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TO THE PEOPLE.
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G?I;arit0i gnteXUapnce *
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NEW WOOLLEN CLOTH AND TAILORS' TRIMMING ESTABLISHMENT, ! 57, BRierOr.fl.TE, LEEDS, AND MARKET PLACE, DARLINGTON.
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4} orti)comuis <£f)arttj5i ^tectmc,j»
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(TO BICHARD COBDEN, ESQ., M.P. i.vrnrp -fTf
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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: j lT , H . DAVIS respectfully invites the attention of the Public to his VALUABLE and EXTENSIVE STOCK OF WOOLLEN CLOTHS , Which he has purchased for Cash , and is determined to seH for a very small amount of profit . The Goods are of first-rate Manufacture , and not made for sale only , but will have the good properties of wearing well , and ensuring future orders . The Stock consists of DOUBLE-MILLED WATERPROOF TWEEDS , BEAVERS , PILOTS KERSEYS . CASSIMERES , SUPERFINE YORKSHIRE and WEST OF ENGLAiND CLOTHS WOOLLEN and COTTON CORDS , FUSTIANS , &o . &o . Waistcoatings from la . 6 d . upwards , in endless variety . ¦ M . H . D . takes this opportunity to thank the numerous body of TAILORS , who have patronized him eince he dissolved Partnership with Air . Culling worth , and begs to assure them that no House in the Trade shall undersell him in any one Article . The Working Classes are invited to purchase Fustians , Cords , and Moleskins , at the above Establishment ; they will find it more advantageous to do so , and employ their own Tailors , than encourage the " Beady Made Clothes Selling Monopolists , " who get rich at the expence of the Working Man , by paving him one half for a Garment that other Masters give . f > . ' , ,
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CHAMBERS' EDINBURGH JOURNAL , WJ HSGH has been conducted with unpar ^ lio Ul d ^* ? * * ° r Twe ^ YeatJ , now presents itself with YY fresh attractions : the former inconvenient sizo is now renounced , aud the Journal will in future be published in a handsome Royal tfvo . size , better Baited for preservation . , Tho first part of the New Series , Price Sevenpence , now ready , contains Sixty Articles of amusing and entertaining reading suited to all classes of society . * * * A Stamped Edition is issued for transmission Post free . Londou : Messrs . Orr and Co ., and sold by all Booksellers and Newsvenders ia jLecds and its Vicinity .
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I 5 ir—In my first letter npoa the subject of the I j vbXswE j -I explained to joa the several great and I , ^ 5315 ^™? influences that hare nnit ed in the advo-Iflff cf Free Trade , and from the resistance to Lvpjg iEfinraces , hy the very parties -whose advance tf * s promised "byits accomplishment , I endea-Ifjcred to convince 5 on that this England had now | i : Kna > : a josb -which cannot be diverted from jjBciplej or attracted from its pnrsoit by the glib ijcsophy and sophistry of mountebank cosmopogjs , who "would hang this vast world upon a Free
jjja peg , and present to the imagination the -jcranDC fascinations of u high wages , cheap £ » d , and plenty to do . " fee motto of the Reformers -was il Peace , Sejschment , and Reform . " That vras the bill of £ e ; shsibings promised for the support given ; and , jj jnticipation of those revolts , the word " Heform " jjj a tali * mani « influence cpon the then infant jusd ^ England . Disappointment , however , followed ; f £ mottoes , promises , &ad pledges , lost their charm jthsrm , - "which you-wonld endeavour to restore , by jicicg a still mor « captivating motto upon your jjjsers , in the liope of fascinating the now fullrtira 3 O 5 D of the country .
iln tiis letter I shall take the Free Trade motto , pf a : c-3 vrageSj cheap bread and plenty to do" as njiext . is 1 have no interest in the question of free trade spud the common good , I shall give you the fnll jceSi of every point that can make for yon . The stsaise then of the free tradersis , ™ HiGH wages , cheap fcesd , and plenty to do , " to be produced by a repeal j $ be Corn Iaw 3 . The " plenty to do" is a , question y £ h which I shall bs better prepared to deal , vrbfn jisTe shown the increased unmber 3 that free trade Toald . in she first instance , thiow into the
mann-{ j » tnrni 2 T 3 wket as competitors for a portion ofwii&t 5 ii to ba done . Your interested opponents take an gjjjr advantage when ihey attach a positive meanjg 10 the terms " high wages and cheap bread . " j ^ t would fain infer that jou promise < m increase ^ ccf £ i , and also a red-action in Hie price of bread ; Itzzch to the terms but a comparative meaning , — jjj ; meaning which I Relieve jour party intend them p"bear . Taat is , that " cheap" and " dear" being i £ s » Te terms , if the thing to he bought was more j ^ sced in value than the thing ¦ with which it W 23 to Jg bought , a posiiiv * advantage wonld accrne to the jochaser . For instance ; we will suppose labour , b se ? t , and bread to be the three articles contended jjoat , and suppose that bread is either the only thing
sed , or fse one thing which gives the stamp of value fejU other things used 5—say then thai a man earns ia shiliing 3 a week now , and requires eight shillings ironh of bread to support his family ; and that the ose msn , if ihe Corn Laws Trere repealed , wo'ald aia b-i eight shillings , and could purchase the uq ^ ired 2 iconnt of bread for five shillings ; he would ie not only a shiTling a week better off in his savings ; fci , -KK 2 t regulating the . value of all other com-Bodtfies , lus three shillings would bs faliy equal to Ikz siloings ; that is , always made and provided " £ 22 tia prices eharged by you to the foreigner for O » proceed of his-labour bore -ihe same proportion tilie pre-rait price to the reduced price of wheat ; iKihKk-E of three-eights , and no more .
Hf ? s is where yov are draDgeaoous . 1 on affect ts t ; s > &i ihe relative alterations that the change msild r : Xs in the price of labonr and bread , ssu $ -:- * fail to set forth ( he probabis reduction of jjf priu of the produce of labour in ihe gambling I asriti bt which both mcst » e governed . Thus jw Ha * ~ -a * . 50 a have subverted ihe order of ihing 3-Bdnirrtd ths system topsy-turvy , by making the pice of labour depend upon mechanical production , ssni of making the price of produce dependant
ipcn ihe price of labour , vrhich we have been led to kSfveiiihe source of all wealth . To obviate this istqasEry be : ween the contracting parties , that is , fetrreen master and man , I merely seek to open the nnn ^ l market for man ' s labour , wherein he will be k » er able to guess at it 3 ralne than he possibly oa whLe Trorking in the ariifieial market , over lcrlth ie has no contronL This application of land , terrar , will come more legitimately under another fcad , srd , tberefore , for ihe present 1 shall treat itf Lsud as the antagonist of machineiy .
