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OI/DHAM—On Sunday last a discussion took place in the Chartist Room, GreaveB-street, on the best plan
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BI. r PRODUCERS OF WEALTH, AND 10 HI tho ° £ £«° LIVE BY IJfDUSTRY r,N THE LiXV- . i
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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.. a . sttfTiM J *« P haTe ** more ^ ^ tf theory , speculation , and promise , their f ^^ JLds must henceforth be directed to matters j fc ^^ T ^ for this reason , and knowing that to j rf fwhole nation happy each man mast really ! & *** iiimseli" as &n essential part of society , I j e § ieelB { erred presenting my notions of happiness j **** ^ rr re ^* * ^ PW individuals , to the usual j i » * . *^ pi < saii £ at means for producing nation al , ? * eBee « ad inferring therefrom , that all must be 01
^ ifiCtfa '^ ; P * p' j Tuflsijonal greatness" means an excess of ; " ^ wita ^ cotemporaneous existence of poverty , ' ve i js truly " great . " My notion , however , is ** f . (^ tj brought on by willing idleness is the ; & ? * V yj whicb poverty becomes a crime ; and j f t ffeil know that every labouring man in England , I ** , _ ^ are willing to work for a decent sub- ] fj ^( j nld work hard if the produce of their j sSfi £ b 01 ir was secured to them , I look for such ' ^_ g xs will produce real national greatness , rTl iBd rridusl independence , j
ILJv ** . _ _ u »_ _ l-j i _ ii ** lv & change never can be effected by other ' ^ s ifcia fTi € kfour . When one man employs sJ . » ud makes profit of his labour , let others *^ - \ wbtt 'bey please , I call it slavery . That is , ^ nded the man employed is compelled to work *** ' other because he has not the means of workf fw iinself . The case is far different , when ? L doors * re open , and when the workman may % ^ r H-s r ' nica he pleases—the natural door , which Zs » Imd , or the artificial door , whieh is the teorj . In ' seen case , the standard of wages est » - uLj ' in the free labour , or natural , market ,
^~ B ihe man i ° works in the artificial market f * gjjojee , just as independent as has neighbour . Yon will observe that I am against any , the tjBitegt , compulsion ; and that my system merely ^ ts t » A . * nd B . there are two doors open to you ; Z ^ afcyiriiiefl yon may enter the free-l * bour market , , ^ e otbw by which you may enter the artificial -irfei . V A S " * * > * Dd B by the other ' i in die c » $ ural market establishes a price for his jrtoo mier which B sskd sot work in the artificia ) jBaiis-Sever Kiwi , if I am tedious and furfeit you with ' pompon repetition . I mean to repeat and Jxnx nun ! 1 m » ke you love freedom and hate siren . _ .. , . '
I » oir proceed to show how national greatness can be jCTdaeed by individu&l independence . Although I » B prepared with practice upon a mnch larger scsle jiB aas laid down in Mr . Linton ' s very admirable , fax , ud satisfactory account , yet I prefer , in the £ rsin 3 ttBce , arguiDg from that simple table ; and } gt will a *™ it iaserad for immediate reference : — -o ihi xnrroB or the soxtheks stab . Dii . 8 Si £ , —According to Mr . O'Connor * request , litre « t jon » correct statement of the aTerage pro-& « of my experiment on the land for the last four ' I hive 4 . 021 wjwe yards of land , divided into four psrt « , witi ere ?* a * loilowt . - — >' o . l—i 25 « qB »« y » Ki *» first crop potatoes , Becond pop Swedish turoips . No . 2— S 53 sqnareyirdi , Srst crop cabbages , second
asp -pornoes . jia . 3—913 tqrare yards , first crop cabbages , second gop Swedish turnips . 5 a . 4—1 . 350 square yards in grass . Taai , 4 , 021 square yards . ] g « tb » crops erery year from Jf umbers 1 , 2 , 3 , and Anther 4 slvsyi remains ( ward . The above is the ^ g ia d tot crops for this je * r . Next year the cropa a Xcmber 1 vill take the place of Number 2 , and Ssabc 2 viil taie tbe pl&ee of Nnmbet 3 , and Number 3 * E 1 ake ihe jA&es ofNnmfeei 1 , and so on every rear liscMi ^ ; so thai I have a regular rotation of crops , itap laving thzt portion of land laid up in ridges in ScTosbn tost I snail want for potatoes in tbe fol . oiroiijriB ? , &nd escb portion of land has in its turn what 3 an » witter fallow .
Tb « feaowifig are the puticnlars of each crop , and viaS I bsve found frcm practice to be the average proiK « f quntity and vaJue for ene year : — £ b d ! Huliti S eontaiss 1 , 748 square yards ; proisa HO bnsLfcls of potatoes , a . Is . ptr betri ... ... ... ... 700 >';» . 1 ud 3 contains 1 . 748 * quaxe yards pawed with Swedki turnips , at the as of six in the square yard , i nsuibg in weight 4 lbe . tkdh ; total VB | kt , IS tons , 15 ovt , at 15 s- per aa . _ H 1 3
y * I tBd 3 contains 1 , 846 square yards , fxaud -nth cabbages , at the rate of Let in ihe sqnare yard ; average wsiitt 41 b . each ; total weight , 13 ttsi l cw-w Bold at 2 S cabbages for Is . 13 3 9 £ 34 5 0 I en tils ststerseut as the selling price that it may r be tsojwto with the v&lue when the prodnce is con-Ksed t ; taltie . I have had two cows supplied with
| f » : la '¦!* iss" two years irom the prodnce of this land I Tii 6 e fioeption of a little oat straw . The total - wt ^ a of turnips and csbbages , the prodnce cf one ~ ya * , a 31 » at « 15 cwt-, or 15 cwt . per week for forty" two wtsfa . Tte o * iher ttn wttks they » re ftd on pm bj Biowing it as it becomes fit . I find tbe aver-» $ * qiMtity of mili prodnsed from the two cows is be twenty qn » rta per dsy for forty-six weeks , _ aiwini ach cow to remain dry for six weeks evsry Jt * .
