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THE 1AKD 1 TEE LAND 1! THE LAND!!!
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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TO THE "W 0 SSJ 5 G CLASSES . Mt Fbtexds , —Because tbe opinion is nowl » comjng very prevalent that a greater " imxic" than the eonntry has yet encountered , is fast approaching - "b&esase the eonferaanee of such an amount of trade - as will ensure the tranqnUity of the wording classes is wholly incompatible with that rule of political economy which teaches us that one in every three of a conmtuiity ! s well able to enpply all the wants of the -whole eommtaitj—and because ire have an inanimate non-consuming producing power equal to
eight inndred million pur of . hands , -while the population of the globe is bui little more than eight hundred millions ! because each succeeding * pakic " * jnnst increase in calamity , in the exact ratio in ~ wlich trade increases in amount ; because vicisitudes is amanufacturing Rambling country must be sudden , xnd , therefore , the people taken unawares ; hecause I have on all occasions during my career been made the * scape-goat both by GoTernment and those who Troula justify themselves at my expense when those , sodden changes come and the leaders of the people ' are expected to do something ; -because the strength
of the popnlar party-has never yet been marshalled is sufficient time to mould a great national convulsion to popular requirement ; because stringent and oppressive measures axe rare to follow a cessation of . labour , asrttiougb ihe , w > rking classes—and not those i who trsfitckwl in their interests—had bronght want - and" starvaHon , and woe and desolation , on their own house : because a " txsic'' Ib the signal for a nnioB « f all with " a stake in the hedge , " and because it should be also the arnal for a union of all
-. who demand <* a stake in the hedge" ; hecanse we ought now to be prepared with an immediate antidote for those periodical poisons administered by the * rlch oppressor" to the ** poor oppressed" ; and becauBs no man living , whether he be statesman , philosopher , political ecoaomist , or state financier , ean possibly suggest any other antidote for the « are of production by a non-consuming power , than the li > " »; because of all these things it is that I how address you on that subject .
During a temporary gleam of ** prosperity" you hare forgotten much that I have with great pains . and labour taught you on this snbject ; while those who understand nothing whatever of it have used it « s a means of destroying my popularity . " Don't mix up the Charter with the Land , " was looked upon as sincere aad unalloyed Chartism ; while fhe bare mention of the soil was regarded as a part abandonment of the principle of the Charter . The failure of all Revolutions , whether moral or physical , has arisen from a similar admixture of ignorance and enthusiasm . Terror has been but too
successful in driving common sense from the field . The xeass iras -erery ihing ; the exd nothing ; and hence have the means been frequently successful , while the end has never yet heen attained . Revoiitaon in America , 3 eventy years ago , was the means of ridding the land of its tyrants ; but it is only ' noit that the Americans are begianing to think of the esb , which is possession of the la > j > ; and hence Esrenty years of the infancy and manhood Of the Republic have been wholly absorbed in an endeavour to frustrate the legitimate end . It is time that
we took a lesson from past experience . To hear ignorant men canvassing my xasd project , one wonld suppose that I had proposed the land scheme n one that mnst be adopted by all ; while in fact I "bnt proposedit as a good substitutefor the " Poor Law b&sufes . " I proposed it as the oily free labour market in the world , in which man , in his individual capacity , could be a successful competitor against the application of capital to an inanimate competing power . I proposed it as the antidote to the poison of centralization . I proposed it , not for all , but as a refuge for the destitute : —
Firstly , a 3 & means of testing the valne of tree I&bOGT , as compared wnh slave labour : and Secondly , a 3 a means of regulating demand and Bipply in the labour market , which is the only legitimate and unerring standard by which protection can be extended to labour . What I proposed was , that if 10 , 000 " hands" were employed in performing all the work of a distriot , and If Euch an improvement took place in machinery as to enable the owners to xfispense with 3 , 000
of those "Lands , " the remaining 7000 should T > e relieved from the competition of 3000 unwilling idlers , whose wants must necessarily indnce them to work lower ihan when their labour was indispensable to the profit ; of the masters . I want to allow those 300 Q disinherited men to have an option between Ibui aaes of land at a fair rent , and parish relief ; and if another improvement take 3 place in machinery , by wiicfa anoiber thousand of the seven thous&nd shall become surplus , that they also shall be -at once
removed from the idle reserve of competition to the land . Now that is all that I have ever asked for ; and I feel convinced that the free labour standard is a better criterion for the regulation of wages than the necessities of an indigent surplus popnlarion . laa the more indnced to write on the subject of Small JFarm 3 in consequence of the importance sow given to it every day , and every where , and by every body . "When 1 first broached my plan , all , without
fiEdneiion , xacghed at what they were then pleased to coU my folly . I thought it a very extraordinary orcamstance , that my greatest and most inveterate opponents , nay revilers , should belong to the very das who iameut the scarcity of Imman food . The Plan of Small Paras , as a national plan for the adjustment of wages in the artificial market , is , the ^ M tlas . I propounded the principle , and gave to it the only fascination and inducement which could
insure your co-operation . You wonld not become kn&ers , perhaps , at first from choice ; but I taught you , first , the necessity ; and secondly , the certain advantages . I have also written a practical work on the Management of Small Farms . 2 hare said that the subject has nov > become the * age . All newspapers ; all periodicals ; all orators ; * Q Government officials j all Lord 3 and 'Squires now make the subject one of paramount importance . ' 2 ne Times newspaper stands foremost in its advocacy of a portion of the plan , and will presently adopt the whole . But then mark ; the Tunes bnt ^ presents the rage . I created it : and in these . days of hvely and active competition for popular favour
, * fcHe I im thankful for support , I will not snrren-<« i my patent . The Times newspaper never would haie been the first to propound the principle : and * he fact of its note doing so , only proves the great ^ enfth it has acquired . I have observed that the ? « a « merel y supports abrancb : namely , the " allotment system " . - and as that system is as old as the f * i s , 11 Fish to Kasid you against the notion that it nas everything t 0 do ^^ { he Smg ^ Fum pla ^ j am ready to admit its usefulness , as a p&eparatobt khooi for a farther advance . We have in it the watte admission that the allotment of snaa ^ Pajj&es of land would be a great advantage to the ¦ WWers : but iihasjiol hecn supported vr advocated as