I tx-der thb head I shall confine myself to a con-I ^ raiion of tliosa results likely to be produced by I tfe rdauve setUement ; thai is by the reduction of 1 iiree-ei ^ iihs in ihe price of corn . In arguing thi 3 I crscon I shall not fi ^ ht you with your donblc-I tdpj sword ; ihe one carving out "higher rents , " I is : the tenant farmer , and the other - ' lower prices "
I Sir : h ? operative . I shall deal with a certainty ; I £ & :=, that n reduction in ths price of food Mrsx 1 a 701 X 0 wed , and indc : d orGHi to be preceded , I ? j a Tsiusiwn in ike price of 12 nd which produces \ jiid ; and presently I shall h&ve a word to say upon 11 » subject of precedence , maiataining , a 3 I shall , l ^ j principle that a reduction in the price of land
• awad be the catse , and not a ctiisequence , of a sdaction in the price of produce . lia ; some cootasoa would follow the transfer of " and from the present proprietors to the Jews £ d Mortgagees , is an admission freely conceded by la best -nrifas upon the subject of Free Trade fc ^ fortunately those writer 3 iave merely treated tf&e probable result , without a oagle comment tpoa inierveniag circumstances , which must natur-V-j occur between the beginning and tbe end : Ca : ii ; between the declaration of Free ^ a-3 ? , and the pruz atjitsthext of the
ElOiS agricuitursl society , consisting of landlords isa ^ ts , credhor 3 of tenants , labourers , shopkeepers , I ^ speidaiit upon landlords tenants and labourers , I las tradesmen dependant upon the same parties ; 1 ijs , asd even manufacturers depending upon lie I Tft Szj of those parties to purchase their prodnce . IBsre 1 leave ihe Jews , and mortgagees , with their |* J > c ? c !! d of flesh , " ont cf the qnestion . Thet and ¦ TDr , 1 / precedence is Kicnglg given , would have the •» iole benefit of other men's misfenunes ; and ¦ ctrsrino the powers of that party in a country owing ¦* zt 2 j £ 300 , 000 , 000 of debt , and whose every move ¦* gOTerned by the pulsation of that heart , we can-Stccine to the conclusion thai all the virines and
fee cf the vices would be transferred from the "sted to the ou = ter 3 ; from the prefect landlords , ~ soffie of whom li ? e upon the roil , spend upon the ^ sye , and many of whom do hononr to tbe soil , — ** ' ££ new occupant , or rather prop-nziors , who "sld look upon the soil as a mere mercaaiile com-^* CL y ; who would have no interest in common * 3 aibe occupant of the soil , or the tiller of the 5 ; 2 nd whose only knowledge of its value wonld « tawn from under the head " Money market , and & 3 liUeiKcence . "
1 t » 7 e always contended that a Repeal of the *¦ 23 laws , unless psecexded Ly a general Adjust . ^^ of every existing engagement , more especijilt Q THE DEBT both National and Personal , nro 3 t I " ^ Tiii V . i y jea ^ t 0 a xc-Tolntioii . And now 1 will state pj reasons . 1 AcE 5 riin £ most freely , that the land , after the Wy- cciSJst would be kept in one sort of cnltiva-§^ s r > anotkej ^ we axe bound to coEv . der firsily , ^ ia the state of society wooM be pending that chaos Pfc-. et and confusion which must precede settlement W * & ^ 2 d form ; and secocdly , whether say and w ^ A class of society would be bepefitte ^ , either ¦ teStg ^ struggle , or by a transfer from the ¦ fcitii ; owners to the new usurpers .
Air iandlords of Great Britain and Ireland are 17 ^ -fed into two clasLes : the one composed of those ^ to make any redaction in their rents which cir- [ ^' - ^ ces may demrTid , -vrithout either losing their . ¦ feasa in society or being trammelled by heavy ] ¦ teotal engagements . This section represents the j ate * * capitalists , with nnlimited credit , in thel ^^ ^^^ market The eccon d class of land- j 1 ^* ^ msists of those who have either received their j lf * ea encnmberEd nnder the present system of what j il ^ TK ^ " ' atiosal taith , " or those who them- ] Bfei ^ ^* re encnmD £ rel * th ^ properties np to that j fi *^ v *^ ^^ ^ J y ec « 5 their epgagements , Sjo ^^ Pon a surplus created by an set of great IH ^ * 1 * 1 The latter are far the most numerous M wL ?*^ ^ present the small masters in the manu-J ^ S aaiket . Kow you see , that I admit the I ^ bk tables them to live in their present con-^" i-a&er meeting the calls cf" katio . nal rAnH , "
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to be an act of injustice : but we are to consider how one act of injustice can be remedied without committing another of greater magnitude . Don't mktake me ; not of injustice to the landlords ocly , out of injustice to the whole of society . Ajo even to many who have buoyed themFelve' 3 np with the mo 3 t fascinating anticipations from tbe change . I proceed to cinsider what the state of tociety must inevitable ^ during that period which must intervene between chaos and settlement ; between the packing-np of the present agricultural
machinery , and the develop : mcnt of the pew machinery , by which that interest is to be hereafter governed . I shall not only consider the effeot which a total R ? peal of the Corn Laws would have upon landlords of the first class ; landlords of the second class , their creditors ; shopkeepers of all classes , and trade-, and professions dependant upon them but I shall also consider the effect of the measure upon tenants with and without capital , and with and without leases ; and its effect upon the agricultural labourers now employed , 83 well as the general operation of the measure upon the manufacturing operatiTes .
A 3 I shall leave no portion of my subject uneoneidered , or ambiguously discussed , you will pardon me for introducing my own country firstly , in illustration of my position . We must commence with some data ; and as I have established a standard by which the price of wheat is to be regulated by the change , I think I may fairly apply the same scale for the regulation of the price of land , which prodnces wheat . The effect of Sir HoberI Peel's Tariff upon bests was to render a reduction of twenty five per cent . > 'ecessa : rt to meet even the anticipations arising from the change .
