On this page
-
Text (11)
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
-
-
Transcript
-
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
Untitled Article
XABMONY HALL . LETTEB T . TO TOTS BDITOB or THE KOKTHEBH STAB . gin , —la accordance with my last letter , I now pr » - -ggei to give some account of the manner in which the jesHJaits of this etfabUBbment spend their time . At present they are divided or classified into three flisfcict departments , according to age , which d&ssi--gjation Trill be carried 6 tQl farther in proportion as gie nnmbEJ * increase , more especially among the jgsnger branches . In ordtr that all may be brought tip in the society of those "who , fey their age , and con ^ jegnent natural dears for somewhat like similar ocsopatioBB , are best fitted for associates . The present gi-Rsens are the infants , and children under ssven years , tbose from seven to about sixteen or seventeen , sna the adnlts . ^ __
The first , "which is termed the nursery department , jh > w consists of about twenty , including the superintendents and assistants , and is an entirely separate establishment from Harmony Hall , occupying the bnildistf erected by the residents soon afrer they came jere . The children are regularly fed with plain simple gj e ^ wnasdn ? chiefly sf milt , bread , puddings , fcc , but Bse no animal food ; they are clothed in a loose , Tiiain , and inexpensive manner ; they are -well lodged , andxeare to rest , and rise early ; taey have plenty ef gxendse in the open air , and this exercise is as far as possible tamed to Tisefnl proposes . They have recrfca-« on and amusement among themselves , and , from being
constantly together tinder superintendence , their feel jjjgs are so directed that they coatribute much to each otto ? " * pleasure and happiness ; and they are instructed 3 n sneb objects as surround them to know their properties and nses . and the manner in which they -will £ g ^ ei the m . &oo the nnnib-r of personB whOTi ^ U Qga , and . from the absence ©? that mere animal indnl-• gnce -which mothers , in JBdiridnal society , so much jdre to their children , those among os bare acmured a freedom of habit and manner towards all -whom « iey see winch peculiarly distinguishes them ; -which freeaom is duly xepilated by the general orfla estabjMied ssam $ than .
Ite beeonfl division , or those between seven and sixjesj , which constitute tbe * ltmentary school at present , inclndiES superintendents , aboni forty in number , are jeeerriug a sound practical education , physical , intellectual , and moral With regard to their physical edn-^ nn , they hsv * plain , simple diet at rt ^ nlir interrsis , jjittjeJ Joo-3 for those -who prefer taking it , three days a yg ^ . legetablbS in abundance , fresh , daily , from the gsrdi of Tery superior kinds ; plenty ef milk and | ek and bread , batter , tea , coffee , 4 c . Their dothixg jssmple s ^ P ^ anii "" ^ soou ** ^"" fonnj they 2 uyb large sad wmmodions dormitories , and their s ^ soal -roeiae . refectory , &c , are large and spxcions . Tee * jementary Instruction consists of raiding , -writing
jnfiamut , towing , S ^ X ^ pb-y , geometry , physiology usiaral history , and other sciences , and as farther pror .-es 3 is made , additional advantages Trill be procured and adopted , to the fullest extent Singing , susic , flvnwnff . drilling , and many other what are bow called accomplishments , will form part of their regular daily ocenpifion , aad they -will also be taught to peform . nseftil cfices for -which sheir serrices may be required ^ Ibej- tnH be instructed in agriculture , gardening , chemistry , mechanics of aO kinds , mora especially those which are carriBd on practically in the establishment , such as joiners , plumbers ' -work , painting , smith " swarX wheelwrighting , and many others , besides which , those "who are found to desire it Trill be
instructed as tailors or shoemakers , both of whicb . bumcesses -we at present carry on ; and they mn * l b&added to ana increased- Others "will be employed in domestic occupations , connected with the offic « a , stores , &c , and the girls are already Tery useful in the kitchen , dormitories , snd other household departments ; and perform thtir parts with great willingness . In this department the siods o ! speeding the day is as follows : —They are called out at half-past five in the morning , and all abova ten years are expected to be washed , dressed , sad in the school room by six- Half an hour is then occupied in preparing the breakfast , putting the school zoom in order , procuring the stores , the elder girls -washing and dressing the younger , some of ihe boys l > rJng occupied in cleaning shoes and boots , and performing any othsr duties required until breakfast , which
is zsady as half-past six . After breakfast they again leiorn to -their Tsrious occupations , including the garden , workshops , &c ., where lbs yoonger portion remain until half-past eight , and the others until ten . Ax these respective hours the bell rings and half an hour is allowed for preparing for school . those commenting at nine , remaining until half past ten , and those at half-past tea until twelve , From twelve to half-past , is employed in preparing for dinner , and after dinner they have recreation until two . The elementary instruction is resumed from two p . m ., until half-pact three ; and dancinz and drilling axe to be
taught two afternoons each week , from four to five . lea which ias nitterto been t * len at a gnarter to * ix ia this -week altered to ax . The evenings are spent aa follows : —Two in receiving instruction in ringing ; \ rwo in attending lsetur « , one at a festival , one in the € h > veraorB * roam , and one in reviewing the manner in which J 2 » week has been spent , and in preparing and anaagiiLg the jtnera ] bmaDcaa for His future . With regard to the adnlts they are called by the trumpet at fix , but those who please , rise earlier ; they braakfast at fcalf-past six , and commence labour at seven , dine sA twelve , resume their occupations at one , and continue in them until half-past five , at which hour the bell
rings and again at six for tea , by which latter use they an washed and dressed for the evening ; -mnirmg such etneges as their respective occupations may render necessary . For each evening there Is some appropriate Employment capable o * affording recreation and instruction , and the business in which "Ull have »* en respecfively engaged , gives the mearj of conveying much Mirmation on interesting subjects . The labour is v&ried as n-nch as oar present Unified number will allow c £ , bat in proportion as we io grease , and in proportion V the members acquire t 2 \ e knowledge of the best manner in which to pt ^ form varied oecnp&tlooB , it will be mnch more so . The inr ention is , and tfcia is carried oat as far as possible , th / it every person shall be employed some portion of - each day on the land . To
introdcea tins smztgemer , t , tlie trumpet ssunds at three 3 d the afternoon , an / a 8 n -vrao cm be spared ixom domeitic occupations , from the ofiice , or from the various baaciies of mecbin ' . eg , proceed to the garden at that fime snd remain t ' nere until half-past five , and this fiisngeof ocenpatj on jsjuand Tery agreeable , and tenws much to inereasa goofl feeling . Tnia the- < onstant employment » nielr tbers alwajrs is , for ererj individual ; fcorn the reguV jjty x , ;^ icn the meals are provided « na tsken ; b .-om the temperate arrangements of the iatofaitiaa , tf iere being naither fermented or distilled Equais CTtr r introduced ; from the food being plain and Vholeson ) e from pientj of exercise in the open air ; 60511 ^ 3 Children of all the members being equally
F *™* d for , well instructed and freed from the imifiSQia' ^ thirge of their parents ; the mode of life which * " ? ^ -aTe to lead cere is essentially different from any *^^ before known , -or that can be conceived , by those » jo hare not fairly entered into the practical detail of T J- The . governor , by tne laws , possesses fall power enrer every matter connected with out proceedings , but from the freedom or expression , the absence of all < & = « jon or restraint , and the manner in which every indiTidnal action that is done most become known and be subject to investigation , if necessary , this power is not only tept -wi- ^ in dneBmitB practically ; bnt if Ujere M any error that is felt , ii is that public opinion in its presto * state is not sufficiently advanced to giTe that toR direction to thB executivewhich is desirable .
