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THE NOETHERN STAR. SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 15,1846.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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SHIPPING INTELLIGENCE . Shipwreck of Two American Lisbbs , * j ® JLos s op Lirx .-By the packet-ship Stephen Whitney which , arrived at Liverpool from New York , . vajtoe early part of the week , we are in receipt w ™* ™ genofof the total loss of two fine ships , ££ "? £ liners , the Pennsylvania , 700 tons tag ^ Jggg * to Liverpool ; and the Dorchester , ^ OO tora i ^ ter ' sKsawKsassS tf ?« the threemaste and rigging , clearing her deck of every boatvand sweeDing . three men overboard , con-Y asting of the seconJlilte and two seamen who , mela £ chol yto say , periled For days the gale con-< - ¦ - ¦ : tinned , the ship being dashed about , actually unmanagahle , her rudder gone , and her hold half full of water . The remaining persons on board , forty-five in
all , were saved by the ship Rochester . The Basque Thistle -was totally lost near Lagan Point , on the 27 th of last month . She was on a voyage from Glasgow to Demerara with a general cargo . The British Brig Dove was lost in the month of January last , -while on a voyage from that p lace to Dominica . She was capsized in a gale of wind , the sea sweeping one seaman off the deck , and drowning two others below ; their names are Godfrey Brown , . James Gardner , and Samuel Hogan ; the rest of the crew were nine days afterwards taken off the wreck , by a passing vessel . Four , other losses are reported on the books in the course of the wreck . Thescbooner Lady Scott , wrecked on the Castle Sands ; the sloop Jane , of Lynn , sunk off Saltfleet ; the Ann , of Ipswich , wrecked near Whitby ; and the Napier , of Newcastle , lost on the coast of Spain , the master and one man drowned , and the rest of the crew were saTed . '
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^ p The Exthaohdisahy Charge at Nottingham . — Fbidat . —The jury who were summoned to investigate into the cause of death of Hannah Wilmot , have returned their verdict . The evidence went to prove most clearly that the girl persisted in a statement 02 her death-bed , that her master had had connexion with her , and also that le had forced heir to take powders to procure abortion , and to this statement , that of the surgeon was added , that she had died from abscesses on the brain , which might or might not have been caused by poison . The defence , however , was , that the girl was ill , and her master not wishing to employ a surgeon , procured some powders , and
administered them ; but that they were simple and aperient powders . The governess corroborated this statement . It being proved also , that the girl was not pregnant and never had been , nor any trace of poison in the stomach ( which might be free , although poison had been administered at some period ) , the jury returned a verdict that the deceased , Hannah Wilmot , died fr om disease of the brain , but how produced did not appear . They , however , sent for the master , who , on attending , was censured by the coroner for not calling in a physician , and for taking the case under his own hands .
Desteucho . v of a 2 Cew Mill at Blackburn . — At about a quarter past nine o ' clock on Sunday week , when the wind was howling with great force , a noise was heard throughout the town , as of -the sudden discharge of distant artillery , which was speedily discovered to have proceeded from the falling'dowi of an entirely new and unfinished mill at Bank-top , Hie . property of Mr . "William Dickinson , iron-founder , &c . The mill was what is called an " eight-bay" mill ; the area 01 the spinning part of the premises being sixty feet by eighty feet > in extent ; ; and the mill four stories high . - It appears that at about a quarter past nine o ' clock , some men employed upon the premises , and living close by , observed one of the walls of the mill to bulge
