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HOUSE OF COMMONS—Fbidat , Mabch 8 . THE lACTOHIKS BILL . Sir Jaxxs Gbaham postponed the second reading of the PactoriesBill tall Friday , thB 15 th . The Chajtosllob of the Exchequer bronght forward Mb proposition for the reduction of the interest of the Three-and-a-Hall per Cents . He was not Hie first financial Minister * who bad brought forward similar propositions ; bntj-with one relaiove exception , that of 2 dr . Pelhani , ia 1759 , the Jioek on ~ whiehhe now proposed ta operate mi larger is amount than ever the House o ! Commons was called on to deal "with before . The time w exceedingly favourable for the transaction . In the present state of the Money Market there was a larger amount of capital seeking employment than at any former period , partly the result of our own wealth ,
» nd parUy of our credit abroad , and the discredit of all foreign securities . Trade sod indBstryvere reviving ; the revenue of the country lad been raised to more than an eqosJifcy witii ite expenditure ; we were on good terms with all foreign powers ; everythin ; combined to reader the time favonrahle . The stock with which he proposed to deal amounted to Tery nearly £ 350 , 000 , 000 ; it was composed of four different species of stock , created at different tamos , and amounts ; with three of these stocks Parliamest had an unfettered right of interference , either to pay off principal or to reduce interest ; bat with the fourth stock , which iu created in 1818 , and amounted to £ 10 , 000 , 800 , there were two existing conditions coupled , namely , that six months' notice should be given of any intention to pay
cff , and that it should be so paid off in amounts of af 500 , DOO at a time . Of course , good faith required an adherence to these conditions . Various plans had been BBggested , three of which he mentioned , and distressed their advantages and disadvantages . Bnt in any plan to be adopted , be considered that every principle of honour , as well as of expediency , required that the interests of individuals should be considered as well as those of the State j and no present saving to the country should be effected by laying a burden on posterity . In time of war we were justified in throwing a portion of the trarden on those who were to succeed ns ; but such was not honest or honourable in time of peace . Looking to the large amount of the National J > ebt—between £ 700 , 000 , 000 and £ 800 000 , 000—it might seem a
matter of comparative indifference whether or not we added so small sn amount as £ &d . , 0 DO to the capital , as the prospect of paying it off might seem very improbable . But apart from the Injury which such a proceeding might inflict on our national faith , the precedent might prove a serious ineovenienee to us , in the event of any future war- Bracking , therefore , any scheme by which a present saving might be effected at the cost of an increase of the capital of the debt , he proceeded to propose the plan which the Government has adopted ,. Every holder of Three-and-a-Balf per Cents , is to receive as efual assignment of stock at three and a quarter , the interest on which is of course , to be three and a quarter for ten years to come , that is , till October , 1854 . After that year it is Hy be reduced to three per Cent , and to be guaranteed against all further reduction fer
twenty years , namely , till 187 4 . A limited period is to be allowed for all persons , according as they reside in England or abroad , to express their dissent , except the stock of 1818 , which is to be paid off , unleE 3 parties agree to accept the conditions offered . By this reduction , an « t > titi » i saving will be effected to the country , commencing in next October , of £ S 25 , DD 0 ; and in 1854 this saving will be doubled ; amounting then to £ 1 , 250 , 080 . After explaining that the reduced stock is to be henceforth amalgamated and . the annual interest to be paid in future in April and October , by which an equalization -will be effected in the amount of' dividends payable at the four quarterly periods of the year , thus keeping the Money Msriet from unequal pressure , he concluded by calling on the House to approve of bis plan , the success of which would materially enhance the credit and character of this country .
After a few words frsm Sir J . B- Reid , Mr . P . M . Stewart , Sir John Easthope , Mr . Williams , and Aiderman Thompson , Mr . Havtes expressed his approval of the scheme , and assured the Government that when they acted upon principle * so Bound they weuld nevar have to pnen ^ ntw any party opposition . The Chascelxox of xre Excheqceb expressed his thanks for the general kindness and approbation with which his plan bad been received . The resolutions were then passed .
TEE STPPL 7 E 5 . After a few words from Mr . Shabmas Csattfobd , erpressJTe ef bis intention not to continue any opposition to the granting of the supplies , inasmuch as he thosgbt be had sufficiently asserted the principle lot which be contended , the House went into committee , proceeding -with the remaining army estimates , left over frera Monday night .
THE XBXT ESTIMATES . The following sums were voted : — The Srst vote was £ 128 , 231 for the pay of the general and steffcfSeers of the army . £ 90 , 308 for the payment of the principal officers of the different military departments in Great Britain . £ 13 , 408 for the Boyal Military Asylum and the Hibernian Military School £ 83 076 for the expenses of the volunteer corps . £ 1 , 649 fer nuprovidtd services of former years . £ 13 , 252 for the rewards of distinguished military ssrvice and allowances to officers holding appointments in garrisons as rewards of service ; and The snm of £ 77 , 000 for the pay of general officers not being Colonels of regiments . £ 62 , 300 to defray the charge of fnD pay for redneed and retired efficen of tha land forces .
The next vote was for a sum of £ 458 , 000 for half-pay and military allowances to redneed and retired officers of the fend forces . £ 54 , 932 for calf-pay and reduced allowances to officers of disbanded foreign corps , pensions to wounded foreign officers , and allowances to the widows and children of deceased foreign officers . On the motion that £ 141 , 161 be granted to defray the expense of pensions to officers' widows , Lord Howick , after alluding to fiie case of the wife of the late Colonel Pawcstt , who fdl in a duel , asked ¦ wbefljer it was the -intention of the Government to take any further steps to suppress dneHinj :, which he thought wasqmte within their power ; and if Ench was not their intention , he thought that the ¦ withdrawing of the pension from the lady , Mrs . Colonel Fawcett , was an act of injustice . Sir H . ELLRDI 5 GE answered that he was sot aware
that the Government meant to make any alteration of the law j but he had , from the circumstances of the duel , considered that the lady ' s claim was one that he could not recommend to her Majesty . The vote was then agreed ta The next estimate was for the allowances on the com-P&Esionale list ; allowances as of her Majesty ' s Boyal Bounty , and pensions , gratuities , and allowances to officers for wounds , £ 110 , 000 , whica was agreed to without remark ; as was the charge of Chelsea and KHmainham Hospitals , and the pensions and ontpensionars thereof ; the pensions granted to discharged negro ) soldiers , Hanoverians who served with tha British teny in 1783 , 27 ° * , and 1795 , and ; of . the military " Eanimtion of ont-pensicnexs in : lb , 9 United " ^ '"gflpra , £ 1 , 252 , 792 . - - .- - ¦ --
£ 38 , 506 for charge of allowance * , compensations , and em oluments in the nature-of saperannnatipn or retired * D wancea to persons formerly belonging to several JoWie departaients , was then toted , and the army * Bmates having teen gone through , the home Trent ^ to committee on t £ s Ordnance ^ Estimates . Hr . WniixMsoomplained of the immense amount " ttoney spent in building fortifications and new bar-T ** - The barrado at Manchester alone were pot **» * t £ W 7 Md . Hiere ware others also at New .