, 2 irae , bowfever , and experience , which have brought as from very imperfeet beginnings to the point at * hieh we now are , will not fail to progress the business » e bare undertaken , in a continually increasing ratio ; Hwi moral fact 1 b established that men can UTe together vsaer associated arrangementa , even when they are itfouiht frem rvioas localities , and with very diferent "Mits , feeunga , and manners , with an amount ef plea-* fire not to be found in any of the oid competitive ttstitntiona of society ; and as we progress there can be 10 donbi that this pleasure will be Tery much increased . When
I contemplate that the amount of « omfort and eyayment hers may be tarily given to every individual « the British empire ; and not onlyso , bnt that they O&J be atfviiiced to a position , very bignly ""^ eed « 3 compared to the onB we are in , wither it ba consiflgred- pbyaiealily , mentally « morally ; 1 scarcely know how to restrain nyaeif within due limits in urging , upon men of all ttcks , elasses , secia and parties , to lay aside all minor / Jf ** and processings , and to immediately examine in wfcxt Eiauaer umj can assist in so great and g < x > d a ¦ rat , es pruviding for the universal happiness of
^ ae boslnsa of tbe practical reformer , is not , bow-*^» . to be content with theorising alone , however «* itiful the theory may be , nor is it nstfal to be con-» t » itb hoping for a belter state of things ; bnt we ™* t p ?«* td rapidly and vifiorously with the ¦** of rtdncing our theories to practice , and to assist » tiiis 1 propose in my neirt letier to lay before yonr facers the outline of an orgmiiation which shall be ^^' iecf speedily tiMbiting the power of the people ra the jamj quegaou ^ ^ extent that Baall turn the ?*« of public opinion , which is now setting in , upon as necessity ef some kind of colonization being ¦ a ° Pled , to the superior advantages of Home Colonies wrer those which may be established by emigration . 11 " ¦" snbj-ct be fairly taken up and argued even with 7 * rJ ™ ib jity , there ia stnnetbjng so < 3 e » r to otii r S » to haYinB tha tjowct xnrl OiB ontion of reaaainto the in
^ country which we are bom , among those r ~ * bich have gradually sprung np , aaaong , znd around ^ . totitliii itstif ad-rance tbe cause of emigration , » it should ultimatelybe proved to be desirable . x . ^ o ^^ erer , I do not previously tire your patience , « kj thst of your readBre , I dull have much pleasure « ttawing at some subsequent period , tiiat the first ¦ gat waut we aball iave in a well ordered state of T ~ SJ » _ wSl b » the greatest possibla addition to tiie Popnlation of this conntry . I am , Sir , Tour obedient servant , -0 WILLIAM GiLPIS-¦^ amony Ha \ l , Hants , April S > , 1813 .
Untitled Article
ra ^ S 2 E 2 ~ T breid " now s ^ Uing in -Bath at 6 d . the it « r - flarf 5 atd some of the bakers are telling « ZLfourr . ence .
Untitled Article
TO THK EDITOK OF THS JTOBTHEBU STARSib , —The following letter sent to me from Sydney , has beta the means of preventing many from emigrating to Australia , who had intended to do so this spring . The writer is a man of such probity , that the general remark of all who knew him is , that they belisve bis statement ! as firmly as if they bad Been them with their own eyes . He expresses a confidence at the end of his letter that yon will publish it . I haTe to add the earnest request of a numerous circle of the readers of the Star in this city . Yours , most respectfully , David M'Leod . Cannon Mills , Edinburgh , April 2 , 1843 . Sydney , July , 1842 .
lit DKAB . FB . IEXD , —I have been longeT in writing than I promised , but I waa bo disgusted at t ^ p i ; misr » presention giTen that I could not trust myself to write impartially about it : but this will be more satisfactory , as I haTe npwards of six months * more experience . As you will get a reading of my journal of tbe Toyage from Mr . Allan , I shall say nothing of tbe miseries , inconveniences , and privations of the voyage , bat endeavour with candour and exactness to give you a brief account of things here .
From what you have heard , yon wenld scarcely believe that thousands are walking the streets , and have nothing to do . To give yon an idea at once , I am convinced there are as many tradesmen here as would me * t the growing demand for twenty years to come , even supposing there -was capital enough to develope successfully the acknowledged resources of this country . What think you then of the heanlessness of a corrupt press still bawling for more emigrants ; but the policy is to bring down the price of labour . I have both seen and heard of much misery at home , but it is dust in the balance compared with my experience here . The unemployed are daily pouring into workhouses , in many instances begging for God ' s sake to give them employment , and they will be content with their food and lodging * . I do not rtfer to fancy trades , mea as jftweUera , watchmakers , carvers and gilders , && , who are here like so many unhived bees ; bnt to masons , plasterers , joiners , cabinet makers , shipwrights , blacksmiths , sawers , &c
I will give you two or three examples of those who came out in the same ship with myself : —Oae joiner h&s got a job for bis bed and board , and thankful for it Another decent man , the same tra £ e , h&a got only two months employment since be came here , and is now without Another , whom 1 know to be a Tery superior tradesman , tells me , that such is the advantage his employer takes of tbe state of things , he seldom reaches 25 s . per week . New what has he to support a wife and three children , after paying 15 s . a week for a house , inferior to one at home at 2 s . per week ? House rents are fearful here . At home a m ^ p may take a bouse for a year ; and if he cannot pay it be is only sold off after six months' possession . Not so here * off he goes at a week ' s warning to the streets , and his things sold ( iff te pay the rent . I have known many respectable , industrious people sleeping in the fields , unable to pay for a house to live ia .
I shall now give you some idea of a conntry life , as I hear there ia some talk of sending the poor Paisley weavers here from their home misery . And firsttbose unemployed tradesmen that 1 have been talking of would gladly go for shepherds if they could get ; bat of all the professions in this conntry it is the most heartless . They are entrusted with a flock of sheep , for which they are responsible . Now tbe native dog may run through bis flock , and with bis deadly bite destroy as many sheep as will not only consume his yearly wages , but throw him considerably into debt .
The rations too are so very bad that few can anbaist without drawing on tbe stores , the enormous charges of which are sure to involve its victim is Egyptian bondage . Their salary when I came out was £ 20 : it is now £ 15 ; and expected soon to be as low as £ 10 . One great source of annoyance to free emigrants is the convicts , or Government men as they are called here ; and at Tort Phillip tradesmen are working to Government , convict hours , for their meat , and glad to get it In short , a man of capital may do here ; but tbose who have nothing but their labour to depend on are orach better at home , bad as things are .
If 1 were a * nan of a revengeful apint I could not punish my mortal foe more Beverely tli&n by presenting Mm with a bundle of lies , and induce him to come out here . I hope yon will write out a fair copy of this , and send it to the Star : I have no doubt Mr . Hill will insert it ; and I shall have the pleasure of seeing It , and feeling that 1 have clone * ome good by pntting some of my brother Chartists on their guard . Never more think of coming here . I remain , dearest David , Yours very truly , John M'Phail .
