloody butchery of innocent and haimlesa men , women , and djUiren la China , because they would not submit to be poisoned by opinm for the preflt of the East India Company , did Police-sergeant M'Dowal steal that placard , and l » y it before the authorities , with a view to a criminal prosecution for a libel upon Christianity ? 2 ? o ! But he took away the placard from the front of mj-Wse privately and stealthily , not because it obstructed those either going to or coming from the Catholic church , but because bis practised old eyes saw , and hia teen noee smelt sedition and treason in the
awful words on the placard , the " People ' s Ch aeteb . " This was the reason why be of election notoriety in the old police and of boxing Eotoriety in the new , took away the placard from my house on Sunday last " Now , " said tie , as he seized the offending placard , " I shall make as ¦ wrmrJ * of * M « piece of sedition and treason as will enable me , now in my old age , to retire from , these buy troublesome , and bruising scenes in which I have been ttnprofitably engaged for the last twenty years . I have caught a Chartist in the mtshes o * the law at last . " And so you have caught a Chartist , which you and your masters—the wise protectors and grave fathers of the citizens of Dublin— p >>« n discover before yon have done with him .
The placard was taken away in the hope of Its being seditious , and for the purpose of prosecuting those whose name * were « ffi «** to it ; but , finding that it was not unlawful tbat the meeting was not unlawfulthat the association was not unlawful—the parties at the station-house offered to restore the placard on Monday , which offer was refased ; and then the pretence set up at thfi police-office for stealing it wa » , tbat it was the canse of ohitrncting the people on their way to F "" - on Sunday . Well , wall , miracles will never cease 1 Who would have'imagined some ten or fifteen jean ago that M'Dowal , the poUcsman , would help the , citizens to go to maps on Sunday , and tut Mr . Btoddart , tbe magittrat ? , would be found cheering him o . Sir , it is ridiculous to suppose even for a moment monstrous
that the legislature woula be guilty of such a ¦ imirdity as to pan a law authorising . policemen to re-JBoveCTery caSeot vfcsttucfion in toe streets , reawrt * , or immediate . The ?™™«»« "fr > cause they are aatnonsed to remove : but over tbe remote cause the law gives themnopowadirecttyoTttdirecHy ; becanM ) is «» i » w gave such , power to the poBoe , it would be the most odious tyranny that « ver existed in any country , I ""* would inevitably lead to robbery and plunder , andi ulUmatfcly terminate in aymrrhy aad revolution . Mr . Studdert ' s interpretation of the law reminds me o f the conduct of a ionaou magistrate ween the act ws » passed regulating the conduct of hackney coacbrofeiiu that city , and compelling the coaehownera to afSs copp ^ Pktes , with the number of the coach upon the panaL * Tne act ¦ rtfarmaatiB any case -wham fte oxiTii " ^^
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extort or be guilty of any infraction of the law , the number of the coach should be taken down in order to bring the offender to juetioe . A city magistrate hired a coach for a set dowa , Jarvey Bought for double the fare , the magistrate proceeded to take down the number of his coach , but how did he do it ? Not with a pen and ink , but with a ripping chisel and turnscrew took the copperplate which contained the number off the coach . The ceachman was fined for the extortion , but tbe magistrate was punished for the damage done to the coach ! Perhaps some learned barrister will be kind enough to define tbe difference between Mr . Studdert ' s definition of the law and that of the London magistrate . Patrick O'Higgiks . Xo . 14 . North Anne-atreet , Nov . 30 , 1842 .
, 10 THE XDITOB OP THE FBEBEMAN ' S JOPBNAL . Sib ., —By a report in this day ' s paper I peroeire that Sergeant M'Dowal , No . 13 , D , was accused of stealing a placard from Mr . O'Higgint' house in North Annestreet , on Sunday last ; and in the course of tbe investigation Mr . O'Higgins said that police-sergeant M'Dawal wasa very violent and ill-tempered man , and that he had seen him stripped boxing in the street opposite Mr . O'Higeins' hall door , which Mr . Sergeant M-Dowal denied . Now , the fact is so , for it was myself be was boxing at th * time , for no reason at all except
striving to protect the windows of my shop , which he and the crowd his ill-beheviour gathered round . home was breaking . The riot which was caused by Sergeant M'Dawal , and the noise which he made breaking my windows , bo frightened my wife , who was in a state that I need not mention , that she did not recover from the effects of it for thirteen weeks after , which the doctor who attended her can vouch for if necessary . I am , Sir , Youx obidient servant , Thomas Lesnon . North Anne-street , Nov . SOth , 1342 .