£ a , d Iwffiiy qarta of milk pa- day for forty-six »* fci » M twopenee per quart ... 53 13 4 ?» d alvss , the prodnce of each cow , . ^ 2 0 0 1 « bvsbels of potatoes Is . per bushel ... 7 0 0 ? 3 iA of produce for one year ... ... 62 13 4 - . Cert d production for one year—£ s- d . i Hr . ; of laad ... ... . 0 0 * ?? , ~ 0 10 0 * - Qiyi h . bwa tX 3 s . per day 7 i 0
tT , '" — o 10 o ¦ Three tr ni rf ost straw , cr if deducted from ths selling price of nannre ... ... 5 0 0 wesriid tej of im plements 0 10 0 £ 17 11 0 ¦ v _ - — ^ " ¦ - — -
^« P » Ei ... _ £ i 5 2 4 r p -i 1 *^ s bo P * a breedinc sow , and several other ; ^ Te efcitfly from ihe refuse during tbe : i ^ 'Jf lto \ yer y glad to see from Mr . O'Con-1 d m- , fce is dfct € Tni'Jied to combine the plan ; --:. - . f&nn » withXitional Organisation . I am I- * ^?*^ Oat te Peopled " Cbirter will be I e £ ~ -. » raatoa ^ 7 ¦ uch a combination than by any fe Ur 4 > ! ^ ? acquainted with . 1 sball fe K * -- \ ¦ r - rfeEd 6 r eTfcl 7 assisunce that is in my V ^ - W 0 & : s a bo aairaWe an obj = C '_
i -v . tr * aere '^ I 6 ii iL ' ¦ mm ih&n lhe * ctn * 1 T&lae- ] make I akrt ^ fflere 3 y for tbe Purpose of strength-E »» riR ^ ° t * epeated « strtion , that with a retail fctrtfc ! - " ' JeEt ^ of r he most unim-Ilarj P ' - S > deatioas ' " wiliie » tae wholesale ¦ b ^ VvT ° ttei - ^ * mPo « acr , and for this S * Ut fo » ' ** * * Portion is a l ways in an unproductive P * li bo ^ ** * ' ° liiS a ? f > lica » on of a snfficieney W * 1110 * - ^ . of tila { ?^ nion caLD ° I bear an eqnal ¦^ "it ' eus ^ ^ " ^ ; ae - r > rodacfire portion . ^ forih f * rming labourer thus occupying ic-. _ ^ of aa acre , xhe account would stand
I « T ' " £ ? 5 s 8 ! l for tbe whole four # bein | 4 I am , dear Sir , | J Yonr's truly , I ^ T ' Apra 26 th , l ? 43 . I k " - ^ the aboTe y ° leam tbat Mr - Linton 1 la "" foanhs of a n acre of ground , for which 1 ^ ^ B J reii ; of £ i a year , or at the rate of I h 7 ' ^ ° " ^ - You &Q d that the produce ^^ - j £ 32 13 s 4 d * pfer anDam > at an iu ^ , ° « i' 13 d * - tne ^^ argument , I a j oir ^ ia'uude lor discussion , I wiU fima « £ f t 0 ^ PP ^ that a four acre 1 Vfs ™ - ^ ^' ^ :- ' ^ a rent cf £ 5 6 s . Si . an
Pro duce 4 > *• d ' p . * - 62 13 4 Jff ^ 'tn re and rent ... 4 0 0 £ ? "" - - oio o " e ^ ttid tear ofiniple . ^ *«»» « . .. o io o ^ EL * " ** - " 5 hT " o . ** ^ sbl froiDlotal produceleaves £ 57 3 s . 4 d .
" ^ *? , t Out the foKJ-seven days work , ^ r ., ^ . ° ^ k « labonr is worth . I enJy ^ - "L , i i ? , ! ^ Effi 0 BEt of » hree-fonrihB of an -quires s ; 5 worth of siraw fvi manure ,
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and which four acres would not require : therefore I leave that out . Then I have taken the rent at £ 5 6 s . 8 d . an acre , instead of £ \ ; and taxes of town land at 10 s ., instead of perhaps 2 s . for usual farming land , and we find with all these disadvantages , that a man by 47 days' work upon dear land can earn £ 57 3 s . 4 d . Now , we have only three-fourths of an acre in the above table ; but take a whole acre , as I wish to lead the young mind gradually on ; and you will find that if three-fourths of an acre produces £ 57 3 s . 4 d . with
forty-seven days' work , an acre will produce £ 76 03 . with sixty-three days' work . And if an acre prodnce £ 76 5 s . worth , with an expenditure of sixty-three days' work , four acres will produce £ 305 worth , with an expenditure of 252 day 3 work ; that is , £ 305 clear above rent , £ 5 6 s . 8 d . an acre , or £ 21 6 s . 8 d . for four acres ; £ 2 for taxes ; £ 2 for seed ; and £ 2 for wear and tear . Thus a man can , by moderate labour , earn in good solid stuff , better than silver or gold or notes , £ 305 worth .
On referring to Mr . Liaton ' s table you will find that more than one-third of the entire is under grass ; and may be therefore said to be useless You have also to bear in mind that a man has , say 302 working days in the year ; and that 252 days produce £ 305 , and thai the remaining 50 days work , would bring the whole four acres into spade cultivation , and obviate the necessity of an expenditure of £ o for straw .
Moreover , I do not allow anything for a moment ' s labour of any of the family of a four-acre f&rmer ^ save and except his share of the overplus after consumption produced by the 100 acres of common grounds Now I am ready to sink all that : 1 am ready to preserve the high rent of £ 5 6 s . 8 d . for land worth no more than £ 1 . I am ready to admit the taxes , & * if all was corporation land . I am ready to make 302 days' labour equivalent to 252 days '
labour . 1 am raady to deduce XI 05 , or more than the ont-third from £ 305 the net produce , and what do I find ? Why , that it leaves £ 200 per annum But I will take off one-half of that , and still continue all the responsibility , and what then do I find Why that after all , h leaves sound , good , wholesome prevision of all sorts , to the value of £ 100 per annum , for one man ' s moderate , wholesome labour . Now , who will deny this ? No man can ; no man dare .
Well , but , says an upholder of " national greatness , " What is to become of vur foreign trade ? My answer is , these ii a home market ., greater than the market all your foreign customers put togt-ther can furnish ; and as foreigners look to themselves , let Englishmen , Irishmen , and Scotchmen now look a little to themselves . " O , but" says a Malthusian , you would have too much b&ef , and pork , and mutton , and milk , and hides , and fruit , and poultry , and eg £ S , and butter , and cheese ; and the foreigners do not want those / ' My answer to that is , better have a surplus of food than a surplns of paupers . Better to bury the fat ox , as overplus , than to be compelled to DIG UP THE MURRAIKED COW FOR FOOD !!