- - ont ; and they were discussing the readiest means of ¦ proppingitup , when tliegableend . of the will ; against which the full force of the wind bore , was ; seen to - ¦ ' ¦ bend inwards ; and becoming thus loosened from the roof , the latter was lifted up by the wind , and falling ' ¦ back again with great violence , went to pieces , and carried down . to the foundation everything with it . The destruction was instantaneous and complete , part only of some of the walls remaining . The roof , first Hoot , beams , supporters , and the walls that fell with the roof were all smashed to pieces . The roofs of the engine house and boiler room were destroyed , the thick iron beam , ends being broken like glass . ¦ The damage done to Mr . Dickinson ' s property cannot , be calculated at less than £ 2 , 000 . Upwards of £ a 00 worth of glasswas destroyed . i
Melancholy " Accident on the Kivkr . —Four Lives Lost . —On Thursday week , at an early hour , an accident of a very distressing character , by which four persons were prematurely hurried into eternity , occurred-on the river , between Barking and Woolwich . It appears that a sailing-vessel , itemed . a hatch boat , the property , of Mr . Win . Bj-ford , sen ., of Barkinsr , 'Rgwr , -was proceeding tip the river , for Billingsgate-market , haying onboard a cargo offish , and three sons of Mr .. Byford , -with the ( Owner of the fishj and James Leach , a waterman , of London . The vessel started on her journey , from Chapman's Head beacon , the previous night , at a Jaie hour , no&ing ' particularoccurring until between one and two o ' clock the next morning . At that
time , the vessel was nearly opposite the Devils House , " about half-way between Woolwich arid Barking when a heavy squall of wind sprang up from the west north-west , which struck the boat with fearful violence , so much so , that she almost immediately afterwards fell over on to her side . The water then rushed down the hatchwap . The parties on board clung to the side of the crate , but a few seconds afterwards the vessel sank , carrying with it the ' three Byfords and the owner of the fish . Leach , who was on the fore part of the vessel , had the presence of mind to throw off his jacket , and kept swimming about for the space of 20 minute 9 , when he was rescued by a sailing-vessel . The name of the owner of the feh is at present unknown . ' !
Dreadful Death of as Aged Female . —On Friday ; afternoon week Mr . W . Carter held an inquest at the Fleece , Commercial-road , Lambeth , on the body of Mrs . Elizabeth Beard , aged 58 years , of No . 13 , I ) ukc-15 ree £ Skinfonlitreet . F * 0 IP . the evidence , it appeared that the deceased , who was the widow of a proctor , had been for $ ome tiine ' past so low ; spirited and nervous that she was very seldom left alone . On , the afternoon of Tuesday , however , her companion . - went out of her room to carry a . message to her > . brother . She had barelygone down stairs qefore her .. -. att ^ tionwasarrcstedt ^ hearingfliedeceasedcalling for help , and upon returning to the room $ he found it filled with smoke , and flames were mounting over each side of the bed . After looldnrfor deceased , she ¦ was found under the bedstead , with'the clothes in a '• blaze : After considerable , difficulty the flames were extinguished , but not before the unfortunate creature was burnt to death .
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Lacsch op the Terrible . —At the early hour of 12 o ' clock on Thursday week , numbers of the parties who had obtained tickets of admission to witness the launch of this magnificent war-steamer , arrived at Deptford Dockyard , and occupied the seats allotted to them , which were sheltered with canvas in the rear , and covered with the flags of almost all nations . By half-past twelve o'clock , the period when the first sounds of the hammers on the dog-shores were heard , it was scarcely possible for those who had delayed arriving until that time , to make their way through the dense crowd which had assembled outside the -. barricades surrounding the vessel , all anxious to witness the interesting spectacle . A great number of naval officers assembled at an early hour , and many of them went on board , amonsf whom were Captain
Lord Adolphus Fitzclarence , G . C . B ., Commodore Sir ' Charles Napier , Captain George Smith ( inventor of the paddle-box boats ) , Capt . Austin , O . B ., Capt . Otway , Lieutenant Rivers , and Baron Gersdorff , the Swedish Ambassador . Shortly before one o ' clock Sir John Hill , Captain Superintendent of the Dockyard , arrived , escorting his'daughter , Miss Lucy ' llill , and having- taken their stations on the platform , Mr . Oliver Lang , master shipwright at re-Woolwich Dockyard , . who designed the vessel , phe senteda glass' of wine . / to Miss Lucy Hill , and se , drank to the success of the Terrible . The bottly from ¦ which the vine was taken , was instantle - attached to a cord , and . Miss Hill broke it ontht bows . Mr . Willcpx , master ' shipwright's assistant th Dentford Dockyard , then gave instructions to proceed
