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THE NORTHERN STAR SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 2, 1843.
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PORTRAIT OF W. P. ROBERTS, ESQ.
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Mr . O'Coskor has received communications from many districts in all of which a Tery great desire is expressed to hare a portrait of Mr . Roberts , the people ' s AttovaeyjGeneral We cannot wonder that a strong wish should be entertained to possess a Likeness < A so truly amiable , talented , and true a man ; and although we know that Mr . O'Connor had determined to give no more Portraits , yet we have the pleasure to announce that all Subscribers for Three Months , from Saturday , tbe 16 th of Sept , will receive A PORTRAIT OP W . P . ROBERTS , THE PEOPLES ATTORNETGENERAL . We request the several Agents to open lists for the enrolling of names , ct none but Subscribers from the above dates will receive a plate . The price of Paper and Plate when presented will be Sixpence ; and none win be sold without the papsr .
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- ™ - , I ORGANIZATION . TO THB EDITOR 01 THE "KOBTHEBS STAB . SiR ,-Ihave read your » Plancf GrganfciUon" care-Ml ? Ihroush , and m a member of the Chartist bedy , I jetanyoumy thanks for the grcrt labour asd P ™» \ rhica you must necessarily have bestowed upon it ; ana although I have been opposed to the incorporation of the land scheme "with our movement , yet , upon due consideration of the arguments , yn . and «« -, I am perftatly reconciled to it , psxtJculMiy hi th « » "" J ™ *« hairsplitting . My only fears were , that it might lead to the fc £ tfcblishm&Bt « f * *<** of aristocracy in ow - » aks , or take the * ttenticni of out irost active aea from tHe great question of fee Charter -
Itemember weH , that wfeen Sociafesi societies wre fa tteor infancy , the poorest worklcs-men , and the fc-fcier paid ones . xheerfnlrj' fraterniraS with each ottier ^ Imt , in process-Oftime , ss they gain * d greaterTstrength « ndstabflity , « 3 d had erected HsUs of Science : " the -well-paid meKfeerB badfaefr Hallsrtastefully decorated ; formed dandeg and ^ areuBement dcsses , andJbeeame-BO -exclude in their manners and notioBB , that the poorer members , i&o thought ; more abeet dinners thandanees ,-graduallyTrithdrew-. ; and the -sedeties ttra » test their -original eBsrgy . In-Eke manner the Chartiats-commen--c ^ estabSahing-co-cperatiTe-storeS j in 1 S 39 . That at IfewcastJe-apon-Tjxe was established on a very eztes-^ ts seals , and -was Tery prospccras for a time- ; botttie attention of Vteii most actiro members "being almost
solely 'engrossed in weigbiBg tea and sugar , -aid measoring potatoes , they neglected the public meetings . ¦? Bsb ^ len < Sd -s pirit of Cbaitism , which previously existed , wasallowed to die away ; and ibrongh this xtegleet , boJii the atore and Association came to'nothing . For these reasons , and with such facto before oor eyes , Ishould therefore wishthatthe benefits to be -derived from th 8 land -Fund , might be placed surfer anch Testricfiona as to make it imperative on all connected wife it , to be good and efficient members of the 2 ? a £ onal-Charter Association , properly discharging the -rjTTtjya of any office assigned thnm ; and that Bome connecting link should bind them to their Buffering brethren , even v&in Itcaltdon theland . It is * quite clear that something practicable onght to be to
^ - « Kamenced . Teople will not content waste fbeir lives listening to speeches , although they are absolutely necessary in the first instance , Xsl ns there--fors-Bet t » work in good earnest , and exert ourselves ¦ with increased energy , to make np for the time which is * been lost In foolish and unmeaning bickerings , which , I hope , are now completely done -away with , to give place tea more brotherly and friendly-feeling ; ^ and I tmat the Conference will adopt some plan to remoTe any Tain or splenetic booby from amongst us , who w&hrfi to create division for his own-gratification , to the injury of ^ the cause . 3 ] ook forward with hope 2 ad confidence to ~ the forthcoming Conference . It will comprise onr eest ^ nd well-tried friends , tfree from
- " pedlars" and trssfficers ) who , with their « wn knowledge and experience , will hare the benefit of all that has teen written on the sabject , and yonr ' copkms and wellarranged plan for their guide . I trust that they will snake the performance of political duty & qualification for the eDJoyment of the benefits lol » derived from the larrf yvad-i and adept such measures as will hinder 4 h # members of that -Fund from giTing cause of complaint to such of onr poor fellows as can scarcely pre-¦ enre a penny loaf . I think it would ta a good plan to -introduce a clause-enabling thB members of a branch to elect a person who had proyed himself a good and useful Chartist , hnt- * ould not aff jrd to pay to the Fund . This would induce all the members to take an interest
in it , and hold out hopes and encouragement to all , fcraidea letting the world see what Chartism really is . It would create a irotherly feeling throughout the whole society , 2 nd enable those whose trades Are not jet crushed by the abasa of capital and machinery , to hold out a helping -hand to their more unfortunate brethren ; besides enabling them to protect those who Were persecuted , or driven irom their employment , through the adTocaey of Chartism . This , in itself , Trould be an inducement for men to be good members of tie Jfational Charter Association ; bjb , in my opinion , the Charter should be kept in Tiew , aboTe , aid before , all other things .