Before I saw Mr . Linton s admirable table , you will bear in mi&d that I had roughly estimated the profit of a labourer at £ 300 per annum . You will also recollect that in my letters to the Irish Landlords , I only spoke of 280 days' labour in the year ; so that upon the whole you will find 1 have not been much mistaken . I now come to take another view , and for argument ' s fake , may admit that the present owners of the soil are entitled to a portion of any increased value that an extended application of labour would confer upon the land ; and what then do we discover ? Why j nst this , that land not worth £ 1 per
acre in tbe wholesale market , is worth £ 5 6 s . 8 d . in the retail labonr market . Now estimate 30 , 000 , 000 acres , as now closed against labouT , at £ 1 per arre rent , and you have a rental of £ 30 , 00 tt , 000 sterling a yar ; estimate it at £ 5 an acre in the free labour retail market , and you have ' £ 150 , f ; 0 d , 0 C' 0 sterling a year , or an annual overplus of £ 120 , 000 , 000 sterling , which , in le = 3 than seven years , would pay off the whole National Debt !! You will find , however , that , at preseiit , we have not population for more than about 4 , 0 ( 0 , 000 acres , which would occupy in every way more than 8 , 000 , 000 of the present popularon .
This overplus , created by an incrca ? ed application of labour to the land , in all law and fairness must be tbe property of the nation ; and may be made availably so , by a remission of the rent . I merely use the figure for the purpose of showing the trifling value of land , in its present Etate , as compared with that value which labour can confer upon it ; and also , and above all , to leave no argument unused , or unravelled , by which it can be proved that * labour is , in truth , the source of all wealth ; " and that furthermore , tbe most beneficial use of labour will be found in its application to the laad at home , when appropriated to his benefit who tills it .
Good God ! if the Repeal Rent , of above £ 600 aweek , and all ihe pence that have been wrung from my poor starving countrymen had been applied to such a purpose , what a paradise the now distracted Ireland would have b ; en ! If instead of endeavouring to transport the warm hearts and lusty sinews of the poor to savage ciimes , there to contend against every difficulty that the mind can imagine , these professing liberality and philanthropy were to look at home
and really do something for the poor , which their rulers dare r . ot propose , then , indeed , might we gay ; hat the dav of regeneration was at hand . A decayed nation caimat , however , be revived in a day . But thank .-, tT-rlasting thanks , to the ever glorious and immortal Fa ; her Mathtw , and to Mr . O'Connell ' s new exertions , through the opened eyes of Ireland I trust to seo the regeneration of my countrywbiie , as an Irishman , I Jabour on the British stage to make both nations what they ought to
be" Great , clnrious , and free , Gardens of tarth , and gems of the sea . " As I predicted , the growlers are beginning to nibble already . The Leeds Mercury , of last week , select a scrap from one of my letters , not for comment but for ridicule . Ridicule is perhaps the least effectual sabstitute for criticism , and is in general n ? ed as a substitute for argument . Will the Mercurv dare to contest the principle of my plan ,
and undertake to shake hope in its result ! No ! Every man knows thai our friend of the Mercury is tbe ** red-herring" drag of the capitalist , and that fce looks wi : h horror and disgust npon any project which has for its object the emancipation of those upon whose poYerty , destitution , and want of legal protection , the capitalist acd adventurer fatteas . A free labour market is , to our Mercurial friend , just what pure practical religion would be to the Bench of Bishops and ibeir spiritual Uaff .
The Mercury extracts my statement of Mr . Linton's doings with hi 3 little-more-than three roods of land , for tbe purpose of having a sneer at the whole Land question . Will he dare to contradict the statemeui given in last week ' s Star , and also in this , under Mr . Idnton ' s own hand , as to what those doings are ! Will he dare to shew the fallacy of the argument I have built upon the facts Mr . Linton has
furnished us with ! I should like to see him try He may be able to write or rather compile "Histories of the Cotton Trade f tr weave together the names and professions of a town into a street " Directory , " but I doubt very much his capability of producing either potatoes or cabbages from the land . And it is rather too much for him to infer , that because he lacks the knowledge how to do this , it is impossible to every one else . '
But let us see what it is that the Mercury really does ? ay . Let the readers of the Northern Star have the benefit of bit " profundity , " as well
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as the readers of the Mercury . This is but fair . He may call statements a " monstrous mass of absurdities . " Let us have those statements over again , and also the Mercury ' s bkfutation of them ; and then I will try to " blunder" upon something like an answer . Here then is the Mercury * * article , every word of it : — " Chaetjst Phospects . —That very profonnd poli tician and political economist , Mr . Feargus O'Connor , is at present engaged in developing a plan for the advancement of the wealth and happiness of his
followers , and for securing the success of tbe Charter . This scheme is beautifully simple , and is comprehended in the single sentence—** Get possession of the land . " Not all the land , that is unnecessary ; but each Chartist is to buy or rent four acres . Having accomplished thia object , he is to set about the cultivation of his farm , and the following he is assured will be the reward of his labours : a large ironfounder , of the name of Linion , at Selby , in Yorkshire , the Chartist * are told , cultivates three roods of land , near the town of Selby , with distinguished success .
And now , ' says Feargus , for the result of bis experiment ;'—( we quote Mr . O'Connor ' s own words ) —* upon this three-quarters of an acre he last year fed two cows and eight pigs , besides a quantity of poultry , and had vegeiables for his table . We will suppose tbe eight pigs to consume as much as two cows , in order that we come to something like a calculation of value . To do this he has not cultivated anything near the entire of the three-quarters of an acre , and he gives his labourer 3 $ . a-day for every day ' s work . Leaving out , then , everything but the fonr cows , see what the profit of nineteen days labour leaves , for that is , I understand , the number of days' work required for all Mr . Linton ' a operations up to tbe present time . If an operative can now sell his labour for fifteen shillings a-week , he
considers himself a happy man ; and let us see by this scale what it would be worth . We must not suppose that Mr . Linton's bad groand possesses any charm beyond that which labour can communicate , and the following is the result upon three quartersof an acre . He feeds , or could feed , four cowb . Suppose each cow to give six quarts of milk at a meal , for the sis summer months , at 2 d . per quart , each cow produces £ 18 4 s . worth of milk ; but to be under , take £ 3 43 . from the produce of each , it leaves profit upon the four cows £ C 0 for 30 days ' labour , and 15 s : rent , for this land is not worth moro than £ 1 the acre , or 15 s . for three quarters of an acre . Now four acres cultivated in the same way , would leave , after deducting the j £ 3 4 s . from the above moderate rate of production and price , tho sum of £ 300 per annum , out of which £ 4 rent should be paid !'