- with increased dispatch in loosening the dog-shores , 1 and in a few minutes the majestic war-steamer began to more and glide onwards into her future element amidst enthusiastic cheers of the numerous spectators . The day was beautiful overhead , although the -wind -waspiereingeold , and there could not Lave been fewer than ten thousand persons present on this interesting occasion—a scene always gratifying to Englishmen , who pride themselves on their wooden bulwarks , of which thisvessel is a superior specimen , combining all the best qualities of steam-vessels of first-rate character . Some ideamay be formed of the great size and capabilities of the Terrible , ; when it is -stated thateach of herpaddle-box boats willaccomnio
date orcarry 200 men . The engines are to be fitted by = -r Maudsley , Sons , and Field , who were present to witness tie launch , and will be of 800 horse power . As : the-vessel entered the river her form appeared very pleasing and bold to the eye , and the figure-head of Jupiter , carved by Helyer and Son , had a very majestie appearance , suitable to the character of the god . of thunder . The Odin steam-vessel , another warsteamer , designed by Mr . Lang , will be commenced immediately on theslip on which the Terrible was Irajlt ; and the Spitfire , at present constructing on - ihe sister dip at Deptford , tr ill be" launched in ihe middle of next month . The following are the dimensions of the Terrible : —
Xengthfrom the fore part of the fi gure-head to ft . in . lie aftpart ofthe tafirail 246 0-Length between the perpendiculars . , 226 9 Length of the keel for tonnage 196 10 J - Breadth extreme ; ; ., 42 6 Breadth for tonnage 42 0 Breadth moulded 41 2 Depth in hold 27 4 " Burthen in tons , 1 , 617 7-94 .
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AaHic cLTCHAi . Protection , —A number of noblemen , gentlemen , and farmers , representing the agriculturists of the country , waited upon Sir Robert Peel by appointment , on Saturday , and laid before him the present depressed state of the agricultural interest , urging its claim upon the Government for a share in any remission of taxation . Several tenantfarmers addressed Sir . Robert . Peel , stating , from their own practical knowledge , the existing distress in their own particular districts . The Prime Minister . received them with great courtesy and attention . The Duke of Richmond read a letter from the Duke of Buckingham , expressing regret at hia unavoidable absence . The following were present : —The Duke of Richmond , Marquis of
Salisbury , Earl of Essex , Earl of March , M . P ., Sussex , West ; Lord Beaumont , Mr . G . Bankes , M . P ., Dorsetshire ; Mr . T . W . Bramston , M . P ., Essex , South ; Mr . Darby , M . P ., Sussex , East Mr . E . B / Denison , M . P ., Yorkshire West "! Riding ; Mr . Du Pre , M . P ., Buckinghamshire ; Mr . W . Miles , M . P ., Somerset , East ; Mr . Newdigate , M . P ., Warwickshire , North ; Mr . Stafford Q ' . Bnen , M . P ., Northamptonshire , North ; Mr . Pusey , M . P ., Berkshire ; Col . Rushbrook , M . P ., Suffolk , West ; Sir JohnTrollope , Bart ., M . P ., Lincolnshire , South ; Sir John Tyrell , Bart ., M . P ., Essex , North ; Mr . Wodchouse , M . P ., Norfolk , East ; Mr . J . J . Allnatt ,
Berkshire ; Mr . H . G . Andrews , Somerset ; Mr . R . Baker , Essex ; Mr . W . Bennett , Beds ; Mr . Brickwell , Bucks ; Mr . Blandford , Somerset ; Mr . Br own , North Wilts ; Mr . Cramp , Kent ; Mr . I . Clarke , Lincolnshire ; Mr . I . Ellnian , Sussex ; Mi . Hilditch , Salop ; Mr . Fisher Hobbs , Essex ; Mr . Hudson , Norfolk ; Mr . S . Jonas , Cambridgeshire ; Mr . S . Mills , South Wilts ; Mr . Moseley , East Suffolk ; Mr . Oakley , Herts ; Mr . Pain , Bedfordshire ; Mr . Rodwell , West Suffolk ; Mr . G . Shackel , Berkshire ; Mr . R . Smith , Rutland ; Mr .. Stevenson , Lincolnshire ; Mr . Turner , Devon ; Mr . , Warsop Huntingdon ; Mr . Weall , Surrey ; Mr . Edward ! Wyatt , West Sussex .