I should not trouble you , Mr . Ediior , with , these ransris , had I "been at liberty . I should then probably hare had my say amongst our other friends . But as I am in a prison where I -can irrite , 1 have taken the liberty of claiming a comer in your forthcoming Slar . lintsrd to forward my thoughts , on thepofrfloofpor- ; tion of the Organization , to the chairman of the Confer- , encej and fciucerely hoping that the deliberations of the delegates may tend to the benefit of the millions , I am , yours truly , i Geobge "Wbite . -i Queens Prison , Angmt 59 th , 1 843 . j
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PJLBABISE WITHIN TTTB REACH OF £ l& MEN ^ i WITHOUT 1 AB 0 UB , BY-POWEBS OF ' j NATURE AND MACHINERY . IZTTES IT- 1 TO TffE XDITOS 0 ? THE SOETHEiJi STAE . i I 7 EX& SIB—There are many prejudices in the minds ; of men , in reiard to the benefits conferred on seciety by the progress of science and the introdujtaon ol ma- ' fhTpery ; I thinlc it therefore ncc ^ sary to say a few Voids 00 this subject before 7 proceed to a more special ; derelopemeiit of the means and ways to realise the pro- j miaes held oat in my former letters . The lowest , most simple , although most important ; 3-ibou : j , the cnltavatioQ of thfi land and production o ! j food , r-Tve l ^ en performed , and is a great measure are I BOW performed by slxTes , serfs , and agricultural j labourers , who hsTe always been regarded and . treated ' nmachinas . It ia therefore not te be wondered that macbineiy has not been employed in this branch of human
affairs , aa it wonld only hare been like substituting one set of machines for another , in the minds of our sapient poli-, tidaca and economists . It is vastly differest with the ' trades in generaljWhieh hare been iuTented arid practised , ' Z 2 caidv ? s to ^ MySiology , by the gods themselves , and - who necssaanly developed the minds of the artizuis . j ejldsmilhs associated with Sings , and Qaeena nave l ^ en taught the art of spinning . The artizins were enabled to trafel through different countries and to im- ' prore their capacities , sot being bound to any particular pla- for their labour and maintenance . We find in all \ former trades , which are now carried on by machinery , \ men of the brightest minds , who continued to improve ' their tools , until they finally brought them [ to such a jafestion , that children or thoughtless men could vrork i Trith them as well or better , than the most experienced 1 and expert workman in the old style . i The minds who eonrtrocted machines , worked not for ! r *> fl labourers who afterwards handled them , merely re- j their bodiesThese
Quiring . poor men having no induce-1 merit for mental culture in their trades , or labour . ? , gra- ] ifcaUy sunk to a mere 3 » -mm » i ^ xisteace . The proprie- j ton , foicmen or directors of machines formed a new ' c ' r-a in society , rivalling in wealth and intelligence i the proprietors and barons of the land , but reducing their labourers to the fame scale as thB labourers of the £ eldr The multiplication of machines and the consequent production of mannfactuxets becsmo enormous . 32 n $ laid with its artificial powers and machines now -produces more than six hundred millions { of men could produce with their Tnannai labours and unimproved t » la . As long as other nations were absorbed in war , England was the factory for the whole world , and drew a ! the money from foreign couutries almost as fast ss that mosey was paid to them in the shape cf subsidies , and advanced to them in the shape of State debts- and lor paper securities , which now constitutes the great wealth of money aristocrats . Arkwright and Peel haTe bscome richer than princes : but their labourers have
1 -someas miserable r ^ slaves and serfs . It is evident that there must be something fundamentally wrong , or such a circumstance could not have Ir-. ppensd i a circumstance which shows , tb * t in the same proportion were the producers impoverished and Jrnialised . I taks this fundamental error to fee tbe one-sided impro ^ Emeut or applicati on of machinery . Machinery has merely been appliedf to manufactures ; t » the production of tbe secondary wants of men ; to the production of so-called article 3 of luxury ; whereas the production of the primary wants , food , houses , &c , have been carried on witboutthe aid of science and
machinery . The necessary result of this one-sided improvement was a Burplns of less uecesasry things and a ¦ eareity of the mest necessary ones . The surplus of manufactures caused a reduction of the wsgea of manufacturing labourers , at the time when provisions ana lodgings -were raised in pries . All the earnings of the . labourer in the factories were necessary to satisfy the Jnmgerof himself ^ his children , so that he could « ot even partake or his own manufactures , no matter Wlow&ey amB - prfce _ lf me ^ rfion of ZSJ ^^ SS ™** *«* **** - iocrea ^ like mann-^^^^ U ^ tMB * 0 BiabeimP « «^? Is the * £ 5 & ^ S * "" ^ *• ™ P « "to apply
fig ^ tt tt ^ Ztt » i # « svs * s zt the machine exists ; it requires iWfn ™ 7-m 8 ska to work w « h a ^ nSsstwSaji ^ ss ^ byta ^ " * «« - » - » ~ beST « 5 W . Cotton , Esq ., Gorancr of the Bank of EneLmd has toeateg , . few months ago , a wdghirf g auSuSon ¦ which waghaand assorts with the ereatefk X «^! f ?« , » hnn >« n / t ~~<~ j ~~ . »_ J ! r « ~ ° Kreatest exactness . t 3 n thousand » Ter « lgns in six hoursT
w ^ ere * TSe ^ si expsneneed teBei-can only weigh five thonSdfa ^ aame tune , and ttis with , the A * to his « , e 7 IS Mrrefu If maehine « can be made for such fine com plicated , ar ^ delicatelabonB , forUiBUboursol x ^ e : men , should common humanity Mt induce-us to make « acemachine » ifOT the . coarse and simple labours and ' ¦ crudgerlaiof slayes , BOtfs , and agricultural JaboarerE ? Certainly ; batmacbines iro ^ it work by themselves and 1 although a spring not stronger than the spring ef a cem . mon dock , can , by being weund np , assort and weii * l 6 j ) 00 soTereigM befbte it is nnwound , it takes some- ' thing more powerM to Og and pulverise the ground ! And this power Is boos other than the powera of nature < K tiat haw hi&erto been »• lime thought or made use ' of , when they ahoaldJliaTe at first drawn the attention i of men ; beiug first to usist them in their labours ! and is the production of their comforts . These are the powers wbjeh fhall sod mast be made xas of , it t
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men will ever be freeanfj independent : and well may we hail the appearance , of & ™ of genius and penetration tyke ET 2 LEB , -who proves bo admirably that the " powen of nn . tv . re are Hubservient to man if he has faith In Provide ace , and neTer dreams of ? common sense , * Imposalbiliftes . * ' He eajfl in his " Paradise , " page « 1— " The b » usiB of my proposals 5 s , that there are powers ratutore at the disposal of man , million times greater than all the men on earth could eSect , with their united exertions , by their nerves and sinews . If I can -shtw that Buch & superabuud&ncs of power is » t
our disposal , what shoold be the objection against spplytng them to our benefit in the best manner we csn ^ fhink of ? If we b * re the requisite power for mechanical purposes , ft is then but a matter of hmman wnririvance to invent adapted toela or machines for application . Powers mast pre-exist ; they eumot ba irr 7 ented ; they may be discovered ; no mechaaism can produce power : it woald be as absurd to invent tools , to work without any applied power to put them m operation . Machineries , of whatever contrivance they "be , are nothing bnt tools more or leas combined . "
I am , Sir , your obedient servant , C . F . SroiXMETER . No . 3 , Northampton Terrace , City Road , London . Aug . IS , 1 S 4 S . { To be ooniinueeLji
The Northern Star Saturday, September 2, 1843.