" Is it possible that any man in Europe can bo go ignorant as to be imposed upon by this monstrous mass of absurdities ? And is it further possible tbftt such a man should set himself up for the founder of a political sect ? which is in due time to swallow up all other political parties , and to become Lord of the Ascendant . "—Leeds Mercury ^ May 6 ch , 1843 . Now , it might , in all conscience , be considered a full answer to the above specimen of Mercurial u profundity" to adduce the statement of Mr . Linton , as to vrh&the hai actually ioneieith his little more than three roods of ground . It might be considered , and would be , a full crushing answer to this sneering " Political economist , " to show that when Mr-Linton ' s three roods , partly cultivated , leaves £ 57 , after paymentof a" BacK-rent , " and payment of taxes too , as well ai for Beed , and wear and tear of implements , —
> OCB acres cultivated in the same manner , and bearing ihe same rate of expetice , woild leave £ 305 !! as 1 have conclusively shewn in the foregoing part of this letter . This , I say , might be considered ^ and would be , a sufficient answer . But I will not leave it there . I will not content myself with that statement and that shewing . Mr . Linton is not the only one who has been trying experiments with small portions of land . Others have turned their attention to thiB matter , as well as Mr . Linton ; and I am nappy to be able to give the results of a series of " experiments , " which fully bear out Mr . Linton's statements , and are besides hard "facte" which will take all the " profundity" of THE "Political Economist" of the Mercury to overcome ! Here is the Btatemcct : —
"Growth of Potatoes , —A correspondent , who takes a good deal of interest in the production of potatoes , and who on a former occasion furnished us with a communication on this snVject , sends us the following a » the Tesult of his labours . The experiments may be found very useful to those parties who are jaat now engaged in cultivating small plot * of ground . The plan has been pursued fv-r two years ; the month of March in both yews being selected for planting . In oider to show which plau is the most productive , every row of potatoes is reckoned ten yards l * ng , and ihe first row to produce 40 pounds : — lbs . " 1 st Ashtop Potatoes , size of a hen egg , cut in two , but planted before they begin to spront ;
many small ones when ripe ... ... ... 40 " 2 nd . Ashtop potatoes , cut in two , but sprouted one inch before they were planted ; the tops were shorter and firmer than the above , and the potatoes ready for use fonrteen days sooner ; when ripe , few small . ... ... 30 " 3 rd . Ashtop potatoes , the size of a goose egg , planted whole , and sprouted ene inch ; when full grown very busby , and few small ... 40 " 4 > . h . Ashtop potatoes , cut in two , and sprouted one inch ; » hey were ready for use fourteen days sooner than tbe above 45 " 5 th . Ashtop potatoes , cut in two , and planted be / ore they begun to spront ; when ripe , p&rt email ... ' .. ! ... 40
" It appears from this statement , that one Asbtep potat o * , tbe s : zb of a hen egg , cut in two , produced the fc&Bie weight as the size of a goose egg set whole ; the only difference is that there were less small in the latter ; and it will be found that a potatoe cut in two will , after having made its appearance above ground , in the course ef ten or fourteen days , appear more premising than a whole potatoe ; in about a fortnight afterwards , however , the whole ones will t » ke the lead , but tae cut potatoes
will be ready for use nrst lbs . " 6 th . Prince Regent potatoes , the sire of a walnut , but planted whele , before they began to sprout ... ... ... 80 " 7 th . Prince Regent potatoes , cut in pieces , so as as to leave only one eye for a plant ; very weak 30 " 8 th . Prince Kegeat potatoes , the size of a cricket-ball , cut in two , but sprouted one inch . 160 " 9 lh . Prince Regent potatoes , sprouted one inch , and planted whole ... ... 120 " 10 th Prmce Regent potatoes , cut in pieces so as to leave only one t-ye for » plant ; strong tops . 60 ' 11 th Whole Prince Regents , the size of a cbiWs ball , planted with long stable litter ... 22 " All the potatoes ( excepting No . 11 ) were planted in manure composed of ashes , road-scrapiogs , lime , soot , liight soil , Ac , well mixed together .
" The land is rich black soil , clay , sand . andred earth -, and in order to ensure a fair trial , six rows of each sort of potatoes were planted in different parts of the field ; and potatoes have been grown on the same land for four years , and the last crop has been the best . "Our correspondent formerly sent us an account of 10 yards 10 inches producing 10 stones 5 lbs ., the tops weighing 7 stones 3 lbs . ; out cf 12 rowa , measuring 10 yards each , he obtained 70 stones 5 lbs ., or out of 120 yards 985 lbs . of potatoes : 24 of these potatoes weighed 28 lbs . " AsMop Potatoes— -The ridges were 20 inches asunder ; Prince Rtcenis , 30 inchts . "
Now , where does the reader imagine I have picked up this statement ? Where is it from ! Frem the Chartist , Mr . Linton ! or from a Chartist at all ? No ! It is from the Leeds Mercury itself ! I The " correspondent" is the Mercury ' s own ; and the truth of his monstrous mass of absurdities" is vouched for by the Mercury ' s " profound" self ! Let us examine this statement . Let us analyse it . Let us see if it does bear out both Mr . Linton and myself . One row , ten yards long , produced , of Prince Regent ' s potatoes ( No . 8 , in statement ) 160 lbs This sort was planted in rows thirty inches apart .
A Email plot of land , ten yards long , and ten yards broad , making 100 square yards in all , would have twelve rows , ten yards long , producing 1601 bs . each row ; or l , 9201 bs . in the whole . In an acre of land , there are 4 , 840 square yards . If 300 square yards pioduce l , 9201 bs , one acre cultivated in the same way will produce 92 1 926 lbs . ; and four acres will produce 371 , 702 ibs . A Bushel of potatoes ia accounted to weigh 72 ibs . When bQuglt by weight , 7 ' 21 bs , is given to the bushel .