Untitled Article
. TO DANIEL O'CONNELL , ES $ . MJ » . Sib , —My attention has been drawn to a speech deli-Tered at tbe Corn Exchange , Dublin , in which you have made many unfounded charges , and given expression to-what I would call tbe most nngentlemanly , nay even tbe most brutish calumniea , against a body of man with whom I have the honour to be connected , that ever it has been my lot either to read or hear ; and , as an Irishman , to whom country is dear ; as a working man who fri" Buffered , and is yet suffering from the Inhmnnw snd anti-coristian system of cliss and caste—as a Catholic and a lover of toleration , tbe fall exercisi of the right of opinion , and Christian forbearance .
I am stimuli ted by an benest and conscientious con * Tiction of the truth and stability of my position , and the public duty I owe to the body politic , to show my countrymen that in tbe speech from which I am now now about to quote , yon have f onlly libelled tbe British and Irish Chartists ; that you have done so for the purpose of continuing deception and humbug , in the practice of which you have become such an adept by hoodwinking and delndin ? the confiding people , and dividing them with the backnied old Tory cry , of the " church in danger , " a bug bear that has served the cause of tyranny in all past ages , of all creeds , and in all the nations of tbe world , and which bas done more to destroy tbe morals , the happiness , and social condition of the human race , t h "" all tbe ills that flesh is iieiz to .
Being an illiterate individual , I shall peihaps be unable to couch my remarks In a style sufficiently firm to meet your classic ears ; but , Sir , I will communicate a fact which for tbe last five years you seem to have entirely lost sight of , and cf which our noble Emmett reminded your dictatorial brother , lVord Norbury . I am & man and you are no more . W « are equals , tbeo , by thsTCial t&rable law of nature ; at least as far as regards human rights and privileges ; but not in our internal organisation and dispositions , for which I am thankful to the Great A *» " ?»**»¦** of the -universe . On this ground of equality I claim my right to freely canvass and discuss allyoBi sayings and doingB , taking , what may appear
to me as being good and profitable , and rejecting all that is bad and dangerous . For this purpose , and that I may not , through my ignorance and stupidity , get involved in a labyrinth of difficulties , by following your intric&ta windings and twiutings through your betetogenons mass of denunciations levelled indiscriminately at Socialists , Cbartuts , and all others who have the honesty to oppose your wholesale system of political trafficking , 1 will lay down three beads , under whieh I Trill write as many letters in reply to your Torn Arkin's , Billinsgate , and doatJag harangne at your political mint , Up Cera Exchange ; in all cases giving jonr tsact "Bord-s ae I fled them published by one of ycur CTtifurts in this city .
Untitled Article
First That Chartism has no connection either with Christianity or infidelity , there being not one word in the document called tbe People ' s Charter , to justify a contrary conclusion . Second . That Chartists who are Infidels , Protestants , or Catholics have an undoubted right to hold aud eojoy their peculiar opinions in religious matters , without tbe interference of any man or party ; and that it is the very extreme of tyranny to denounce them as you have done , merely because they will not chime in with your unhallowed nostruma [¦• Religloa is a matter b « fcween man and his God . None should interfere with the belief of another . "—Mr . Daniel OConnell , on the Colton Hill , of Edinburgh . ]
Third Tnat the inconsistency of your political career bus destroyed the few rights aud privileges which Iraland i ^ jssesaed when yon appeared on the public stage . That your whole life baa been characterised by & greedy , avaricious , and gormandising disposition to grasp and hoard up money , by making pelitical merchandise of the confidence , the rags , and wretchedn » BH of your poor deluded victims ; and that your motives , as far as we can judge from past experience and present appearances , for opposing a union between the working men of England and Ireland , on the only political creed which
will ever bring Barvation to the toiling millions , is neither more cor less than a wisa on your part to continue in perpBtnity the barbarous system by which we are directly robbed and indirectly murdered , and gain an independence for yourself , your family , and lickspittle pioneers , by protracted agitat'on . That you do noi want a repeal of the infernal Act of U ; iion , but only seizi on it now as a last resource to blindfold the people a little longer ; and if repealed without the Charter Suffrage , tbe poor of Ireland would not receive any real or substantial benefit .
A off , Sir , for the first : You commenced your frothy spetch on the brotherhood of Chartism and Socialism . The words , which , yeu said were , " you had received t ; ie most certain information that the secietiea which were established in England under tbe same of Chartists , or rather the branch of them called Socialists , were making the woat strenuous exuUons to spread their fatal principles through Ireland "—( heaT ) . That the Chartists art ,- making the most strenuous exertions to sptr&d , not th ^ ir fatal , but their glorious principles in my beloved father-land , I cheerfully , and with a gladdened heart , admit—and no better proof could be adduced , that such 1 b ~ tbe fact than tbe low and scurrilous means to which you have resorted for th * purpose of arresting their progress . IJ is no go , bowerer .
Paddy O'HigginB and bis twelve hundred stout-hearted democrats will continue increasing , and stick like as ' many bees on your Whigifled old hide , until ultimately they will sting you out of political existence , j 'Tis quite needless for yon to attempt stopping them : you might bb well wrestle with a ghost , or try to keep ' out the tide with a pitchfork , while there is nothing j but hunger and starvation throughout the land , and ' you ore still going on in the same imbecile course that ! has marked your every step for the last forty tang years you have gulled them . The men of Ireland will in- j quire what O Higgins has got for them ; and inquiry is all that is necessary to satisfy any man that has a mind 1 of nia own that bis country never will be rggenerated , until all her sons have the power of making her laws .,
But you say " you hsvs the most cert an information that there is a branch ef the Chartists called Socialists now spreading their fatal principles through Ireland ; " you have not , however , condescended to ¦ give us any prxif that Socialism is a branch f Chartism ; $ ad until yon do this , your I mere assertion go » s tor nothing . There waa a time . when your bare statement ctrried considerable weight ; j but that day bas long since passed away , for you ' have bsen so often found telling old wived' tales , \ aud fabricating so many gross calumnies agai nst your opponents , that scarce anybody believes you now even J when you tell the truth . You certainly are in tbe pasitiou of the shepherd ' s boy , or that of a certain Editor in Glasgow , dubbed Loyal Peter . What he gives in his
paper for truth , his own readers believe just the contrary , and in nine cases out of ten they are fauu 4 to be correct In proof of this , I need only refer to your base attempt to injure that poor , but honest Chartist , Mr . P . M . Bropby , by representing him as having been a Catholic and a Member of the Order of the Scapular , afterwards becoming a Protestant and an Orangeman , and holding up the order to the ridicule of that fraternity at one of their Lodge meetings . You put the poor man ' s life in danger by exposing him to the excited prejudices , the wild fury and fanaticism of those unfortunate creatures who swallow as Gospel truth every word that escapes your foul month i and notwithstanding your pretensions to the character of Catholic , yon refused to apologise or retract your vile calumnies , even
after he produced a letter from Father Spratt , Patron ( of that Order , stating that he bad known Mr . Brophy , for many years , not as a Catholic , but a Protestant of I the Church of England ; that he bad never been a Mem- j ber of the Order of the Scapular nor bo far as he vF&tber Spratt ) knew , had he ever been an Orangeman . After this , who would put any faith in your rabid stuff ? ! You have found out that there are Socialists in ' Dublin , and In many parts of the provinces . This I ; do not feel disposed to doubt ; indeed , tbe great , wonder to me is , and has always been , that there are any Christiana to be got amongst the suffering people , , for the conduct which you and yonr minions have j hitherto pursued is calculated to disgust any rational ; man , or any body , to which yeu may belong ; but that ,
these Socialists are a section of tbe Chartists , I do deny , and dare yon to the prsof . If yen bad given yourself tbe trouble to inquire , you would have found that Mr ., Owen , tbe founder of Socialism , advises his followers to have no connection with any political body , and in much the same dogmatic style as you have issue * yonr ' mandates to the Repealers , but not indeed from the same motives . He believes that no political change ! can better the condition of mankind , as long as Boeiety , ia based on the present political competitive system . 1 cannot agree with Mr . Owen in the course be is
pursuing , for I hold that until the people have the power of destroying the laws of primogeniture and entail , tkey will get nothing either on the land or on it . He has , however mistaken , spent a princely fortune in attempting to raise n > an from bis present degradation and Blavery ; and 19 , therefore , entitled to tbe esteem and respect of every good and philanthropic mind . The difference between you and him consists in this—that he has spent bis all for the general good , according his own peculiar views , while you bate acraped every penny you could gather into your insatiable haversack , and prostituted your principles into the bargain .