a means Ofmnkuip man a tzsteCTIT FREE HBOtTRKB ^ j . Wtinng exclusivel y for his own profit : and at the ; : ante time conferring great benefit on society at large , j ; 31 b Times and the Youse Esglaxd party advocate j * fllotmeutsj and that 13 a great step towards the ] | gandpriDciple : but then , if the boon stopped there , j ; ^ vould either create a greater dependence onthe employer ifhe-u ^ s manufacturer ^ os . a divided j -EEefdom , */ the landlord of the allotment teas a \ ^ ttpare , and the employer of the occupant a manv-.- : faetur er . Neither an operative who works all the I J *^ or "n agricultural labourer who works as long * s it is light s -can ever bestow enough of labour on a Basil plot to enable him either to judge of it 3 real T&toe , or of the difference between the labour
ex-Paded on it for Jumself , and the labour pefermed frflng IMEter in flie artificial laiboar market . Hence " I Bhow yon thai the friends of the allotment system we propounded nothing new . However , I hail * k * Agitation of the subject as a move towards the - ¦/ Jfcbi thkg . - ¦ k former treatises on the subject of Small : *« Bns , I was confined to Dlnstrations furnished by * J * Wn experience and practice j and , being a new ^ jectj I ms apprehensive that the facts I adriwaedjai ghtbe suspiciously reoeived by a community : « tqBy ignorant of the subject . As my wish is to ^ seoont facts , and only facts , I am now enabled to *?^» 7 on > ritliB » aDy , some otyfbach I hare seen * T « d ^ and others I have heard from credible wit-^*» , 53 » firjt thail 8 ha we tbose fiuktl
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haTe witnessed . Mr . John Ardill ,. my clerk , holds fourteen acres nnder Mr . Beckett , M . P . for Leeds ; for which he pays rent and iaxef £ 8 per acre . This year he planted eome potatoes whole ; some he cut in two ; and some into common sets . Last week one of his men , David Ellis , aifti I proceeded to try the respective produce . We commenced at the point where the whole potatoes begun , without any preference ; and in twornnning yards we dug twentyone pounds of potatoes . The drills are two feet asunder ; so that at fourpence per stone the value was at the rate of £ 90 I 03 . per acre . The half potatoes yielded twenty-one penndB to three yards ; and the common sets twenty-one ponnds to four yards . Bills and I first measured , and then , weighed , -the produce .
There is now on thia farm of fourteen acres , eleven milch cows , six heifers , one horse , twentytwo pigs , forty rabbits , nineteen hens , twenty-five tons of hay , one acre of potatoes , half an acre of Swedish turnips , and half an acre of garden . Mr . Ardill employs one man through the year at £ 1 a-week , and a lad at 12 s . a-week : and the farm is by no means in good condition yet . It can be made to do more thas three timea as » uch as it has done .
On Sunday last I dined with Mr . Thornton , of Paddock , near Hnddersfield , a cloth-dresser , and a credit to his country . This gentleman took an acre and three-qnarters of barren moor for an experiment . He pays £ Z rent , or £ 4 the acre . He has only been in possession some two years ; and has had to dig oat of his plot scores of waggon loads of stoneB . He keeps from the acre and three quarters three prime milch cows , and three huge pigs ; one , if fed , wonld weigh sixty stone . It is an immense brute ; and the other two are large . He has half an aore of splendid Swedish turnips ; a third of an acre in cabbages after potatoes ; a good portion under Italian rye grass , ready for the third cutting ; and the
whole plot of grass fit to mow , and a very fine crop . Mr , Thornton read for me a minute account of the proc : 2 ds , even to the farthing , which stood thus : — Profit , after deducting £ 7 for rent , £ 5 for manure , £ 20 for labour , £ 50 . So that , had he been his own abourer , there would have been a return of £ 70 . The land is not worth more than £ 1 per acre ; and he had no right to charge the whole price of manure to one year ' s expenditure : so that , allowing £ 1153 . for rent—more than the valne—and £ 2 10 s . for manura yet in the ground , the return for labour and profit wpnld be £ 77 15 s . The land is wretched : only about five inches of soil on a bottom of stone . Every year he is making it better .
Let us now take slock from this very bad sample . Mr . Thornton holds seven roods , and makes a return of say £ 77 ; or £ 11 per rood . There are sixteen roods in four acres . A man could well work that amount ; and the return from the four acres would be £ J 7 o per annum . I could not have selected a worse sample . One Thornton in each parish would be worth ten thousand manufacturers . A sight of his pig iB well worth a walk of twenty miles .
I travelled last night with a working man to Idle . This man holds one of Mr . Stansfield ' s ( the Member for Hnddersfield ) allotments of half a rcod , He pays 10 . 3 ., or at the rate of £ 4 per acre . He planted his potatoes on my plan , and sold a portion of them early , but in the open field , at the rate of about £ l # 0 per acre ; and hi 3 produce was twice and a half greater than that of his neighbours , produced by the ordinary mode of cultivation . This man told me that at the commencement , the neighbours
laughed at the allotment men ; that some gave np in disgust ; out that now no man wonld take four times the rent for his spot . His expression was : — M O they love it dearly . " Now that is what I call sound practical knowledge . At Holmfirth all are H land mad , " and recounted mosi wonderful resnlts > which all had witnessed . Near Hanky Mr . Pitketbley was shown a cabbage that weighed sixty-six po nnds ; and in that village a few working men are about establishing a horticultural society for ihemselTes .
I now come to that best of all good men , Mr . D . Weatherhead , of Keighley . That gentleman has laid out Eixteen acres , in four farms of four acres each : and after thoroughly draining and fencing , first the four acres , then each acre in itself , he built on each a good house : and for bouse and land he gets £ 12 a year : and I leain from the whole chantry of tho benefit of the example . I cannot refrain from stating the criterion by which this good man selected one of his tenants . I learned it from my companion . Of course Mr . Weatherhead
looked for a substantial tenant with capital to insure rent , and for one of * ' industriouB habits , " whOBe love of ** industry" was established by the £ rougham test . Net a bit of it . He took an honest pauper oi * i of the workhouse , and confided his property to his care and management . Tub tun is GiATEyci : and Weatherhead has the very best of tenants ; one who will work from sun rise to sun set to keep oat of his old lodging . This fact should be proclaimed throngh the whole country . That ' s the way to Repeal the Corn Laws . ;
' I have recently travelled throngh a large portion of England , and no circumstance gave me so much pleasure as the progress making everywhere in this question of the land . I only required a few examples ; and they are everywhere presenting themselves . The allotment system is at present looked to , as a means of reconciling the labouring population to a better kind of serfdom . It mutt not be mistaken for the Small Farm System : neither shonld it be opposed . If governments are to Txxle for the good of the people , the first step in advance should be the creation of such a mind as will force a representation : and I f&ei convinced that when the national will is made up on the land question , that we shall have a Government ready to make it national .