I admit that the unsettling of any particular interest will lead to an alteration m prises which may Dot be exactly established upon fair data ; and also that the breeders and feeders of cattle < ra the case of the Tariff ) took unnecessary alarm in the fir ? t instance , and overstocked the market from the dreaded appearance of stock not yet in existence . Bowever . be their act one of ignorance , of folly , or of precaution , Us effect teas to reduce the price of land considerably ; at least st twemy-five per CEST . ; and a similar , aud perhaps a more extensive reduction , has taken place in the price of meat and
cheese . Thas I show yon that the value of the raw material , Laud , —and of its produce , is sure to find its level ; the reduction in the price of the latter , compelling a redaction Cot subjecting the holder to an injustice ) in the value of the former . If we presume , then , that wheat purchased for eight shillings under the present regulation could be purchased for five shillings if the duty was altogether abandoned , we must naturally come to the conclusion tha ; the price of land must be regulated by tha same scale ; that is , that a reduction of threeeights , or thirty-seven per cent , being made in the
price o : produce , a similar reduction musk follow in the price of the thing producing wheat—Land I say a similar reduction , a though an unerring scale might be established whereby the relative value of wheat and Land < juld be regulated . Such , however , coald not possibly be the case ; as competition in the retail market in foreign produce , purchased with English labour , would have the inevitable tendency of reducing rents to that standard . Thus wo lose all chance of even guessing where settlement wonid commence . In this perplexity , I take the minimum of reduction likely to follow a total repeal
of the Corn Laws ; a reduction of thirty-seven per ; cent , or three-eights ; that is , if wheat now fetches ! £ 2 ¥ 2 $ . the quarter , the same sample of wheat , if the \ Corn Laws were repealed , would be worth £ 112 s . 6 d . the quarter . I should be justified in going very mneh lower ; in fact in setting down the then price of wheat at the lowest figure at which it could bei imported into England from any part of the world 1 and purchased with English slave-labour . But I will take it as I have stated it ; and if this reduc- tion of thirtj-ieven per cent , should be rendered necessary by a repeal of the Cditi Laws , the position of the Irish landlords would be as follows : —
The landlord with an income of £ 300 a-year , oJ . which he owes £ 400 a-year , having the remaining , £ 4 C 0 to live upon , would then have £ 500 a-year , or . £ 100 a-year to live upon . Three-fourths or three ? hundred per cent , of hiB " loyally" would thns , at once , be destroyed , while the burden of " National Faitb " , or £ 400 a-year would remain undimiiushedi A man having now £ 8 , 000 a-year , and owing £ 5 , 000 a-year to Church , to State , and Society , would be , reduced to beggary ! A man having £ 4 , 000 af year now , and owing £ 2 , 500 , and living £ 1500 would also be
upon , a-year , a beggar ; and yet , if ihe operation of the change ; zcas so clear , defined , and vhlble , as to paint . out the consequent dutt of those parties , thbt would i HOLD THE CCCTJFY 1 XG TZJUSTS TO THE PEBFOBMaSCE j OF THEIR PAST OF IHE C 0 J . THACT , THE PAY-; MENT OF RENT , until ih ; transfer to the mortga' gee was ( ffjected ! And though the landlords might i perhaps succeed in extracting the last farthing from ' , their tenant 3 for rent , they could not succeed in com-: pelVxng those tenants to emphy their capital in pay-I mentjifieages ; a >~ d thus , as ever has been the case ,
THE ATTEMPT TO BEMEBT A GREAT INJTST 1 CE WOULD ENTAIL TA ~ R GREATER INJUSTICE UPON THE LABOURING CLASSES OF BOTH COUNTRIES ! The impoverished landlords would hold fast by the legal guarrantse as long as they could , until by legal process their estates had been transferred to tha Jews and Mortgagees , who would receive them a 3 guarantee to the creditors , themselves the principal ones , to the amount of five eights of the prc : ent value . Now uho would spend money in this slate of things * —not the ousted and impoverished landlord!—Not the distracted and
unsettled tenant J and the shopkeeper , tradespeople , and labourera would be thrown upon the world without a penny or the mean 3 of making it 1 J I allow three years as the shortest probable time for the reign of confusion . It would not terminate in two ; while one would be quite sumcieat to perfect all the machinery in the manufacturing ^ market to carry out the principle of " buying in the cheapest market , " which would be then supplied to the manufacturers by the then distracted Btate of eociety . Now , Sir , mark my position , aud observe well the picture I am abont to draw . It is understood that
the object of repealing the Corn Laws is to give suca aciitity to manufactures , as to open a labour market sufficiently wide to ensure employment for any surplus hands that the measure might create in the agricultural labour market . I will limit then the process of " transfer" and the " reign of confuson" to two years , during which period IiUle or no money wonla be expended in agricultural labour . The Jew 3 and Landlords would be at antagonism in the law courts . The tenants with capital would flse to America . The power to substitute others , as well as the inducement to others , with or withont capital , would be gone . The tenants withont capital wonid fly from responsibility , taking with them the proceeds
of the wreck , determined , and justly , to have something . . The shopkeepers ¦ would be unable either to find customers , or to enforce the payment of debts from insolvent creditors . Tradesmen would be unemployed ; labourers wonld Btand idle in the market place , by day , and would prowl through the country , as banditti by right , or join the Irish emigrants in search of employment in the newly extended market of manufactures Your picture of " improved wages" and " tmprove 4 . condition" consequent upon a Repeal of the . Corn Laws , has ictn most fascinatingly presented to them ; and thither the ruticipating dupes wor'd fl < Sk . That is just what you want .