On Sunday , the 4 th instant , a placard , of which the following . is a copy , was hung out of Mr . O'Higgins * drawing room window , and beautifally surmounted by a- handsome wreath of laurel , emblematical of the victory over the ridiculous conduct of the Police Commissioners and the Magistrates : — " A Policeman having stolen the Placard , last Sunday , this one is hung up here out of his reach , "Irish Universal Scfpkagx Association . " At a meeting of the committee of this Association , on Tuesday , the Q 2 d NoTexaber , at No . 14 , North Anne-street , it was moved _ b y Mr . Henry Clark , and seconded by Mr . Edward M'Mahon :
" * Resolved , that the hour of meeting of the Association be changed , during the winter months and until farther notice , from six o ' clock in the evening to one o ' clock in the afternoon . ' M Tkat the Irish Universal Suffrage Association has baen founded for the purpose of obtaining , by legal and constitutional means , and by such , means only , the following objects , which are advocated by our Chartist brethren of Great Britain , and contained in that magnificent document known as the People ' s Charter , namely , "Universal Suffrage , Vote by Ballot , Annual Parliaments , Equal Electoral Districts , Abolition of the Property
Qualification which amongst other blessings will relieve some Members of Parliament from the disgrace of swearing that they have a real estate of . £ 300 a year or £ 600 a year , of their own , to which « i 3 well known that they have neither right , title , nor interest of any nature or kind . Payment of Representatives , and finally for a Repeal of the Union , which would be valueless without these Radical Reforms . That these are the principles of Chartianr , and that he who says they are not , speaks in ignorance or affirms that which , he knows to be untrue . " Patrick O'Higgtss , President . M W . H . Dtott . Secretary .
" Mr . H . C . Wright , of New York , will deliver a lecture to the meeting . "The question-for discussion is , Can the union be repealed without the extension of the Franchise !"
The Noutheen Star. Saturday, December 17, 1842.
THE NOUTHEEN STAR . SATURDAY , DECEMBER 17 , 1842 .
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THE NECESSITY OF THE PEOPLE'S LOOKING TO THEIR OWN AFFAIRS . Nothi . vo more incontestibly proves the inherent selfishness of human nature than the fact that no principles however holy or benevolent—no cause however great or universal—and no movement however national and important , has yet escaped its withering influence . At the same time nothing can prove more conclusively than this same argument , the validity and truth of those general principles of policy by which , as Chartists , we seek to take from individuals and from classes , tho potwr to enrich and to aggr&ndfza themselves qdjustly at the expence of £ he many .
All history and all experience proves that , whereever sections of the people have the power to make laws for the government of all , the people are oppressed . Monarchic , oligarchic , and aristoeratio despotisms are , but so many different phases of the Bame evil . Classes and individuals alike seiza npon the circumstances which immediately surround them , and ose them as they see best for tbo advancement of their own purposes . This ia a principle so universal in its operation that it admits of no exception . And hence the absolute inutility of all checks on the abuse of power save that of responsibility to all , duly and Tipidty enforced by the people themselves .
The very nature of society itself evinces that in all states the people have once had this power ; and that all the abuses , political and social , under which they have been grown , have resulted , when traced to their primary origin , in the neglect of its due exercisa Apathy is but that form of selfishness which induces us to decline active exertion unless when impelled to it by some immediate sease of interest . This is the selfish principle in its passive form : in
which men regard the call ol duty as an insufficient stimulus to activity , unless it be sustained also by the call of present and apparent interest ; and from this passive form of selfishness ail the activities of that evil principle derive their power . No evils could ever have become so general in their operation , and bo mischievous in their effects , as those which now afflict society , if men had always eschewed apathy and been quick to the exercise of the powers for checking evil whioh they possessed .
This general reasoning might be easily supported by arguments adduced from iiluBtrationB furnished in abundance by the whole course of past history and present observation . We bring it now before our readers for the purpose of showing them how fully , and how deplorably they have themselves exemplified it in the matter which they have suffered to become a source of pnBgent regret , through their own . culpable inattention to their own duties . In the prosecution ef our righteous and necessary struggle against rampant class legislation , it was seen clearly that we could do nothing effectual
without Organisation . It was an easy matter to organise ; to lay down plans ' of runtual operation for the guidance of our energies ; but the Government had foreseen this , and had fenced round tfie whole system of corruption with a hedge of laws which , like a quickthorn hedge , threatened the impalement of all who should assay to overtop them . The people considered about -what yras to be done for securing such an organization as could be worked out without infringing the law , and yet secure oneness of operation and design in all their movements , while
it husbanded as far as possible their scanty resources . They selected from among them men in whom they had conndenea for wisdom , to frame such a plan . A plan , was produced . It was proved to be insecure , ud open to the assaults of faction . Tbe people again selected men of experience and deep thought , and sent them to Manchester , when , on the 30 th of February , in last year , the plan was so revised and amended as to be made legal and effective if duly carried out . The people then appointed five men in
whose honesty they bad oonndenee to carry out this plan . Their duties were defined and clear ; their emoluments were fixed and certain : aad the people then , supposing , it would appear , that they had no more to do with the matter , left all in their hands and bid them do the work . Now the people , having by their Euffra £ e 3 adopted the Organization and appointed the committee to execute it , ought to have complied with its requisitions themselves and to have excercised a careful vigilance over their committee . They have dose neither of these things . In very
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few localities b * B the Organization been fully carried eatfcj the people themselves ; in very few localities has anything like due watchfulness been exercised over those who were appointed by the people to carry out its provisions . They have been permitted to assume to themselves a legislative instead of an Executive power . They have been permitted without remonstrance or enquiry ( or with remonstrance and enquiry so feeble—coming from but one or two places—that they ventured to despise it ) to set aside and neglect the enforcement of the minor details of the organisation ; they have been permitted to play