See what a frightful picture I shall now draw for you , and what a strong case I make out for a change of system . There iB collected annually about £ 7 , 000 , 000 sterling for poor-rates . Very good laBd can be had for £ 1 per acre ; indeed it ia over the average of rent . £ 7 , 000 , 000 a year then would pay rent for 7 000 , 000 acres of land ; and at one person to the acre j that is , a family of aman , his wife , and two ehildrea on a farm of four acres , those 7 , 000 , 000 acres wonld support 7 , 000 , 000 human beings J and , at the lowest calculation , would leave an amount of sttkplvs fbodece , after consumption , worth
£ 175 , 000 , 0001 aye , ose hi »* dbbd akd seventy-wye hilliom poc ? D 3 1 That would be £ 25 , 000 , 000 more than all your u Foreign Trade , " and all your taxes . " Then , " Bay yon , " why don ' t the Government and society do it F Ah ! there ' s the rub ! Because government and Bocietyhavethe £ 175 , 0001000 , and twice that amount now ; and YOU wobxd hatb YOUR SHARE OF THE £ 175 , 000 , 000 ) J J Now , is not that a good reason ! Just what yon wonld do -if yon were Government , and
Government was yon . If that was done , there would be m roaring trade : " bnt labonr mould not be so cheap . Then , again , observe another fact . There are only £ 7 , 000 , 000 a-year paid to the poor of all the parishes : and one pauper ( the parson ) for each parish swallows , amongst the lot , about the same amount : so that if the amount paid to unwilling idlers and to willing idlers was all expended on the land , it * would feed 14 , 000 , 000 of a population , and leave a u susflvs" after a good supply , o * mass HUHDBBD AND FIFTY MILLION POUNDS ! J
I shall continue the snbject of the Land until I make you demand it : asd when you get it , then , but not till then , will I leave you . Your faithful friend and fellow-labourer , SASfE * O'COHHOB *
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HOLMPIRTH . —On Saturday evening last we hid the rare wes * -of-a-visitrby-Mr . O'Connor 1 : 6 coafer with , and impart instruction to , the "la s " of the hills . The notice' of the night of meeting was but Bhort : still the large-meeting room of the Town Hall was filled by a most . attentive and discriminating audience : a great portion of them small manufactures , % nd not a few large mtllowners . At eight o ' clock , Mr . Wm , Cunningham was elected to preside , and after a few words from Mr . J . Hobson , who had accompanied Mr . O'Connor , the latter gentleman presented himself to the audience amid loud and hearty cheering . The subject announoed for Mr . cyConnoi ' s leotnre was " Why are wagerso low with trade so good ? " a question which the Learned
Gentleman examined with great minuteness and research . He showed that the amount ef trade , arising from several causes , was greater , far greater at the present moment than at any former period of oar hiBtory : while the faota furnished by the workers themselves in that room , showed that wages were much lower than they were only seven years ago , when the amount of trade was not nearly so great as at present . This was a complete answer to the brawlers for extended commerce as a means of increasing wages : tor it proved conclusively and beyond contradiction , that the immense extension of trade during the last seven years , had not had the effect of even keeping wages up at the price they were , much less to prevent them from being greatly
reduced . The truth was , that the cause of low wages was to be looked for elsewhere . It arose from the one fact—that Labour was not represented , while capital , both agricultural and manufacturing was . Labour therefore bad no means of proteotion ; while capital had every opportunity of preying on it . The land was locked up , because of tha necessity to the land-holders of political fo / ins' slaves . The manufacturing labour market was drugged with a supply of labourers forced to compete with one another , and also with unfeeling , unflinching iron and steel , instead of being at liberty to betake themselves to the natural labour market as fast as displaced in the manufacturing : and this land > locking-up would continue until the franchise
was conferred on the man because he was a man , and not because he held the requisite number of acres . The tendency of our present system was to bring down prices of manufactured articles : and as long as that was the case , it must inevitably follow that wages would decrease . This downward tendency could only be relieved by opening up the land , and thus relieve the manufacturing labour mart of its present " redundancy "; and also cause a home demand for home produce among those employed in productive labour on the land , when bo opened out . These several matters Mr . O'Connor made clear to the understandings of his bearers ; so much so , that though there were several leading
Free Traders of tbe district present , and a full opportunity to dispute any of his positions given , yet no one availed himself of such opportunity , but manifested his full agreement in all the looturer advanced by silent acquiescence . When the lecturer had concluded his lengthy and plain matfer-offact address , a memorial to the Queen for the restoration of Frost , Williams , and Jones was read , proposed , and nnanimously adopted by the meeting . Votes of thanks were also accorded to Mr . O'Connor and to the Chairman , and tho assembly dispersed to their homes in the vales and on the mountain sides , to think and talk upon what they had heard .
HUDDERSFIEID . —Sunday last was a great day with us here . We neTer had such audiences in the Hall of Science , as on that day assembled to hear Labour ' s champion plead Labour ' s cause . In the afternoon scores had to go away , unable to obtain admission ; and though in tbe evening a better disposition of the seats and the occupation of all available space enabled the committee to accommodate some two hundreds more , yet there was still insufficient room , and many had to depart , unable to make their entry . The afternoon ' s lecture was " on the present position of the Repeal and Chartist agitations "; questions which Mr . O'Connor dealt with in more than his wonted style . The marked attention with which his apt illustrations
were received by the crowded audience imparted more than ordinary animation to the speaker , and he on several occasions carried the audience captive , through the intricacies of his subject . Their passions and feelings seemed spell-bound ; and every word that fell from the lips of the oratoT had a marked and telling effect . The proceedings of this portion of the day was heightened considerably in interest by the fact that many Irish Repealers were present , several of whom made remarks on Mr . O'Connor ' s positions ia great good humour , which he replied to , and observed on , with great readiness and aptness : improving the occasion to the satisfaction of all present , including the Repealers themselves .