THE NORTHERN STAR SATURDAY , SEPTEMBER 2 , 1843 .
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OUE POSITION . FAILURE OF OUR MANUFACTURES . « ' OTJR LAST AX 2 > ONLY BES 0 I 7 KCE , THE LAND . " It behoves us , as a people , to look well to our present position : not only to our position at home , as regards the physical and moral condition of our population , but also to our position abroad : and tbe probability , 6 t otherwise , of onr being able to maintain the standing we hate hitherto obtained in the markets of the world . On several , nay , on many occasions , we have , in the Northern Star , examined our home position . We have often shewn that the physical condition of the labouring portion of the community is deplorable in the extreme . We have shewn this to be the
case , by the evidence of the factory masters themselves , and by the evidence of other employers oi labonr . We have shewn that when these have instituted personal examinations into the condition ot the tcorkers t they have found them , in their miserable dwellings , without food , bedding , or furniture : wishing that Almighty God wonld put an end to their sufferings before morning . " We have shewn that every " Extension of Commerce" from tie year 1798 , downward to the present time , ( the period embraced in the returns which have been kept of our vearly foreign commerce ) , has brought in its train a
diminution of prices , pbofxts , and WAGES . We have Bhewn that in 1841 we had a Foreign Trade almost equal to six times the amount in 17 S 8 ; and that for ihejive times increase , we only received the difference between £ 33 , 008 , 000 and £ 5 l , 0 d 0 , ft 00 , to speak in round numbers . We have shewn that the wearer who , in 1798 , received I 03 . for weaving twelve yards of the 60-reed 6-4 ths cambrics , in 1832 only received Is . 7-id . for the $ ame amonBt of work : and in 3842 be only received 9 J . for the work which in 17 S 8 bronght him in 15 s . III We have shewn that while onr Foreign Trade
has been thus "Extending , and causing this depreciating effect upon prices , profits ^ and wages , Crime has increased from 4 , 605 committals in 1895 , to 27 , 760 committals in 1841 . We have also shown that while in 1793 , with as much money , or nearly so , for onr ose-sixtb ^ Cjlntjtt of Foreign Trade ; and with 15 i . wages for weaving twelve yards of GOreed-€ 4 ths cambric , we had only £ 30 , 492 , 995 of tax bs to pay ; while in 1842 , when we had depreciated our prices so as ' to cause us to give five times the quantity for the same amount of money ; when wages were so beaten dowu as to cause the cambric weaver to
perform fifteen shillings worth of labour for ninepence ; we have shewn that when these results had followed the enormous M Extensions of our Foreign Commerce , " our taxes in 1842 amounted to £ 50 , 397 , 738 !! being £ 19 , 804 , 743 more to pay with diminished means . We hare shewn that the effect of all this has been to cause as to gire to the tax-eater six -times more than was his due ; and we have shewn that these facts alone sufficiently accounted for oar home-position , where we have the workers without work ; tbe labourers without food ; and many " wishing Almighty God to put an end to their sufferings before morning . "
All these things we have beforetime proved , from the Returns published by the House of Commons itself ; from " the facts in figures" which those Returns so truthfully exhibit . It therefore stands us not in need to dwell longer on them at tho present . We need not stay to prove the horrible destitution everywhere abounding . Thai is now admitted on every hand . Ever since the Whigs saw the bleak side of the Treasury benches , that fact has found trumpeters plenty ] It is now undisputed . The Minister has over and over again admitted it . He has caused the Queen to admit it from the throne , deploring the fact , while she admired and complimented the patience and fortitude with which it was borne . Our Acme-position is
therefore now well understood . In that particular we stand much better than ever we did formerly . When the Whigs were in , not one wo-d respecting general distress wonld they hear . In 1833 , when a Committee of Inquiry inte the condition of " Manufactures , Shipping , and Commerce" had been appointed , the Wcigs set themselves to prove that we vrero then in a state of M unexampled prosperity . " To prove this , they raked the very kennels for " evidence . " It was before thai Committee that Mr . John Mabshalx , of Leeds , evidenced that the wage he paid to a weaver was ten shillings a-week , whereon to support himself , his wife , and his family ! It was before that Committee that Mr . Johm Mabshail showed that the
average wages he paid the "hands" in his mill was 6 b . ll ^ d . ! ! ! And this was all " evidence" of M unexampled prosperity . " Now , however , the song is changed . No one nowsiDgs of " prosperity . '* The ousted Whigs loudly proclaim national buin at home ; and the Minister admits that great destitution prevails ; and has counselled the Queen to beg throughout the whole empire for eleemosynary aid to help to keep the si ? rving thousands alive I Such , then , iB out position at eohb . What is our position abroad ?
We have been led to believe that England owes all her greatness to H our Foreign Commerce . " We have been taught that to "Foreign Commerce " we owe almost our very existence : at all events , to Jt , we are told , we owe our civilization" and our empire of the seas . " We have also been taught «»* if we cannot devise means to maintain and sxtexd" that » Foreign Commerce , " we must bid farewell to our " glory" and prepare to be ail-but blotted out of the list of powerful nations . Such is SLTer ^^ "• ^ ° " Forei ^ see * how'ta ! ' ^ ° ™ to le ° WeU ab 0 ut « . hTre Mth ^ C f Meign C " »««» stands . We LuTd S ? *** ! * " mattfir < * *•* . tlat we Ssi ^ LS worIdui manufactures : that noother «*« could eguai u 8 fa enterprise , industry , and
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ekill : that we h ? , d the iron and the coal ; the labour and the machinery ; the water and the climate : and that th ^ se advantages rendered our manufacturing position impregnable . True , at the time this self-glorifying * song of praise" was being sung ' we wer « also warned of the danger to be apprehended from ** Foreign Competition . " True , that while < he " bull-frog 6004 / of impregnability was raised , we were also told that it was of the ntmest moment to us , to be careful how we interfered with onr manufactures , or we should give ** Foreign Competition" tbe advantage over us . True , too , that this danger from " Foreign Competition " was adduced only when we asked for a measure of
Regulation , to prevent infants , » f eight years old from being worked sixteen and eighteen hours a day , with only thirty minutes * respite from labour , for rest , meala , recreation , and " education" ! or when our operatives shewed symptoms of resistance to a reduction in wages . True , that it was only on such occasions as these that the danger to be apprehended from * ' Foreign Competition" was laid . before us . On all other occasions a far different " song of triumph" was sung ; and we have been taught that for all we possess we are indebted to our " Commerce" and our Manufactures "; and that therefore it was of the most vital consequence to us to maintain our acknowledged supremacy in the markets of the world .