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One hundred square yards will therefore produce 2 Si bushels ; an acre will produce 1 , 290 bushels ; and foub ackbs 5 , 160 bushels . Potatoes are now selling , from the Boats at Warehouse Hill , in Leeds , at 9 d . for 481 bs ; i . e . Is . l £ < i the bushel of 7 ' 21 bs . This price is extremely low ; lower than has been known for a considerable period , The average price is accounted Is . 6 d . per bushel . I will , however , take the present market price . If oue bushel of Potatoes sella for Is . l ^ d ., the produce of four ac * E 3 , 5 , 160 bushels , will sell for £ 290 2 s . 4 d . !!!
Bravo profundity" ! I estimated the yearly amount of produce of foub aches , when cultivated so as to give FIVE CROPS in tbree years at . £ 300 ; and THE •» Political Economist" of tbe Mercury exclaims "is it possible that any man in Europe can bo so ignorant as to be imposed upon by this monatroas mass of absurdities . " The Mercury himself shows from actual fact , from stern , stubborn " experiment , " thai foub acbes , with only ONE CROP per yedir , will produce £ 290 2 s . 4 d ' . !! Where now is th&sneer 1
The Mercwy ' s \ man has beaten Mr . Linton hollow ! His " monstrous mass of absurdities" are sober statement ^ , compared with the " monster monstrosities" of the Mercury . Let us examine each of them . Mr . Linton ' s statement is , that upon . 1 , 748 yards he produces 140 bushels of potatoes . The Mercury ' s Man produces upon 1 , 748 yards 466 bushels !! ! or MORE THAN THREE TIMES THE QUANTJTV ! Mr . LlQtOn . with his mode of cultivation , keeps , upon the pro duce of his little more than three roods , two cows and eight pigs . For the sake of simplicity , in that
letter from which the Mercury made his extract , I supposed the eight pigs to consume as much as two cows ; and assumed that the produce would maintain four cows . The Mercury's Man , if he could produce five crops in three years , with as great an increase upon Mr . Linton ' s produce as in the case of tbe potatoes , would be able to keep three times the quantity of cattle ! Should we Bay that Mr . Linton could keep our cows , the Mercury ' s Man could keep twelve ! Should we ' say , what is the actual fact , that Mr . Linton keeps two cows and eight pigs , the Mercury ' s Man could keep six cows and twenty-four pigs ! But should we sink the pigs altogether , as the Mercury seems to doubt the pig-keeping capability
of three roods of land , and say that Mr . Linton only produces food for two cows , the Mercury ' s Man would find food for six ! ! Mr . Linton with his two cows , and his 140 bushels of potatoes , calculated at I * , the bushel , shows a return for labour of £ 57 3 s . id after rent , taxes , seed , aud wear and tear of implements has been paid . The Mercury's Man would have a return for labour of £ 171 10 s . for the littlemore than three roods ! ! If he could do this with the amount of land Mr . Linton farms , he could produce from four acres the sum of £ 844 63 . 2 d . !!! And "THE Political Economist" of tho Mercury " profoun&y" sneers at me for saying that the produce of four acres might be made to amount to £ 300 . Let his " Profoundshir" try again .
There is one fact , however , which will confirm the ill-used labourers of this kingdom in their prepossession in favour of an agricultural life . It is the strong contrast which their altered position would present to their present state . I have shewed that the aggregate of national happiness must consist in individual prosperity . Will the Mercury deny that ! Is an overflowing bank ; the possession of the whole land by a few thousands : the commercial , mercantile , and
manufacturing operations , by a still less number ; the command of the labour market in the hands of a less number still , who are interested in its depression : does , I ask , national prosperity consist in such a state of things ? No , must be the answer . What then must be the feeling of any working man under the preseut system , and what would be the feeling under that which I propose as a substitute ! Let us test it by reasou , and not by Mercury chop logic .
Which , then , of the two persons whose condition I shall describe , would be most happy , most comfortable , most loyal , and most contented with his lot 1 " Tell me , " says a traveller to a walking ghost , whom he meets at grey morning or dusk of night , near Leeds ; " what are you and how do you live ! " " Why , " replies Bob Short , "lama hand-loom weaver , and live in a cellar at the Bank . " 11 Yea , but how do you live I" " Well , I ' m bless'd if I know , but as well as I can . " The same
traveller meets John Bull returning from market in the evening , and asks him , " What are you , and how do you live ! " "I am a husbandman ; I live in D , Electoral Department , aud at No . 4 , Paradise District . " " Yea , but hoi ? do you live I" " O how do I live ? why just as I please . " Now , whether would a community of Bob Short ' s or of John Bull's , present to the mind of the traveller the notion of " national greatnessV Let our pig-doubting friend answer that question !
It will be seen that Mr . Linton has something more than three-quarters of an acre , that is , about twelve perches over anil above threequarters of an acre , in part cultivation only ; and from that , he lays before ^ ou what is produced by forty-seven days wholesome labour , after payment of five times the amount of reut which should be charged .
Now take that to your homes , read it , and ask if the man who works for Linton is better than yourselves ? Is Selby nearer the sun , or paradise ? Are Liuton ' s cows peculiar 1 or his potatoes or cabbages better ! And , mind ! I allot more than five times as much land to eaoh individual . Pray mind these things ; and then let the poor Mercury rave away , and reconcile you to Red Herring Soup , if he can !
In my next , I will give an account of my own experiments upon s . larger scale thau those of my excellent friend , Mr . Linton , for whose promised cooperation I beg to return my beat thanks . There is not a post that does not bring many letters speaking in the highest terms of my plan , and beseeching that I may not abandon it . This I assuredly shall not . I am your faithful friend , Feargus O'Connor .
Oi/Dham—On Sunday Last A Discussion Took Place In The Chartist Room, Greaveb-Street, On The Best Plan
OI / DHAM—On Sunday last a discussion took place in the Chartist Room , GreaveB-street , on the best plan
for a practical experiment on the land . At the conclusion a number more enrolled their names , determined to carry out the object . The discussion was adjourned to Sunday next , at two o ' clock in the afternoon , when it is expected that there will be a good attendance . In the evening Mr , Win . Booth delivered a very spirited lecture , which gave general satisfaction . Aleo , on Monday evening , Mr . Win . Bell , of Heywoed , delivered his first ltcture on tbe evil effects of low wages , which he handled in a masterly stile , and gave great satisfaction . A vote of thanks was unanimously passed for the able manner in which he had argued the question .