At the close of t&e afternoon ' s lecture upwards of sixty sat down to tea in the room , which had been provided for tho ? e who attended from the country . It was near half-past four when Mr . O'Connor concluded in the afternoon : and by half-past six the place was literally crammed again , to hear the second lecture , on " the way in which Trades Unions can accomplish Labour ' s redemption without strikes . ' Though this was a matter which seemed to involve much of mere detail matter , and therefore one which could alone be satisfactorily dealt with by " a practical man / ' yet Mr . O'Connor speedily evinced that his general knowledge of the manner in which Trades Societies had been conducted , and his ideas of how they ought to be conducted to make them successful , was far from being uninteresting or
unprofitable . He clearly showed that the old system of strikes never did , nor ever could , answer , for permanent benefit ; that isolation of trades , and isolation of action was , comparatively , time and money misspent : and that the only method of rendering TradtB Unions effective for good , was by full consolidation , ana by providing the means for removing the " surplus" labourers out of the overstocked manufacturing market on to the land , where they could produce for themselves , and become customers to those they had left behind . Mr . O'Connor showed that though this could' never be fully and completely accomplished , nor security obtained , until the labourer bad his share of political power , yet much might b 9 immediately done , were the Trades sufficiently " up to the mark" in knowledge
and determination . If they bad the wisdom to see that in conjoined and systematic exertion , when pnidently directed , there was strength , they would so combine as to work harmoniously together ; and hold a general Conference of delegates from each trade , in proportion to its numbers and importance , to devise a general plan of action binding on the whole—the leading features being the support of one trade , no matter how lowly , by the whole , in case reduction of wages was attempted ; and the attempting to relieve the labour market of its " redundant hands" by finding them occupation on the soil . The lecture was listened to with the greatest attention , and evidently made a deep impression on the vast assembly . At its close ,
Mr . L . Pitkethly was- callsd to the chair , and a memorial for the restoration of Frost , Williams , and Jones unanimously adopted . The chairman then invited discussion , or questioning ; but as no one appeared either for the one or the other , the meeting broke up after hearty thanks to Mt . O'Connor for his eminent aervices of the day . Great surprise was felt that the opportunity of Mr . O'Connors visit was not embraced by parties who have vapoured much in his absence , even up to the night previous , as to what they would do , when next he presented himself before the Huddersfield people : but ihere the vapourers were , and there he was , and the " valiant" were as dumb as dead dogB . Whether it was that the lesson had at last been learned , that " discretion is the better part of valour , " or whether
it was that " courage oozed out , " deponent saith not : but certain it is that the " bouncer" respecting meeting Mr . O'Connor in public , sent a deputation to that gentleman requesting that he would condescend to allow him ( the said vl bouncer ") to " do slaughter" in the Council Room after tbe lecture , in the presence of a few picked spectators ] and certain it also is , that when told to deal with Mr . O ' Connor publicly , and there say what was wished to be said , not one 6 ord was said , but the splendid opportunity bo long panted for ( as was said and swore ) allowed to pass by unimproved ! Perhaps it waB as well for some folks that this was bo : but then they should not have boasted so much , nor threatened so much , beforehand . A little more modesty and a little less " bounce" would have been quite as well .
IDLE . —On Tuesday night last we had a visit ^ in our Free Trade ridden village , from Mr . Feargua O'Connor ; and we had the large Odd Fellows Hal crowded to receive him . Mr . Julius Dalby was called to the chair , and after he had opened the pro * ceedings , and was about to introduce Mr . O'Connor to the meeting , a Mr . Yatesfrom Bradford presented himself , and begged to say that as Mr . O'Connor ' s subject was the " effect of machinery , " he should demand % bearing when r , O'Connor b * 4 con-
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oluded . This was objected to by the chairman , as the gentleman had ample time , and should have gtyen previous notice of his intention . However , Sir . O'Connor started up , and said , "For twelve years I have been hunting after opposition , and now that 1 have a eh&nce don't rob me- —( cheers ) . I will listen to him , and reply to him , and he Bhall be beard "—( oheere ) . Mr . O'Connor then proceeded at considerable length to lay down the only safe principles by which tbe national property in machinery can be equitably distributed , and converted into a blessing . The learned gentleman was heard most attentively all through , and most rapturously applauded at tbe close of his very able and powerful lecture . Mr . Yates then presented himself , and certainly made one of the strangest exhibitions we ever witnessed . Professing to agree With Mr . O'Connor on the most material points , and advocating tho Charter as a remedy , but differing on some matters of detail , he spoke for about fifty
minutes ; when Mr . O'Connor again rose , and in exactly ten ' minutes demolished his whole paperhouse , amidst the most vociferous applause . Mr . O'Connor then said I will leave nothing to chance and after-claps , but propose the People's Charter asithe people's only remedy for all their grievances : which , being put , was carried unanimously . After M r . O'Connor' had left for Leeds , the small mastera , of whom an abundance were at the meeting , met in the Odd-Fellows' room , and remained in discussion until a very late hour , when it was the unanimous opinion that O'Connor ' s land project was the only safe and feasible one yet presented to the public . It would be impossible to give the faintest idea of the sensation that Mr . O'Connor ' s address has created . We never had a discussion here before , of any importance , with the Leaguers , who have had it all their own way ; but O'Connor has converted them all at Once . Another visit , and Idle will be the first Chartist town in Yorkshire .