How , then , does the question of " Foreign Commerce" fitand ? How is our " supremacy" ? Do we maintain it ! Has it been secured to us , by our constant depreciation in prices ; our sacrifice of profits ; and our annihilation of wages ! Can we beat tho "foreign manufacturer , " now that we give him five times as much for his shilling as we did only fifty years ago , and reduced the cambric weaver fourteen SHILLINGS AND THREE-PENCE OUT OF EVERY FIFTEEN shillings that he then earned 1 Are we masters of the " foreign market , " now that we have reduced our
workmen to destitution , and increased the number of committals for crime in thirty-six years from 4 , 605 to 27 , 760 i ! Are we able to "compete" with the " foreign manufacturer , " now that we have made such efforts to defeat him , and such sacrifices to maintain our supremacy ? Let these questions be answered by the Morning Chronicle , the organ of the manufacturing party , who are eternally bawling for another and greater " Extension" of our manufactures , as the only means of getting us out of the hobbles former " Extensions" have driven us into .
In that journal of Wednesday last there appears the following picture of our own " Commerce" and the Commerce" of other nations , whose " markets ' we have hitherto had a 2 most all to ourselves . It is of the utmost importance that this picture be attentively examined , both in its leading features , and in its minute details . // is a confession on the part of our Manufacturers themselves that " our commerce" has failed ! ! It is of mighty consequence in guiding us to a correct estimation of our position abroad . Here is the confession : failure is proclaimed in every line : —
1 . England 1 b the child of commerce . To it she owes , to a great extent , her power and her civilization . If she possesses the empire of the seas , it was commerce that gave it to her ; it she wisheB to keep it , it ia by commerce alone that it can be preserved . To its active and enterprising spirit she owes alike her maritime supellority and her colonial grandeur . The slough and the harrow might have been driven for ages , seed Bown , and harvests gathered , and yet England would still have been but an inferior power . Bnt the loom and the forge are called , into requisition ; our commercial marine is freighted with their productions : articles of comfort and nec 2 « sity are scattered over overy quarter of the globs , and straightway this little island of ours acquires a degree of importance and power , seemingly inconsistent alike with bei natural capabilities and her geographical position .
2 . At tbe present juncture , the aspect of our commercial relations with foreign powers is worthy of the most serious attention . // ue look at Europe , we find all the great states of the continent erecting / or themse ves , respectively , a manufacturing interest * which threatens to render them , ere long , completely independent of our skill and industry . Acroas the Atlantic , the prospect , if not equally cheerless , is at least forbidding . OrR hold upon America seems daily relaxing . The states of the northern continent are lessening their dependence upon us , by extending their
manufactures , and hampering our trade by increasing prohibitions ; whilst our fast waning treaty with Brazil is giving ominous warning of the precarious position in which stands our traffic with the south . On all hands have hostile tariffs arisen ; and as they are marshalled against ns abroad , first idleness and then famine ai surely overtake half our population at home . The dangers ¦ which menace us on every side are increasing in a compound ratio , and yet no effort is mode to avert them . Inactivity rules the Cabinet , while distress and ruin threaten even our national ex
islence . 3 . Every cycle of the protective system has witnessed England in a worse position than its predecessor . Previous to 1814 the great staple articles of ber manufacture had to contend "with but a trifling competition . England then enjoyed an almost complete monopoly in the manufacture of cotton goods . Her woollen trade wai nearly equally unchecked . That wrs the time when English industry waa indispensible to continential comfort , and when political alienations were not sufficiently powerful to sever the chain of commercial dependence , which made Europe contributory to our greatness . Hostility might proclaim the ports of the Continent shut against our traffic ; but the Continent we * ~ not in a condition to dispense with it .
What Imperial arrogance conceived it could accomplish with a breath , was rendered impossible by the wants and necessities of Europe . i 4 . The last twenty-five years have been no less pregnant with commercial changes than they have been rife In political revolutions . Every change has placed the Continent in a position more adverse to the interests of England . In proportion as Europe has progressed , has England receded . We are now debarked those MARKETS FROM WHICH , FORMERLY , NO TOWEJl was sufficient to exclvde us . From the Guadalquiyer to the ^ Neva we are met by an unbroken line ef hostile tariff regulations . On the Baltic , espeically , is opposition rendered formidable by extensive and increasing combination . What the Milan and Berlin DV . PREES "WERE UNABLE TO iFFECT IS N' . W
accomplished by the spinning jennies Germany . 5 . The progress of competition is alike discernible in tbe activity which everywhere marks the industry of tbe foreigner , and tbe distress which brooi s like a nightmare over England . Our cotton trade , though crippled and diminished , is not yet a complete wreck . * That great branch of human industry is now nearly equally divided between us and our rivals . Americi , France , and Germany now annually convert neurly a million of baJes of the raw material into cotton fabrics ; not © nlv SVPPLYING , TO A GREAT EXTENT , THEIR OWN WANTS , BUT COMPETING WITH US IN OTHER MARKETS , of which formerly we had an undisputed monopoly of the supply . The consumption by England of raw cotton does not now much exceed the amount
converted into manufactured wares by the foreign loom . Had tbe general demand increased in proportion as foreign manufactures have flourished , the demand upon England for ber fabrics , although it might have remained stationary , would not have diminished . But foreign manufactures have far outstripped the increase of general demand ; and just in proportion as they have done so , have they encroached upon the trade and the industry of England . The cotton of America was at one time raised almost exclusively for our market ; it is how extensively distributed through Europe and New England . Such have been tbe fruits of our restrictive system . That system first plantedjthe germ of universal competition—our continuance in it is fast bringing competition to a maturity , which will eventually overwhelm the great interests of the country .