with the people ' s funds unchecked ; their balance sheets creeping on from one degree of vagueness to another ; until at last they ventured openly to set aside all authority , and act as they please , directing the people's movements , and appropriating their funds , without even the semblance or pretence of authority of any kind . This matter is of no new growth ; it has been creeping and growing for a longtime . And now that it has assumed a form which no longer can be trifled with , and that the people ' s attention has been seriously aroused the old expedient is resorted to of fixing it
as a personal quarrel upon the Editor of the Northern Star . And while the various members of the Executive exhaust their respective funds of invective and blackguardism , their friends in several parts of the country revive the cuckoo cry of "denunciation " and affect to " regret the unhappy differences which have arisen between the Executive and the Editor of the Northern Star . " Others state that Mr , HitL ought not to have taken up the matter editorally ; that it was his duty to have betaken himself to the consideration of the question , not as an Editor , but as a member of the Association . This is
a most unfair and dishonest mode of putting the thing . It is not a personal matter between Mr . Kill and the members of the Executive , or any of them ; por will we permit it to be so represented—at least not without protest . Mr . Hill did in the first instance take up the matter as a member of the association . He was most careful to avoid all mention of it , and all allusions to it in the Star until the Executive themselves forced it on him . And he did all that he could in justice do to prevent others bringing it into the Star , And at last of all it was not Mr . Hill who brought the matter into publio discussion at all , but Mr . Camp bell , Id the first editorial notice of the Balance Sheet eiran on the 12 th ult ., there was no opinion given
or even hinted . The people were merely asked to read it along with the Organisation . They did soand the metropolitan Chartist delegates perceiving its non-agreement therewith , censured several of i ts items ' . Mr . Cauplell replied . He seat that reply to the Northern Star for insertion . The report of that meeting and the reply of Mr . Campbell to the delegates were as much publio documents as the reports of Parliamentary discussions ; and they were far more important to the people . It was our duty to comment on them ; and we should have deserved to lose the people ' s confidence if we had permitted them to pass without comment . Indeed , had they been permitted thus to pass , no parties would have been so ready to " denounce" us as those who how cen sure us for having commented .
But who are they that keep up the howl of denunciation \ who are they that ^ cry out , while they admit that the Executive have deviated from their duty , and that they have misappropriated the funds "the Editor of the Vorthem Star had no right to interfere ; he should not have told tales ; he should have kept all snug ! " Is it generally speaking the people who hold this language 1 Not at all . It is just a small clique of local leaders , who look anxiously for the Executive's cut slippers ; and who see in our recommendation of an unpaid Executive an end to all their hopes of money-fingering . We warn the
people to look well to this . We warn them that it is not for nothing that a few of the local councillors in one or two places , especially in Leeds and Bradford , have euch s > marvellous sympathy with the Executive , who in every defence they have yet made , -have admitted all our charges . The remedy we have suggested is worse than the disease complained of ; as it not only censures past , but puta a stop to all future peculation . O ! we oan ~ readily appreciate the open-mouthed virulence of the "job " -seekers while fraternizing with th © "jobbers . " We had a very
pretty sample of these gentlemen during the last week at LeedB . There is usually in the Email room iu the Fish Market a weekly meeting of Buch members as choose to attend to hear and confirm the minutes of the previous Council meeting . As it commonly happens that there is no lecture on that evening and that the business is merely that which we have named—the attendance is generally very thin . Mr . Hill had expressed to a friend daring the last week his purpose of attending the next meeting of this sort , for the purpose of asking one of the councillors a question . He was informed
in Hull on Monday that he would not be heard if he went . This he could not credit ; and therefore took no notice of it . He went and found as usual a very small company , though much more numerons than usual . Ne publio notice of the meeting had been given , and no business was expected to be done at it save reading and confirming the minutes of Council . There were not 100 persons in the room . However , the " expectants " having heard of Mr . Hill's purposs had " whipped up "; the O'Brienites andevery enemy of the Star from whatever cause had mustered to a man ; and they mustered exactly fifty-five . iA person who is agent for the Statesman had been voted into the chair previous
to Mr . Hill ' s entering the room—and after the spending of two mortal hours by about a dozen speeches in abuse of Mr . Hill personally—all sorts of wilful misrepresentations and falsehoods being unscrupolously resorted to , Mr . Hill rose to reply , and was met by a resolution ' That Mr . Hill be not heard ; " the reason assigned by the person who moved the resolution being that it would b ° dangerous to hear him , as he might produce an impression ! The resolution was actually put and carried by a majority of twelve persons ! Now , if the Chartists had attended to their own duty instead of leaving every thing to a clique , this disgraceful exhibition could have been made in thoir
name . Again w « tell the people that they must do their own work ; that the inherent selfishness of human nature renders the best men unfit for an undue amount of confidence ; and that if that selfishness be mischievous in its activities , as manifested by those in whom power is invested , it is not less mischievous in their own apathy and neglect of exercising their own due powers of control . Had the Executive been properly held in check from the begmning , and made constantly to render strict reckoning and keep dear
accounts both as to money and all other matters ; had they been watched by the people , and reminded on their first straying from the line of their official duties ; had their first effort to make themselves governors instead of Executors of the people ' s will been repressed by the people , the painfully unpleasant duty which has in the last few weeks fallen upon us would have been spared to us ; the disgraceful exhibitions that have been made would have been avoided ; their characters might have remained nnimpeached ; and they have still been active , useful , and energetic publio servants .