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You want to take advantage of the " confusion " and " transfer" that the change must create ; and out of that confusion you would model your preliminary machinery for carrying out the principles of free trade . You wonld have more than a million , of surplus hands thrown into the artificial labour market . By reduced wages you would be enabled to glut the markets of the world with tho produce of " ¦ cheap" labour in the first instance ; and when " confus on ' had passed away , and a portion of the surplus hands was invited back again to commence agricultural operations in the new school
and under the new principle of the large farm system , you wonld be prepared with complete machinery to enable you to dispense not only with the auxiliary force of the one million , but with three fourths of even the number now employed in manufacturing for the world . At present trade is going mad . Mills that have not worked for years are being put into readiness . New mills are being built and yet , when all are at work , at full work , many an unwilling idler will look with jealousy upon your scavenging cabt for having supplanted him in ihe labour market !! What , then , would become
of your surplus hands ? Why , the same fate would await them that has awaited them before , when the rival machinery rendered their labour useless . They would go back to their parishes ; aud find the plough , the harrow , the t ^ rashing-macHUie , with all the other " new intentions" for rin&tnng agricultural labour useless , in folOerc « , aDd tnu ? , Sir , that which would be death toaH ' oiber classes of society would be sport to the Leviathan gamblers and reckless sj : culators in foreign produce , domestio machinery , sud human blood ! Nay , more , before two years of " confusion" had passed away , tho rich gamblers with credit would have broken { the poorer of their order to tho ground ; while a large portion of the
land of the country would pass from the present owners to vou and other successful speculators , purchased with the produce of labour bought in the " cheap" market and sold in the "dear" market ! Snch , Sir , would be the injustice that the change , if not preceded by a fair and fquitable adjustment , would itiflict upon the whole of the labouring classes : an injustice to which I am not prepared to subject that valuable portion of seciety , even for the purpose of destroying a great injustice perpetrated by the landlords . Believe me . Sir , that you must begin at the rigbt end , and give to the manufacturing operative some better inducement to join in your wild schems , than the prospect of being obliged to
GIVE E 1 GUT TIICIS OF HIS PEODUCE INSTEAD CF FIVE TO MAINTAIN " NATIONAL FAITH" and personal engagements , under the new and improved system of " no wages , > o bread , and little to do '' except for inanimate machinery !!! S : r , as the Chartists , who look for the means of commencing at the right end , by giving precedeuce to a reduction of expenditure , have bteu denominated monopolists , I undertake in my next to describe the new system of agriculture which must inevitably follow the " transfer" of landed property , occasioned by a repeal of the Corn Laws ; and to deduce from a true description of tbe thtn Btato of society the
fact thai in Ireland alone the effect of the change would be to reduce the present electoral body in the same proportion , or indeed to a greater extent than the repeal of the Corn Laws would rtduce the price of wheat . Wheat has always been esteemed as the commodity which stamps the value of every Tfcher article of life , and , without any forced reasoning , I nndertake to bring every tenable man to the conclusion that a repeal of the Corn Laws , with the present franchise wonli disqualify seven in every ten , if not more , of the present constituencies . Here then 1 assert , without any fear of refutation , that tho settlement of the franchise , and the settlement of
ALL EXISTING E > "GAGEMFNT 3 MUST PBf CEDE , A REPEAL of the coajf laws ; and further , that the greater tbe imposition of those laws upon the community at large , the grtater tbe injustice of giving the settlement of that question the precedence of all others of vastly greater importance . This , Sir , wben thoroughly developed will be a stumbling block for your new allies , the Complete Suffrage small section of society . " What has been may be ; " and I shall now illustrate my two positions by what has been . Turce bad haivcuts in Ireland , from the year 1816 to the year 1822 , rendered il impossible for the
Irish tenants cither to pay their » ents or to employ labour . The Irish landlords and tho Irish parsons , i instead of reducing rent and tithes , did these things : the Iandlobds fobmed themselves into Iufantbt and Cavalby Yolusteeb Cobps , to force those rents at the point of the bayonet and sabre : the parsons , to preserve the interest of their successors , : sold their arrears for ten shillings in the pound I to merciless tithe-proctor 3 , upon condition that they i should not abate one fraction in the pound of the ! arrears said to be due . This tyranny and resistance produced the White Boy Revolution of 1822 : and
was followed by Mr . Goulburn ' s just and statesman-like Tithe Commutation Bill of 1825 , by which all the grass land of Ireland belonging to the Protestants , and then exempt from the payment of tithe by a resolution of the Irish Protestant House of Commons , was rendered liable for its fair share of tithe . Pending tiic " settleme-vt , " however , scores were hung ! hundreds were transported ! and thousands upon thousands flew to America , or took Tefuge in
the English labour market : whereas , had Air . Goulburn's BUI taken PRECEDENCE of the just besistance to ikjcstice , the blcod , the expatriation , and the flight of the Irish might have been spared ! Thus , Sir , 1 establish my first proposition by showing you that the Irish Landlords will not only resist what they consider an injustice against their order ; but that they would further call in the expensive aid of that Government which subsequently is compelled to admit the justice of resistan by removing tbe injustice which led to it .
The Reform Bill , followed by the extensive adoption of the large farm system , has led to a reduction of more than twenty-five per cent , in the Iriih constituencies . Thus I prove my second proposition ; that is , if I shall be able to show that a Repeal of the Corn Laws must of necessity be followed by the general adoption of the large farm principle . I have not yet concluded under the head— "Land" I am , Sir , Your obedient servant , FBAnGCS O'COKNOB .
To The People.
TO THE PEOPLE .
M * FaiEtiDS—You will no doubt be anxiouB to know something of my present position and future movements . It hs ^ not fcsen my fault that I did not constantly correspond with you , bnt rather the result of circumstances which I could neither alt ? r nor control . Ton are aware that my temporary exile hps been endured more for the sake of my fellow-conspirators , and ol my bail , than for myself , and consequently I have been compelled to act with more caution than if my own interests'were merely at stake ; The fourth count is not yet settled ; but it appears that councal are of opinion that the crie has fallen in pieceB from the pure ¦ wei ght of its own absurdity . 80 much the better it will
be fux all parties concerned , if such , opinion t 3 tbe correct one . I confess I am not altogether of that opinion , and put not my faith in the leniency of a Tory Governmen ^ . Still it it necessary to set in some way or other . I am reduced to a moBt awkward position ; t 3 cause if I return I may be charged with rashness , and if I stay away I may be accused of taxing the Blender means of the workiDgmen . It was but tight that I should in that dilemma , refer to counsel , to my bail , and to my co-couspizators . I did not require to refer to myself , because I offered to i . 3 present at Lancaster , and in the Queen ' s Bench , if any person would 13 responsible so far only as to advise me to do so . No one—not even thoM who abused me for my absence , would nndertake to give that advice . Nor will any one underlie that responsibility now ; course ! only think
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I might safely return . I am perfectly ready to do so t > morrow , although I am positively assured I shall 13 immediately arrested . We shall see . I resolve to risk it , unlen some of the patties interested object decidedly t 3 such a
step-When I do return , and in the event of not being tried myself , I intand summoning a Jury , or pufellc meeting , in all the large towns to which I may 13 hmfed , for the purpose oT publicly tryiDg the two great opponents of the rights of labour , viz ., the aristocracy of land and the aristocracy of npital . My reckon for adopting this course is Vrcanr } I am in eveiy sense of the word a Chartist—my Chartism meaning the parnt democracy ; and I will not abuse the aristocracy to serve capital , nor abuse the manufacturers to servo tbe landlords . / will attack , expose , and destroy , by reason r ' one , ihe infernal ststesi which both have reared upon Ihe ruins of ( nboUr , which they maintain at labour's expense , and which they are resolved to perpetuate , in ecutempt of the people .