6 . If our cotton trade "were the only sufferer , we might bear up against the calamity . An increase in the other great branches of our industry might compensate us for the contraction of this the moat important of all . Bad the demand for her hardware and her woollens increased , si that for ber cotton fabrics diminished , England would not have so sensibly felt tbe diminution . In five years only , from 1833 to 1838 , her exportation of cottons to Germany alone exhibited an alarming decrease . But this is not all . The Custom-House confederacy of the Baltic has extended its hostility to every important branch of our trade . Prussia , Westphalia , and Ssxony have each erected their forges , and the PROTECTIVE < : are of their respective
GoVERNMEKTS IS PATERNALLY EXTENDED TO THESE NEW-BORN INTERESTS The languishing Btite of our hardware manufactures is the result . . In woollens , such vas at one time our undisputed superiority , that in the purchase of the raw material we controlled the continenHl market . \ We are not only now overbidden there , but as early as 1828 the United Kingdom exported raw wool to the manufacturers of the Continent to the amount of nearly half a million Bteiliug . 7 . Had our commercial relations with Russia been
established , from the first , upon a judicious footing , it iB impossible to calculate tbe extent to which an interchange of commodities would have eventually been carried between that power and England . But Russia , fatally for us , and Injuriously to herself , has imitated the restrictive system , which she regards aa the aource ef the prosperity of England ; whereas it is now clearly proved to have retarded her progreis . The great power of the north—coiosscl both in her physical magnitude and in the political influence which she already wields , and is jet destined
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to assume , has deeply . interwoven the Ehhoweovs principles OF protection with her whole commercial code . The commerce of Russia ia built upon a system of gigantic monopolies , each , as it springs up , more or less crippling our trade with the Baltic . With no other country in Europe have our commercial relations been more steadily diminished . England , at one time , furnished Russia with her cottons ; Russia now manufactures for her own necessities . First , our manufactured cottons were prohibited , the importation of our cotton twist being still permitted and encouraged . Latterly , the demand for this , the Isit remnant of our cotton trade with that country ,
hai diminished , and the Russian manufacturer is becoming completely independent of us . Perhaps In no branch of trade is the loss of this great market more observable than in that ef broadcloth . Several large Russian houses in the City , which were formerly in tbe habit of supplying Russia extensively with goods of this description , have , year after year , become more limited in their dealings , until , during the present year , not a single order has been received . Colour after colour was prohibited ; the English manufacturer , to evade the prohibition , sending over his goods to be dyed in the country . Colour after colour
has been bestowed in monopoly upon imperial favorites . Green , the most important of all , because the uniform of the army , has lately been granted exclusively to the Empress Mother . Our broad cloth manufacturers have sow but little inducement to try the Russian market , and a bale at English gaods of this description , with the name of a respectable English house upon it , which formerly used to pass . unopened , almost as currency , from St . Petersburg to Tobolsk , is now seldom to be seen in that extensive region . However friendly our political relations may continue—between us and Russia there bids fair to be soon the next thing to a commercial non-intercourse .
There now ! There is a picture of " Foreign Competition" ! There is a picture , after the fivetimes , over increase of quantity for tbe same amount of money ! There is a picture , after reducing the cambric weaver from 15 s . for weaving twelve yards of cambric , down to 9 d . !! Thero is a picture , after increasing the number of criminals from 4 , 605 to 27 , 760 ! 1 There is a picture , after our operatives have been reduced to such deplorable misery as to cause them to " wish that Almighty God would put an end to their sufferings before morning" ! There is a picture , to be purchased at the price of " distress and ruin threatening our national existence" !! Have we not paid dearly for it ?! !
Let us examine this article somewhat in detail . For that purpose we have numbered tbe paragraphs . Paragraph 1 . tells us ( hat ' * England owes her power and her civilization to her Commerce . " There it is . ' There it is . ' It runs in the blood J It is never out of the mind of our ** profound Political Economists . " England the child of Commerce , " !! What " Commerce" had we in the days of Alfred ! Was England England then t Not the " national extinction threatened England , from distress and ruin" ; but " merrie England . " Not 27 , 760-cemmittals-forcritne-England ; but England with golden bracelets erected upon poles at the crossings of the highways ;
and these untouched ! Was that the " Child of Commerce" ? What " Commerce" had we in the days of John , when tho Barons met him at Runnemedc , and forced him to sign Magna Charta , or the Charter of "rights and liberties" \ What" Commerce" had we in the-jthird E dwabd ' s time , when England was " powerful" enough to " conquer" all France , excepting Paris ! What " Commerce" had we in the sixth Harry ' s time , when old Chancellor Fortesqce gare the following description of England and
Englishmen ? That description we commend to the attention of the Chronicle , and ask him to contrast it with his own description of England NOW , with" distress and ruin threatening her national existence"i The old Chancellor says , that in the days when / 'theplough and the harrow were driven , the seed sown , and harvests gathered ; " and before " the anvil and the loom had been called into requisition , " that " our commercial marine might be freighted with their productions" ; in those days old Fortesque doscribed the condition of England and Englishmen thus : —
" The King cannot despoil tbe subject , without making ample satisfaction for the same ; he cannot by himself or his ministry , lay taxes , subsidies , or any imposition whatever , upon the subject ; he candot alter 71 IE LAWS . OJt MAKE NEW ONKS , WITHOUT THE EXPRESS CONSENT OF THE WHOLE KINGDOM IN PARLIAMENT ASSEMBLED : every inhabitant Is at his liberty fully to use and enjoy whatever his farm produceth , tbe fruits of the earth , the increase of bis flock , and tbe like : all the improvements he makes , whether by h ' s own preper industry , or of those he retains in bis service , are his own ts use and enjoy , without the lett , interruption , or denial of any . If he be in any wise Injured , be shall have his amends and satisfaction against the party offending : HENCE it is
that the inhabitants of Etigland are rich in gold , silver , and all tbe necessaries and conveniences of life . They drink no water , unless at certain times , upon a religion ? score , und by way of doing penance . They are fed in great abundance with all aorta of Jicsh ant ! fish , of which they have plenty everywhere ; they are clothed throughout in good woollens ; their bedding and other furniture in their houses are of woel , and that in great store ; they are also well provided wilh all sorts of household goods nnd necesssary implements for husbandry ; every oue according to his rank , hath all ( hinys which conduce to ' make life easy and happy '" And after this he observes that tbese are tbe etKcts of laws , which are founded upon . the principle , that" a king is given for the sake of the kingdom , and not a kingdom for the sake of a kiny . "
Such was England , when " Commerce" was , comparatively , unknowii ! Such was England , when the ' plough and the harrow" reoeived more attention than the " anvil and the loom . " Such was England , when Englishmen consumed their own "productions , " instead of " freighting" them off , for distant climes . Now , the Chronicle says ; now , that " Commorco" has "civilized" ua ; now , that OUR '* articles of comfort and necessity are scattered OVER EVERY QUARTER OF THE GLOBE "; U 0 W , that 11 the loom and the forge" have been so " called into requisition" ; now , after all this ' Commerce" of which " England is the child" ; now , after all this , her "national existe . nce is even thkeatened by distress aud ruin" ! ! 1
Paragraphs 2 and 5 give a mournful picture of " foreign competition . " We are being regularly driven out of " foreign markets . " " All the great States of Europe are erecting for themselves a manufacturing interest , which threatens to render them , ere long , completely independent of our skill and industry . " And this , too , ^ af ter we have brought ourselves to a condition , that even our " national existence is threatened , by distress and huin" ; brought ourselves to that condition , in the vain endeavour to maintain our " supremacy ' in the " * foreign markets" of the world !