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port and Bristol , what was there in the state of Manchester that required thosa barracks now more than at any former time ? He thought this sum for the erection of new barracks was most enormous . The following sums were voted : — £ 137 , 043 for Ordnance civil establishments at home and abroxd . £ 110 . 707 to defray the expenses of the Reyal corps ot Engineers , and Sappers sud Misers . £ 343 . 527 to defray the expenses of the artillery and gunnery department . £ 391 , 197 to pay the salaries of barrack-mast « rs on foreign stations . £ 483 721 for defraying the charges of ordnance works . £ 166 796 for the expenses of the ordnance surveys . £ 229 , 580 for the fxpensaa . of ordnance stores . A vote of £ 163 , 6 S 0 was proposed f « r defraying the
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charges of the superannuated and pension list Captain pECBEll wished to call tbe attention of the Bight Hon . Gentleman the S » cretary-at-War to a case of some hardship . A poor pensioner had been compelled to go into a workhouse , and during the time he ¦¦• as there his pension was withdrawn . When he was discharged from the union the pension was renewed , but its proceeds were taken by the guardians until the expences to which they had been put for his maintenance during bis stay in the workhouse bad been defrayed . He ( Captain Pechell ) wished to know if tkis "was legal ? Sir H . Hardinge said it undoubtedly was sot The vote was then agreed to . A vote was agreed to of £ 174 , 688 for the expences of commissariat supplies . The CHAlHlf an then reported progress and the House resumed .
The House then resolved itself into a Committee of Ways and Means . The Chancellor of the Exchequer moved a vote of £ 8 , 600 , 000 out of the Consolidated Fund . The vote was agreed to , and the Report was ordered to be brought up od Monday . The other Orders of the Bay were then disposed of , and the House adjourned at a quarter past eleven o ' clock .
Mondat , MaBCH 11 . Mr . S . Ckattpord presented a petition from upwards of 2 , 000 inhabitants of Rochdale . They stated that the taking of human lift * under the powers of the law was the most serious and solemn duty which could be performed ; that when executed , as it usually was by a hireling of the shbiiff , it was often done without due decorum or solemnity ; that if this practice was to be continued under the sanction of the religion of the state , it should be performed in such manner , as to make a religious and solemn impression on the people . Therefore , the petitioners prayed the House to enact , toat whenever the taking of human life was commanded to be done , under the laws of the state , it should be performed as a religious ceremony , and by a clergyman of the state church . ( Liughter . )
THB FACTOKT BILL . Lord F . EGEB . TON presented a petition from Manchester , numerously signed by members of tbe Established church , praying that the age of ten be fixed , instead of thai of eight , for children working on the relay system . Mr . Hbblei presented upwards of forty petitions against any increase , of the military establishment of the country , and in favour of measures calculated to insure the maintainance of peace—from the Peace Societies of Birmingham , Cnatham , Rochester , Eafleld . Ipswich , Ayton , Doncaster , Gosport , Kingston , Leeds , Exeter , Lanark , St . Anstell , London , Wellingboreugh , Ware , Kingabridge , Alton , RamsKate ,. Worcester , Qioeeatex , Biidpott , Fatenham , Sheffield / Colchester , Staines , VToodbridge , Wem , Hitch in , Reading , Chalbury , Coctermouth , Belfast , ilaidstone , Dorking , Ban * bury , Oawesfry , Street , Neatb , Bolton , Liakeard , Spalding . and 2 > ocfermline .
Mr . Duhcohbe presented s > petition from several thousand persons in the pariah of Islington in favour of exempting all local acts from the operation of the New Poor Law Amendment BilL Mr . S- Chawjobd , on the second reading of tbe Commons * Enclosure Bill , gave notice that he would move that it be read a second time that day six months . Mr . O'COSNELL gave notice that , on an early day after the recess , be should move for leave to bring in a Bill to define the law of conspiracy . On tbe motion of the Chakcellob of tbs Exche-< jce& , the Report on the Three-and-&-Haif per Cents . Annuities Acts was brought up , and tbe resolutions were agreed to .
The Chancellob of the Exchequer moved that the Speaker . do forthwith give notice to the Bank of . England , that the Taree-and-a-Half per Cant . Stocks , created in 1818 by the 58 tb of George III ., - ? rould be redeemed and paid ' off at the expiration of such notice . On the Report of the Committee of Supply being brought up , Capt . BeksaL moved for a copy of any letter or correspondence which had taken place between the Secretary-at-War and the widow of Celonel Fawcett , relative to the withholding of her pension . After giving-a brief history of duelling , and mentioning some great names who had set the example to Colonel Fawcett , he expressed a hope that the Right Hod . Gentleman would TBteise his decision , and not visit the sins of the husband upon bis widew .
Sir Hexet HaBDIKGS , in reply , pointed out one or two cases in which pensions had been refused under similar circumstances . The papers , however , would be produced ; but be could not hold out any hopes thai the pension would be granted , as there were many reasons for not acceding to it , which might not exist in other eases . Other Members followed , and among them Sir C . Napier , who made a good and amusing speech on the subject . The Hon . Member , after stating his views as to the military regulations necessary to put an end to it in the army , proceeded to descant upon tha remedies he considered necessary to put a stop te the practice in civil life . He thought that they had better bet in with civilians—aye , with the First Minister of tha
Ciowe—( hear , hear , and a langb )—and go dewn from him to every ^ Minister who ever sat on the benches on either side of the House . Ha would make one and all of them incapable of becoming a Minister of the Crown af ter it was proved either that he had sent a challenge or fought a duel —( cheers and laughter ) . He would go further , and apply the same rule to Solicitors-General and Attorneys-General , and all gentlemen of the same genus —( cheers and laughter ) . If such a regulation had been long in practice , however , he feared that there were a considerable numbttr of gentlemen on the Treasury bench who would not be sitting there now—{ hear , hear , and laughter ; . He did not knew how the rule would affect the ex-Treasury bench on his side of the House —( oontinued laughter and cheering ) ; bnt he repeated that he would like to see a regulation issuing from her Majesty , te tbe effect that no person could be competent to
become a Minister of the Crown who had been engaged in a dneL That would be a powerful preventative . ' Bat then , on the other hand , the remedy might prove worse than the disease , for had the plan been in operation , they most have lost , among others , the cervices of tbe commander-in-ehief , the Duke of Wellington . He did not think it fair or right , however , for the Right Honourable Gentleman the Secretary at War to promulgate his regulations as to the army unless some such measures were applied to tha < navy , and also to persons in civil life—( bear ) . He -would tell them a way of putting down duelling at once . He would not allow a duel to be fought unless across a table—( hear , and laughter ) . First , let one pistol be loaded with baU , And the other not ; then , if that had no effect , let both be loaded with ball , and then let the gentleman who was not shot be hanged —( hear , bear , and laughter ) .