My object in pursuing this democratic course is to examine into and to explain fully , fairly , and wholly , the manifold grievances of which labour has to complain , and which Chartism aims to rtdeem . I shall either attack all grievances or 1 shall attack none . I bave ( ' upied my time in preparing the heads of my lectures in which I shall endeavour ( 3 leave no st <> ne unturntd iii tbe wide field of tbe workingmen ' s bufferings and wrorigs . I shall go among you only as the advocate of the rights of labour . I shall deliver one , two , or three lectures on the trials , and I shall conclude by demonstrating how , why , and wherefore Chartism is the only safe , wise , aud expeditious cure for the wreogs of labour .
I wish no fsociation or body of men to ts at one farthing's exj mo oli my account . I would rather that & few Charlies would , in those pte-js where I may be invited , form a temporary committee , take ft large room to lecture in , and defray all txpeuces with the proceeds of the lectures . Auy plan , however , will pk'ise me , provided it ends in my giving these lectures . I may , however , observe that it is Impossible to lecture in the open air or in a soiree ; consequently , if I am invited to either the one or the other , I can only give a mere general address .
There is another subject to which I may allude . Some , Chartist friends in Manchester have tien providing a fund to tattle me amongst them in my profession . In the event of their kind resolution taing carried into effect , I shall then go , like a borso in a mill , round and round mj own Icrility ; consequently , I shall only have one more general round of lectures before I roase altogether the wholesale system of agi + ition . Let those places , then , which desire the lectures above mentioned , address themselves to Mr . James Leach ; or to No . 1 , Shoe-lane , London ; and I shall make arrange * ments so as not to interfere with the lecturers of the National Char ^ r Association .
There is another sur-j : jt Some charges have been prt-ferrcd against me by cartain persons . I hop 3 they will have all their guns shotted , for I am determined to have a full investigation at Manchester , where those subjects , 11 ilieve , ' can onlytj fully s « nd fairly decided . I Bhall go there first , and have a shot at the crockery . Bnt the enemies of ChartiBin will 13 sadly disappointed when I declcre I shall not entertain any public meeting with tbe disgracsfal Equabbles which have almost tuiued our common cause . I shall answer every question put to mv , a- ; d I shall insist upon the publication of all chargf s , together with my reply to them . In fact I bave answered thorn already , if James Leach could only su ^ - ^ ed in getting my let irs printc 1 .
In conclusion I have only to remark , that notwithstanding all I have suffered from open enemy and pretended friend , I am not one jot different in principle , energy , or hope . I am ready to do duty and make up for lost time . I will ti the friend of the working class , as I have r : en the unca'sin ? advonta of its rights . Nothing shall prevent me from being what I have been . Faithfully yours , P . M . WDOUALL .
G?I;Arit0i Gntexuapnce *
G ? I ; arit 0 i gnteXUapnce *
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London . —Metropolitan District Council . —February 11 th , 1844 . Mr . Hodge in the chair . Mr . Cuffy handed in 17 s . 8 A 1 , the balance from the meeting held at tbe Partneniuin , S * Martin ' s Lane . Mr . Stallwood brought forward the following resolution , which was seconded by Mr . Slater , and ' -irried unanimously" That this Council reeommend to the variors lcr ^ 'ities the propriety of forming democratic schools . " South London Chartist Hall . —At the Annual meeting at the at Jve hall , on Sunday evening last , the following resolution wrs put and rv . ried by evaluation : " That the thanks of this meeting are due and hereby given to T . S . Duncomt > , Esq ., for his manly conduct at the Crown and Anchor , end to the noble majority who supported him on tbat uccrsion . ;' Mr . Stallwood delivered an animated address in the Politi" -. l and Scientific Institution , Skinner Street , last evening , Sunday , February llth , and wai warmly applauded throughou *'
Tower-Hamlets . —A meeting of the General Council , residing in the Tower-Hamlets , wrs held on Sunday evening , Feb . llth , 1844 , at the Crown and Anchor , Cheshire-street , Waterloo Town , Mr . J . Buck in the chair . Mr . Drake then brought forward the correspondent in respect of establishing Mrs . Ellis in a line of business sne might be likely to succeed in ; and also to provide a permanent fund for three months , to the amount of 15 s . per w : : fe , thereby to establish Mrs . EUis in some good situatod place in tbe Hamle ' i ; deeming it a place'Mrs . Ellis would be most likely to succeed in . The following resolutions wo unanimously
adopted-. "That Mrs . Ellis ta written to , expressing our approval of her coming to London as soon n a suitable place ran 13 obtained ; and we pledge ourselves to give her our utmost support , by dealing with her , and to use our utmost endeavours to get our friends to do the same . " " That a committee « f seven persons 13 appointed to obtain a liBl of persons who will gmrantse to subscribe sixpence , or other sums , per week , to carry out tho object , ;\ 3 ' proposed , to the amount of fifteen shillings per week for three months . '' Messrs . Bax ^ r , Drake , Baines , Shaw , Ccoper , Harpar , and Jenkins , were then appoiut 3 d to cirry out tie object of the above resolution . " .
BIRMINGHAM . —The usual weakly meeting was held at tbe Chartist Hall , Peck-lane , on Sunday evening last , Mr . John Beale in the chair . The mee ' was addressed by Mr . George White , who exposed tbe sophistries of tbe LeajuerB , and gave a description of the cowardly attack which bad been made on him . He pointed out tbe injury which Free Trade piincipka had done to Spi "lflelda' weavers , Coventry ribbon weavers , Worcester and Yeovil glove makers , Lann shire spinners and weavers ; and said that even in Birmingham at tha present time numbers of g !? 73 cutters who were formerly ia comfortable circumstance , were walking the B » ? eet 3 pennyleas , whilst their work
was stamped instead of fclng cnt , one man being thus enabled to do cs much ei twenty ; and showed that the Frc 3 Traders merely wanted to set their machinery in motion and employ children , while the men were wandering about in idleness . He concluded amidst loud cheers ; a vote of thanks was given to the chairman , and the meeting separated . Mr . W . addressed a meeting at the same place on , Monday evening , aud will continue to do so until tbe weather is such as to admit of open air meetings . The Members of the National Charter Association are requested to assemble at tbe Hall , Peck-lane , on Sunday evening next , whea members for the Come" *!!! I nomiatod .