There is one most curious idea pervading the whole article of the Manufacturers' Organ . It is , that the condition he describes is attributable to what he calls the " protective system . " And what" system " does he shew those other nations to have adopted , to enable them to beat us in their own markets \ The " Free system , " to be sure ?! O ! no . " We are now mot by an uubrofcen line of hostile Tariffs . '' " The states of the Northern Continent of America are lessening their dependence upon us , by extending their manufacture ? , and hampering our trade by increased prohibitions" ! " Russia has deeply interwoven the principles of PROTECTION with her
whole commercial code "; and " with no other country in Europe have our commercial relations bean more speedily diminished" 1 !! Pray , how is this , Mr . Chronicle ? If the " protective system" leads to dangor Of " national extinction from distress and ruin" in England , pray how is it that we have to fear those same " protictive principles" when interwoven with the commercial codes of other countries ! If those principles lead to ruin at home , pray how do they manage to make " other nations independent of our skill and industry" I Pray how is this ! Have you not assigned an operation to those " principles" abroad different from that which you would have us believe them to have had at home !
Have you not been trying to make our condition square with a foregone conclusion ? and have you not failed 1 Has not the natural operation of the " protective system , " in " excluding" us from every "foreign market " where it has been adopted , proved that PROTECTION renders others independent 1 And if it has this effect in Russia , why should it have reduced us to a danger of national extinction ? Has not it been rather the want of PROTECTION that has brought us to where we are ? England was protected when old Chancellor Fortesque penned his description of this then " jfowerM" etate . She had no
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11 Free-Traders" then . That genus have sprung up since that day : and every attempt to put in practice their principles of no-protection , has been followed by " distress and ruin , " until at last our very national existence is threatened" ! 1 But we must examine still more deeply into our position abroad . The Chronicle tells us that " our hold upon America Beems daily relaxing . " We are loosing it entirely ! America is not only beating us in her home markets , but she has actually followed us into our own , and beaten us there ! Shb has sent us manufactured cottons , and sold them in the English market " cheaper" than we can produce them ourselves ! She has beaten us at home . In a short time we shall be compelled to adopt a " prohibitory Taxifi" to enable our manufacturers to retain the home market !
This question is one of intense interest . The reader will therefore excuse our going into it at great length . ¦ We wish to put him in possession of the facts relating to it , that he maybe prepared to meet the impending evil . The battle has begun . We are being beaten . We shall be ultimately driven completely out of every foreign market . Suoh is not our opinion alone . The facts narrated in the article from the Chronicle fully sustain that opinion : and if any doubt could possibly exist in the mind of any one , after examining the Chronicle's picture , that doubt will surely be removed by the following letter , written in the month of June last , by one of the largest ol our cotton manufacturers , Robert HydejGreg . In that letter he shows why the Americans : can beat us . It is important therefore , and necessary for a due understanding of this
mighty question . The letter was written to the Manchester Guardian . In that paper had appeared a statement , an analysis , respecting the cotton goods sent from Amerioa into the English market ; showing that they were * ' cheaper" than thoso of like quality manufactured at home . Mr . Bobert Hyde Greg therefore undertook to show why that was so ; and why we could not help it . Here is his letter : — 1 , gj r > We jare much indebted to you and / our friend , who hrilbeen oo kind as to analyse the samples f American Cotton " Domestics , " and to give to the public what he believes to be the comparative market value of them and similar goods of English manufacture .
2 . Tbe whole ' subject is so interesting to the population of this district , and , Indeed , almost equally so to the kingdom atilaTge , that I need scarcely apologise for prolonging the discussion . 3 . I would remark , among other things , that calculations from small samples are liable to considerable error , as shown ! in No . 3 , being quoted as sold in America at 93 d . | per lb ., and other , cloth , apparently the same quality , at 10 per cent higher ; and the " drills , " which jeost more than common plain cloth , being rated only at the same price . This difference in quoted prices may arise , it is true , from the different
kinds of cloth being in unequal demand ; but it equally shows that strict reliance cannot be placed on the prices of tbe tables , as . showing the true comparative- cost ot the same kind of cloth in England and America . Tbe very circumstance of comparing in the tables the eigh t months'' credit price of America with the cash price in England , tends , in Itself , to deceive a casual observer . Considering the { high rate of interest in commercial transactions in Ainerica , this eight months' credit must add 5 to 7 j per cent to the market price of the-American goods , and Bhould be deducted from their quotations in the tables .
4 . The tables also , so far as they are comparative , are founded on the presumption that the prices in both countries are yielding the same profit , or are equal at prime cost ; whereas , in reality with us , there is no profit , and a mopt extraordinary combination of circumstances to reduce prices ; but supposing , in America , at tbe date of the quotations , there wai a profit of 5 per cent on the goods in question , this 5 per cent added to the 5 per cent , for difference of credit , makes 10 percent . ; and "the tables are turned' in a literal sense . I exclude wholly from consideration the finer goods ; for it is only where the raw material constitutes a certain { per centoge , that America can expect to compete with us . This , however , unfortunately , includes TH E great BULK both ofour goods and yams .