Mr . Greese ( in the absence of Lord Ashley ) moved the appointment of the following members on tbe Select Committee on Medical Bslisf to tbe Poor : —Lord Ashley , Mr . Brotherton , Mr . Bell , Colonel Fax , Mr . Pakington , Mr . Hawes , Mr . S . Wortley , Mr . O . Stanley , Lord J , Manners , Mr . War burton , Lord R . Grosve&or . Mr . G . Knight , Mr . Laseelles , Mr . M . Safcton , and Mr , Bramston . The Cqascellob of the ExcBiquKR brought np the Three-and-a-Half per Cent . Annuities Bill and the Consolidated Funds BUI , which were read a first tiroa Tbe Heu&e adjourned at a few minutes after nine o ' clock .
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METROPOLITAN TAILORS' TRADE PROTECTION SOCIETY . —STRATFOBD-LE-BOW . In compliance with the request of the master tailors and journeymen of Scratford-le-Bow , that & section should be formed in Stratford in connection with the above Society , tbe distance being nearly five miles from either cf the mevropollun sections , and too great to attend the weekly meetings , a meeting of the trade was called for Vhe purpose , at the Coach and Horses , Stratford , on Thursday evening , March 7 th , at eight o ' clock , at which nearly all connected with the trade in Stratford and llford were present . Messrs . Gradwell , Crofton , Parker , and Parrott attended from the Central Committee , and Mr . Panott ¦ was unanimously -voted to the chair .
The Chairman congratulated the masters aud men of Stratford and Ilford , on the advanced state of intelligence to whioh they had arrived , and tbe rational views which the several classes in connection with the trade entertained of the relative position each bore to the other . They had set an example which all masters and men should imitate , and . which he was most anxkus to see followed in all parts of tbe United Kingdom : until this was the case , matteis ot respectabilityj as well as journeymen , must continue severe jHufrrer * from misapplied capital . Masters could nob
execute their orders without journeymen , neither could journeymen procure employment without employers : they "were in-that ease mutually dependant , and * honM tach £ Ct in concert for , the recovery of the trade , which they migafc . { by mutually assisting in tha present movement ) assuredly accomplish . After stating tbe objects of the movement , the interest each should respectively , feel in its advancement , the advantages that miut accrue to ailfr « niU success , the progress already m&de , and tbe continued fiflns of communications from . different parts of tha
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country , some seeking information how to proceed , but more signifying their adhesion . The Chairman concluded by calling on Mr . Parker to introduce a resolution , who , after offering Borne appropriate introductory remarks read the following i" Tkat in tbe opinion of this meeting the appalling extent to which the system of unjust competition is car * ried on by parties professing cheapness , bat who in reality , realize a rich harvest by starving their workpeople , and the most flagrant impositions on a sadly mistaken public , demands the active co-operation of all
classes and members of th& trade , it order that legal and effectual means may be adopted for its counteraction ; as all who are hBnourably connected with the tailoring trade are Beriensly affected by nefarious competition ; and believing that without a complete union of its several members in town and country , it will ultimately be engulfed , this meeting is resolved to support tbe presemt movement for the recovery of the trade , by forming a eectlon in Stratford in connexion with the Metropolitan Tailors' Trade Protection Society , and doing its utmost for the general protective principle in all parts of the United Kingdom . "
In offering the resolution for their adoption , the speaker dilated most ably on tbe various point * contained in it , and the mode by which a complete union of the trade could be legally effected , the destructive tendency of home- ¦ working , the importance of the press and public opinion , of petitions to the Legislature , of a National Delegation , of the happy prospects which were held out to the trade , all of which could be Becuredby the success of the present movement ; but should it fail , of which he had not the . slightest tonception , they should all sink In irretrievable ruin . Mr . Crof ion seconded the resolution , and accompanied it with some admirable remarks on tbe state of the trade , its means , and capabilities , and urged them to go forward in this glorious enterprise so creditable to all engaged in it The resolution was carried unanimously amidst mncb cheering .
On the petition to Parliament bBing introduced , a Gentleman totally unconnected with the trade , but whs bad been Induced to attend the meeting through tiie handbill , and what bad appeared in tbe publie papers , requested leave to address the meeting , which being granted , he denounced in no measured terms the professedly cheap tailors ; styled them dishonest knaves , and amongst the worst enemies to the state . He thought it was high time that something was done for the suffering tailors ; felt astonished that master tailors should so far degrade themselves as not to confine their work to their own premises ; had no idea bat that such
was tbe invariable rule ; that if master tailors were so reckless of the health and lives tt the community as to encourage this anjast and deadly system of home working , it was time that the public gave their orders to those trademenn only who gave unquestionable evidence that orders which were given them to execute -were made np on their own premises . He would himself become an auxiliary to the tailors by assisting them among his immediate acquaintance , would , if permitted , not only sign the petition himself , but take it around among gentlemen for tbs purpose of procuring other signatures , and wished them every success in their laudable undertaking .
Mr , Parker thanked the gentleman for his kindness , and informed him that it must be respectfully declined ; that ** the petition , was to go forth as the petition of the journeymen tailors , they had no wish to ehaw any fictitious strength as to numbers , and would never allow their enemies a shadow of excuse for taunting them with resorting to other than honourable modes to carry their objects . The Gentleman was satisfied with their honourable resolve , and would make np for his inability to serve them in this way , by redoubling his efforts in others . A vote of thanks was given to the Chairman and acknowledged . The remainder of the evening was occupied in issuing cards , rules , balance sheets and petitions , and the appointing officers . Tuesday evenings were fixed on as their future meeting nights , aad some minor matters disposed of seriatim .
AU present seemed to outvie each other in demonstrations of cordiality , and the meeting separated highly gratified with the proceedings of tbe evening . Tottenham . —On Monday evening , March 11 th , another meeting of a like character with the former , and for a simitar purpose , was held at the Red Lion Inn , Tottenham , and though the weather was most inclement , yet it did not deter the masters and men of Tottenham and Edmonton from being present , who from their numbers made it appear as if no member of tbe trade in either of tbe before-mentioned places , was absent on tbe occasion . Messrs . Parker and Parrott attended from tbe Central Committee , and on the motion of Mr . George Seaward , Mr . P « rrott was unanimously voted to the chair , who having addressed the meeting on the business
connected with it , a resolution was proposed and admirably spoken to by Mr . Parker , " That in tbe opinion of this meeting , the system of trading , miscalled cbeap tailoring , is deceptive , impoverishing , and injurious to tbe belt interest of society ; that as all classes and members of tbe trade are alike injured , all Bhould unite for its protection ; this meeting therefore resolves to form a section in Tottenham in connection with tbe present movement , and thereby assist in the completion of a general union of the trade in town and conntry . " Mr . Seaward seconded tha resolution , which was carried tf&anlmously ; after which the usual officers were appointed ; cards , laws , balance-sheets , and petitions were eagerly sought after ; and the meeting nights axed for Mondays in the same house . A subscription , to aid the agitation , was proposed by a master tailor of great respectability , and liberally responded
to , himself heading the subscription . Another t « cover tbe expenses , was proposed by Mr . Seaward , who considerately observed , that those who bad left London on that inclement evening to assitt them had proved their philanthropby and anxiety for the welfare of those present an 4 tbe trade in general ; that as it could not have been dane without considerable inconvenience to tkemselves , and some expense , which they as working men could not sfferd , the least evidence of gratitude they could tender for tbe services of Messrs . Pariot and Pirktr on that exhilirating occasion was to defray such expenses as they must unavoidably have been subjected to . Tbe proposition met wita a hearty response : and the meeting separated with a cordiality evinced only fcy those who , having embarked in a coarse of justice , are animated solely by a desire to establish and maintain the rights of all equally .