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THE GRAHAM " SETTLEMENTS . " . In our report of the Parliamentary proceedings it will be seen that on "Tuesday night Sir . James Graham , the Secretary of State for the "Home" Depart ,, ment , moved for leave to bring in a Bill to " alter and amend" the whole existing law of settlement . In doing so , he detailed , at considerable length the " alterations" and " amendments" he proposed to make : " alterations" of a sweeping nature , and " amendments" of tremendous import and effect . Of course on such an occasion all he could do was to impart a general notion of his proposed measure as
to its leading . principles , leaving details for afterconsideration ; but he enunciated enough to . enable "the House" and the country to understand ; the nature of the great revolution in parochial matters that he is seeking to effect ; and it will be for the former to instinct the latter whether that revolution be at all desirable or necessary , or likely to be submitted to . With great Beeming candour has Sir James thrown his measure on " the consideration of the country , " and expressed an anxious desire that its merits may be fully and carefully examined . In concluding his remarks on the introduction of his Bill he observed : —
I wish it to be understood , that J have no intention of pressing this measure to a second reading till there is time to collect the opinions of persons lest informedi upon these subjects , and lcommitthe plan to that species of examination with entire confidence as to the , merits of the measure . I commit it to the favourable consideration of all men of kumanity who Lave hitherto laboured sedulously to promote the well-being of the poor ; and especially I commit it to the protection of those whose sense of justice would lead them equally and feirly'to distribute * burden intended to sustain sinking humanity , and which ought to be levied on the rich for the defence of the poor ; ihially , I commit the . measure to the consideration of hon . members now present , in the full confidence that it ' will be found not altogether unworthy of the adoption of the house . ~ •; .. ; :
It will , therefore ,. remain with the country ta say whether this measure shall pass with the seeming concurrence of the people —« r , whether it shall be submitted to the test of extensive and searching examination , to the end that the really good and desirable " amendments" it proposes to make may be secured , and the unnecessary and dangerous " ALTERATIONS " , in the old , and excellent PdrocMal System of England , with which it is proposed to accompany such " amendments ^ " may ' . be . prevented . It is all the more necessary that the people should " speak out' on these matters from the " candid" and " open" course pursued by their
" Home" Secretary : for , should they not do so , he will be fairly entitled to interpret their silence and quiescence into acquiescence ; while , should the measure in all its entirety be persisted in by the " strong Government" and the shoe-Hcking majority of "the House , " in opposition to a the determined and unequivocal public opinion against the dangerous and KEvoLCTioxARY innovations attempted , . the people will be clear of all . blame when the injurious consequences overtake the nation , and the responsibility will rest on the right parties . It therefore behoves the peo ^ pie to examine well the newly-proposed scheme , and to " speak right ont" on the subject .