5 As a companion to your tibles , I give you a few particulars of the last new mill built at Lowell , of which I possess the minutest details , including the wafers of every hand employed , in every department ; and cost of buildings , machinery , wheels , water , &c-Sic . The wages of ttw grown-up women , weavers , drawers , and rovers , are , or were , ( wages have since been reduced ) ldat . DO oents . weekly , excluding of board , or 3 dols . to 3 dole . 10 cents , inclusive board ; aud the average of the men , including three overseers , 6 dels , exclusive of board ! 176 looms , in 24 days of March , 1841 , made ... ' 74 , 819 lbs cloth ;
or , 7 , 339 piecss ; or , 214 , 770 yards ; being abont 50 . 84 yards per day . 6 . In the week ending June 19 th , tbe same looms averaged 52 0-10 tb yards per day . Speed of loom , 135 picks per minute . Ditto front roller , spinning 14 ' s warp , 96 revolutions . Ditto throstle , ditto weft , 106 ditto . " Time worked , 74 hours weekly , and three holidays in the year . The cost of Vbe \ " Drills , " at the same mill , from the cotton entering { the mill till they reached the hands of the commission agent who sells , was , at the same time , — '
cts . els . Labour ll , 647 per yard ; or , 4 , 716 per lb . ^ SS ^ **<> ¦ > « ¦ * . *« P « ifc
; 2 . 261 6 , 758 7 , The waste made iu manufacturing was , 11 43-lOOths per cent . This data would give the cost of drills , the article composing tbe 400 bales in Messrs . Bering's bauds , —
Cotton—say 4 < J . waste . j J . Cts . C |; manufacturing 34 d . ; " 8 dT Or . 8 d . FOR PRIME COST OF WHAT COSTS HERE 9 ^ d . to 9 Ad . and / eaves no profit to Ute manufacturer at this price " } 8 The principal advantage to the American manufacturer is , however , in the cost of the raw material ; which , in a general way , amounts to from j £ il to Id . per lb . Grabam , In bis pamphlet , on the impolicy of the cotton fluty , gives , as the result ot three shipments of cotton imported by his own ; firm , viz — 400 bales by the Mars , wh per cent ; 200 „ \ Jane , 14 " „ : 101 „ : John Hale , 14
or 13 i per cent , extra cost , including 516 d . doty , beyond what the sarrie bales ivould have cost at Boston . The price of American cotton was then 7 d . per lb . In the cheapness of moving power , the Americans have another great advantage over us ; their water power not averaging more stban £ ;\ 103 . whiUt here it eannot be reckoned under £ 12 10 s ; making a difference against a medium-sized English concern of £ 800 to , £ 1 , 000 per annum . ; 9 . In the cheapness of fl . » ur for dressing , and the dryness of climate , the Americana have another great advantage over us . They can dress their warps at half the expence we cm in England—a farther saving of £ 300 to £ 500 per annum . It is needless , however , to enter into farther detail ; and il refer tnose curious to know more on the Bubject , to the pamphlet which I published on the factory question in 1836 . The statements and prophesies about the American manufactures made then , have proved only too true .
10 . But , laying aside all disputes about the different itenia of the cost of ; production in the two countries , the simplo fact of America exporting largely , and . increasingly so , to neutral markets , proves , not only her power of successful competition , but that it is not her tariff , but cheaper production , which has excluded us from her own markets in all the coarser fabrics . After supplying her own w ^ nts , ahe sought the markets where she could meet us on rqual terms , China and South America . From the former she has totally shut out all ow coarser cotton fabrics , and from the latter to a great extant We hear , indeed , that China takes nothing coarser than 66 reed cambrics ; but the fact is , that she does purchase laraely of coarser fabrics , but they are supplied solely by A merica .
. 11 . The entire export of grey and Bleached cotton goods to China from (^ reat Britain , this season , amounts to only 456 , 000 pieces ; whilst America feas sent , during same period , 420 , 000 pieces . These are of the stouter descriptions , a class of goods which have been rotting in our warehouses for want of a market , although offered at ' prices less than they could be produced for . These ' ! domestics , " or at least the drills , having first beaten ours out of China , now farm a regular article in the Calcutta and Bombay markets , although they pay ten per cent duty , on entry , whilst similar goods of English manufacture pay only three and a half per cent . \
12 . This export has gone on gradually increasing from 1823 , when it amounted to 1 , 763 packages , to 1833 , when it bad reached 13 , 207 packages . I cannot give the exports regularly since 1833 ; but in eighteen months of 1837 and 1 ^ 38 , 20 , 000 bales of these goods went to Asia ; and 10 , 000 ditto to Ssuth America ; aud tbe amount this year , I am given to understand , far exceeds auy previous one . 13 . Connected with the same eu'ject , it may be remarked farther , thai by the Colonial Bill , introduced by Mr . Labouchere in 1841 , and passed by the present Government last year ; a very low duty , I believe not more than four or five per cent ., has fceen substituted in ou * North American and West India colonies , for the former duty on all foreign manufactures j and thus these
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markets have been opened to American enterprise . \ believe our Canada merchants already feel this new competition ; at least they have petitioned Parliament on the subject ; and lam informed that Mr . L ., of Boston , the shipper of the 400 bales of "drills" to Messrs . Barings , have now travellers in Canada taking orders for American cotton goods . 14 . The principal part of these fabrics are manufao tured at Lowell , a town which , though only of a few years date , now consumes fifty thousand to sixly thov '
sand bales of cotton in its mills ; and has , besides , many printing and bleaching establishments , and extensive woollen concerns . It is situated about the same distance from Boston as Manchester from Liverpool ; and , like Manchester , is connected with its port by & railroad and a navigable river . A natural water power of five thoxi sand horses exists at Lowell , belonging to a company , and islet off on easy terms . Tbe whele of this , or nearly so , is now appropriated ; and other falls , equp ' in extent to that of Lowell , a little higher up the river , are now in process of appropriation .
15 . The freight of cotton to Boston may be taken n averaging one half the freight of the same cotton to Liverpool . The looms at Lowell unquestionably tain off more cloth than any in Great Britain . The spinning machinery is not good , and very expensive ; but with this , our only advantage , we are now good-naturedly supplying theih , having removed aU checks to exporting our machinery by orders in council , and being , I am told , about to openly legalize it by Act of Parliament . 16 . It is blindness not to see that , with an open trade , America will supply England with the coarser fabrin of cotton ; and I always combated the assertion , that the cotton manufacturers , who renounced protection for themselves , when they demanded a free trade in com , Were , in so doing , renouncing what was of no value to themselves .