To the Chartists of Devon and Cornwall , My Friends , — On Monday , the Slat inst ., I addressed the people of Barnatnple in a room that formerly belonged to a body of Christians , called Hunters , and was occupied by them as a place of devotion . The meeting was both numerous and respectable . Mr . Bowden , a sterling democrat , was unanimously called to the chair , who opened the business iu a neat speech , replete with sound sense . I spoke an heur and a half , and endeavoured to prove that the existing evils which ifivcted the . producing millions of this country had their origin in class legislation , and that nothing snort of political equality was calculated to remove them . When I had concluded , the Chairman asked if there was any parson present wished to put questions to the
lecturer relative to the subject he bad spoken upon ; but there being no one who seemed desirous to do so , tbe meeting broke up , apparently highly satisfied with what they had heard . I enrolled thirteen parsons , the majority of whom were electors of the Berongh . Barnataple is a small seaport town , very pretty and compact : and containing about 7 , 000 inhabitants , principally depending upon the . agriculturalists tot support . There are a goodly number of woolcombers In the tewn . On Tuesday , I addressed the inhabitants of Southmolton , in the large room of the Red Lion Inn , capable of holding 400 people . Mr . Shipley , a venerable veteran , and independent in fortune , was voted in tbe chair , amidst hearty cheers . He biiefly but effectively epened the proceedings of the meettDg ; and did
not fail to acquaint hia hearers that he was an out and out democrat , and had been ever sinse he knew what the principles of democracy meant . I spoke at great length , and received a vote of thanks . I disposed of a few cards , and received is o £ d towards the support of tbe cause . Southmotton is an inland town , containing 5 , « 00 inhabitants , and certainly I never saw a more clean and pretty place . On Wednesday , I * 8 & ? n addressed the people of Ba « n&taple upon the Corn Laws and machinery , and met with some opposition from a gentleman , whose name I new forget I replied to the remarks he made , and asked him if he bad anything farther to advance , bat he declined . After a vote of thanks to tbe Chairman and myself hid been passed , the meeting peaceably
separated . On Thursday , I addressed a large meeting held in a Methodist chapel in the town of Bideford . A working man , and one of the right sort , occupied the chair , and made an excellent speech , which was repeatedly cheered by an enthusiastic audience . I spoke two honr » , and gave " > exposition of our principles , irhicb met with unanimous approbation . I succeeded at the conclusion in forming the necleus of an association . I should have gene to Tiverton , but the friends in that town failed in getting a place to hold a meeting in , though every effort was made on their part to do so . Four gentlemen belonging to tbe Corporation applied to the Mayor for the use of the Guildhall , bnt he said in answer to their application , " that if I was connected with Feargns O'Connor , I should not have it ; but if I
was not , he would feel great pleasure in allowing me the use of it .. " I leave you , brother Chartists , to make your own comments on the conduct ot "his worship . " On Friday evening , I attended a Free Trade mi © 'ing held in tbe Mechanics' Institution , Plymouth , in order to hear a lecture from R . P . Collier , Esq ., upon the rise and progress of Fiee Trade principles throughout the world . After tbe lecturer bad concluded his discourse , I asked i mission to offer a few remarks In reply to him , which the Chairman granted . I began , by stating that the subject of Free Trade was a very important one , aad as I differed with many of the observations made by the leoturer , and intended replying to them , I begged the persons present would grant me fair play . Some cried out " hear ,
bear , " while 'Squire Mason of Stonehouse , an enthusiastic Free Trader , commenced bissing me , giving a practical proof of hit love of fair play , or rather that be belonged to a species of birds commonly called geese ! in a short time , however , there was silence ; and I proceeded to aasAjift one of the lectuxars statements , namely , that they ( the audience ) were so well acquainted with tbe evils of proteotion , that it was not necessary be should enter into any arguments npon it In answer I said it was not because there was protection in this country that physical and social evils prevailed amongst the working classes of society , but because tbe protection only extended to the aristocracy , capitalists , and profit-mongers , ' while the toiling millions had no protection whatever ; scd in 6 ' ej <* of , doing
away with all protection , I sought for the establishment of democratic principles , in order that laws might be made which would , in their operation , protect the labour of the working man , as well as tbe capital of the rich man . I was proceeding to support my position by facts , when lo ! and behold , the Free Traders commenced tbe work of hissing , hooting , mixed with cries of question , question , time , time , and other interruptions , which prevented me from going on . Finding that I must not have an Impartial hearing that nigbt , I turned round to where the lecturer sat , and challenged him to a discussion for two nights upon the subject . Mr . Nicholson , a watchmaker , got up to reply , and truly I never heard such a mass of absurdity in my life before as he belched forth .
Messrs . Smith , Robertson , and Blackmpre , on the part of the Chartists , severally addressed the meeting in very effective speeches , and , I am happy to say , they met with better treatment than your humble servant , though they did not escape without receiving a moderate share of interruption . The lecturer replied , and stated the only man that used anything in the shape of argument was Mr . Smith ; as to me , he considered I said nothing that deserved a reply from him . In the course of his remarkB he said , that though no man gave more consideration to the interest of the working classes than he did , so far as related to their rights , yet be begged to say that Free Trade was a question of itself , altogether unconnected with either Chartism ot any other political question DOW agitated .
The gentleman did not even de'gn to notice my Challenge ; of course he bad bis own reason for not doing so . So much for the liberty loving Free Traders of Plymouth . And now for a few general remarks upon what course I think you ought to pursue for the purpose of forwarding and extending the Plan of Organization in those two counties . In the first place , I recommend that yon should enter into correspondence one with the other , or rather tbe different localities , as to the necessity of opening new places for the propagation of our principles ; for you know , as well as I do , that there are many towns throughout Devon and Cornwall ,
where we might make an inroad , provided the proper steps were taken , and in the second place it is also necessary that you should hold monthly delegate meetings for tbe purpose of reporting one to tbe other how each locality is getting on , and also consulting aa to the best means of consolidating and making Chartism all powerful . I need not enter Into any arguments to prove the necessity of such a course , for yon are already cognizant of the beneflta that have resulted to tot cause ia many parts of thia country particularly , L&ncrihire and Yorkshire , from the adoption of it . I remain your faithful servant and brother democrat , CHRinorHEB Doyle . —Plymouth , Oct . 28 .