Why do we say all this ! To deprecate the © ensure of Borne half-ecore of either designedly interested or short-sighted , simple people ! By no means . Wbile ever we occcupy a publio position we shall seek not to please the people , but to serve them : this we have ever done , this we shall ever do . Our object has over been to lift the people out of leadership ; to maXethem independent of all leaders , whether general or local , by forming in them habits of attending to their own business , and of thinking for themsslves . We again tell them they must do this or they will never h etter their condition . For want of this , fac ^ ons and classes have been able aoder the present system to tread them down :
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the want of this would alike make tham the prey of faction , even if the Charter were obtained * They muit manifest their fitness for national gorernmeni by looking to their own . It ill becomes them to complain of peculation and despotism in the Whig and Tory factions , while they permit it to be praotised and praised in their name by their own leaders . We again advise that the matters of preventing Execntlive abuses in future be referred to the people ' s delegates at the forthcoming Conference ; we are glad to perceive that several localities agree with our opinion , we hope all will consider it . .
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THE CONFERENCE DELEGATES . ;| We last week called upon the people in thos % localities where their Councillors had entered into any compromise with the Sturgites , to interpose their right , at the public meetings for the election of delegates , and to do their own business , and to do it well by electing out and out Chartists as their representatives at the forthcoming Birmingham Conference . We did so because we conceived that the utmost vigilance , always necessary , is more so now ; seeing that the enemy has put on the face of an " angel of light , " in order effectually to beguile the unwary ; and that consequently , this
new . move is more likely to turn aside unreflecting leaders , and to open a wide " gap" for the designing . A strict surveillance , on the part of the people , may be Eomewhat galling to those who are either " wise in their own conceit , " or who intend to betray their trust ; but it will be no annoyance to tho truly wise and honest . It is , at all evonta , imperative upon the people to do , at all times , their duty by themselves and for themselves . No assumption by local leaders of oligarchical power and controul , ought to be allowed for a moment ; because the mischief which it ia sure to do , sooner or later , ia incalculable . It tends only to puff up the mind , and engender strife even between friends .
Wherever our advice has been aoted upon , and men of the right Bort have been returned , every effort should be used to raiBe sufficient funds that all theChartUt Delegates may he sent without fail . It 6 hou 2 d be seen to that these funds bo impartially appropriated ; that the decision of the publio meetings may not be defeated by any counter decision , on the part of the Councillors , to pay only those nominated , by themselves . If the people neglect this they might just as well have
never interfered at all . We hate faction , and wherever a" \ factious spirit shows itself , it must be overruled and crushed , or it will crush the movement . We are the more urgent , because the " card" to be played at Birmingham is of the last consequence to the cause of Chartism , and will , in all likelihood , end either in the increased union of dur"foroes , " and consolidation of our strength , or in dividing and scattering us abroad to the four winds of heaven . .
For a perfeot exhibition of the Sturgite ' s wish for union , and of the real character of their whole movement , and the fellows by whom it is sustained , we refer to Mr . Cooper ' s letter elsewhere . Nothing could have proved more satisfactorily the perfect accuracy of our conception of this movement and it 3 purpose than the treatment by the Sturgeites of Mr . Cooper ' s kindly-meant , but short-sighted efforts at " conciliating" those whose game is anything but conciliation—the devouring locusts of th ? middle class profit-mongers . Coopek ' s letter needs no comment , but we beg it may be read .
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i MIDDLE CLASS LOVE OF LIBERTY . On the 4 th inst ., we received tot publication in our current number , a document purporting to be a printed copy of "Regulations to be observed at Ayr Colliery . " It was enclosed in the following letter , which we give entire , excepting the name and date : — . ' " :. ¦ . - ' ¦ ¦ - . " . ' •¦ ¦ ' . . . . ; ¦ , . . ' " Sib , —I presume to uso the liberty of here inclosing for insertion in the Star , that which ought to have appeared to the publio long ago ; but which could not be done , as I shall afterwards show . It appears that these articles were ready cut and dry
for any emergency that might take place . " Upon the Strike taking place , a man whom Mr . Gordon ' s emissaries thought a proper tool to make a knobstick of , being induced into the affair , was shown the regulations , and all soxts of ohicanery resorted to to get his compliance ; but that would not do , as at this time the man assumed to have a mind of his own as weli as Mr . Gordon , and dared to use it , by stating that the offer required consideration and a perusal of tho rules , a copy of which , with reluctance , was given on promise that they should be returned , which has not yet been fulfilled .
" Sir , as you are already aware of the extent of the Striko and the laujeatable occurrences following , from the Kilmarnock Journal , ( which you would , no doubt , perceive leaned much to the side of the maarers ) and the two Ayr journals , refused to insert the inclosed copy ; the former , on the ground of non-interference between master and man ; the two latter for want of room . However , the colliers employed a printer in Johnston , Renfrewshire , who printed a few copies , which accounts for the absence of the printer's name from the bill . \ Sir , if you can find space in your next week ' s journal to insert the inclosed , with a few of your own remarks , if yon think necessary , " Will much oblige , "A Subscriber fiiom the commencement
of the Stab . The following is the document alluded to : — M fieffulations to be observed at Ayr Colliery , and to t which every man or boy employed at it , shall be understood to be bound s whether he has signed them or not . . " 1 . —I hereby declare that I have renounced being a member of any union or association of working men , and bind and Oblige myself nevbr hereafter to have any connexion with such . u —That if in violation of the above rule , anyone should be found to belong , at any time * to any such union or association , he shall not only instantly be compelled to renounce it , but shall also forfeit one month ' s wages , and be liable to pay the proprietor
£ 5 . . ¦ :. ;¦ - . ; ¦ ¦¦ . •¦ ¦ . .. ¦ : . . ¦ . ¦ ..: ¦ , " 3 . r-That there shall be no meetings of colliers or oncost , held above or below ground . If there be any grievance to complain of , each collier or oncastman is to complain to the manager for himself alone . " 4 . —That no man or boy who may be employed at the works , is under any obligation to pay entry money , or give drink to those who were at the work before them ; and to prevent such being asked , the person or persons who ask it , shall be fined at the discretion of the master or his manager ; and any person giving it voluntarily and being thereby the means of keeping the men from their work , shall be fined in tbe like manner aa above .