PERTH . —Mr . Robert Peddie , of Edinburgh , delivered two lectures in this place , on the evenings of Wednesday and Thursday last . Tbe subjects of the lectures wore the exposure of tho Whig spysystem , in all its detestable reality , and the barbarities inflicted upon political prisoners in the dungeons of England . He also gove a narrative of his own commitment , trial , and treatment in the dungeons of Beverley . He also delivered two discourses , on Sunday last , to respectable and attentive audiences . The time for action has now arrived , and as a means to an end , a meeting of delegates from the principal towns of Scotland might be of great service in arranging some general plan for future proceedings . It is to be hoped that some Chartist district will take up the subject with spirit .
LEICESTER . —The Chartists of Leicester thave determined that the local tyrants of that neighbourhood shall not find the imprisonment of Cooper to be a triumph or any thing really gained . Their spirit rises with the occasion , and they muster as usual on Sundays , and , nowithstandiug"the generalV absence , take corns . ¦! with each others
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GREAT PUBLIC MEETING . MR . O'CONNOR'S VISIT TO MANCHESTER A public meeting was held in the Carpenter ' s Hall . Garret-road , Manchester . On Monday evening last T to hear a lecture from Feargus O'Connor , Esq . In consequence of an error in Mr . O'Connor's letter , in the Star of Saturday last a large meeting assembled on Saturday evening ; but Mr . O'Connor , after having seen the mistake , wrote immediately to rectify it . His friends therefore set about making Mr . O'Connor ' s correction as public as possible , by reading his letter in the Hall . Placards were got out early on Monday morning announcing the meeting tor eight o'clock in the evening . Admission to the body of tbe Hali , one penny , gallery twopence , and the platform threepence .
Notwithstanding the time appointed for the meeting was eight o ' clock , long before seven hundreds had surrounded tiie Hal ) , anxiously waiting for the doors to be opened . Tae committee in order to provide accommodation for as many a » possible , removed the whole of the seats out of the Ha > U . Long before the time for business to commence , the spacious building , which is capable of holding apwards of 3 , 000 comfortably seated , was crowded in every part , aiid many had to go away that could aot gain admittance . Shortly after eight o ' clocfc , Mr . O'Connor ,
accompanied by Messrs . Leach and Hargreaves entered the hall , when a scene ensued that baffles descrip tion . The whole living mass burst forth in one simultaneous shout of welcome , which was followed by the most rapturous cheers , clapping of hands , and waving of hats and handkerchiefs . It was a task of much labour and difficulty for Mr . O'Connor and his friends to make their way through the living mass to the platform , the baud playing " Se « the Conquering Hero Comes . " On the motion of Mr . Dixon Mr . Leach w * a unanimously called upon to- preside .
Mr . Leach upon coming forward was greeted with rounds of applause . He said he was proud to see that meeting , and more particularly so when he considered the disappointment they experienced on Saturday eveuing—( several voices , " Oh , never mind that ") Well , said Mr . Leach , it appears that you dont mind it . For his part he felt thankful that they escaped as well as they did on Saturday night . He would not take up any more of their time but introduce to their notice a man whose unwearied exertions in the cause of human liberty had secured for himself that esteem amongst the working classes of this country that his name or face was sufficient to call together ths people in such numbers that no room could be got large enough to hold them . That man was Feargus O'Connor , Esq .
Mr . O'CoNRoa on rising was received by deafening cheers . He said he had not had an opportunity of meeting with them since he went down to Lancaster to try the Government Tor conspiracy —( loud cheers ) . Before that trial , the press of the country was teeming with vituperations , and heaping upon him and his brother " conspirators , " every epithet of which their foul vocabulary was capable ; and to judge by the stir that the " strong government" made , no doubt but the people were led to think that on the 17 th of August they had " conspired" to blow up the whole of Manchester . With all the crimes of the League on their backs , no doubt but the people thought themjin guilty of nothing less than high treaaoa . BnJ , however , every action of tbe 17 th , was laid before them
the Northern Star of the 20 th , and this was fully proved upon the trial . Public opinion would however be too strong for even the '" strong Government . " The very fact of there being a " strong Government " in existence , ought to arouse all good men to oppose them , a Government which night after night sp > -nt their time with gambling with taxes taken from the nation , to support a soldiery aud a navy . These things will bring the middle classes to thoir senses ; you have been brought to yours long sines—( cheers ) . They were beginning to ask how it was , that notwithstanding there was plenty of everything in the market and all very cheap , yet all was a drug . They were beginning to find it out that whilst the Cob dens , the Gregs , the Phillipses , and the
Holdsworths were accumulating , that they were becoming worse and worse , and that these were accumulating at their expence . Mr . O'Connor then stated that on Thursday last , they appeared in the Court of Queen ' s Bench to receive judgment . They had , however , succeeded in getting an arrest of judgment , and had compelled the Lord Chief Justice of England to say that there was something in these mens case that must be examined before judgment is passed upon them . The League have said that there was an understanding betwixt us and the Government . He ( Mr . O'Connor ) would tell them the understanding that there was betwixt them and the Government : it was thia—that if we don ' t beat them , they will beat us—( tremendous cheers . ) He thanked
God that there was such a thing as law in the country , for , by taking advantage of the law and their assistance , he had been enabled to obtain an arrest of judgment . " But oh , " said tho League , "this fellow , O'Connor , and hia companions , the tagrag and bob-tail , —what can they know about tho law ? It is too bad to allow them to take advantage of any leaal &&w ia the indictment against them . " He ( Mr . O'Connor ) had often told them that there was one law for the rich and another for the poor , but by thoir pence , they , although they were poer ; could make oue rich man ; and , thanks to public opinion and their exertions , when they appeared in the Queen ' s Bench , the whole of their business was transacted iu about twenty minutes . He ( Mr .