To the Chartists of England . —Brother Democrats , —Owing to the indisposition of our amiable friend and president , Mr . M'Qrath , that gentleman could not pay his anxiously iexpeeted visit to this country ; and wj the Executive deemed extension of the National Charter Association throughout Scotland to be of the first importance , I have repaired hither for the purpose of forwarding that object ; and have now the gratification of being enabled to report moat favourably of the result of my labours . From a oombinanationof circumstance * the cause of ChartUm here baa been for sometime put literacy defunat . That is , as tax m any useful organlaatfoa wm concerned \ tbe pria «
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l ciples of the Chattel being at the same time more extensively adopted than ever . Yet there has been an absence of that oneness ot action which of all things is so essential to ensure the oonanmmatien of our noble purpose . I cannot help remarking , that there appears to me to have been one cause , apart from all others , and that too a , primary one , why there fcas not been an efficient ( organization amongst the Chartists of Scotland ; and that has been the defection of the " leaders . " Yes , my friends , that bane of all great movements , leadership , baa bad its withering and blasting influence even amongst the reflective and philosophic sons of Scot is . Bat from , what I hive obsanred since my arrival here , I think I am perfectly warranted in assuring you that treachery and
desertion bave done '• tbeiriwonti : " aad that the "good men and true , " bavin * had the experience of the past , will take it as a guide for tbe future , and attend more to that excellent maxim of Franklin ' s : — " If you want your work done well , do it yourself ; and if yon wish it left undone , leave it to be done by somebody else . " Oo . Sunday , tbe 30 th , I arrived in Glasgow , and on the following evening ( Monday ) lectured to a highly intelligent and numerous auditory in the large Chartist church ; Mr . Shemngton , an excellent working man Cbnrtist , In the chair . At tbe clown of my address , I entered into a discussion with a Mr . Malcolm , formerly a Char tUt , on the late-policy ^ of Mr . O ^ Donnell , whioh Mr . Malcolm justified on the ground that " Mr . O'Connell was merely accommodating himself to the Protes-1
tants of Ireland . ' There ; was nothing extraordinary iii this defence of Mr . d'Conaell by Mr . Malcolm , seeing that the former gentleman was acting towards the Protestants of Ireland , just as the latter individual had already done to the iWhigs of Glasgow . The meeting was kept np till alate hou * . Before breaking up , a great number of sards were disposed of : and on the whole tbe very best feeling was manifested towards the National Charter Association . I hold that to be of some importance , as previously there had been a diversity of opinion as to the propriety of joining us . I have conversed with some of the principal friends of local action , amongst the rest that sterling democrat , Mr . James Moir , who is as willing ar ever to take the lead in the good cause . He merely requires
that the people themselves should be ia earnest , and deal honestly with their own principles . On Tuesday evening , I addressed an out-door meeting at Long Govan , a small village about three miles from Glasgow . Mr . Barrell , the talented author of the Chartist Catechism , most ably filled the chair . At the close of my lecture , I challenged discussion ; bat no opposition presenting itself the meeting broke up , after giving three cheers for the Charter and Northern Star . On Wednesday I visited the beautiful little town of Hamilton , and had tha pleasure of lecturing to a most numerous and enthusiastic audience , in a large and commodious church . A fine young fellow , named Park , the Chartist schoolmaster , filled the chair , and , at the close of my lecture , made a moat eU « uent appeal to all present to
join tbe National Charter , Association , which advice was strictly followed , as 1 the local Association was eventually given up , and the members took out their cards from me . On Thursday , 1 returned to Glasgow to attend a public meeting held on behalf of Frost , Williams , and Jones . The | place of meeting was literally crammed ; and able speeches were deltvared on the occasion by Messrs . Adams , Livingston , and others . The resolutions and memorials were unanimously adopted . On Friday and Saturday evenings , I lectured to true spirited audiences at Campsie , and had the satisfaction of learning that my addresses had done much good . There I bad the gratification of
meeting a number of my own countrymen , who have the principal management of tbe association , and seam to be heart and soul in the movement . They entered into urrangements with me to pay them another visit , when they intend joining tho association ia a body . Sunday being & day of rest here for Chartist lecturers , as well as other men , I have nothing to say of that day ' s proceedings , but in my next will " report progress " of the forthcoming week ' s proceedings . The people here are anxiously expecting visits from Messrs . O'Connor and M'Douall , and have requested me to say that the sooner they make their appearance the better they shall like it . —I remain , fellow Chartists , yours faithfully , Thomas Clark .
NOTIN 6 HAM . —Frost , Williams , and Jones . —Great Meetik « at i Nottingham . —A pnblic meeting convened by the ! Mayor wm held in this town on Monday evening last . Tbe Town Hall watch had been kindly lent for { the occasion , was densely filled , and hundreds could not gain admission . Samuel Bean , E > q .. a member of the Town Council , was nnanimously called to tbe ofaair , who said that he felt proud of the bi ; b honour which ] bis fellow-townsmen had conferred upon him . He could assure them that no gentleman present desired the return of Messrs . Frost , Willams , and Jonea more ardently than be did . He concluded by introducing Mr . Alderman Judd as the proposer of the following resolution : — " That it is tbe opinion of this meeting we are in duty bound to use all
legal and constitutional means to effect the restoration of John Frost Z ^ phaniah Williams , and William Jones , at present under the sentence of transportation for life . The late decision in tbe House of Lords in the case of Gray , O'Connell , and others entitles us to nope , and justifies us in tbe expectation that the same measure of justice will be awarded to Frost , Williams , si d Jones , as has been awarded to Gray , O'Connell , and others . That a memorial be therefore presented to her most gracious Majesty , praying for a free pardon for and restoration of John Frost , Zephanlah Williams , and William Jones to tbeir homes and families . " Mr . Judd commenced by observing , that it afforded him much pleasure in attending that meeting—a meeting as it was of humanity and mercy . It was right that tbe
constitutional laws and usages of our country should be maintained . Justice in this case ought to be done ; it wei a praiseworthy object to endeavour to get the exiles restored to their native land . He ( Mr . Alderman Judd ) most cerdially proposed the resolution , and sat down loudly cheered , i Mr . Dorman seconded the resolution . Mr . Roper , in a brief speech , supported the resolution , which on being put from tbe chair was carried unanimously . Mr . Sweet moved the adoption of the memorial . 1 He made a few pointed observations by way of preface , and concluded by saying that this was indeed a meeting calculated to do much good , and be hoped that the desired object would be speedily obtained . The memorial was seconded by Mr . Topham , and carried unanimously . Mr . Dorman then