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for the Protection of Labour , and be a remedy for the two great evils whioh are at present affecting the iaoourers of this country , namely , want of work and Ik i . k ? i ^ " , ith Dur - ln « nense machinery , I again say , that « &Udrea a labour and lonjj working cannot do any other than produce a superfluity of hands ; a superfluity of hands cannot do any other than produce bad wages , jmd bad wages cannot do any other than lesson the quantity " of trade-trade depending more on wages tnan on any ptfeer circumstance , if wageB were good , trade could not be bad ; therefore , mj friends . jlet ns bestir onwelves to remove these circumstances which are tne primary causes of bad wages , for If we only battle with secondary causes , -we may Bteviggle eternally and yet struggle in vain ., > I am , yours respectfully , m . . _ RlCHA * u > Ceowxher , Fttstran Cntter . 48 , Tiokle-atreet , D . dansgate , Manchester . March ! Ith , 184 * .
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FRANCE . Most of the Paris papers giva long reports of the trial and conviction of the Abbe Combalot at the Paris assiz 2 s , ' for a libel on the TJuivereity of France , in a pamphlet entitled " Memoir addressed to the Bishops of France and fathers of families , on the war made against the Church ! and the community by the monopolist ; Unhersity ' . " The prosecution , whioh was instituted at the instante of the Minister of Publio Instruction was conducted by the Procureur-General , and excited much interest . The jury , after deliberating for more than an hour , returned a verdict of guilty , and tho Court sentenced the Abbe to imprisonment for fifteen days and a fine of 4 , 000 franca ( £ 160 ) . !
Thb Pops anb the Italiaw Refugees . —The Papal Government has solicited the French Cabinet to notify officially to the Italian emigrants resident in France , that they are to avoid all communication with the patties now endeavouring to create a movement in Italy , or to give them any aid or conntenance . In consequence of this intimation the Prefect of the Police called together the principal emigrants resident in Paris on Friday , to inform them of the intentions of the French Government , which has resolved to send out of France all those who are ascertained to take any part in the events now in progress in Italy . Among those who were called together by M . Delessert , were Generals Pepe and Busi , Counts Mamiani and Locatelli , MM . Canute Montalagre , Robeoohi , and Leopardi , and several others . From this it would aapear that the Papal Government is seriously alarmed at the progress of revolutionary principles in Italy .
On Saturdaay the Chamber of Deputies again annulled the election of M . Charles Laffitte , and the discussion of the report on the petitions against the Paris fortifications was continued . The Ministry was still engaged in its very questionable war with the press . The appeal of the National against a sentence of the Correctional Police was rejected by the Court of Csasation on Friday last . Twelve of the soldiers of the 70 th Regiments arrested for an alleged military conspiracy , were sent in chains from Paris on the same day i for embarkation for Algiers . '
SPAIN . ! It appears that the Carlist conspiracy in the Basque provinces was more extensive thas was at first supposed . The whole of the north of Spain is in a state of great excitement , both on account of the movement of the Carlista , ; and the exasperation produced by the arbitrary conduct of the Government . , 7 \ The Castcllano of the 2 nd inst . invites the attention of the Government to tho terrific increase of robbers in various provinces . In the province of Toledo they murdered several soldiers who fell into their hands . The disarming of the National Guard throughout the country had given increased confidence to the highwaymen . .
The Madrid Mail of the [ 3 rd brings no news from the insurgent districts ; land the only papers published in tbe capital being under the direct control of the Government , endeavour * to draw off pubiio attention from so disagreeable subject as the prevailing stato of insurrection and discontent by pompous descriptions of the preparations making for the Queeu Mother ' s reception , magniloquent announcements of expeditions whioh are to subjugate Morrocco , and hi « h flowing praises of the intelligent activity of MM . Gonzales Bravo and Carrasoo .
A Ruhodr prevailed in Madrid , that the Spanish Government had , on the requisition of that of Lisbon , sent aid in the shape of cash and artillery for the suppressiou of the revolt in Portugal . The alleged murder of the Spanish consular agent , Morrono , on which the projected expedition to that country was founded , turns ont to have ; been a mere squabble , in which the Spaniard ; was the aggressor It appears beyond a doubt that he lost his life in consequence of his own unjustifiable violence in firing upon and wounding a soldier when in the execution of his duty . It is said that the French Government haa offered the use Of transports to carry over the army which is to form the expedition . Wo have no doubt that the expedition will turn out to be a Spanish one . The arrests in the Basque Provinces continue . Several of the principal persons in the district are involved in the Carlist conspiracy . !