O'Connor ) however , was determined not to leave the Court whilst there was a Chartist that might stand in need of his assistance . He remained and heard the whole of the evidence against Cooper read , and the next day he sat along side of him for ten hours . Cooper spoke for eight hours and would have given them eight more , ii' the Judge would have allowed him to breathe until next morning . But this the Judge refused to do . He waa then sentenced . But he ( Mr . O'C . ) pledged himself to use every mean in hia power to have the sentence reversed . And poor old Richards too received sentence , after one of the very best speeches that he ( Mr . O'Connor ) had ever heard in his life . Richards > 9 turned seventy years old , but his speech was that of a
Chartist of two and twenty . Cooper bad got two years aud poor old Richards twelve months . ( This announcement was received by loud cries of shame , from all parts of the room ) . Mr . O'Connor said ' you cry shame—he would tell them a fact . The laws were always administered in accordance with public opinion . If it was true that Cooper was guilty of the crime laid to his charge , twenty years ago they would have transported him for it ; and four years ago they would have transported him for it . But he would much rather have seen him go homo to his Shaksperians than getting two years . And Cooper told the Judge that he must give him such a sentence as would be in accordance with the opinions of the people . Mr . O'Connor then said that it had cost the Government for the late Special
Commissions and the trials in March the sum of £ 17 , 000 , —and what had we laid out in the contest with them ? He thought that £ 550 would be the outside of the money expended . And he asked them if tnat was not laying out the people ' s pence to the best advantage * ( Loud cries of "It is . ") Well , said Mr . O'Connor , on the 25 th , we must march up again ; and , on the 26 th , like the King of France ' s men , we will march down again . ( Cheers . ) Mr . O'Connor then referred to the present movements of the Government to put down the agitation for the repeal of the Legislative Union ; and urged upon the people of England the necessity of their uniting with the people of his unfortunate country in their struggle for liberty . The Government Riflemen to Ireland
had sent one Brigade of the yesterday , and another brigado this moraing . Notwithstanding the proffered aid of 500 , 000 fighting men to suppress Chartism , and the blow that he received on the side of his head , and tbe barbarous deeds of Stevenson ' s Square , they were willing to forget and forgive all , and return good for evil . ( Cheore . ) We will 6 how them that amongst democrats , when we ? ce them use the means to obtain the end in view , we will not be backward in rendering them our assistance . The Irish members were now following the advice that he had given them when he was in York Castle ; namely , stopping away from the Imperial Parliament . And he Mr . O'Connor , would bo a bad man if he saw them deserted in their endeavouring to obtain liberty for tbe land of his birth . H » considered it to be his duty to
do all in his power to destroy oppression in that country , and to amend the condition of its peasantry . They know that without our assistance they cannot carry the Repeal ; nor oan we without their assistance carry the Charter ; but united we would be allpowerful . He knew from his experience of the working classes of England , that they would render to his countrymen not only their sympathy , but their assistance to Becure their liberties . The Whigs knew full well that if they could only keep the people of the two countries divided , that separately they could not succeed in forcing them to grant to either any measure that would benefit them as a whole , and in this they had unfortunately succeeded . But the time had come when they must uuite to destroy that despotism which was preparing to put down the agitation iu Ireland . He had always found that the working classes of England were as desirous for
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the freedom of Irishmen as for themselves ; and he had often told them that if he could help it England 6 hou ! d not have her rights one moment before Ireland , and this sentiment had always been received by them with a hearty response . If the Government had sent the riflemen to shoot his countrymen , the very first man that was shot , he ( Mr . O'Connor ) would travel night and day to arouse the people of this country to put a stop to the blood-stained career of despotism . The League are continually bawling about the repeal of corn Jaws . Why they might as well tell us they would eat our corns . We have got too far for the repeal of the corn laws to benefit us . He had got a remedy , but they did not like him or his remedy . Why < Jid they not like it ? Because
it would not only repeal the corn laws , but make the working man independent of them , and thai was why they did not like . His remedy would { make the labourer happy , and at the same time it would pay off the National Debt in seven years . Hid remedy was The Land ; and if labour was the foandatiou of wealth , by the land and labour he could make all happy . But they said that his ' measure was Utopian . Utopian as it waa , the land would produce beef , mutton , honey , bread , butter , milk , bacon , wool , Sax , vegetables , and fruit . It was not possible to extract honey froma . machine . He nevcrknew a " mule" layan egg . He would rather have the black hen that laid * white ege for his own benefit , than the black
machrne which laid hrs 6 weat and toil in the shape of gold at another man ' s door . Suppose , said Mr . O'Connor , I meet a poor factory slave that works for a Cobden , a Greg , or a Holdsworth , and I ask him his name . "Tom Snooks . " " Where do you live ?" ** In a small cellar in Great Ancoats-street . " And I meet one of those free labourers from one of those happy home colonies-, and I ask him hia same . " John Bull . " " Where do you live ? " " In section B , No . 11 , Electoral District , in Lancashire . " " Who is your master ? " " . God and good laws . " This ia the difference of the two , —the one lives in a little eellar under graund in Great Ancoats , and the other in » house ab » ve ground breathing the pure air of heaven , having no- master but his God and good laws . The
professed humanity mongers , in the shape of parsons , are making noise just now for fear that your minds should be injured ; but where is their sympathy for your empty bellies 1 They never came to tho help of tbe people agaisst the oppressor : but no > sooner are they touched than they cry out to the people for them to come and help them . For bis part , when he found them preaching the gospel and advocating the rights of the labouring poor , he would believe that they had begun to read the Scriptures aright , and to draw proper conclusions therefrom : but so long as he found them leagued with the oppressors , and going hand in hand with those that rob the industrious poor of the rights of their labour , he could not Jook upon them with any thine like
complacency . Why did he iMr . O'C . ) stand by them now ? because he found them sble to beat any faction out of the field themselves . The League had called a meeting to denounce Tom Duncombe , because he would not go and tumble for them at Sadler ' s Wells , to- a ticket meeting . No , said Duncombe , call a public meeting aud I will tumble with the best of you , but I will not tumble to a ticketed meeting . They therefore called a public meeting and brought forward a long , slank fellow from Manchester ; and James Leach—aye , modest James Leach—gave him three hours of a gentle rubbing