That : some alterations are needed in the existing la . w of settlement , no one who has used his eyes , his ears ,, and his judgment on what is daily passing around him , but must have been long since convinced of . The present law of settlement , though perfectly applicable to the existing state of society for which it was formed , is totally inadequate now ; and by its operation most gross injustice and perfect cruelty is oftentimes inflicted . . When the law was passed , the circumstances affecting those likely to be subjected to its operation were essentially different to those which' obtain in our
"improved" age and time . Then the "takes" of land were much more numerous than now , i . c , they were "held" in much smaller portions , and ou such conditions as to let them descend from sire to son , all as if the land had . been the family ' s \ own "; and the consequence was , that there then existed the farfamed stout , sturdy , well-conditioned race of English yeomen , the pride and the glory of the land , instead of the ignorant , conceited , purse-proud , overbearing , stinking ByOfrogs of the present day , who dare not let a labourer come between the wind and their " respectability . " (?) Then ^ he labourer had a
"home" in the house of the farmer , feeding : and faring as the rest of the family , instead of being driven to shelter in hovels by the way-side or the corners of lanes and ( what were once ) commons , stareing with his family on seven shillings a week when fortunate enough to get casual employment , and poaching and stealing to keep him out of the dreaded toiox-house when , employment fails . Then , manufactures were confined to , certain districts of the country , where there existed Gmxns and Companies ; the workers iir such trades being incorporated for mutual protection . Then , it was ordained by law
that the sheriffs of counties * with the aid of the jiis- . tices of the peace , the mayors , bailiffs , and other head-officers of cities and towns corporate , and such discreet and grave persons of the county as they should think meet , should "confer together respecting the plextt or the scarcity of the time , and other circumstances , and should rate and appoint the wages to be paid for all kinds and descriptions of labour and service , to the end that idleness might be banished , htsbarulry advaxced , aid the hired labourer have yielded unto him , both in the time of plenty and in the time of scarcity , a convenient proportion of
wages . " Then ,, there existed a power to piinisK the sordid and the" avaricious of the employers of labour , Avho should attempt to pay te « s than the rated and appointed amount of wages . Then there existed a law which made it imperative on the Overseers of parishes to find employment for those who could not otherwise obtain it : not employment on a " mount , of misery , " alias a stone-heap ; not employment in the filthy and injurious occupation of oakum-picking ; not emp loyment in' grinding
stinking rags into " shoddy-wool" by mearia ofa hand-mill in a union-bastile ; not employment in the nice , and sweet , and healthy occupation of bone crushing , —so appropriate an employment , as Lord Ebrixoton thinks , for those whonv he has the insolence to call " paupers" not employment at any of these things ; but employment at their own Occupations , at home , and with means raised by rate from the owners and occupiers of property . Thenthe Overseers
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M ^ w ^ — wm ^ mmM —m—^^^¦—of the Poor were obliged to furnish the unemployed with raw material , land , wool or flax—( cotton was then unknown )—on which to expend their labour : and that , too , without having to break up their home ; with , out having their "traps " sold by their " guardians ;" without having to enter the Union-house—to be torn from wife and child , and child from parents—to be fed on a "dietary" much below that of prisons , in a place , where ,. as in the Cirencester case , four ounces of bacon is the only animal food allowed for a whole week ! without having to be clothed in a degrading workhouse dress , and branped with the
mark of poverty ! raw material furnished to them , too , without their having to be insulted with the odious and un-English name of "panptr , " and without being liable to have their after wages " attached" to repay the " relief" thus afforded them . Then the workman had a , home : his home was . guaranteed to him : his " right to live" on the spot that gave him birth was acknowledged and secured . Then he was "the first partaker of the fruits ; " and want and privation , er at all events . destitution , was to him unknown * T / i «» hc had no inducement to leave the place of his nativitv ; he had no occasion to wander ; he was