You say yon do not accuse all the Chartists with being Socialists , but all the Socialists are Chartists . There is a mixture of truth and falsehood which I will not endeavour to separate . You could not make your audience believe , with all this gullibility , that Father Ryan , of Chontuiff , and Mr . O'Higgins , were Socialists ; and for the information of my countrymen , I can tell them ( for it is vain to attempt trying to make any impression on y * ur Iron conscience ) that there are thousands of the&e same Socialists , who are not only not
Chartists , bat its strongest opponents—thousands who belong to no patty , and a goodly number who are even Conservatives . And , mark me , sir , when I say so , I do it with extreme regiet ; the Socialists are an intelligent body of men , and if they were Chartists would do much in assisting to break down the strong barriers which yon and your brother despeta have raised against the rights of injured labour . That there are Socialists who are also Chartists is quite true , and they have a right to be so as well as either Catholio or prvtestant , as I shall prove in my next letter .
Let us now , sir , understand each other plainly , ' and find out , if possible , what you wish to be at . You charge us with infidelity—we deny it ; and your abusive tirades are not sufficient grounds whereon tp condemn a large body of men . It is yet fresh in the recollection of every man who has watched your proceedings for the last threa or four years , that you denounced the Chartists as a body , for a few of their number opening churches to escape the veageauce of tbeir former pastors . You held tb « m up m forming a new religion , and warned your dupes against any communion with them , or with us who aid not joip them either in their preaching or praying ; but no sooner had some of these preachers broke faith with Mr . O'Connor , aud the rational portion of the Chartist body , than you took
them to your ungrateful bosom , j lined their humbug suffrage movement , now defunct , and sent your man Friday , mad Tom Steel , to Birmingham , for the purpose of disuniting ns . When first you attacked the Irish Universal Suffrage Association you charged them with being Orangemen , Bext a secret society admitting their members on oaLh ; driven from all these points , your fiendish disposition , maddened by their rapid pregress ; suguested a new mode of attack , and you assail with what ? ob , reader , hear it , and whether you bo Catholio , or Protestant , or Infidel , ask yourself tke question-Can the person who ib capable of acting as such a wbolosalelibel . er be a good member of society f We are , lastly , indicted st the bar of your tribunal with being Bibbonmen in diseuisa .
Now , Sir , as you Bay you are a Catholic , how in the name of that great Being before whom you must appear , can you reconcile such glaring contradictionsf At one time we are estabishing a new religion ; next we are Infidels and Socialists ; then comes the charge of Orangeism ; and , in the short period of four monthB , all these are metamorphiBed into the fifth and last , that of Ribbonism . Oh I D . in , Dan 1 Do yon ever expect to die * Do you really believe the doctrines of the Catholic Church ? Yon know very well she teaches the commandment—Then Shalt sot bear false witness against thy neighbour —and that if you in j are him , either in person , property , or reputation , you are bound to make reparation for such injury ere you can ypnraelf receive forglreness , or with tbe least shade of truth and seriousness , repeat the Lord ' s prayer .
You are now an old man , as the saying Is , with one foot in the grave and tbe other out of it . and it is really high time you were beginning to settle accounts lor the other world ;—that is to say , if you believe there is such . But to be plain , my humble opinion is , that you do not beiieve in a future state of rewards and punishments , else the preservation of your immortal soul would deter you from thus attempting to vilify the characters of men who are as much your superiors in point of political honesty as you are mine ia literary accomplishments .
Many well-meaning individuals may perhaps say I deal rather hardly with you in using this , style to convey my ecii ^ e of scar moral wcrib to society ; to such I
Untitled Article
will only observe—let them read the following choice sample of your oration , and tben condemn me if they Will : — In speaking of the Klbbonmen ( not one of whom , I am fully persuaded , know a single point of our Charter ) , yoa said— " One misoreant put a paper into a poor man ' s pocket , that he might be taken by the police with that paper on him ; the Chartists and Socialists are still more dexterous knaves than those men , and would , no doubt , sell the blood ef their dupes . " Now , Sir , as I have already told you , I am unacquainted with the English language ; but , althoagh I knew the proper application of its every word , I would feel lost for terms sufficiently strong to express the disgust 1 have felt , on perusing this sentence , or my utter detestation
of tke viciou 3 propensities of the demon in human shape that used it . How can we sell the blood of our dupes ? Our own Wood is being sold by the ruffian spies of a corrupt Government , and we hava no power to prevent it . Fifty-nine of our best friendB have been lately put on trial for advocatum the claims of suffering humanity , and no single individual In the community has done more to aecure their conviction than you have by your unhallowed denunciations . We Bell the blood of tho people ! We ar « their only friends ! And why ? Because we are ourselves the people . We defy you , Sir , with all your learned lore , to produce a single instance where we have either sold or shed the blood of any human being . We are banded together in legal , peaceful union , without oaths
or secrets , to secure that which neither you nor the class , to which you belong , and of which you are the hired hackneyed mouth-piece in Ireland , would never grant as a protection for our labour through the laws of our country . We defy you to produce a siDgle instance wherein yonr Dronic class have ever done any practical Rood to our Injured , insulted , and brutalised order . On the other hand , both you and they io everything in your power to prevent us ever doing anything for ourselves . You are like the dbg in the manger , that would neither eat the hay , ner allow the horse to do it . Your talent and influence , had you employed them in our cause , would long ere this have battered our social condition . Why do I nay so ? Simply because your popularity ia Great Britain and Ireland , at tbe time you assisted in framing our Charter , would
have carried it into law , witbwnt tbe aid of swords or guns . Had yoa been as disinterested as a Tell , a Washington , or an Emmet , England would be this day in reality what she is only ia name ; this is indeed paying you a high compliment , but I believe it is nevertheless quite true . It is not to tbe man I give it bat to the circumstances by which he was surrounded . Alas ! for the fallability of human nature , the general depravity and avariciousness of the hearts of men ; few , very few , can be trusted ; and you . Sir , cannot be ranked amongst those pure spirits who have withstood tbe stormy buffets of tyannical and despotic monarebs , with their myriads of sycophantic adulators , and who seeing every hope blasted , ultimately threw themselves into the breach between the oppressors and their victims , prefering death to the dishonour of surviving tlie subjugation of the country by tbe ruthless foreigner .