down , which made him smaller t&an he was when he began . They will have no more public meetings in London for fear of Leach , the terror of tbe tyrants in this part of the country . Mr . O'Connor said that he would gi ve them an analysis of the trial at Lancaster , before my Lord Leach—( great laughter ) . He then went through the principal features of the trial . He said that several persons had asked him since he published his letters on the Land , if he intended giving up the agitation for the Charter ? And he thought that he was in duty bound to make the men of Manchester acquainted with his views . It vraa to the men of Manchester that the Chartist cause
owed much . Manchester was the strong hold of Democracy . He would not give a straw for four million acres of land to-morrow without the Charter , to enable them to keep it when they got it ; for within the last fifty years class power had robbed them of seven million acres , and if class power was allowed to exist , it would rob them of it again ; the / efore he would never rest short of the Charter . He had now been with them for ten years , and he had either proved himself a good Chartist or they were d—d fools : they might choose out of the two which they liked—( loHd and long continued cheers . ) Mr . O Connor then in a humourous manner referred to the Emigration Plot and the Duke of Argyle . and
gave the following anecdote with good effect : — " A former Duke of Argyle provided for the convenience of his countrymen ; and when they were enjoying the benefit of his generosity , they exclaimed , God bless the Duke of Argyle ! " But if he was sent to Prince Edwaid ' s Island , and there left without house or home , being an Irishman , he would say , "D—n the Duke of Argyle . " Mr . O'Connor then said that the late trial had made a wonderful impression on the publio mind ; and he would appeal to Leach , if , wheu they weut down to Lancaster , they were not looked upon as monsters and not men . The high sheriff and tho ladies seemed to be looking * for their horns and tails . Indeed when he took off his gloves they looked to see whether he had scales upon his fingers or not . But at the end of eight days their tune was changed . They all wished the poor Chartists might get off . He ( Mr . O'Connor ) had come to renew his covenant with the good and
honest working men . His friends had said to him , — " Now FeargH 3 , as you have escaped thia time , do give up your mad political career , and return to the bosom of your family and live in peace . " He had returned to the bosom of his family ; and that was to the suffering bous of toil , and that night he would renew the covenant : " that he would never leave nor forsake them until he had broken oppression ' s head or oppression had broken his heart" —( loud cheers . ) He then made an earnest appeal to the people to uaite in the holy cause of a nation's liberty ; and in the most feeling manner endeavoured to impress upon them the duty of every lover of liberty , at the present crisis , doing all in his power to strengthen the hands of their Irish brethren , as all who knew anything about democracy knew that the liberty of Ireland was the liberty of England , and tbe liberty of England was the liberty of the world . Mr . O'Connor sat down amid the most rapturous applause which lasted * for a considerable time .
Mr . David Ross was then loudly called for by the audience , and , upon coming forward , was received with every demonstration of respect and esteem . He delivered a speech which , has seldom been equalled . Mr . O'Connor then pledged himself to deliver three lectures upon the land in about three weeks from that time , either in the Carpenters' Hall , or the Hall of Science ; and thus ended one of the most glorious-days ever witnessed by the Chartists of Manchester .
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DALEEXTH . —Mr . Dickinson lectured here on Tuesday evening last , in the Market-placo , to a good meeting . GLASGOW . —The Extension men findirjg they have hitherto failed to obtain a footing here , have resorted to what , no doubt , they in their wisdom consider generalship . It is a regular Fox and Goose Club ; but the dodge will not do . We announced a few weeks ago that an attempt waa being made to get np an operative Anti-Corn Law Association , this miserable junta have at last presumed to issue an addreaa to the operatives . /)! Scotland , purporting to be from a body of men who had for a considerable time past exerted all their ir . iuence , and expended their money to procure the
universal enfranchisement of their countrymen , and assigning as tbe reason why they bad abandoned that object , that it is no go , and that it was completely overborne by the agitation for the repeal of the Corn Law ; that they are deeply convinced that no other qnesti-n can obtain a patient bearing till that allabsorbing one be fairly settled ; and that they are eatUUKd that when the Corn and Provision Laws are reptiiletl they shall be in a better condition than at present to agitate for universal rights . But foi the above attempt to palm themselves upon the public as a body of men who bad abandoned tbe agitation tot the Charter , I should not have expended one penful of ink upon them . 1 know all tbe renegades amengst them . The cause of Chartism is well quit of them . One of
them , with a mahogany handle to his name , had better come and settle scores with the O'Connor Demonstration Committee before fee speaks any more about sacrifices in the cause of Chartism . Those who know the fellows , know that neither thfAs numbers nor their influence ia worth a plack to any cause . They are mere drum boys in the interest of the League , beating up for a few crumbs of tfee £ 50 , 00 ' 8 . The men of Glasgow laugh at them ; they intend to get up lectures , circulate tracts , &o . Who pays tha expenses of all these undertakings ? The League . Oo Wednesday week , the Ref . Alexander Harvey , of Calton , delivered a lecture to this august body , in ? 7 elson Street chapel , a plaee capable of holding about-, 300 , subject , the and Provision
Corn Laws , and not machinery , the cause ef the present distress . At the dose of the proceedings , Mr J . ColquhouB iom and u ked the chairman whether he would be allowed to put , question to Mr . Harvey . The chairman consented on Mr . C . assuring him be did not mean to entet upon any discussion , as he knew in the tenaa of the bill calling the meeting he was not entitled ; bat he * , isbed to ask the lectures whether be was prepared to discuss in public his * iew » regarding machinery and free trade . Mr . Harvey declined public discussion , but if Mr . Colquhoun was willing , he Mr . H . woul <\ discuss it through the press Mr . ColquhouB showec 1 . the impossibility of such a step , and Mr . Harvey decU ' aed on any other terms . —Correspondent .
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Carpsnteks' Hall . —On Sunday last , two lectures were delivered in the above Hall by Mr . Wm . Dixon . The . audiences were numerous and attentive , and the lectures gave great satisfaction . In the evening , Mr . O'Connor's letter to the " Imperial Chartists" was read from the Star .
Bi. R Producers Of Wealth, And 10 Hi Tho ° £ £«° Live By Ijfdustry R,N The Lixv- . I
BI PRODUCERS OF WEALTH , AND 10 tho ° £ £ « ° LIVE BY IJfDUSTRY r , N THE LiXV- . i
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YOL- YL yp . 387 . SATURDAY , MAY 13 , 1843 . " ^ iJf ^ SS , ^™ '
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(^ m *¦ i ^ m a ^ A . mm k ! H ^ ? , a * 4 f ? M % * . ^ ? . ^ ^ a fiS ^ s ^^ s ^ T ^ r !^ ^ ^ » % p \ L I j ii k ol / xjfiftHI JMI ^ Mf- ^ vi % 1 AND LEEDS GENERAL ADVERTISER .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), May 13, 1843, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1212/page/1/
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