The Caslellano , of the 4 th , states that a con piracy haa been discovered at Madrid , just as it was on the point of breaking out into insurrection , aad that Reverai of the principal conspirators have been arrested . ^ \ PRUSSIA . Expulsion' of the Poles from Posen . —The Auqsbwg Guxeite gives the fallowing from Pooen , under date the 25 th ult . ~ "The fate oftheRusso-Polish refugees is decided . This morning about
two-thirds of them were sent under escort to Magdeburg . Tho remainder Will follow in a few days , with the exception of a few , who have received permission to stay until the end of March . Amongst the persons affected by the measure are the Count de Plater , who has always resided here in a very retired manner , and who recently purchased an estate in tbe Grand Duchy ; the rich Count de Potocki , son-in-law of Count Edward de Razzinhi , Count Eugene Breza , and M . de Luszewshi , who is the owner of two houses in Posen . "
RRUSIA > PRUSSIA , AND POLAND . The measures lately adopted against the Polish refugees have been , according to the last accounts from Posen , carried into effect with the utmost rigour and expedition . Only one or two individuals have been allowed to stay a few days longer on account of old age and sickness . Not the ; least curious circumstance connected with this affair is , that those high functionaries who , from tho nature of their offices , must be in possession of all the State secrets , and lean more to the side of severity than leniency , have from the first evinced , both in words and in deeds , their sense of the injustioe of these harsh measures ; and that Mr . de Minutoli , the chief of the police at Posen , has opened his nonse to one of the exilesand
, offered his individual security jfor him , if the King allowed him to stay there . Count Arnim , the Home Minister , at whose instance the Counts Plater had bought extensive estates , went to the King , and implored him to make an exception in their favour , as otherwise his word must bo forfeited , but he found the King inflexible The reasons and arguments by which the Emperor Nicholas has succeeded in producing this change in the King ' s mind are variously stated . In the first instance , it i& said that a Jong bill of indictment , concocted at Warsaw , has been preferred by the Emperor against every one of these refugees , charging them with imaginary crimes and dangerous intentions . Some , he urged , were his personal enemies , because , forsooth ,
thirteen years ago , during the war of independence , tkey had voted in tho- Diet for setting aside his rights to the throne of Poland . The Prussian Monarch , in tho outset , pleaded ignorance , but now considers this ground as sufficient to legalize bis proceedings . The late events in Servia were then dwelt upon . The Polish exiles ,. it was said , and especially the most illustrious among them , Prince Czartoryski , had been very busy in oreating an anti-Russian spirit in the principalities , their hopes had been raised by partial success , and it was most important to check them by some severe and unexpected blow , lest they should prove an incentive to still more daring efforts . This argument had prevailed with Prince Metternicb , and secured the otherwise unaccountable
neutrality of Austria in the late occurrence m Servia ; and why should it uot operate in the same manner on tho timorous and vacillating conduct of the Prussian Monarch i And so it did . The King gave his opinion that the conduct of the Poles in meddling with the Servian business was disloyal—yes , the word was disloyal . And who are the persons to whom it was applied ! Those , who have been expelled from their country , theirj forjtiineB confiscated , their relatives sent to Siberia , arid who are still under the sentence of death . 1 But the fininehing stroke of Russian policy lay in the hopes held out of commercial alliance atuo distant period . "Kankrin . Tsaid tha Emperor , the stanch partisan ef the prohibitive system , . cannot live long ; the physicians have already given him ! ud : when he dies , I
shall accept all your propositions . ? ' The King wavered ; but there was still { something else to be got—the renewal of the cartel treaty . On this point , however * whether from the lingering ; Bense of consistency , or from the reminiscence of pledges given in England , the King proved intractable . M A year will not . elapse , ' ? said the Autocrat at parting , ¦ 'before you ) will : find cause to ( regret your determK nation / ' aihoBe who know the means employed by Russia torafctwju her objects cabhardly bring themselves to believo that chance and . nothing else , has-in the late events favoured bo wjulli the views otthe Czar , and conspired to verify his prediction . It is further said that in originating all these false alarms , and getting up aJl iIxosq imaginary , plots and conspiracies . Russia has had a still more important and im-
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mediate object- in view than the gratification of her hatred towards the exiles . A formidable expedition is being prepared against Circassia . For that purpose a portion . of the army must be withdrawn from Poland , and the Emperor feels desirous to make up for this diminution of security by the increased vigilance on the part of Austria and Prussia . Surely , the removal of Prince Paskjewitz from the Vice-royalty of Pofatid on the plea of Ms too great leniency , and the visit of Count Orloff to Vienna , coupled with the stringent measures adopted in Posen , give some consistency to this rumour .
RUSSIA . Thet Winter in Russia . —A St . Petersbnrgh correspondent writes on the 23 rd u ! t . — " The winter has been very severe iu this country , particularly in the south and Transcaucasia . As early as the middle of December-the snow in the town of Gori reached almost to the roofs of the houses , so that there could be no communication between them ; and , at a little later period , all intercourse between Gori , Teflis , and other surrounding places , became impossible . In the circle of Alexandropol two men and 350 sheep were frozen to death in the fields ; three Cossacks are missing , and many persons hsire ' thelr and hands feet frozen . In tho mountains of Erivan the cold was a ^ ttventydegreesb ^ k w zero of Reaumur ( thirteen below the same point of Fahrenheit ) , and cattle were killed by it in every part . Thirty drivers , and all the beasts of burden belonging to a
caravan travelling from Teflis to Nakbilchowan , were caught in a whirlwind , and are still buried under the . snow . Eight have been found a&d carried to Erivan . Sixty camels , horses , and asses , bave peribhed . Of five horsemen who set out for a neighbouring village , two have been found frozen to death , but the others could not bo discovered . In a barn of the village a shepherd ' s boy and 300 saeep have been killed by the frost . The quarantine houses at Redout-rKale and St . Nicholas have boun destroyed by a hurricane ; at Baktchiserai it produced all the effects of as earthquake ; at Odessa it raised the water to the skiea like a water spout ; at Kitchenew it unroofed all the houses , and at Bolzy tore off . the iron roof of the Cathedral . Here at St . Petersburgh the cold increases . On the 19 th it was 234-10 Reaumur ( 21 Fahrenheit ); on the 20 ; l » at 25 1-10 Reaumur ( 24 $ of Fahrenheit ) ; but on the 21 st it got up to 21 6-10 Reaumur ( 17 Fahrenheit ) .
TURKEY ., The Augsburgh Gazette contains a letter from Constantinople , Feb . 14 , which states thru a letter from Adrianople had been received there , announcing that a sudden thaw had caused a great inundation , which had destroyed 3 , 000 houses , and carried away a considerable quantity of goods . The Foss is estimated at 3 , 000 , 000 piastres . A letter in tr . ; same jouraal ; from the frontiers of Turkey , of F niary 21 , gives the following : — " All the coasta <> f tha Black Sea , and particularly the ports of Sobastopol and Odessa , are Li the greatest movement . It is supposed that the Emperor will himself direct the operations in person . Amongst others , General Yermoloff is named . Tho operations are not to be commenced until the arrival of the Emperor or the Kuban . A letter from Constantinople ) siau-- that Circassian . agents are purchasing up anmiunr ion at any price /'
WEST INDIES . Letters and papers from tVo West Indies have been received , to tho following dates : —J j . ii-iica , the 9 th of February ; Barbadoee , the 4 th ; Demerara , the 3 d ; and Trinidad , the 1 st . This vwsel brings 1 , 116 , 000 dollars , having the Mexican mail on board , but the principal of this sum is suppw'd to be on mining account , though ib is said 75 , 000 dollars are consigned to the Mexican agency as iemittances towards the dividend due in April next . The Jamaica'Despatch of the latest date thus refers to matters in that island : — " There is little alteration in the political horizon of our island since the
transmission of our mails per last packet . Our legislative body , as well as the Grand Court , have resumed their deliberations in Spanish Town . ; and we expect both the Legislature and the Executive branches of the Government will take an early opportunity of contradioting some of the misrepresentations of the British press relative to their opinions on the necessity of an accession of free labourers for this colony . Bishop Spencer has been duly installed , and the church of St . Jago do la Vega created a cathedral . Religious instruction and general education are progressing rapidly , and everything but the panacea
for all our . evils—increased cultivation—is proceeding harmoniously . The weather is still dry and disagreeable , and ihe prevailing north breeze have caused some sickness . We have , however , escaped tho alarming shocks of earthquake felt at Grenada , Barbadoes , and other of the neighbouring islands . " Pbivatb investigation connected with the-late robbery at the Jamaica Bank is alluded to as tending to a discovery of the culprit . Her Majesty's schooner Pickle had arrived from Port Royal , with specie for the troops , and was about to proceed to the coast of Cuba .