" 5 . —That no notice either from the master to any bt the men , or from the men to the master , shall bo required when the men shall be dismissed , or when they choose to leave the work ; except in such cases as may be otherwise provided for under written engagements . And likewise , no notice will be given with regard to rise or fall of wages . '' 6 . —That every man shall give , as he hereby engages to give , regular and steady work , and not less than ten days per fortnight : and he engages to work by night or day ; and in whatever pit or pits his services may , ( from time to time , be required , he being paid for his work the samo rate of prices as shall be paid then to the other colliers in the pit or
pits he may be put into ; and if any collier does not give ten days' full work per fortnight , he not being prevented by illness or interruption in the pits , then for every day of that number he does not bo work , ho shall forfeit one full day ' s wages , if the manager choose to exact it . ; " 7 . —That , to prevent loss of work , if any man or boy begins a day s work and does not finish the same or produce a reasonable excuse , satisfactory to the master or his manager , he shall forfeit on account , and in payment of the Onooat Expenoes placed in the Pits , a fnll dav ' B waeeB .
" 8 . —That every Collier shall be bound , in the absenoe of Putters , to . assist in putting the coals of his pit , whenever the Oversman shall require him to do so , he receiving sixpence per day above the ordinary putter ' s wages , for the time being ; and failing his doing so he shall be liable to forfeit , at the discretion of the manager , one full day's wages . u Q . _ Jn , at no collier shall be allowed fire , unless " 10—Any oollier exceeding the boundsallowed him to work in , shall be fined at the discretion of the manager , and all turns to the trams &o . to be regulated by the Oversman of each pit .
" II . —Any man or boy taking away the tools of another shall be fined two shillings and sixpence for every euch tool , and if the loser of the toola is thereby deprived of his day ' a work , the two shillings and sixpence is to be paid to him ; but if it shall appear that he returns the two shillings and eixpenoe , or auy part of it , he shall likewise be , fined two shillings and sixpence ; but if such person did not lose hia day ' s work ,, the fine shall go to the poor ' s fund . . . . . . ¦ ¦ ' . ¦ ¦ ¦• ¦ ¦ ¦ : ¦ ¦ - " ¦; .. ¦ ¦¦ .. ;• ¦ ;¦¦ . ¦ ¦ •¦ . ¦
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" 12 . —Any man or boy lifting his hand and striking another in the pits , or oa the road to and from the pits , or at the pit ' s head , shall be fined two shillings and sixpence first offence , and five shillings for the Beoond . : ; ' . /¦ ¦¦ ' / ¦ ••¦ . ' ¦ ¦ ¦ . ¦ . / , ' . > ' : ¦ : , - -v ¦ ' ¦¦• '' 13 . That in regard to proving any offences mentioned above , for which fines or forfeitures may be imposed , the master or manager shall be the sole judge ; and if he ig satisfied that the offence has been committed , there shall be no appeal to any party or court whatever . # ** 14 . Any man or boy committing any depredation on the . crops or fences in the neighbourhood of , or leading to or from , tho pits , shall be fined at the discretion of the manager .
_ ' ? 15 . That for any offoncea not specially mentioned , the master or manager shall have power to impose fines . ; " 16 . All fines imposed nnder the above regular tions , shall be paid in by the manager to the poors ' fund , kept for behalf of the distressed about the work . " ; ¦; . , - . ¦ ¦ . ' ¦ : •¦ -: : ¦ -. ' ¦ . ¦/ '" , :. ¦ ¦ ' ¦ : .. ' ¦ ¦ ¦ We eould not find opportunity for attention to this matter before our present number . We never see the Kilmarnock Journal t 6 which our correspondent
refers us . Will he or some one who knows all about the matter , send us a brief clear statement of the history of the Strike , the extent and character of the works , the number of hands employed at them , what other works of the like kind there may be in the immediate neighbourhood , the rate of wages usually given , and whether that rato be on par with the wages given at other works ; also whether any other works have any such code of " regulations f * we Bhall then have a word or two upon this infamous affair . ' ¦¦ - ¦ , /¦ > V .-. ' . . : .: . ' / ' ' ¦ : ¦
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THE FOLLOWING NOTICES WERE ACCIDENTALLY OMITTED FROM OUR LAST . . HOLLYWOOD Chautists have written us , through their sub-Secretary , in reference to the charge a < jainst them , at the South Lancashire Delegate Meeting , of not sufficiently remunerating- the local lecturers for their services . They give eviry lecturer coming from Manchester , Is . $ d ., which they stale to be more than , by the rules of ; the South Lancashire District , they are ensitled to . ' . : ¦¦ ¦ ¦ ' ¦• • . ¦ - . . ¦' ¦ - ' : ¦ ' ¦ ¦ ' ¦ - . . ' ¦• ¦ ¦
Susanna Inge suggests that every locality should have the plan of organization , printed , framed , and Hung up in a conspicuous postion in the meeting room , that all may have opportunity to see an d know it ; that the bye laws and rules of the locality be read at every meeting befor $ the commencement of business ; and that if any officer of the Association fail in his duty , d special meeting of members' be called to investigate the matter , and that private remonstrance be first used before catting to it public attention far the purpose of displacing him . The suggestions are all good . We hope Susanna Inge iviU read Mr . Hill ' s letter to the North Lancashire Delegates . James Andrews thinks the next Executive would do
well to spend a little money in getting printed a large impression of the plan of organization , and supplying all the sub-Secretaries with them ; for the purpose of giving a copy to every new member who may be enrolled . He would also have every lecturer plentifully supplied with : ¦ ' them . " , ' ¦/ ' , . ' ¦ ¦ : . ¦ ¦ . . - . ¦ . . ' ¦ . . - ¦ :. ¦"¦• - ¦ : • ¦ ' ¦ . ' . . . D Ay id Sw allow . —We did not know or recollect him , and we are sure , therefore , that he witl rather respect than be angry with our caution . We do not now remember the tenor of his communication : being rejected , it would be destroyed at the time—for we do not keep theie things by us ; and we are , consequently , under the necessity of troubling him for another copy . \ f he wishes to have it published , , . .