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Carlisle . meetings of the chartist Council . —On , Sunday \ fft , a meeting of the above body took placs at their room , No . C , John-streot , Caldewgate , for the purpose of transacting their usual business , and making arrangements for the quarterly meeting of tnembars , which took plaro on the following evening . Several resolutions were p ? - ? sed preparatory to other mat * irs , which were to be brought 1 . fore tbe quar *> rly meeting . It appears , from the report of the Council , that the Chartist movement in Carlisle is going on stiadily and progressively ; and , though it cinnot boast of t 3 ing very extensive in numbers as to real paying memfcars , yet thoro it has are ui . flincb . ing and unanimous in their support of the Association ; and hundreds more , equally zealous , would bs the same did
their pecuniary circumsances allow them . Notwithstanding these dieidvaotiges , the Association is going on prosperously as to its mon « y transactions ; and tby business of the body transacted with the grea : st uniformity and regularity , and to tbe utmost satisfaction of all the members . The mtratsra then proceeded to choose office-bearers to vA during tbe ensuing quarter ; and the business of the meeting concluded . Working Men's Mental Improvement Society . —Pretty numerous meetings of the meml ts of this body have bc 3 n held lately at their rooin , No . 6 , Johnstreet , Caldewgat 9 , every Sunday evening , when seveial questions of great importance bave been discussed in a
very able and spirited manner . A memorial and petition have l : en forwarded to the proper quar ^ . rs , in J jhalf of those victims of bigotry and intolerance , Merits . Paterson and Robinson , who are now suffering a cruel and unjust imprisonment on account of their religious opinion ? This is a noble act on the part of the members , and reflects great credit upon them ; who would freely grant to all other men tbe right they claim for themselves—of thinking according to their own convictions . Ou Sunday evening last Mr . Miiir brought forward the following very important question , which will occupy the members several nights , *• Have the improvement in machinery I nefitf 9 d the working classes ?"
Miv Dorman's Route . —Having r : on appointed by tbe Executive Committee of the National Charter Ari 3-ciation , as lecturer to the South Staffordshire District , I think it right to lay the state of Chartism in this district b 3 fore the readers of the Northern Star . I left Nottingham on Monday evening , Feb . 5 , and arrived at Stoke in . the evening . I found at Hanley , a number of staunch democrats , who ore found at their post in tho storm as well pi in the calm . On Tuesday I visited Tunatal . Tbey bave had no meatings at this place since the disturbance in 1842 , until the one I addrer 3 d . Mr . Yates was called to tbe cbair . At the clore of the lecture several took out cards , and a committee wn appointed . Wednesday I wont to Longton and had a good meeting , but feat has taken hold of the 1 ^ ople in
this place , through the ra'irelly League manufacturers threatening them with loss of employment if they attended Chartist meetings . Thursday , I vvbU id Feuton , the meeting was but small . At the close of my address some took out r trds , ond we formed a council . They are held in tbe same sfato of bond . ige here as at Longton ; but they expressed a determination to put the Leaguers at defiance . Sunday evening we held a meeting in the large room , at Hanley . There was n numerous attendance . 1 lectured again the following night , at seven o ' clock , to a Urge and respectable audience . At tbe close several new members were enrolled . The prospect in Hanley is ; very cheering . Votes of thanks were prssed to T . S . Duncombe , E ^ q .. M . P ., and F . O'Connor , Esq ., the great champions of the people ' s righ t " . —Henry Dorman *
BII . STON . —Tbe Chartists of this locality held their usual Weekly meeting in the large room in Stnff > rdstreet , on Sunday evening last , when the month's : > :-coun 1- ) were made up , and gave general satisfaction . Those parties who have ta ^ en books to collect for the nsistance of Mr . Ltnney , when discharged from prison , are requested to attend on Sunday aftsrnoon , the 25 th ins ' , at three o ' clock , when it is expected that delegates from various localities will ba prosen OLD HAM . —On Sunday last , Mr . E . Clark lectured in the Chartist Room , Greave ' s-strcst .
MANCHESTER . —South Lancashire Delegate Meeting . —The delegates g £ the Manchtstur District of South Lancashire met on Sunday fc , t , at Mr . Mutray ' s Koom , adjoining the Carpenters' Hall ; Mr . J . Nuttall in the chair . The following delegates were present : —Rocbtlale , Messrs . Casio . i and Fergusson ; Hollinwood , Mr . E . Clough ; Ashton , Mr . Simpson ; Carpenters' Hall , Meesrs . J . and H . NutteM , aud Donovan . It wrs agreed tbat the balance sheet of the National Defence Fund should bs printed and circulated through the various localities . The next resolution wrs t » the effect tbat the delegates of this district recommend to tbe County Conference , to be held at Wigan , that South Lancashire be represen t ed in the forthcoming Convention by two delf 3 at' 3 ; and that Miasrs Christopher Doyle and James Leach bo recommended as the delegate ? . ;
Carpenters Hall . —On Sunday evening la-rt , we was favoured with a visit from our much respectjd friend , Mr . Thomm Clarke , of tHockpoit , member ot the Executive , who delivered a powerful aatl impressive addzm embracing a vsriety of topics liario ^ on and affecting the interests of the great democratic movement bis description of the progress of pure and unadulterated Chartism , in the different { counties which he had visited , wes truly cheering and delightful , and elicited tbe most rapturous applause . Several questions were put to Mr . Clarke at the conclusion of the lecture , which he answered to tbe entire satisfaction of the
numerous auditory ; after which a vote of thanks to the lecturer wrs carried by acclamation , and the meeting c : paratad more than ever convinced that the Charter antl the Charter alone , is the only object worrb contending for . Never was Chartism in Manchester in a more prosperous condition than at present ; the Association is rapidly extending itsslf . The members act in strict union with each other . The Sunday-school continues to improve in numl : rs ; there era now , despita the denunciations of the gown and cassock gentry , nearly 600 children on tbe books , and all this tun t 3 en accomplished in the short epao of b ' k mont&s . Let others go and do likewise .