settled at HOME ; and the law which provided that if he should indulge ^ vagabondizing disposition—if he should wander from his iiome , and become chargeable to those who had not enjoyed the benefit of . his labour ; the law which in such case provided that thejdle and . the wandering should be , '' passed " to their own parish , was wise , arid just , and applicable to the then circumstances . Ijioir , however , the case is different ^ The ' circumstances are ' changed . . Vhat was justthen is monstrously unjust now . The Bullfrog system of " taking" land afv ^ ill Jn large heaps has superseded the small farms held ' on an- equitable
and . secure tenure ; the labourer has been driven out of the farm-house ; the system' of ; ' "diarinf the estates !' , ° / f the ' , " ragged rascals" ; has : i ) een " all . hut systematically followed : thejlabourer has been forced to " migrate" into the manufacturing districts ; agents and offices for his sale and " consignment ? " have been appointed and opened : e ' yen manufactures themselves are not stationary ; the Guilds and Companies are all broken up , bf ^ exist but in name ; the projection which the labourer had in aHXEp and certain rate of wages , and in the duty of the Overseer to find him raw material to work at when
unemployed , has been repeated ; ehip 2 pyment is ho where certain ; the worker has been forced to become ah animal of prey , not only on other species , but even on Ms mvn ! he is compelled to " migrate" to those spots where , for the time being ^ employment at under wage is to . be found : and it has not unfrequentiy happened , that after he has spent his' marrow , hia strength , and all but life'itself in the manufacturing districts , heaping up princely fortunes for
the numerous tribe of nabobs , there abounding , the old law of settlement has been brought to . bear when he was thoroughly " destitute" and he has been reinoyed from the place . xvhere the property was that HE HAD CREATED , to another spot , where he had to be kept in a lingering state of misery till death , out of " property " to which he had'added no value , because the grinding system to which he had been subjected : had , in the outset of Kfe . driven him from home ' Yes ! an alteration in the law of settlement
toadapt it to the present times . and present circumstances , is much needed : though it may be much doubted , and will , we hope and trust , be stoutly contended ,, that tot effect such ; needful alteration , ¦ it ' is neither desirable no * needful to break Up the ancient and existing divisions of the country , and revolutionise the idea * , and : feelings , and habits of the people ! The one can be effected without the ¦ other ; and -it ¦ reflects no small amount ofxliscredit on the ? eel Ministry , that they should have meanly taken advantage of a generallyacknowledged want , and made : it the occasion , under
the plausible pretence of satisfying that ' want , to accp ' niplish a iridst sinister and base design . Alteration of"the law of settlement . is needed ; rto every-day experience'demonstrates : and if there could possibly be . any ' 'doubt ^ pn the subject , the monstrous threat of the league , manufacturers of Lancashire , ' tb " remove" the thousands upon thousands of worn-out workers in their district , —who have , from the causes above , narrated , been forced to '" migrate " - thither , and who have expended their labouripr the benefit of the said manufacturers ; could any doubt possibly , exist as to the necessity for an alteration of the law
of settlement , the threat made by the Leaguers ! to " pass" thousands upon thousands of poor labourers , —whom they had suckeu till they were marrowless , —back to their parishes to be maintained by the landowners , the farmers , and the farm labourers , — a threat uttered for the monstrous purpose of overawing the legislature , and of forcing from it a measure at ; once unjust , impolitic , and thoroughly selfish , —and which threat the existing law would enable them to execute , did not a cowardly fear to brave public odium and disgrace restrain the conceivers of the horrible project : we say , that could there be a
scintilla of doubt as to the necessity of an alteration in this state of the law , it would . be instantly set at rest by ilie bare enunciation of the facts , thai such a ' monstrously unjust proposal . hat , been entertained ; that : thousands are : hourly in danger ' of being made its victims ; that the lawwi'B allow , of their being torn from their present ' homes" —from friends , relatives , families , ' acquainianceBij and associations , and of being sentina " pass-cart" to Spots where all is strange—where feelings , and notions , and habits are entirely "foreign" to the man so long away ; and that it is not unlikely that"tlie'demon-spirit of gain aDd power which firsi ; prompted the horrible conception , may arm the utterers of the threat with