Accordinc to the Demerara papers , the weather , notwithstanding its variable character , was on tho whole favourable for agricultural operations . The Barbadoes accounts give very little interesting news . The weather continued changeable , and few of the overdue vessels from England had arrived . At the latest dates appearances indicated either heavy rains or a thunder-storm . From Trinidad , Dominica , and Antigua scarcely a fact comes worthy of record . At Martinique a severe shock of an earthquoke bad been experienced , but , fortunately , no damage followed .
FOREIGN MISCELLANY . HoaniBLB Mcbders in France . —A farm-iabourer , named Kobiehon , has been condemned to death by the Court of Assizes of the Seine-et- Marce , at Melun , for murder and robbery . During the abeeuce of his master and mistress , named Malta * verne , who resided at the farm of La Mare Rouge , he broke open a . cupboard , and stole a sum of 130 francs ; and in order to prevent evidence of hid crime murdered three of Maltavertie ' s daughters , aged nineteen , fourteen , and eleven years , by beating in their skulls . A fourth child , an infant of two years , was sitting at the door in' tears , when another
sister , who had been absent in the fields , returned to the house . Suspicion having fallen upon him he was arrested , and confessed his crime , J Water in t # e DssEBL- ^ -From Alexandria , we hear that the Pasha is about to route one more of the monsters of the desert—by boring for water between Cairo and Suez , whioh he expects to find , sweet , at the depth of 1 , 000 feet . For this purpose ho is awaiting an apparatus , - ordered from England , calculated for boring' to the depth of 1 , 500 feet . No mention is yet made of the introduction of woodpaving , or the new sweeping machine , into this disenchanted region ; but they will follow in their turn . -
We 3 tebn Hohhobs . —Mr . Sheppsrd , late of England , committed suicide at Saco , Maino , a few days ago , Mrs . Loring French also committed suicide at . the same place , on the same day . Mr . Edward O'Connor , late , of Ireland , counseilor-atlaw , destroyed himself at Boston , on Monday night . Monseur Mcssemer , player on the coraet-a-piston , from France , was assassinated at Mobile on tho 1 st inst ., but is expeoted to , recover from his wounds . Judge Turley , ot'Naskville , has been caned by Major Turner , for offering an insult to a lady : and Mr .
Maxsey , Mayor of Nashville , has beea caned by Mr . Payne . Mr . R . Polbemus \ vas murdered near Freehold , New Jersey , on Friday , and a neighbour of the deceased , Mr . W . Reed , has been arrested on suspicion . Mr . Leech , believed to be from England , was killed in a quarrel with Messrs Lawson and M'Leod , at New Orleans , on the 23 rd ult . At Caddo , Texas , en the" 10 th ult ., Judge Hansford was barbarously murdered by Mr . Mossley and bis son-in law , because his judicial view of a law suit was adverse to tbeir interests . "
Ths Journal des THbunaux publishes the following list of murders committed subsequent to the assassination of Mr . Ward , in the Rue de Londres : — " The entire Faubourg St . Martin was this morning much excited by the discovery of another murder . The body was discovered in a cellar cut ia pieces . We are assured that the husbaud of the victim was immediately arrested . Another murder . —On "Sunday afternoon a vine-dresser from Vemecy , who had passed the day at Orleans , was waylayed on his return and shot dead . We have been assured that another murder has just taken place at , Montargi 3 . ; ¦ '' ¦
Th # King op Sweden . —We have been favoured by a much-esteemed Swedish friend with the following extract of a letter from Stockholm , relative to the illness of the King . It will be seea that he struggles against King Death as bravely as he struggled against tbe Austrians in Italy , and against tha French at Juterbock and Leipsic . The concluding anecdote is very characteristic of tha old soldier of the Republic : — " Stockholm , Feb . 20 . — -Ever . since the 26 th January , the King ' s birth-day , his Majesty has been at the very gates » f death . On the 27 tb , all the shops were crowded'with people purchasing black for the general mourning . The physicians agreed that life could not bo prolonged-bejond two days . I remember , on the 28 th returning , from tho French Church and passing the Palace , I looked up towards his'bed-room windows , and bid a melancholy'farewell to him , ' /« brave des bravest ; apd : the
peaceful Monarch of these realms , never thinking I should pass bis windows again until his giant spirit had shuffled off its " mortal coil- and left . tibia earthly scone . It seems , however , that , he is an extraordinary being , even in his illness , putting to nought the calculations of his fellow-men ^ au d baffling the very faculty . Every eye was fixed on the Palace , expecting the death of Charlss Jotuvand the' proclamation of Oscar , his eon , as King of Sweden , The two days , allotted : by the iiAyeicians , passed away without their prophecybeing . ful ^ Ued . The following day his Majesty called -tor b 6 ui ! Igpfff&tjpr& * Q ! l the bulletins whioh had been issudr&oi ^ Ks ^ U ^ siL . read to him . Since then he hp ^ e ^^ Sl ^^^ f } \ Q better and worse ; It ia fearfcd k jh ^ wse ^ fe JbM ty §** &l ,- Q fioation has commenced on one ^ o ^ biiC ^^^ J * , ^ ^ still entertained of its being cheli ^^^ lf ^ ^ va ^ eo HI > 3 ohambre , on receiving the' oih ^ dfis ^ w ^^ pjjejf h * g | kick from tho royal ^^ patient , / 4 ^ WWdj £ ^/|?? ra » _ i ^ pkasirl II reviendra . '"—Liv&gfoo ^ iii ^^ i WJ- Wp& '
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HOUSE OF LORDS—Fetjut , Masch 8 . Lord Bbougham moved the second reading of bis 33 ] to amend the appellate jnrbdicUon of the Privy Condi . He commenced by explaining the constitution cf tbe Judicial Committee , and described the extraordinary T&riety of subjects trfclelrwere submitted for its decision . The Admiralty , tbe Ecclesiastical Court , the Equity Courts , and all the Courts of India , sent appeals fram their judgments to be heard by tbe Privy Council The Bill trw intended to render the Court complete , 2 ) 7 the addition , m permanent members , of a President sad two Puisne Judges , « o that it should not , as at present , be dependent on the gratuitous assistance of Lord C * mpVell and Mr . Pemberton Leigh . It proposed , alto , that in the Privy Council should be Tested the power of deciding upon application * for divorce a eiucaLo mairimemii ; and the Noble Lord enlarged with much force upon the injustice of the existing system , sai Its practical denial of redress to all who trere not mffidently vraalthy to defray the expense of a Divorce
Bill . TbeXosr * Chasceixob expressed a modified approbation of the BUI , aad recommended that it should be sent for the consideration of a Committee . After s few words from Xords Coxteitbam and Caxpbkix , and the Bishop ot Exbteb , the Bill was read a second time . Adjourned . Mojtdat , Mabch 1 L Tbe Eari of Rjjxsob presented a petition from the eonnty -of Somerset , -praying Jor the removal of all duties on the neceuariBS of life , and 4 revision of the \ rhole antem of frred * nn _ A few remarks , Which the
I \ oble Earl made on presenting the petition , led to a little discBsaion , in which Lord Portman said he was in amphibious animal , and had taken part neither with the League nor the Anti-League . He was , however , opposed to a total repeal of the Com Laws , but did sot approve of the sliding scale , and trusted that tie contending parties would be disposed to meet upon his view of the qnestion . After a few remarks , from the Sake of Wellington , the Date of Richmond denounced the proceedings of the League in strong terms . Some other Lords spoke on the subject , bnt as there was no motion before the Honse , the discussion led to Tin result .