You have again seieed ou the term Universal Suffrage to cover your apostucy , by gulling your hearers into the belief that we , the Chartists , wish to give the Franchise to women and children . As I have already said you assisted in drawing up our Charter , and you well knowithe word universal is not to be found from the beginning to the end of that document . It is there laid down and defined that none but males of twenty-one yeara of age are recognised as voters . But why do I waste time ? Yoa were perfectly well aware you were stating falsehoods ; you knew you were addressing a body of men who have never yet read the Charter , and if you can prevent it , never will .
However , the lovers of equal rights and equal laws have one great eonsolation ef which it is not in your power to deprive them ; it is this , that the intelligent portion of my countagmen are inquiring what our Charter really means ^ Snd I have no fear whatever that when Irishmen come to know tbe principles of democracy , tboy will stand by those principles despite your silly twaddle in persuading them to ihe contrary ; it is characteristic of my countrymen to embrace the truth when they find it ; of this we have ample evidence in the rigmarole speech now before me , W / hen you cabed tbeir attention io the fact , and indeed it is the only solitary fact that I have been able to discover in it , "that on a brief period after St . Patrick entered Ireland there was not a heathen tD be found in the land , or a person who was not baptised ; there was no people so strongly attached to their religion , or who endured so niuoh persecution , or who went through so much grievous oppression , and yet remained true to their God . "
I can , Sir , cheerfully subscribe to all this ; and when Chartism , the Catboloity of politics , shall have been me properly understood , there will not be found a single individual from Donegal to Kerry that will not be both baptised and confirmed in its saving truths ; than shall tbe friends of unhappy Erin have the pleasing consolation of knowing that tbe reign of your humbugging is drawing to a close , and that the religion of their fathers will be consistently carried out by a happy and contented peop le , enjoying at the same time the full reward of their industry secure A on the firm foundation of the righto of man , based on the simple and unalterable laws of nature .
If Irishmen will only read the People's Charter , that is ail I ask of them . If they carefully con over its every line they will at once see there is nothing opposed to true religion ; but everythi ) g pleasing to a mind imbutxi with the principles of truth and justice . That there are bad men professing its doctrines , none will for a moment dispute- It is a pity there are such ; yet it is impossible to prevent it . There is not , nor has there ever been , a body of men , or a society in the world , which has not contained within it some bad or immoral characters ; even among the twelve Apostles chosen to promulgate the doctrines of Christianity there was a devil ; and surely common sense might suggest a charitable feeling to our long-faced denouncers to make allowance for at least three or four hundred devils among as many millions of Chartists .
But , Sir , It is only when we have ceas d to gulp all yonr confounded nonsense , that you and your myrmidons attack our private characters . As long as we continued to pay our ehllings to be elevated to the distinguished position of the twentieth part of an imbecile shopocrat in your royal , loyal , piebaM Repeal Association , you ntver for a moment questioned our morality . When canvassing for what you term associates , you ne ^ er ask the people when they have been diunk , if they have ever stole anything , or if they have attended to their religious duties . Not yourself , Dan ; you know a trick worth two of that : you just ask them for tbeir names and their shillings . If they can Bupply you with the browns , you care not a farthing for tbeir brains .
You say we have Socialists in connection with our societies . Indeed , and are you prepared to come out so very a despot as to deny these or any other body of men the free exercise of tbeir opinions ? If so , what did you mean by your expressions on the Calton Hill of Edinburgh , where you stood up for man's religion remaining between himself and bia God ? Then yrhy cut out the Socialist 1 Ia he not a man , and entitled to the same rights and privileges as another ? But more of this anon . I shall be at you a-ain , God willing , ou Saturday , the 22 d , when I expect to prove that you are
a practical Infidel , which will verify the saying , that a thief cries . " thief" first j and while I do so , 1 will take tbe opportunity of also proving to my countrymen that they should be the last in tho world to persecute joor working men on matters of opinion , having passed through tbe fiery ordeal of the bloody penal laws and the savage barbarity of the cruel Orange faction . I Yonr old friend , Con MURIUY , An Irishman , a Catholio , and a Democratic Repealer of the Legislative Union . Glasgow , April 1 st , 1843 .
Untitled Article
TO PEARGUS O'CONNOR , Eso ,. SlR—While our Established Scottish Clergy are at fisty cuffj with Sir R . Peel and Graham , about the nonintrusion question , and publicly tolling us that her Majesty's Government is actuated by a hostile spirit to tbe revealed will of God , does not this plainly tell us that the devil Has now taken tbe management Of the Got eminent helm ? Snch a hint is certainly enough to make our hair stand erect , and as it is a fact that Old Nick has got himself wormed within the walls of St . James ' s , we ought to look to the right about , and set onr Chartist bouse in order . Well , in order te do this , I would beg to refer to your letter of last week ; "To the Imperial Chartists , " wherein , you have a paragraph about tbe election of a New Executive for England .
Now , Sir , I have always been of © pinion that we should have no sectional Executive ; it ought to be national . Why leave out Ivulana and Scotland ? I can see no goad reason for doing this ; we Scotchmen are U 8 anxious far union as Englishmen , and I have no earthly doubt but Irishmen are equally so . Our opinions can never bu csntralizsd , nor our business transacted without riiseord and deception , unlet-a we have a National Executive , embracing England , Ireland , and Scotland . Meetings hava been ' held at fcrlasgow and Edinburgh , with a view to centralize Scotland ; delegates were sent , promises were made , and districts wereYOJed off to be organ ^ Zid , and all this at considerable expence . What then ? J > : st nothing at all ! With respect to that portion of tbe allotment given to Aberdeen , and which was called the " Northern District , " auy one might have at once discovered tbut the Chart is ta of this city were not able to perform the extraordinary task of agitating a space of country , containing about 2 , 600 square miles .
Attempts were made to agitate a portion of the North , and Messrs . Barney , Da vies , and M 'Donald , proceeded as far aa Inverness . These men , especially Messrs . Harney and Djvies , whose labours were executed during the winter , can disclose the difficulty , and calculate the expence Aberdeen would hare had to meet by such an undertaking . But there are a number of other places as lucklessly situated aa those north of Aberdeen ; and we may instance Ireland in general . Here then it is evident that tbe agitation must be made more universal , and supported by a national fund , under the guidance of men of ability and Bpirit . I Bhall not , in the meantime , venture to premise what number of men ibisht ba requisite for conducting the agitation on such a broad scaio ; but one thing is quite etrtain—we have plenty of meo in : our ranks with talent and well-tried experience , who have been sufficiently long before the public to warrant their appointment . Under the bygone eyst-em , tba elements of ChurtiBtn . hive sprung but slowly tip from diecci-dant roots , auS its advocacy by
Untitled Article
men Stultified with sectarian prejudices has greatly retarded its growth . Every man who could link together a half-hour ' s speech became an orator ; but . from the want cf education , * committed blunders which gave tho law a handle , und . jin consequence , many were subjected to penalties which' men of better understanding would easily have avoided . A national executive would remedy this evil by examining the capability of persons wishing to be appointed public lecturers . Thus , then , the spy agitators would be silencad , as also j the whole host of moneycatching idlers completely routed .