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James Hall . —We have sent his letter to Mr . Cleave , who will doubtless set it right . We think it is < merely hurry of business . Larby Tools . —Thanks for his letter . He can have the Plate for 7 $ d . QcEENBHEAD . — Weh < tve received a letter from some person , of whom we know nothing , containing what purports to be a list of nominations for Council ; and ablackguarQ paragraph , purporting to be ( lie resolution qjfacme Chartists at that place . As we are guile sure that no Chartists ever so far disgraced themselves as to pass any such resolution , we of course do not insert the nominations , believing thc , t » kole to be animpu-• dent hoax . ¦ .. . . ¦; . Cuotdon Chartists . —Their resolution about the Weekly Dispatch « Ao « W , in alt fairness , be first sent to that taper for insertion . We know nothing of the statement complained of , as tee never see the Dispatch .
William Daniblls , of Lassteade , begs to suggest to the members of the Birmingham Conference , the propriety and importance of their drawing vp , duringtheir » itling % a National Petition , and , a ^ Memorial to the Queen , in favour of the Political Victims . Also to appoint two days ' o / holyday : one for the public meetings throughout the whole country to pass ¦ taid Petition and Memorial ; and one for signing the same . ' This , \ f properly carried out , would give an interest
and nationality to the Petition that would much advance the good cause , and show the enemies of liberty that we are neither dead nor sleeping . : Manchester Youths have not given the rwwfences of their Council . ; VzmckkTB . —We might receive his former letter , but do not recollect * The song he now sends might . - ¦ ¦ do to sing , but will scarcely bear printing . Geokqb LitivsAY . —We thank him for his letter- we have no doubt he means well ; but he evidently does not comprehend the matter upon which he ¦ writes . - ¦ : ¦• ' ¦ ¦ ¦ ' . . ' ¦ - ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ : . : ¦' . ' - ..
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James Mascad . —We advise him to marry at th * : Registrar ' s office . ¦ : ¦"¦ . The BiBMiNonAM CoNPEBENCE . —Jlfr . Wm . Cotton of Birmingham , a whole-hog" Chartist , write * us that he is willing to serve any Chartist locality who wish a delegate , but are too poor tosend one ,- ~ but only as a thorough Chartist . B . C . S ., Nottingham . —His letter emtains nothing but what we have told thepeople \ -d hundred times over . We think , by this time , they should km > it by heart . r John Blahchfield . —We cannot interfere . J . Thompson sends us some verses , and wishes us toinsert them , or ' say " why . " We cannot print them . He had better let the why " alone : he'"' won't like it if we give it him , . Leicester Shakspehians . —IP * have received mi anonymous letter addressed to this body , and containing several complaints and suagestion
about the : committee , ceo . We cannot print it . The proper course would have been for the writer to address the committee . We have sent the letter to Mr . Cooper . F . Clarke . —Thanks for the pamphlet . It may be * useful . Lambeth Youths mus really excuse us . We can not for the life of us read their Secretary ' s writing . The names he has again sent us wt cannot make out ; and if they wish to see them in priit , they must get someboby to draw them up who can both spell and write , ¦ . Newcastle . —Will ; Mr . Sinclair , before Tuesday next , send us a regular list of the Council at this place , with their residences' } George Ferguson , Alexandria . —We should have been glad to have made itse of his report had ii arrived a day earlier . The meeting he reports took place on the 7 th , and we only received it on ¦
. theWh . , / ,, ; ^ Vy ., ¦/ ' r ; . . ; . John Henderson , Belfast . —Yes , they were wnt to Mr . Cleave ' 8 , 1 , Shoe-lane , London , together with all the Plates for Ireland , on Sep . 27 th . W . Hamer . —Send 4 s . 6 d . ; David Harroweb , Jun . —For Is . each , and th * expence of sending . - ,
FOB XflB KiTIONAL DEFENCE FUWD . . ' " : ¦¦ ' . " . ¦ . ¦ ¦ ¦ : ' : ¦ '¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ £ ' » . & From George Howgate , Sheffield ... ... 0 t 0 ,. the Bristol Youths , per Jacobs ... 0 2 8 _ the Chartists of Worsbro' Common ... 0 11 4 „ the Edinburgh " Star" Club , per J . Nisbet ... ... ... ... 1 ¦ «¦••¦ „ ditto , ditto , per J . Nisbet ... ... Oil M „ , ditto , ditto , per G . Gallis ... ... 11 10 M ditto , ditto , per Thomas BlacWe ... 0 8 ¦ ' „ ¦ ditto , ditto , per John Ritchie ... 0 5 ' 11 } « . two brothers &t Broaley ... ... 0 13 ^ - "' Bsffle of Petition Plate , Coalbrook Dale ... ... ... ... ... 0 3 1 ¦ « .- ' ditto , ditto , Da-wleyGreen ... ... 0 1 8 J : Collected ... ... ... ... 012 _ Chalford , Hlsoox ... .. ¦ ... 0 1 9