CARRINGTON . —At the Counc " . mot ' ofc , held on Sunday last , a vo f i of thanks was given to Tnemir Slingsby Dunoombe , Esq ., M . P ., for bis noble advocicy of the principlt s of Chartism , at the rcr-. nt moting of tbe Complete Suffragists , held at it he Crown aud Anchor Tavern , London ; also to Ff - % m O'Connor , Esq ., and the London C ^ crtists , for *' ief ? patiiotio conduct at the above meeting . Hebdrn Bridge . —At ths weekly meeting of the Chartists of Hebden Bridge , nine fresh members joined and took out cards , having been converted to Chartism by reading last Saturday's Star . Hence we may judge what wonders an hone 3 t pafar may perform , when a single paper has done so much . i
Glasgow . —The Complete Humbugs Unmasked—For some weeks past certain individuals faaye been endeavouring to bring about a reconciliation of the " old and new move parties "; for this purpose several meetings bave been ; held ; at one held on Friday evening last , in Mr . jWhyte ' s coffre room , Mr . John Murchy , Complete Suffragist , said , in consequence of some remarks which fell from oer * tain parties at a previous meeting , he wished to r k , whether the systematic opposition given to the Anti-Corn Law League , met the approbation of the Chartists generally ; if ao , then so far as he ( Mr . Murchy ) was concerned , there could be no union . Mr . C ) 1-quhoun said he would be very candid with Mr , Murchy . The opposition to the L ' ea « ue by the Cbartists of England met his ( Mr . CJ's ) unqualifiei approbation . The next question waa , whether the Chartists were ready to renounce the " dictation" of
Untitled Article
Feargus O'Connor and ihe Northern Star ; on this point tho party ( beg pardon , the faction ) wtre lond and long , and repeatedly expre ? if d rhu ' r una ' ierablo determination never to join the Chartists tii ] such time as the latttr renounced all conmstion with Mr . O'Connor and tbe Star . Who after this will say that the name is the obstacle in the wa y ? No ; as Joseph Sturge said to the Rov . P . Brewsteri " The name must be changed to get s id of FeargusP It is the policy , and not the nauie , that stands in the way . Let the j : ople bear ia mind the terms of union—no opposition to the League , and ths destruction of Feargvi and the Star . " Inr inclusion , I have only to repeat Mr . Peter Bosar ' s reply to those humbugs , Murchy , Hcjy , &c : — " While Mr . O'Connor stands by the pcspJe as he has hitherto done , no man or body of men will ever be able to destroy him ; it is idle to speak of getting rid of any man . "
A Meeting of tho : e friendly to a national system of Orgam-. 6 a . uon , was held in the Academy , Collegestrrst , on Monday evening ; Mr . J . Smith in tha chair . The S . cretary read a letter from Mr . John M'Crae , of Scrathaven , in answer to a request that he ( Mr . M'C . ) would deliver a lecture or two here , to which requc : t that gentleman expresst d his regret at noi being able to omply , particularly as he took great interest in the success of the National Charter Association . A letter from Mr . Duncombe , in reply to-one sent to that gentleman , requesting his ( . Mr . D . ' s ) opinion regarding Sharman Crawford ' s proposal for " stopping the supplies , " wasread , in which Mr . Daucombe refers his friends to the " piinted report of what took place at the Crown and Anchor
mcet'ng , which , " he says , " was the only communication that i have had with that gentleman or his friends upon the subjret of stopping the sapplies—when it appeared that tho . e who call themt . elve 3 'Ciraplete Suffragists' posse-sed neither tho materials to carry out their plan , nor obj ata sufficiently distinct for which the people would , in my opinion , think it wonh while to ci-opjrate with them in obtaining" . He then directs attention to the forthcoming Convention ; recommends the postponing of any decision as to future operations until thoES delegates shall have assembled ; aud expresses a hope " that they may be able to chalk out some course which shall hereafter unite
all classes of Reformers in one common effort to obtain , by peaceful and constitutional means , those rights aud privileges to which ths people are entitled , and . without which , no othec beneficial change * , whether civil , commercial , or religious , will ever , in his . opinion , take place . " Mr . Burnell recommended to the Council to take into consideration such measures as they might deem accessary to recommend to the forthcoming Delegate meeting , which is to take place in April . Mr . Bonar gave aa account of the proceedings at the Conciliation Meeting , on Friday evening , and exposed the insulting conduct , of tho Complete humbugs . After the issuing of some books and tickets , and the enrolling of some new members , the meeting broke up .
STJNDERLAND . —The Council of the Association met in their room on Tuesday evening , Mr . Scott ia tbe chair . The following resolutions were agreed to unanimously : " That a member ' s meeting ba held on Sunday next , to elesfc a district councilman to make arrangements for the district lecturer in connexion with Shields and Newcastle . " " That no lecturer be accepted to lecture for the Association unless authorised by the Executive . " NEWCASTLE . —Mr . Thomas Clough gave a very spirited lecture on the principles of the Charter . A vote of thanks was given to Mr . Clough .
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Mb . O'Connor will address the Chartists of London at their Hull , Turnagain-lane , on Monday night next . Chair to be taken at 89 ven o ' clock precisely . Subject , —the Irish Trials . London . —Martlebone . —Mr . Gale will deliver a public lecture at tho Mechanics' Institute , Circus-Btreet . New Road , on Sunday evening next , at halfpast seven precisely . An tJAKMONic Meeting will be held at the Feather ? , Warren-street , Tottenham Court-road , on Monday , February 19 th , 1844 , at ei ^ ht o ' clock . The proccf ds to be given in aid of the Tribute . Scmer-5 Town . —Mr . J . Sewell will deliver a public address at the Bricklayers' Arms , Tonbridge-3 trc zt , Cromer-street , on Sunday evening next , ( to-morrow ) at half-past seven precisely .
TotvEB Hamlets . —f . fr . R . Ridley will deliver a public lecture at the White Horse , St . Mary-street Whitechapel , on Sunday evening , at half-past cevea precisely . Wistminjter . —Mr . A . Hvmnibal wi ^ deliver a public addresd at the Golden Lion Tavern , Deanstreet , on Sunday evening , ( to-morrow ) , at ha-lf-past seven precisely . Mile-end Road . —Mr . James Alee will lec f ura at the Working Man's Hall , on Sunday evening ( to-morrow ) , at half-past seven preceisely . South London Chartist Hall . —Mr . Skeltoa will lecture at the above HaJl on Sunday evening next , at seven o ' clock . The Chaictists of the above locality are requested to meet on Sunday next , at five o ' clock , to nominate persons for the general council .