On the whole I erave your opinion on this matter , as I Brmly believe , without some suoa scheme to unite the masses in one bond of fellowship , by giving them something to look at and rely upon , we shall rtiH ba BOTambling , urging , and tugging ! blindly , and without that degree of strength which national unity ef purpose would give . ' S < r , believing , bb I do , that you have nothing more at heart than tbe good of the people , and that your labours ia their behalf will only terminate with your existence , or the accomplishment of even banded justice to all , I beg to remain , Yours , in the best of causes , John Smart . Aberdeen , March 27 , 1843 .
TO THK PEOPLE OF IRELAND . Raheny , ( near Dublin ) 31 st March , 1843 . Fellow Countrymen and Fellow slaves , — The newspaper press of England announces to us that an Emigration scheme is about to be got up , to which the sanction of Lord Stanley } is estpected . I hasten , my friends , to caution you against being entrapped by tbe plausible inducements with which this scheme will be Burrouuded . It is needless here to describe the suffer ing to which the people of Ireland are at present reduced ; it is enough that you feel them . From personal experience , I can assure you that in other British colonies , deprived of the blessings of self-government , neither life , liberty , or character are safe for one moment In Ireland we h » ve numbers and a devoted press to shelter , us in some measure ; but tba colonies , subjected to tbe controul of a governor totally irresponsible ( except
to those who select him to carry out their own views ) are mere despotisms . The knowledge I possess of these facts , compels me now to come forward and implore you not to be induced to emigrate to any conntry or colony unless the inhabitant ! enjoy self-government . Rather than lend your sanction to a principle which bas desolated your native land , take refuge in the workhouse . Continue to struggle against the mass of evil entailed on you by provincialism ; but trust not yourselves to a country where your destiny lies at the mercy of a clique . I will watch the progress of this man-trapping scheme , and will address you on the subject from time to time . : I remain , Wy follow countrymen and fellow slaves , Your brother ia bondage , William Bryam .
Untitled Article
TO THE CHARTISTS OF £ REAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND . Chartist Friends—1 rejoice to be able to iaform you that we stand a good chance of having a Monthly Magazine . 1 know that ever ; lover of the cause will like te bear this , and to me the news is particularly pleasing , because the ardent wishes breathed by me on this subject in the Northern Star recently and two years ago , are now likely to be realised . I make extract * from two letters received from goud friends to Chartism , one of whom is still alive and active ; but tbe other , alas , is since deceased . Leamington , March 20 , 1811 . On the subject of tbe proposed Chartist Magaz ' ne , in reference to which you ask the opinion of reading and thinking men , I take the liberty to congratulate you on having been the first to introduce to the attention of the Chartists a project of so much value and importance ; and I shall myself be most happy to become a subscriber to the Magaz ne . .
I would recommend that it [ should be handsomely got up , and that the price of each monthly number should not be less than one shilling . ; At present we have no very respectable Chartist publication ; at luast as regards asternal appearance . The reproach implied by this circumstance ous-hfe to be , obviated—A desideratum to be supplied , I think , very ! effectively by the publication of a first-rate monthly Chartist magazine . The number of accomplished Chartist' writers is greater than is generally perhaps imagined . With the letters , addresses , and extemporeous orations of our principal agitators , 1 have bean exceedingly pleased ; and the concentration of such talent in the vehicle referred to would , I am confident , effect results of a highly interesting and important character . * *
Hoping t © be gratified by ai speedy announcement of : the actual publication of the fi'St number of the , magazine . I am , sir , Yours respectfully , J . B . Smith , Mr . J . Watkins . Bradford , Ipth Apr !! , 1841 . My Dear Sir , — I feel ; confident that you will excuse me anticipating your friendship , and I have tbe vanity to reckon upon your pardon for presuming this ! familiarity , of which I venture to hazard your censure , !
after informing you that your sentiments , moral and political ( religious I bave nothing to do with , ) are ; already intimately known to me through the universal ' medium of that " winged courier '' the Northern Star , I which as you justly observe , has " b rightly shone , " ' ' and may it long continue to Vsilver o ' er the Chartist ' s' ' path . " But whilst it must be admitted that the ex-1 ; traordinary circulation of that valuable luminary is j calculated to do , and actually does accomplish immense j ' good , the establishment of a vehicle to take up , condense j ' and publish the really valuable mass of accumulated matter rejected from necessity and not fur absence of . ' merit iB essentially necessary ami desirable . j !
I have long wished for a greater diffusion ot sound ] political knowledge ; with this desire . I encouraged Dr . ! , M'D . iUall to commence bis labours , and there being yet j ' ample room and talent for further substantial addition ' and ornaments to tbe Chartist library , your sugges- I tion for a Monthly Magazine ] is truly gratifying , not only to myself , but is also appreciated by the public ; I : and I am very glad to say , ! meets with the entire ' approbation of Mr . O'Connor , cordially aud ucqua- ; lifiediy—so he expressed himself to me wheu I saw him < during last assizes . ' : !
I have neither time nor ability to contribute to tbe 1 ; pages ef your pn jacted work , but y « u may rely upon it ! j that I would not leave a stone unturned to assist yonr praiseworthy endeavours—and I could answer for Ibbetaon , out bookseller and news-agent here , pushing ] tbe circulation . I have beer ) over and over again ! . rt-quested to join in a contemplated Chartist newspaper | here , and tempted with the offir of professional business I connected therewith ; but have invariably rejected the j ' scheme , as nothing in my opinion is wanted in addition '
to the Star in the way of a newspaper save a " daily' * which the " atlas" ( as you denominate Mr . O'C . ) is fully determined to set up on } his liberation . Yet we ] do require a dissemination of sterling Chartist articles , a regular series , food for the mind , interspersed with pleasing facts , poetry , and miscellaneous matter . The : price of the Magacine should ; not exceed sixpence . I do hope and trust the project will succeed , and if it be not trespassing too much upon your kindness do favour me with a line at your convenience informing me how the undertaking is likely to progress . * *
Mr . O'Connor stated he would write you approving of your enquiry—be was sure you bad " said well . "' . With a Daily ! Weekly ! ! and Monthly ! ! ! what shall we not accomplish ? I remain , my dear Sir , Your ' s very respectfully , J . CLARKSO . f . J . Watkins , Esq . The last letter , written by Mr . Clarkson , of Bradford , who filled the ofilce oi Chartist solicitor , so ably sustained at present by Mr . Roberts , will be deemed particularly interesting as a voice from the dead . I remain , brother Chartists , Tour friemi ia ( be good cause . ; John Watkins . Battersea , April 3 d , 1843 .