moved , and Mr . Sweet seconded that S . Bean , Esq ., our respected chairman , be respectfully requested to sign the memorial en behalf of the meting . Carried unanimously . Mr . Sweet moved , and Mr . Cliffs in a neat speech seconded a vote of thanks to the Mayor for convening the meeting , and for granting the use of the hall , which was carried amidst great applause . Mr . Roberts moved a vote of thanks to the Chairman , which on being seconded was carried unanimously . The Chairman returned thanks and dissolved the meeting . We observed several members of the Town Counoil and candidates for Municipal honours present , and the meeting altogether was of a highly respectable character . Let oar motto be—persevere—perseverepersevere ! Onward and we conquer I
NORTHAMPTON . JGRE . &T MEETING ON BEHALF OF FROST , WILLIAMS , AND JONES . —For several days previous to Monday last , a requisition was in course of signature to tbe Mayor to call a public town ' s meeting on behalf of the above-named pattiots . Tbe requisition was signed by 463 inhabitant householders . The Mayor , when waited upon , expressed himself favourable to the object ; but would not consent to call tbe meeting unless a majority of the Town Council signed the requisition . Messrs . Bass , Gammage , and Jones instantly set to work , and after some exertion , succeeded' in getting the names of the majority of the the Council added to the requisition ; one half being Tories and the other half Whigs- The meeting was , accordingly convened by the Mayor . Shortly after
twelve o ' clock , the hour appointed , the hall was crowded to excess , and a large number of people were outside , who could not gain admission . Mr . G&mmage moved " That in the absence of tbe Mayor , ( who was confined to bis bed by illness ) , Mr . Alderman Sharp do take the chair ; " which being seconded , was put to the meeting , and carried nnanimously . Some members of the Town Council having stated their reasons for signing tbe requisition , Mr . Gammage rose to move the first resolution . Ha stated that he did ; not come there for the mere purpose of making a speech but to do business ; they were met together for a purpose in which he was sure they all felt great interest : and so far as he was concerned , there was only one thing connected with this subject which could give him greater pleasure than the moving of the resolution which had been entrusted to him , and that was , if ho could see . John Frost and hia compatriots addressing them in the Market-square of
Northampton—( cheers ) . It had now been proved that these men had been punished contrary to all law ; for the highest tribunal bad decided in the case of O'Connell that a single defect is the trial of a prisoner was sufficient to render the ] whole proceedings of non-effect . Now as the list of witnesses and copy of indictment ought to have been famished j to Frost , Williams , and Jones ten days previous to the trial , and both at the same time , and u that form of law was not adhered to , they were , accoiding to the ' Judges , entitled to an acquittal . But it was said Mr . Frost ' s counsel did not take the objection at a proper time , but according to tbe Henae of Lords , whether the objection was taken in time o » otherwise , the tery ) fact of the Crown putting a party on trial before every form of law had been oomplied with entitled that party to an acquittal . In Mr . Frost's case it was more particularly so ; fox six out of the fifteen Judges were of opinion that the objection wm token to time . Now whew « wh a disparity
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t ^^^^ ^ ty yfcrj&Cz of opinion existed as tbk , the defendants ongbt in the spirit of tbe English law to have bad the benefit of * t ; instead of whiah they were cruelly banished tbelr pativd land . - When the Earl of Cardigan was tried before a jury of his peers , be was acquitted , not because it was not proved that he had been guilty of the crime lie vrua charged with , bat because one or two of the names of Mr . Tnckett were left ont of the indictment . Then as to the challenging of the jury in Frost ' s case , it was Similar to that of Mr . O'Connell ' s ; there was a man sworn in the name of Christopher John , whose name was John Christopher ; suppose that Mr . Frost had beard that one Jehn Christopher had bitterly denounced
aii chartists and Chartism , consequently he via not fit to be on a jury to try ft Chartist , but he did not personally know this John Christopher , and when : ha name of Christopher John was called over he was totally ignorant of who the man was . Now by this means-John Frost was as much denied tbe right of challenge as was Daniel . O'Connell —( load cheers ) . Mr . Gammage addressed the meeting at great length , and was rapturously applauded throughout . He concluded by moving the following resolution : " Tbst in the opinion of this meeting , the banishment ot John Frost ; Z phaniah Williams , and William Jones , for high treason , in 1840 , was an illegal act , inasmuch as the forms of law applicable to such cases were not ad *
hered to ; and sack being the case , we resolve to m « moriol >* 9 her Majesty for their restoration to tbeir rmtire Country . Mr . Hollowell seconded the resolution in an appropriate speech , which was then pat and carried unanimously . Mr . Mondy read the Memorial , and moved Its adoption . Mr . Henley seconded tne motion , the Memorial was unanimously adopted . Mr . Watson , in a neat address , moved , « ' That the Memorial be sent to the Home Office through Mr . Dancombe . " Mr . Breelyseconded tbe motion , which was c » rr « d amid lend cheers . Mr . Sharp then left the chair , and Mr .
Gammage occupied it , when Mr . Henley moved tbe following resolution , which was seconded and carried by acclamation : " That the best thanks of this meeting ore doe and are hereby given to Mr . Alderman Siuup for the very able and impartial manner in which he ha » presided over tkis meettng . " Tbe worthy Alderman acknowledged the oompdiMaW and the meeting fltpaBo 1 » 4 highly delighted wttfc tae proceedings . A . good sprinkling of the middle class were present , who expressed their satisfaction at the admirable manner in which the working classes conducted theft business .
New Locality . —The members met on Tuesday evening . The Secretary read over the names of seven 1 new members , and several others were enrolled . A discussion took place on the question , " Would a monarchical or republican form of government be I&OBt cbndueive to the welfare of the people , were the Charter the law of the land ? " Messrs . Hollo Well , Gammage , and Watson took port The discussion was conducted in a spirited manner on both tiuoa , and adjourned to the following week . BILSTON . —The Chartists of Bilston held the !? usual weekly meeting on Sunday evening last . Mr . O'Connor's letter to Mr . O'Connell , the letter of ths Sheffield trades , &o . were read and gave great satisfaction . A number of the members have made the first depobit to a sick and burial society , to embrace a land scheme for the investment of their funds .
LONDON . —Sombhs' Town . —A respectable and attentive audience met on Sunday evening last , at Mx . Duddridge ' s rooms , Tonbridge-streat ; Mr . John Arnott was called to the chair . Mr . T , M . Wheeler delivered a very able lecture on the various hms now afloat , and proved , in eloquent and convincing language , the superiority of Chartism over any other ism , to better the condition of the toiling millions . After votes of thanks to the Leoturer and Chauman , the meeting separated . Deptford and GBEENWfcH . —The Chartisis of thia locality met on Tuesday eveaing last , when a vole of thanks was carried to Messrs . Wade and ' i ro ^ ley for aroasing the parishioners of St . Paul ' .- , ro tha late attempt by Mother Church to impose a church rate .
Tower Hamlet * . —Mr . Gale lectured to a numerous audience on Sunday evening last . At the olose of the lecture a discussion took place , in whioh Messrs . Sheen , Mills , Thornbury , and Div ~ took part .