" courage " to carry it into execution ! Yes ; a just and wise alteration in . this , state of the law is miich needed , and will "be liailctl with joy : but it does not follow that therefore we arc to submit to have England re-parceled out—have all our old home-institutions , arid boundaries , and distinctionsoipset and destroyed The one portion of the IIome " Secretary ' s scheme , if accompanied with just details , the people , to whom he has appealed , may aid him in : the other portion , --the sinister attempt to permanently . establish the SornerseUiouse tyranny , through the innovating hand of the spoiler , —will , we are sure , be resisted to the uttermost , even should the result be the . " upsetting" of Sir James and his "imperium in imperioi . ' "
Before we examine in detail the several " alterations" and " amendments"that the Home Minister proposes , —and wMch we purpose to do atlfengtli on another occasion , —we must direct , attention to itl ^ e ' matter-offact as to the condition of the people with which that said Home . Minister prefaced his statement ; arid duty also cafls on us to expose a MONSTROUS LIE which that same Minister was allowed , and uncmtradicted too , to utter in the face of Parliament and the people of England . ' In introducing hii > ubjeci ? i according to the reporter for theiiMw * , Sir James Graham said : — .:: - :
It is a melancholy faet , but sum , a fact , that no less tiian one-tenth of the icjujle population or Bnoi . ani > and ¦ WAXES BECEivE llEMEP FBOM ' TBE -PoOB-BATE IN THE course of the teab . A multitude of ^^ no less than 1 , 500 , 000 persons in this ' country ' receive relief . from the poor-rate . ( Hear . ) The magnitude of fhe . sum also THUS PAID is very great . I codld brino . thatjFbesb iotocr EEoouEcrioN in vabious wats . I might state it thus : it would be no exaggeration , that since , thetermiuatiou of the war in 1815 . notwithstanding all ; that lias been said
of the neglect of the interests of the poor—notwithstanding all that has been said of the inhumanity of the law ( hear , hear )! of the culpable negligence with which the wants , of the poor are regarded by the rich , independently of all private charity and of the benefactions of our charitaule institutions—since tlie termination of the war no less a sum las been , levied pom the mte-gaym of Ms eounit'i / tlimi £ 200 , 000 , 000 ( hear , hear ) , a ' suin nearly amounting to onefouvth of the capital of the national debt . .
Here , then , we have , from the Home Ministers own mo ' uthi the extent of destitution and poverty in this wealthy , country , ! "one-tenth" ; of the whole population receive relief from the . popr-vates in the course : of the year ! Hail ! the" spirit of iMfROVEsffisi ! " Hail ! O , hail ! our blessed sy ' sterii of Government ! One in every ten of ' pur ; , population a " pauper , " asvthepoor are now 1 insolently : termed ! What a credit to those who have niled" us ! What a fact for the Home Minister of Britain , —the centre of
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l . : ' — - civilisation and mistress of , tlie sea , —to enunciate ! BvLtthefactisso . It can now no longer be gainsaid . We have " authority" for the statement . When the people : complain they are rebuked , and eluded , and sneered at , and their complaints impudently denied . The assertion has been as common as an eyery-day word in the Political Economist ' s mouth , that the workers were better off now than at any period of British history ; that their wages were higher—the amount of necessaries that those wages would purchase was much greater—and that they could get fine broad cloth * for the men , and Bilk and cotton gowns and stockings for the women , much finer and batter than the Court and Aristocracy could
obtain for love or money in Ehzabeih ' s reign . All this we have had incessantly dinned into ; us , and much more to the same purport : and now tlie climax is capped by our Home Minister , telling in the face of the world , that evert tenth man woman and child in the country is a ' . 'pauper . '" " Wau ' stimpkovement , Ma ' am , " as Will Cobbett would have exclaimed . We shall see hereafter whether it were so or not in the days when full Protection was enjoyed by every class : before the days of Debt—of grinding taxation-rof the ever-accursed and curse-scattering paper money—of Peel ' s Bills—of Huskinson's and Peel ' s Free-trade Tariffs—of heavy burdens and low prices-The . comparison between the two periods we shall shortly institute .