Untitled Article
TO THE EDrTOR OF THE NORTHERN STAR . Mt dear HiLL , —Conversing with our beloved O'Coaner , during tbe recent election at Nottingham , on the subject of tbe projected New Grganizition , I was satisfied by learning that ha still clearly sees the primary importance of our having an Annual Convention . Since he assured mo that his conviction both of the necessity and practicablenesa of this annual representative assembly remained unchanged , I shall , at present , offer but o <> 6 observation on the subject . Permit roe , then , to say , that I really was surprised at an observation of your owu shortly after 1 published ( at too rtqueat of the Birmingham Delegate meeting )
my sketch of a new organisation . Yuu observed \ % o tho bfcst of my remembrance , fot I have not the Star at hand which contains your remarks ) that the proposed Annual Convention would bo illegal , because it would be elected by sections of tbe Chutist Association . Now , it reata Rither Btrongls in my | memory that When ( at Leeds ) I first opened to you my thoughts eu an improved organization , and when you then raised this same objection , you acknowledged , after a few momenta ' thought , that you were cemviuced of the legality of an Annual Convention , since I described it to yea aa an assembly elected not by any sections of a distinct association , but by ihe whole people . ;
Since this was tho vtry idea ! I depicted iu my published Plan [ Section 4 . " The delegates to be elected by the people iu public meeting assembled , ' ] I could not help wondering at the renewal of your objections . My memory may be , iu some measure , incorrect of the exact degr e of agreement yourself aud l had od this matter , at Leeds : j I have merely stated to you my impression . It is of no importance , however , whether I remember aright or not X thinfe , my dear Hill , when ; you think ovex this subject once again , you will see ! as clearly as O'Connor ,
Untitled Article
Ma ion 1 Waite , Harney , Bairstow , and others w ^ om I niigat mention as corresponding with me in their views on this point , —that the grand scheme of an annual representative assembly is really legally practicable . And if it be , it is , in my mind , almost impossible to overstate the benefits likely to arise to Chartism from such a periodical bringinsr-togetber of the most active spirits of tDe movement . What a smoothing down of aRperitiea from a true understanding of each other ; what a mutu il infusion and reciprocation of intelligence and energy ; what a solid growth and building-up of the stern fnbric of democracy must result from the
institution of that Annual Convention . I feel this to be so completely the heart and core ftf all real emenda , tion in our schemes , thas I will not take up your valuable space with adverting to any other topic . Suffice it to say , that O Connor assures me he projects or proposes a N « tional Delegate Meeting , to consider , gravely and . doliberatuly , all plans of orjrnnizition , with a viewto presenting an entire plan for the punple ' s acceptance : such meeting to be held as soon as convenient after the Queen'a Bench business is settled . I remain , dear Hiil , Yours very truly , Thomas Cooper . Leicester , April 11 , 1843 . . . . ^ ^ . ..... _ ^
Untitled Article
A Cibcotjstance occurred at Uppiogton last week which has created a gteat sensation . .. An assistant to Mr . Benson , surgeon to the union , hating the usual access to tho dead-room , at the poorhouse , toofe out tbe heart of a pauper lying there dead ( unperoeived by the master ) , concealed it in his pocktt , and afterward delivered a " lecture" upon it before the Odd- Fellows' lodge at a publio-houa » , -The occurrence made bo much noise in the town that the guardians , oa Thursday , the 30 th uit ., made'inquiry into the case , and sent the particulars to the Commissioners in London , requesting their adviefe thereupon . Tbe answer is that the Commissioners will taka time to consider it . Tad guardians , yesterday , passed a resolution forbidding the attendance of tho young man upon any pauper ofthe union , either in tho hous « or elaewhere .--Stamford Mercury ,
Untitled Article
STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA . We have received a copy of tke United Slates Almanack for 1843 , which contains some curious and much valuable information in regard to tbe population , products , trades , manufacture , commerce , debt , &o , of the republic . In the first part of the work there is a vary comprehensive calender , and a number of useful mathematical and astronimical tables ; while the second part which extends over 235 p . igea is devoted entirely to statistics . It ia to the laafc portion of ihe almanaek to which we shall d rect cur attention . According to ' the census of 1840 , the population of the Fritted States was , in that year , 17 068 666 . The number of "free white persons" amounted to 14 189 108 ,
of whom 7 . 249 266 were males , and 6 930 842 females . Thn number of "free coloured persons' amounted to 380 246 , of which 186 467 were males , and 192 778 females . The number of slaves amounted to 2 487 213 ; of whom 1 , 246 , 408 were males , and 1 240 805 females . 476 white males , and 315 white females ; 286 free coloured males and 316 free coloured females ; and 753 male slaves and 580 female slaves , were 100 years of age and upwards . There were , amongst the white population . 6 682 individual both deaf and dumb , and 977 amonest the slaves and coloured persona . 5 024 whites were blind , and 1 892 slaves and coloured persons . 4 329 -whites were insane or idiots at the jiubl'C charge , and 10 , 179 at the charge of private individuals . 833 Blaves and coloured persons were insane or idiots
at the public charge , and 2 . 193 at the charge of private individuals . Tliere were 173 universities or colleges , with 16 233 students ; 3 242 academies and grammar schools , with 164 , 150 students ; and 47 200 primary and common schools , with 1 845 , 244 scholars . 468 , 264 scholars were educated at the public charge ; and 549 , 693 white persons were found , mora than twenty years of age , who could neither read nor write . In the SAtne table with tbe deaf , dumb , blind , insane , and idiots , we find the following entry : — "Total number of pensioners for revolutionary or military sewices , 20 797 " From 1830 to 1840 the whites had increased 3 662 860 , or at che rate of 34 per cent . ; the coloured persona had increased 65 646 , or at the rato of 20 £ per cent .: and the slaves , within tbe earn *? period , had
increased 479 . 170 , or afc the rate of 2 S | percent The average rate of increase of the whole population , on each ten of the fifty years , has been 3416-lOOths per cent , and at the same rate our author , who likes to look ahead , calculates that the number of the inhabitants in the United States in the year 1870 will amount to 41 070 , 363 , to a unit . The number of persons employed in mining is stated at 15 , 203 ; in agriculture , 3 717 756 ; in commerce , 117 575 ; In manafactures and trade , 791 545 ; in the navigation of the ocean , 56 025 ; in the navigation of lakes , rivers , and canals , 33 067 ; and in the learned professions , 65 236 . But it is clear that this table must be very imperfect , for it leaves a vast mass of the population to whom it assigna no occupation of any kind .
We now turn from the population to the products of the Uuited States . The cajgital invested in iron mines amounted , when the returns were made up , to 20 , 431 131 dole . ; and the quantity of that metal r-roducea was 286 , 9 * 3 tons of cast , and 197 233 tons of bar iron durin ? the year . Tbe capital inveaced in lead mines was 1 346 756 dols ., and 31 , 239 453 ib . of lead w » re produced . Iu gold mines 234 325 dols . were invested , and gold to the value of 529 605 dole , was produced . Capital to the amount of 238 , 180 dols . was employed in mining for . other metals , and the value of the prsdnce was 370 614 dols The capital invested in the anthracito coal mines was 4 , 355 602 dols ., and in the bituminous coals mines 1 868 862 dols ; aud tbe preduce was 8 t 3 419 tons of the former , and 27 . G 03 191 bushels of
tbe latter . Tbe production of . domestic salt employed 6 998 , 045 dols ., and the number of bushels afthat artici * . manufactured was 6 179 174 . In granite , marble , and other atone , 2 , 543 159 dola . were invested , and the value of the quantity of those ru&t&riala produced amounted to 3 , 695 , 884 dols . annually . Tba number of horses and nmles throughout the union was 4 335 669 ; of neat catUe , 14 971 586 ; of sheep , 19 , 311 . 374 ; of swine , 26 , 301 . 293 ; while tbe value of all kinds of poultry was estimated at 9 , 343 , 410 dols . There were produced 84 823 272 bnahela of Wheat , 4 161 , 504 of barley , 123 , 071 341 of oata , 18 644 567 of rye , 7 291743 of buckwheat , 377 , 531875 of Indian corn , 108 , 298 , 060 of potatoes , and 10 248 , 108 tons of bay , and 95 , 251 tons of hemp and
| flix , 35 802 , 114 pounds of wool , were raised , 219 , 163 . 31 » ponDds of tobacco , 80 , 841 , 4221 b . of rioe , 790 479 , 275 'b . of cotton , 61 . 5521 b . of silk cocoons , and 155 100 , 8001 b . of sugar were made . The va ! ne of tbe produce of the dairy was 33 . 787 , 008 dols . ; of the orchards , 7 , 256 904 dols . ; of the market eardans , 2 , 001196 dola . ; and of the nurseries , 503 534 dols . The value of home-made or family goods was 29 , 023 370 duK The capital invested by commercial houses in foreign trade and in commission business was 119 205 367 dols . ; in the retail of dry goods , grocery , aDd other stores , 250 , 301 , 799 dols . ; ia lumber yards and trade , 9 , 848 , 367 dols . ; and in internal transportation , and by butchers , packers , < 5 tc , 11 526 950 dols .