17 . But Lowell herself begins to tremble for the fate of her coarser manufactures . " Cotton factories are also extending rapidly in various parts of the Southern States , in Virginia , North Carolina , Teneasee , and in tbe towns on the Ohio ; and there can be no doubt bat this country is destined , at no very remote period , to t-3 the great emporium of the cotton manufacture of the world , as it possesses all the necessary requisites for that purpose , viz . extensive available water power , an intelligent and enterprising population , and having within itself an abundant supply of the raw material . If the experiment of slave labour succeed in the factories , aa is confidently expected , the coot of manufacturing the cotton into cloth will he much leas there than anywhere else ; so that it will not be surprising if , in a few years , those Southern factories should manufacture coarse
c o tto n goods , and sell them in tbe public markets at one-half the price at which they can be manufactured la England . There are several cotton manufactories in Tenessee , worked entirely by slave labour , there not being a white man in tbe mill but the superintendent ; and , according to a letter lately received from the superintendent of one of these factories , it appears that the blacks do their work in every respect as well as could be expected from the whites . Cotton factories are rapidly springing up in North Carolina ; but , with two or three exceptions , they are chiefly employed only in spinning cotton yarn . "—The Cotton Manufacture of the United States of Ainerica , contrasted and compared with that of Great Britain ; to which calm aud interesting account , written by a Scotchman long conducting an American cotton factory , I refer your readers for a great variety of important matter connected with tbe subject
18 . WE CANNOT , IS COMMON CANDOCR ., DENT THAT THE SPINNING AND WEAVING OF COaRSE GOODS BEING NO LONGER A MYSTERY , THE MANUFACTURE OP THEM SIVST FINALLY REST WCTH THOSE WHO HAVE THE RAW MATERIAL , THE MOVING POWER , AND THE FLOUR FOR DRESSING , ON the easiest terms ; and , looking at the activity of the Americans , and their readiness and aptitude to avail themselves of every advantage , it cannot be denied that this manufacture must finally rest with them .
19 . It may be said the coarser fabrics are of little comparative value : contrast the labour in a pieca of lace with that in a piece of common calico . Bat the coaresr fabrics are worn by all , rich and poor , and the lace only by one person in a hundred . The coarser fabrics constitute probably three-fourths of our manufactures in balk , a matter of no small consequence to a naval and commercial people ; and what will be our condition when , tbree-fourtha of the feulfe ef our cotton manufactures have passed away to other nations ? Robert H ? de Greg .
To this plain statement of the reasons and causes why America can manufacture * ' cheaper" than we can ; and why " the manufacture must finally rest with them" it is unnecessary to add another word . All the causes are there enumerated . "Cheap power ; " " raw material at home ; " " cheap transit , on their own rivers ; " " machinery exported to them ; " " the little advantage we had , now given up ; " " spinning aud weaving now no longer a mystery : " it is impossible but that the manufacture must fiaaliy rest with them 1 The thing is being done . The very last Packet from the United States brings word how the affair is working . Read tbe following , from the American papers , brought to England this very week : and then eay whether Mr . Robert Hyde Greg and the
Chronicle are not right in exclaiming— " Our hold upon America i 3 daily relaxing" : — " Generally speaking , businesa of all kinds is improving , except that of the importing merchants . The fffcel of the new American Tariff becomes more and viora obvious every day . The imporis of English , French , and other manufactures have decreased WONDERFULLY . THB EXPORTS OF AMERICAN PKODUCE HAVE INCREASED . " A merican manufcwlures are increasing ; aud the balance of trade being turned to so great an extent in favocr of this country , specie Is flowing in upon us from a'l Quarters .
" The Amosjjgjjag Manufacturing Company are about erecting another mill at Manchester , N . H . It is to be 400 feet in length , and will be sufficiently large to contain frem 460 to 480 looms , and 11 , 000 spindlesdoable the siZ 3 of the mills now in operation at that place . The Lanvale Factory , the Washington Factory , and the Calico and Bleaching Works on Iones Falls , near Albany , are about being started on an extensive scale by a company of capitalists .
"< A merchant of Troy engaged in the eastern trade informs us , that be found it extremely difficult , when iu Boston last week , to obtain a supply of " domestics " by the 15 th of August ; the orders already received by the manufacturers being so full as to keep them constantly at work . There have already been exported from Boston to China , the present year , 15 , » 00 , 000 yards of cotton goods ; while from Great Britain to China , the export baa only been 12 , 000 , 000 yards ; the celestials GIVING OUR CLOTHS THE PREFERENCE , " Troy Whig . There is tho process . M Protection" ruins us in England . In America it causes the " imports" of our manufactures to decrease wonderfully ; and the exports of their own produce to increase .
Well , then , such is our position abroad ! We are being driven down in the manufacturing market ! " Our hold npon America" is fast melting away . "From the Guadalquiver to the Neva , we are met by an unbroken lice of hostile tariffs . " " Our fast waning treaty with Brazil gives ominous warning of the precarious position ia which stands our traffic with the South . " " On the Baltic , opposition is rendered formidable by extensive and increasing
combination . " Persia , Westphalia , and Saxony have each erected their forges ; and the protective care of their respective Governments is paternally extended to these new-born interests . The languishing state of our hardware manufactures is the result . " " England at one time furnished Russia with her cottons : Russia now manufactures for ber own necessities . " " The Russian manufacturer is now completely independent of u ? . "
The fact is , the manufacturing game is over ! It is done . Machinery has dono its work . It has stripped us of that which we formerly exclusively possessed—enterprise , skill , and untiring industry . These are not oi much avail now . A machine cau run as well in America as in England ; in Russia aa in Saxony . All these parties have now gotten ana machinery ; and , therefore , they are equal with us . Nay , some of them , as witness America , have advantages over us which we can never deprive them of , or counterbalance ! The game is at an end ! It is completely up ! If we play at it longer , it will be at a greater loss than it ever has been : and , as it is , it has threatened our National Existence !
What , then , is to be done % What is to be our resonrco 9 To what end are we to apply the nations I energies t Are we to go on as we are , and become " Nationally Extinct" \ Are we to permit distrxss and ruin to do their full work ! Or are we to look the evil fall in tbe face , and apply a simple but efficacious remedy ? Bui what is that remedy ? Next week we will shew you . Next week we will set Mr . Bajnes to shew you . Next week we will prove , from him , that there is but one , — " our last and only resource , — the land" ! Next week we will shew that he has long foreseen this day , and provided a remedy I That remedy is in " our own soil . " The great length of this article precludes our doing this at the present , a 3 we had fully intended . It will however taka no harm from keeping * The tsstimony of the Chronicle as to our pbesent positj < W
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. 'YHE NORTHERN STAB ,
Portrait Of W. P. Roberts, Esq.
PORTRAIT OF W . P . ROBERTS , ESQ .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 2, 1843, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1228/page/4/
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