FOE MRS . ELLIS . From John Ko ^ gera and a friend , Shefileld ... 0-2 « the Chartists of Alva ... ... ... 0 14 « « . a Chartist , AJford , Lincolnshire ... 0 1 0
POR MB . BE 00 K . From Thomas Hunt , York ... ... ... . 0 16 _ the Chartists of Somera Town , London 0 5 0 * FOR-MIU PEDDIE . ' , . ' FromTtiemasHunt , York ... ;' .. - ' ... 0 I ' d _ the Chartists of Somera Town , London 0 6 6 FROM THE CHARTISTS OF SOHERS TOWN , LONDOKV Five Shillings each for the following persons : ~ ' Mb . Mason , of Stafford ... 0 5 o Mr . P . Foden ... ... 9 5 0 Mrs . Clayton ... ... 0 6 Mrs . Jones ... ... ... 0 5 6 mrs . williams ... ... 0 5 0
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TO THE EDITOR OF THE NORTHERN STAB . The following are a few , out of scores of letters , which v we have received j — Sir , —As one of those -who was present when the Plan of Organization was finally agreed to ; as likewise one of the Leicestershire Delegates , when- the conduct of the Executive was taken into consideration , not from factious motives , bub from a conviction that it Is wrong to allow in ourselves , aa a body , that which we condemn in the Government , you will ; permttme to bear testimony to tne correctness of your
remarks on that Plan , in the Star of last week , and to state that tho people in this patt are verf much disgusted with the departure from the same * and trust that effectual means will be taken to prevent its recurrence , as they consider it unfair for one locality to have the services of one of the Executive , sis a lecturer , to be paid oat of the general fund , vrbQe others have to pay lot their lecturers ; others there are who wish to know if the parties who have made such heavy charges have not been receiving money at tha same time from the vatlous places they have visited . ¦ ¦¦ ¦ ' ¦ . '¦ ' . ¦ ¦ . .. ' ' ¦ - .: . ¦ ' ¦ ' . . ¦ L
Trusting that in future the cause will be carried on with honesty and faithfulness , ¦ ¦• - ¦ . ¦ ; . ¦ ¦ - ¦ " : ¦' ¦ . . .... lam . Sir , - ' ¦/ ' . ¦ . ¦ ¦¦• - ,.. - . ; . : Yours , &c JQHK SKETINGTON . Longhborough , Not . 23 , 1842 . P . S . You may use your own discretion about publishing the above .
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TO THE EDITOR OF THE NORTHERN STAB , Dear Sir , —I am glad to see that you are of © similar opinion to myself respecting the Executive . I do not know how any one can blame you for watchfulnes which implies truth and honesty to the cause . It il certainly very unpleasant to be told that our " head * men " are not trustworthy , but it would be worse for ub to be deceived by them any losger . Tb © y are not charged without an opportunity of vindicating themselves , if they can . In my opinion they have failed to do so , and our thanfes are due to yon toe detecting and exposing them . I trust you will adhere to your declaration to spare neither friend nor foe when the good of the cause is in question . This will make men honest , or beep them ao , and I hope that there will be none found among the ChartiBts like the las ? maids In tbe
fable , who killed the cock that awoke them to their duty . Encroachments are best stopped at the beginniog for if suffered to go on wno knows where they will end . If the Executive deemed one of their members worthy ef ten shillings a week more , they might next deem themselves worthy of a like advance and draw on tka funds of the people ad libitum . We should endeavour to do our work at aa little expense to the association a * possible ; and I am glad . that Morgan Willlama proved himself an exception to tbe spirit that seems to bavff actuated the reat . How many tracts might nave been published and distributed by the money lavished oa M'DoualL I remain , dear sir , ; , Yours in the cause , A Member of the N . C . A * London , Dec . 6 . '
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THE LOFGHBOROTJGH CHARTISTS AND MR . BAIRStOW'S EXPLANATIONS . TO THE EDITOR OF THE NORTHERN STAB . Sia , —In the Northern Star ot last week , - » e , th » Chartists of Loughborough , have taken particular notice of a letter from Mr . Bairstow , respecting yonr observaUons on that precloua document catted tha Executive balance-sheet . Sir , —The Chartists of Loughborough are much dissatisfied with that precious document , and beg leave to make a few remarks upon it ; as they consider the members of the Executive have drawn money when they * ere not entitled to it , for they see that Mr . Bairstow has drawn hia salary , while at Loughborough on hi » own business , in July ; and though we ware at aa blgfx a state of enthusiasm for the Charter as we ever were , holding meetings every night of from seven hundred to a thousand persons , generally in the Market-place , yet he aided us not - with his conncil , nor would he addres tha people , or cbzae neox our meetings , though repeatedly solicited te do so .