The amount of capital invested in tho fisheries was 16 429 620 dols ., aDd the produce M-as 773 947 quintals Of dried fish , 472 , 359 barrels of pickled flah , 4 , 764 , 708 gallons * f spermaceti oil , and 7 . 537 , 778 gallons of whale and ether fish oils . The value of the whalebone and other productions of the fisheries was 1 153 . 234 dols . The value of lumber produced in the forests was 12 943 , 507 dols . ; of Bkins and furs , 1 , 065 869 dois . ; while 619 , 106 barrels of tar , pitch , turpentine , and resin , and 15 , 935 tons of pot and pearl ashes , wtre obtained from tbe same source . The amount of capital invested in manufactures exclusively is Btated to have been 267 . 726 579 dola- ; and the value of the manufactured goods produced was estimated at 370 , 451 , 754 dolff . for the year .
The i umber of vessels which entered ports of the United States during the year ending the 30 th September , 1841 . was 12 , 283 ( giving a tonnage of 2 37-0 , 353 ); and of tbat 7 . 736 were American , and 4 548 were foreign vessele . During the same year , 7 , 790 American vessels cleared frem the United States , and 4 5-54 foreign vessels . Tbe value of the merchmdise imported during this period was 127 . 946 , 227 dollars ; and of tbat exported 121 861 , 803 dols . The legal rates of interest vary in the different States from six to eight per cent ; and the punishments of nsury are very conflicting and uncertain . The debts of the several States amount to 207 564 , 915 do !? . ; and the yearly interest thereon to 10 . 716 , 780 dola . It ia asserted that tbe present market value of all these debts is only 105 184 . 505 dols ., thus showing a depreciation of 46 1-6 per cent on the par value , A fearful list of 161 " broken bwka" is given , with an aggregate capital of 132 360 , 389 dola .
The salary of tne President of the United States is 25 , 000 dola . per annum ; and of each of the members of his cabinet 6 , 000 dols ., with the exception of the Attorney General , who is allowed only 4 , 000 dols . Envoys ^ Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary are each allowed 9 000 dols . a-year , except the Minister at Constantinople , who has only 6 , 000 dols . A Charge " d'Affiirea is allowed 4 500 dols . ; but of one hundred and fifty-one consuls and commercial agents , only ten have any salary , the whole of tho others being paid by fees . The Chief Justice of the Supreme C'jurt is
alljwed ** compensation" to tha amount of-5 . 000 dols . a-y ^ ar ; and each of the inferior judges to the amount of 4 , 500 dols . The " compensation" of the j-ilges of the district courts is from 1 , 000 dols . to 3 , 500 dols . a-year . The " compensation" of the President of the Sanato , and of the Speaker of the House of Representatives , is sixteen dols . a-day ; and each of the members of those bodies is allowed eight dole , ptr diem . The pay of the members of the several siate legislatures amounts ta from one dol . fifty cents , to four dots , per diem .
There are no returns relating to tbe army ; but the navy ia suited to be composed of 12 shi p * of the line ; 1 razee ; 12 frigates of 44 guos eaca ; 2 frigates of 36 guns each ; 5 steamers ; 11 sloops of 20 guns each ; 1 sloop of 18 guns ; S of 16 guns ; 2 briga of 10 guna each , 12 schooneTB , and 7 BtoTe vessels . There aTe 68 captains in the navy , 27 commanders , 328 lieutenants , 7 ( f surgeons , 66 assistant-surgeans , 63 pursers , 24 chiplains , 473 midshipmen , and 30 masters . The number of post-offices in tbe United States is given at 13 . 468 , and the extent of post toads at 155 , 749 miles . The revenue of tbe Post-ofllee in 1840 waa 4 , 539 , 266 dola and the expenses 4 , 759 , 111 dols .
Untitled Article
TO THB EDITOK OP THE KORIHKBM STAB . Sib ., —Aa Henson and Co . " b steam machine , destined to traverse the atmosphere to India , in four ( toys , Etrifces tfeeworid dnmb with astonishment , I beg leave , through the columns of the Sl * r , to make a few observations on the practicabDity of such a project . founded upon what is called ihe Jmowtedge of astronomy' , and ihe real motions of ihe earth . As these observations are not addressed to mathematicians , 1 shall not enter into mere mathematical expressions , the public being , as yet , in the d » rk , about these metaphysical technicalities . London is said to be io 51 " 31 * north latituda ; and Calcutta , in India , in north latitude 2 <» 23 *; and S 4 < s 23 ' eastlengUnde .
Say tbat the corresponding curved line , in the atmosphere , between these two points , is 8 , 000 miles . The qnestion for solution is , at what rate must Henson ' s steam machine move , to pass through this distance , in four days . It might be presumed , at first , that it is only the division of S . 000 by four , which gives 2 , 000 miles a-day , or about eigh ' y miles an hour . This -wonld be practicable , there is DO doubt , between these points , ou the earth ; but it may not be so between the corresponding points in the atmosphere , if it is a fact that the earth revolves , on its axis , from west to east , once in twenty-feur hours .
In tbat case Henson ' s steam machine must move through the air , at the rate of about 1 , 100 an honr , between the corresponding points on tbe earth ' s surface , to accomplish the distance , in four dayB , for , it wonld be moving in the same direction as the surface of the earth is Baid t » move , from west to east , at the rate of more than a thousand miles an honr . , Hence any machine that is capable of ascending perpendicularly into ths atmosphere seme 2 , 010 yards , and maintain itself hi that position for twenty-four hours , may descend , in any given place , on the earth's surface , in the same parallel of latitude , within that time . Therefore , if Calcutta and London were In tbe same parallel , each a machine might ascend in London , and descend in Calcutta , in sixteen hours , without moving a hair'a-breadth throngh the corresponding space in the atmosphere .
Under these circumstances , let the pnblio saj whether it is easier for tbe said steam machine to traverse the atmosphere , sonth east , at the rate ef 1 , 100 an honr , making the distance to Calcutta , in four days ; or reverse its direction to the Bonth-west , at tbe rate of about eighty miles an hour , and oast anchor in Calcutta in about fourteen hours . BCCETTTRTHHriS .
Untitled Article
THE NORTHERN STAR . 7
-
-
Citation
-
Northern Star (1837-1852), April 15, 1843, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1208/page/7/
-