On the motion of Lord BKOXTCHaX . the Privy Council Appellate Jurisdiction Bill was referred to a Select Committee . The Bouse adjourned at half-put seven .
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"PROSPERITY' versus PROTECTION . TO THB EDITOR . OP TUB NORTHERN STAB . " I ' ll fares the land to haatning ills a prey , Where wealth accumulates and men decay . " - Q 0 LDSUITH . SlB , —When I cast my eye over tha various newspapers an * periodicals emanating from all parts of the kingdom , an * see the advance of crime and discontentment , and one interest dishing with another , I come at once to the conclusion that tbe words of the poet above quoted were never more truly verified ; aad this will appear evident to all , when we take into consideration the call there has been , and the great struggle many of the trades are making , te gain a protection for labour , especially when we glance at the condition of that trade to whioh I unfortunately belong , namely , the fustian cutUrs .
I am induced to crave insertion in your excellent and extensively circulated journal for this communication , in order to make the subject clear to every working man , that although there bos been a revival # f trade in the manufacturing districts , yet those who labour , who produce , who are properly speaking , the real prop , the real wealth , the defenders , enriohere , protectors and producers of the nation , have derived no benefit therefrom , owing to the competition , gambling , and overspeculation of the manufacturers generally , I am induced to make iheseremiirkB through reading the annual circular issued by the arm of Gibson , Ord and Company , of Manchester ; and reading the speuch of tbe Honourable Member for Clitheroe , when seconding the address to her Majesty .
In making these ; remarks on the circular of Messrs . Gibson , Ord and Company , I wish it to be distinctly understood that I am not in the least casting any reflection on the character of those gentlemen ; for more honourable and upright- employers there are not in Manchester in the fustian trade ; but on the contrary , to reason with and show that those who cry-out " prosperity" do not take into consideration the condition of the working classes , when they raise this nonsensicalcry . By a reference to the circular , it will be seen that an increase of from six millions and upwards of pounds has taken place in 1813 more than the exports of the year 1842 ; with an increase of profit on tbe aggregate of from twenty-five to thirty per cent of the latter year over the former . It also shews that there has been an increase of consumption in tbe home tfa . de ; and that the mills and machinery are worth from thirty to forty per cent more than they were two years ago .
My conviction is , that bucq prosperity to manwfactvrera , and increasing value to vested-capital , ought to bring at the same time plenty , comfort , and happiness to the honse of the spinner ; weaver , fustian-cutter , and every other branch : of labour In Buch manufacture , iu order to be a general instead of a partial benefit . It certainly may have been advantageous to the middle and upper classes of society ; but where is tbe benefit that the industrious portion of the community have received ? Echo answers " Where" 7 Ask the once respectable , well-fed , well-ciad , and well-boused fustian-cutter , cow pining in a cold , desolate , miserable garret , in ponuiy and want , steeped in poverty and wretchedness , to shew you his " prosperity "; tbe worker whose average wagea are not m « re than 6 s
pet week , out of which he has to support himself and family . And , again , ask the infantine cutters , working from fourteen to sixteen hours per day , if tbe increase of trade has bettered their couditiou ? I answer most emphatically . No ! Their wages are being reduced still lower and lower , till they ate scarcely able to keep soul and body together . Therefore the circular does not prove that tbe working classes have gained any advantage from an increase of trade , and commerce , under present arrangements , except ( as will be clearly proved before I conclude ) it is to do more twrfc / or less rwges If it bad shewn a corresponding increase of wages to the labourer , to that of trade and value to vested capital , I should have had no remarks to make , except to congratulate my fellow-workmen on their improved condition .
I now come to the proof , by giving a list of prices for cutting in various years , commencing at tbe year 1825 , and ending in the present year , 1814 ; which is strictly correct , and to the contradiction ot whish I bid defiance . Prices paid for cutting ninoty-aix yards of velvet : — 1825 £ 12 0 1833 10 0 1836 0 18 0 1842 0 12 0 1843 0 9 6 Average 1844 ., 0 7 0 It will be seen from the above table that wages have decreased notwithstanding tho exports have inoreased and vested capital become more valuable , to tbe tune of from thirty to forty per cent ., embracing the very two years that the " Honourable Member" and the Circular contend that the country bad been advancing to a Btate of " prosperity . "
You will see from the above list of prices that the fustian cutters bave been reduced lower and lower , year by year . And why bos it been so ? Because capital has been protected by law , while labour has been unprotected , and at the mercy of ovary grinding and avaricious employer ; and it ever will be ho till the " busy bees" become alive to their own Interest , and act on tbe advice of the first minister of the realm , " to take tbeir affairs into their own bands , " and farm such a union and create such a publio opinion w shall induce the House of Commons to protect the poor man ' s only capital , labour , by legislative enactment .