We likewise perceive , that after the Manchester Conference , at which place , we have been given tounderstand , by different parties , that he promised to visit Birmingham , which he did not do , bat hid binself , and was drawing his salary , while others wer labouring for nothing . Mr . Bairatow came to LoughborougQ on Tuesday August the 23 rd , and though it was tbe day on whWl friend Skevington was liberated , he never came neae him to congratulate him on his return , or came near as to give us his advice , but was biding himself , I suppose with Mrs . Bairstow , at a public house , next door to th *
boue of bi « father-in-law , at whose bouse , the sain oigbt , a magiftrate was sitting , surrounded by numbeti of policemen , and special oonjtablef , and pri » onei » , aai after nine O ' oTock the same night , the « aidm » gi « tn oonvicteJ , and sent for varioui periods , nine or ten poor JeHowB to Leicester Connty Gaor , for begging , haviaf been arrested by acouting parties . We believe Mr . and Mrs Bairstow left Longhborougb . next day , to go to hide himself somewhere , and we likewise perceive that he charges , 'ba the 27 th « August , £ 2 tot agitating expences . Again on the 3 ra , of September , 421 68 . Again , Sept . 10 th , 183 . 6 d . ** agitating .
We think these stuns onght to be explained , for we have heard that / at the time when these sums of money was drawn , he was staying with . Mrs . Bairstow , at an inn , in NorthamptpnBhlre . In feet we think that nunself and colleagues , who drew pay the whole qoatter , ought to give an account of where they we , and what they were doing , each d * y , for the B&tisISicUon ¦« the CharUBt bodf . '
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THE ELECTIONS . ' By a reference to our pages of to-day it will be seen that the Chartists in nearly every part of the kingdom are acquiting themsolvea like men , in the matter of the Birmingham Conferenoe . They are electing to it "good men and true . " Every thing at present bids fair that the voice of the people will W there fully represented ; and we indulge in the hope that the measures to emanate from that repre . sentation will tend to the consolidation of oar ranks , and the infusing of a new and better spirit amongst us . ¦ . ¦ '¦ ¦ ¦ ' - . . ' ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ' ¦ ¦¦ ¦ ' ¦ ¦ ' . ' . ' ¦ ' . ' ¦ . .: ' . ¦ '¦ ¦ '
There are , however , some Chartist localities which have not yet moved . It is time they did ! Where is Halifax , with He right to Bend four delegates ? Where is Keighley , with its . right to Bend two ? And where are Dewsbury andBarnsley , with their right to send two each ! And where is Lancashire generally ! - - r At this time we should have no backwardness , no supineness ! Let every shoulder be put to the wheel 1 Kepresentativea from every place will
cause the decision of the Conference to be more generally binding , and more influential upon the public mind . Let our friends , then , see to it . The expense vtQ know is heavy ; but the plan we pointed out last week will obviate a good portion of that ; and there is just as much reason why Chartists should elect Charfcists resident in Birmingham , as there is for "Complete" men electing Birmingham "Complete" men . The latter isleing done ; let our Chartist friends see to it that'they do likewise !
There is now not a moment to / lose I The meetings must be Held , and the returns in the hands of the Birmingham Complete Suffrage Council , by the 23 rd inst . The 23 rd is Friday next . Toit , then 1 Stir ! atir ! ; .., ¦' ¦ . ' ;¦ ; . ¦¦ ; ' ¦ . ¦¦ : ¦ ¦ ¦'¦ _ "' ¦ : . ' ' Leeds is to have its meeting on Monday . A requisition , signed by some fifty persons , six members of the town council among the number , has been presented to the new Mayor ; and though he has declined to call the meeting , he has granted the ase of the Court House for its session , when convened by the requisitionists themselves . It will be holden som few hours before the ^ Soiree to T . S . Du ^ coBiBB , Esq ., who will most probably arrive in Leeds before
the close of the first meeting , accompanied by Mr . O'Connok . The Huddersfield meeting is called by the Constable for Wednesday next , at eight o ' clock in the evening . There it is determined to place four Chartists in nomination ; the contemplated compromise having been given up . But it will behove tho "lads" to be on the alert . We hear of " much dissatisfaction" and loud complainings" that it is ao given up : and care should be taken by the people that a march is not after all stolen upon them . Be in time at all the meetings . Watch the appointment of chairman . Show the traffickers that you will neither be sold , nor even bargained for . The times are big with importance . If you now sacrifice yourselves never complain again 1
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THE EXEGUTIYE ¦ ' ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦'' ¦ ¦ ¦ '¦ ¦ - . ' ¦ . ' ¦ ¦ aijid : ¦ ¦¦ ¦ : '" : ' ¦ ¦ " '¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ •¦ " ¦ THE TE 0 PLE .
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4 " ¦ ' THE NORTHEHN STAR . : : / '¦ ¦;; ¦ v ; ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ,:, , y . ' . ; :: ^ ; : . . "/¦/ ; . V ;/ ' : ; . /
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Dec. 17, 1842, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1191/page/4/
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