Oldham . —On Sunday ( to-morrow ) two sermopi will be preached in the Chartist Room , Greave ' aetrect , by the Rev . XV . V . Jackson , of Manchester , to confluence in the afternoon , at two o'clock , and in the evening , at six . A collection will be made after each sermon to aid in the establishing of a Chartist Sunday school . Nottingham . —Mr . M'Grath will lecture at Mr . Rollctt'd Temperance Hotel , on this evening ( Saturday ) , aud at the Democratic Chapel , on Sunday eveuing . The celebrated choral singers from Arnold will attend . On Sunday " Evening , at eight o ' clock , Mr . M'Grath will address the Chartists meeting at the Queen Caroline , Charlottee-atreet , Nottingham .
Buby . —On Sunday next , Mr . Kydd , of Glasgow , will deliver two leoturos in the Garden-street Lecture Room ; to commence at half-pa 3 t two in the afternoon , and at six ia the eveniDg . Bacop . —Mr . Highe , of Whitwonh , will deliver two addresses at Bacup , on Sunday next , the 18 th instant . Bram ? ton . —Meetings are held eveiy Monday night , at Mr . Robert Sands , Jackson's Row , Br amp ton , near Chesterfield . Hebden Biudge . —A discussion will be held in the Chartist Room , Hebden Bridge , on Sunday next , at two o'clock . Subject— " Whether should the value of an article be determined by the amount of labour required for its production , or by its utility whea produced . " Birstal—A tea party will be held on Shrove Tuesday , the 26 th inst ., in the Room over the CDoperative Stores , Birstal . Tea on the table at six o ' clock .
Mr . John Mason will lecture at Wednesbury , on Sunday morning , Feb . 18 th , at eleven o ' clock , and ia the afternoon at Bilston , at four . Leicester—Mr . Bairstow will deliver a lecture on Sunday evening , in the Chartist Institution , Town Hnll-lane , at half-past six o ' clock . Mr . Bairstow will deliver his second lecture on the "Fallacies of the Fr < ebooting League , " in the above Institution , 00 Monday evaning , at eight o ' clock-On Shrovb-Tuebday a Ball will be held in the Institution—to commence at seven o'clock . Admission by ticket ; threepence each . On Wednesday eveuing Mr . M'Grath , president of the Executive , will lecture ia the Institution—to commence at eight o'clock . Carrinoton—The Chartist friends of the Carrington locality wiil hold their tea party » nd ball on Tuesday next .
Mr . Dob man ' s Route—Tunsfall , Monday , Feb . 19 th ; London , Tuesday 20 th ; Fenton , Wednesday 21 st ; Hanley , Thursday 22 nd . —N . B . —Mr . Dormaa will preach a sermon ia Hanley , on Sunday Feb . 18 th , at six o ' clock in the evening , iu the Large Room , Trumpet Inn Yard . Mr . Leach ' s Route for the next week —Moaday lDtb and 1 'uesday 20 th , J . Leach will meet Mr . Mackintosh on the following question— " Will a repeal of the Cora Laws , under existing circumstancss , be a benefit to the working classes V Wednesday 21 st , Bolton ; and Thursday 22 nd , Staley-Bridga . The North Lancashire Dele « atb Meeting wiM be held at Mr . Bcealey's , Accrington , on Sunday Feb . 18 th . at eleven o ' clock in the forenoon .
Mr . Dixon ' s Route for the next fortnight—Monday and Tuesday , 19 sh and 20 th , at Preston ; 21 st Chorley ; 22 nd Blackburn ; 23 rd Acorington ; 24 th Haslingden ; 25 th Bacup ; 26 th Burnley ; 27 th Padiham ; 28 th Colne ; 29 th Bamoldswiek ; Maroh 2 nd Sabden ; Clitheroe ; 3 rd and 4 th . Keighley—Mr . West will lecture in the Working Man ' s Hall , Kcighley , on Monday evening nex \ at Sutton , on Tuesday evening , and at SiJsdea on Wednesday evening . On Tuesday evening next , a public tea patty wi 1 * . be held in the Working Men ' s Hall , Keighley . Tea to be on the table at four o'clock in the evening . Sunderland . —A General Meeting of the Members will be held on Sunday morning , at tea o ' clock precisely .
Newcastle . —A Public Discussion will take place in the Three Tuns , Long Room , on Sunday evening next—Subject t Will a . Repeal of the Corn Laws benefit the labouring classes of this country , without an accompanying adjustment of the present system of taxation 1 The advoca * a of Qyin Law Repeal are respectfully invited to attend . Bristol . —A Public Mr jting will be held at the Society ' s Room , Cnnon-:. treet , oa Monday evening next . , s Mr , Geohgk White , of Birmingham , will visit
Coventry , Nuneaton , and Bcdworth . next week . He will be at Coventry on Tuesday . Birstal . —On Shrove Tuesday , Mr . Smyth hM address the Chartists of th ' a place , in the Co-opera * tion Store . - ^ . Sowekbt . —Oa Sunday , ( to-morrow , ) Mr ^ S « jite will addros 3 tho Chartists of Long RoydJEVKygiS at two o ' clock in the afternoon , * adj « %£$ ^ 3 jHS £ in the evening . Iim k « S ><» M < tt S ^' -i'i' ^ AjjV'feV !
New Woollen Cloth And Tailors' Trimming Establishment, ! 57, Brieror.Fl.Te, Leeds, And Market Place, Darlington.
NEW WOOLLEN CLOTH AND TAILORS' TRIMMING ESTABLISHMENT , ! 57 , BRierOr . fl . TE , LEEDS , AND MARKET PLACE , DARLINGTON .
4} Orti)Comuis ≪£F)Arttj5i ^Tectmc,J»
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(To Bichard Cobden, Esq., M.P. I.Vrnrp -Ftf
( TO BICHARD COBDEN , ESQ ., M . P . i . vrnrp -fTf
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YOL- YIJ . ffO . 327 . SATURDAY , FEBRUARY 17 , 1844 . > ~* » ' 5 'gag , y % J 5 gT "
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¦ AND LEEDS GENERAL ADVERTISER .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Feb. 17, 1844, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1252/page/1/
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