The manufacturers never appear to think tbat tbe condition of tbe labourer ought to form any part o ! their consideration . Their own jealousies and their bad understanding one with another has injured them seriously ; and tbe following will show how we stand affected by tbe race of competition with foreigners . If we are to meet other nations in the same market , we ought In order to be successful , to have the same advantages ; instead of which we have to carry greater burdens that tbe people of any , and in some instances more than all nations against which we have commercially to compete . Our national debt is £ 150 . 900 , 000 more than the national debt of France , Austria , Holland , Spain , Russia , Belgium , Prussia ,. Naples , Dennark , Greece , Portugal , Columbia , Mexico , Brazil ,
Peru , Chili , and Buenos Ayres put together . Our State Church costa more than all the state churches of the world Onr Queen receives more in one year than would pay tbe American President's salary for more than 150 years . The artisans of some of tbe above countries are taxed per head no more than 12 $ ; whilst in this country the taxation per head is £ 8 10 a , ¦ Our capital , skill , machinery , and artizans have gone into countries which -we formerly furnished witb onr manufactures . In America , many of the mills , indeed most of them , are worked by water power . The same power which would coat only £ 2 10 s by water there , would cost the English ; ' manufacturer £ 12 10 s in steam . We bave to go into those countries to fetch the cotton , bear the expence of
carriage , manufacture it into cloth , and then pay expence of carriage , shipping , &c , back—while they , our competitors , have the water , the cotton , machinery , plenty of good land , and a market , under tbeir noses . Here then are the odds against us . The very tcord competition , according to my notion of the word , comprises blood , sorrow , groans , and tears . It means neither wore nor less than this : that if yon don't beat me out of the market , I will beat you . If you do not undersell me , I will undersell you . If you do not starve me to death , I will starve you to death . Another reason why the benefit ot the late increase of trade has not reached the cottage of the labourer will be readily seen from tbe following ; which was given as a calculation by a trading member of the Anti-Corn Law League , in a
discussion , at Manchester , on machinery and its affects , and on the Corn Lives . " There was , " he stated , " at the present time , Machinery equal to one hundred and fifty millions of operatives now laying dormant , which could be brought into requisition at any moment : besides , on ft moderate calculation , there was mechanical power , equal to two hundred millions of hand power , not yet brought into the market" The masters have greedily snatched at every opportunity , at every scheme which genius could discover for tha purpose of obviating tbe necessity of manual labour . In this w » y they glutted their own warehouses and the foreign market . In many instances , they shut their factories and sent thousands into the street to beg , steal , starve , or to go to an infernal "Bastile . " By these means they ( tbe manufacturers ) have injured the tailor , the shoemaker , the hattar , the cabinet maker , the publican , &c ; and have reduced the value of cottage property by disabling ths people from paying tbeir rents ; have " advanced tbe
poor rates , whilst tbe people have been less qualified to pay them , and have injured the revenue by preventing tbe people purchasing high taxed articles , and driving them to exist almost without clothing , and live on the coarsest food , thus materially injuring the home trade . High rests , high t-ixes , high rates , / large profits , and low wages , have ruined , and will continue to ruin , every nation where such , anouiaiiea are permitted tor exist ; The poor oppressed , unfortunate fuatiau cutters ought to have at least One day out of the seven to , rest their fatigued minds and bedies , and . breathe the pure air of JteftVen . , 5 ^ st many b&y& to fairjfe ^ Vi'ibe : Sanday j ycs ; frequentlyj so that , tcty ' -may be enabled talend ^ or take , their pieces to tha . wartihpuse on Jflpnuay ' morning , and draw their scanty wages to . c&Try > them through the week . If the ' missionariea wisti' objects to teach ; if they renpect the Sabbath ; if ttoy Mve linypityjor compassion for the lives , flouls , nnd bodies-of their fellow-cveatures , they ought to go and preach to the manufacturers , and impress upon their delicate minds
©Rafces' Ihafamentj^
© rafces' iHafamentj ^
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LEGISLATIVE PBOTECTION FOR LABOUR ! ADDHESS TO IHS WOBKIKG CLASSES GENEKALLY . Bbotheb Opbbativis , —From a weekly perusal of the varions articles which appear In the Northern Star , I find that you , are beginning to cry out for legislative protection for labour , and I am right glad that you are ; and trust that your cry may daily become longer , londer , and more universal . It is the best way of going to work ; for nothing can test the sympathies ot the Government , or prove the sincerity of professing friends like a movement of this sort : and in case of a
refusal , will do more towards causing a general demand for tbe Charter , than all tbe lectures and speeches tbat could be delivered within the period of a century . It is a movement quite in accordance with the exigencies of the times ; for tbe wide introduction of chemical , mechanical , and steam-power inventions , by causing a gbneral superfluity of hands , are fast destroying the power which the operatives have of regulating their affairs by Trades' Unions ; and unless legislative protection be obtained to supply the place of union protection , the distress of tbe productive classes is not at its height , nor nothing pear it .
It is generally admitted that tbe reductions wbicb take place in wages are owing to the want of some alteration in our afiuirs that would give employment to all ; and Free Trade is vividly set forth as the only means for the attainment of tbis desirable end , which I consider to be as great a fallacy as conld possibly be promulgated . Under a system of Free Trade every article would be brought from those places where it could be produced with the least labour ; and thus Free Trade , so far from increasing employment , would actuually diminish it .
Tbe adoption of Free Trade would , at the onset , increase the demand for labour in some callings ; but it would as certainly lessen it in others ; and when the hands thrown out of work on one side had gone over to the other side , a greater super * fiuity of labourers would exist than before * producing the same consequences , and requiring tho same remedies . The plan which I would suggest to give employmerit to all , is to let none work but such as ought to work ; and by lightening labour , balance the supply witb the demand . The new productive powers to which I have alluded have brought the labour market Into a condition that it cacnet now possibly bear children ' s
labour , women ' s labour , and long working ; for it the children work ; the adults must be in a state of idleness ; and if some persons wotk many hours to tbe day , others , through want of employment muse work comparatively few hours ; each circumstance eperating against the payment of good wages and of good trade , and the general prosperity . If children txecuta v ? oik at low wages tbe adults must do the same , or be superseded in their employment ; and if some persons make up for low wages by long working , others in tbe same calling cannot but follow their example , and as a natural consequence one part became slaves at a paltry remuneration , and tbe other paupers and starring artisans , through having little or nothing to do .
Toe plan that I wooid suggest , then , is tbat tbe trades organise themselves for a simultaneous movement to petition the Parliament for the protection of labour and as I bave not sees any definite observations bow labour might be protected , I beg to submit the following regulations , which I think might form tbe basis of a Universal Trades Association for the protection of labourist—Be it enacted , That ten hours shall be the extent of one day's labour in every tradetbrougbeut the country—working overtime to be imperatively prohibited . . . , . _ ¦ • 2 nd—That no child shall be put to-any trade , whose age is under thirteen years . . 3 rd—That when » child is put to a trade it shall be duly apprenticed for tbe period of seven years . 4 th—That no ; married woman , living with her husband , shall work at a trade , but only attend to household duties . : : These four principles , brother OpeiativeB , I ttrinfe , would form the basis for a Universal Trades Association
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the necessity and duty of advancing wages , bo tbat tbe ptK > r emaciated fustian cutfer might be released from Sunday slavery . ' Though machinery bos not injured our trade < lireatly , it has indirectly . Those who have been cast aside and superceded by the improvement of tha dressing frames , spinning mnles , carding engines , jackframes , American betts , throstle frames , winding , warping , and printing machines , the blower and power looms , have flocked to us ; and consequently over stocked onr trade . I find no fault with machinery in the abstract , but only of tbe bad regulation , abuse , and monopoly of it ; I complain not because it takes work from my fellow-men ; but because it . takes at tbe same time their meat , clothing , and furniture , and drives them to compete one against the other .
Working men of England , as you love yourselves , your children , and your country , come forward and do alt you can to get labour protected . Begging pardon for so lengthy an encroachment , I am , your humble ' servant , A FUB 1 IA . M CUTTEK . Cheshire , Feb . 18 , 1844 .
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j tocH 16 , 1844 . THE NORTHERN STAR 7
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Northern Star (1837-1852), March 16, 1844, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1256/page/7/
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