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London . —Camberwell and Walworth . —A . meeting will be held at the Montpelier Tavern , Walworth , on Monday evening nest , at eight o ' ciova . Hammersmith . —A meeting will be held a . t the Dun Cow , Brook Green-lane , on Tuesday evening next , at eight o ' clock . Somers Town . —Mr . M'Grath will lecture at tha Bricklayers' Arms , Tonbridge-street , on Sunday evening next , at half-past seven o ' clock . A . Public Discussion will be held at the City Chartist Hall , 1 , Turuagain-lane , on Sunday morning next , at half-past ten o ' clock . The Metropolitan Delegate Council will meet for the transacuou of business at three o ' clock in the afternoon .
Mr . J . F . Linden will leoturein the waning-at seven o ' clock . —Subject : The injury a Repeal of the Corn Laws would inflict on this country . Standard of Liberty , SpiTALrrEtD 3 . —The mom * bers of the above locality are requested to m « e £ aft six o'clock on Sunday evening , to nominate a % ener ?\ Council , for the ensuing quarter , and other important business . At eight o'clock the adjourned discussion : betwen Mr . Jones and Mrs . Biasell will be resumed . Tower Hamlets . —Mr . Ruffy Ridley will leoiura at the Whittington and Cat , Church-row , Buthnp ? Green , on Sunday evening , at ei ^ ht o ' clock . Somers' Town . —Mr . Philip M'Gratb , the president of the Executive , will lecture at Mr . Duddridge ' s Rooms , 18 , Tonbridge-street , New Road , on Sunday evening , at eight o ' clock .
An Harmonic Meeting will be held at the Feathers , Warren-street , Tottenham Court Kou . d . on Monday , November 4 th . The proceeds to be given in aid of the South London Chartist trial to regain their Hall . A Public Meeting of the members oftlwTurnagain-lane locality , will take place on Tuesday next , when important business in connexion with the late Registration will be brought forward . Mr . Clark , of the Executive , will lecture at thp following places during the forthcoming week : — Glasgow , Monday , Tuesday , and Wednesday ; Talo of Leven , Thursday and Friday ; Glasgow , Saturday , to attend a Soiree . On the following M wad ay ha will lecture at Paisley ; Tuesday , Nov . 12 th , Girvan » and surrounding districts , up to the 20 th .
-Manchester—Carpenters Hall . —Mr . W Dixou will deliver a Lecture in the above Hall on Sunday eveaing next ; chair to be taken at half pa- ; c six o ' clock . Bilston . —A tea party and Ball will take place on Monday evening next . On Fridayevening , November 3 , a public meeting will be held in the Association Room , to adopt a memorial to the Queen , tor tbe release of Frost Williams and Jones . Mr . M'Urath wiil lecture on the occasion . Hettwood . —Mr . Ambrose Hurst , of Oldham , will deliver a lecture in the Chartist Association Room , on Tuesday , November 5 th , at eight o'clock ia the evening .
Lot'GnBOROUGH . —The Chartists of this place are requested to meet at Mr . Swann ' s , Bass Yard , Woodgate , on Sunday evening , Nov . 3 rd , at Feren . OtL Monday , Nov . 4 th , a pablio meeting will be field in the Market Place , to agree to a memorial to her Majesty in favour of Frost , Williams , and Jones . The chair to be taken at eight o ' clock ia the evening . Oldham . —Lectures will be delivered in the Chartist Institution , MiJnrow , on Sunday next , by Mr . Ambrose Hirst , of Oldham . Chair to be taken at two o ' clock in the afternoon , and at six in the evening .
On Sunda y ( tomorrow ) , Mr . A . F . Taylor will deliver his fourth and last lecture on the Life and Character of Voltaire , in the Chartist room , Greavesstreet , at six o ' clock in the evening . —On Monday next , Mr . James Leach will deliver a lecture in the above room , on the restoration of Frost , Williams , Jones , and Ellis , to their native land . Chair to be taken at eight o ' clock in the evening . At the olose of tbe lecture , a public meeting will take place , for the purpose of passing a memorial to the Queen for aa immediate pardon and restoration of the exiles ' .
Rochda&e . —On Sunday next , the Rev . W . T . Jackson , of Manchester , will preach two sermons on behalf of the Sanday school in the Association , room , Mill-street , at two o ' clock in the afternoon and six in the evening . —On Monday evening there will be a public meeting in the same room , to memorialise Her Majesty for the restoration of Frost , Williams , Jones , and Ellis , to the bosoms of their families and friends . Chair to be taken at eight o ' clock in the evening . Mr . Ambrose Hurst and other . frienda will address the meeting , Stockbort . —Mr . R . Wild of Mottram , will leotiire in the Chartist room , on Sax day eveiUDg next , at half-past six o ' clock .
Newcastle . —A General meeting of the the Char- . tists of Newcastle and Gateshead will be held in the Three Tuns' long room , Manor Chare , on Sunday evening next , at six o ' clock , fer the purpose of nominating fit and proper persons as candidates for tha General Councillorsbip of the National Charter Association ot Great Britain for the forthcoming quarter , in accordance with the Plan of Organisation . Todmordbn . —Mr . George White will lecture ia the Odd Fellows' Hall , Todmorden , on Sunday next .
at six o ' clock in the evening . NoTTiSQBAk . —Mr . Cliff will address the People in the Democratic chapel , on Sanday evening next , at six o ' clock . —Snbject—General Education . Mb . P . M'Grath ' s First Fortnight ' s Routb through North Lancashire . —Bacap , Nov . 18 th ; Haslingden , 19 th ; Accringten , 20 th ; Oawaldwiafcle , 21 st ; Blackburn , 22 nd ; Clitheroe , 23 rd and 24 th ; Sabden , 25 * h ; Barnoldawick , 26 th ; Colne , 27 th and 28 th ; Marsden , 29 th ; Burnley , the 30 th and Dec . 1 st . . _ _ . . „ , Ashxon-ohder-Lyne . —Mr . James Leach mil leetore in the Chartist Association Room , on SUDdaj ( to-morrow ) evening ! at ax © 'dock .
The 1akd 1 Tee Land 1! The Land!!!
THE 1 AKD 1 TEE LAND 1 ! THE LAND !!!
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Jmti JWtfSG . 363 . SATURDAY , OCTOBER 26 , 1844 . ^ pSSp ^ ST "
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; AND LEEDS GENERAL ADVERTISER . j
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Oct. 26, 1844, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1286/page/1/
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