' The fact , the " great' fact , "—a fact greater than the Anti-Corn League ; the "melancholy fact , " as Sir James Graham calls it , as to the extent of " pauperism , " we do not dispute : but we do dispute the MONSTROUS LIE which the Minister built on that fact . Whenever an assault on the poor is meditated , the scheme by which it is intended to accomplish the base purpose is sure to be ushered in with a LIE as to the extent of relief afforded to the poor . Before the Poer Law Amendment Act was introduced , the infamous thumper that the poor . cost £ 8 ; 000 , 000 a year wasi industriously and
systematically circulated ;' and now , when the last remaining tie , of the poor to Fatherland is to be severed ; when the system of self-Government which has withstood the shock of ages ; is to be uprooted ; when the timehonoured divisions and landmarks are to be reirioved and the country re-mapped out on the "Wau ' st improvement , ma ' am" principle , as though a conqueror had invaded us , and determined to obliterate from the hearts of the people all recollection even of former station and greatness : now when this destruction has to be accomplished , to make way for the full development o Malthusian Philosophy ; now , to prepare the public mind for Has change , a Minister of State does not hesitate to get up in his place in Parliament , and utter the ATROCIOUS LIE , that during the last
thirty years the poor have had paid to them no less a sum than £ 200 , 000 , 000 !! It is not without purpose thatthesestatements are made . The £ 8 , 000 , 000 a-year story in 1384 did its work ! The owners of property were alarmed > THEIR estates were about to be "swallowed up . " It was time to put a stop to the horrible devastation which threatened to . leave them penniless ; andwthe Poor Law Bill was passed ! Assault first , was then committed ; Assault second , is now attempted ; ahdj therefore , we have a similar preparatory process . The fears and alarms of propertymen are again to be evoked , and set in play . The extent of " pauperism" is therefore paraded ; and the ASTOUNDING LIE that £ 200 , 000 , 000 in thirty years has been paid to the poor is uttered by " authority !"
We by no means deny that the sum of £ 200 , 000 , 000 has been "levied from the ratepayers" during the last thirty years . Nay , we freely admit that that sum has even been levied on the pretence that jfc was . for "the relief . of the poor . " . It is not with that staternent we quarrel : but with the statement of the Minister , that that sum has been PAID to . the poor .. It is not true . Out of the sums raised ostensibly for "the relief of the poor" are paid a host of charges' which . diminish the amount paid to the poor in proportion to the amount " raised , " veiy considerably . There are all the ; salaried officials of the New Poor Law the
workhouse masters , matrons , ' clerks , and schoolmasters' ; ' there are all the hired overseers ; and the paid cpUectors of rates ; there arothe salaried , chaplaini of workhouses ,. andthe clerks to the Boards of Guardians ; there are all the lawyers , with their long lists of changes for litigations respecting settlements , and one sort ; of dispute and another : there are all the County-rates , and the building of prisons , and houses of correction , ' . and tread-wheels , and lockups , and court houses , and the erection andmaintenance of County bridges ; there are all the expenses of prosecuting misdeineanants , and of keeping them while in prison ; 1
there are allthe salaries of jailors , and turnkeys , and prison-parsons , and hangmen ; there are all the expenses of Constabulary , parish and ruraf—chiefs , inspectors , serjeants , privates arid all ; there are all the County Lunatic Asylums , erecting , maintaining , and sustaining , with all their tribes of paid officials : there are all these charges , and many more , defrayed out of the rate levied for the relief of the poor : and it is monstrous—it is stupendously impudent to . represent the money '' THUS PAID" as money paid to the poor ! Deduct from the £ 200 , 000 , 000 what
has been " swallowed up " by these things ; and then we shall get at the real amount paid to the poor . No doubt that amount will be : very considerablewill be greatly too high to be consistent with this " wau ' stiy improved" age : but still it will be much below what the alarmists now represent it to be . If Sir James Graham had had to sail on the other tack ; if he had had to demonstrate the saving in rates effected by the new law , we should havo heard nothing of the £ 200 , 000 , 000 paid to thepow during the last thirty years .
Haying thus exposed the MONSTER LIE , which has been enunciated by " authority" to pave the way for discreditable and unworthy ministerial intentions , we shall , for the present , leave the subject in the hands of the reader .. . We ' shall shortly return to it ; and examine the several propositions that Sir James Graham makes , for altering in the law of settlement . ; We shall endeavour toascertain their sufficiency or insufficiency for the end proposed : and point attention to the monstrous proposal by which' such alterations are accompanied ; the proposal to break up the existing laud-marks
of England . We shall show that such proposal or project does not necessarily , nor ought not , to ' form any portion of' an attempt to amend the law . of settlement . We shall show that every one of the . advantages which the Home Secretary dares to speak of , as likely to accrue from such a step can be secured' with the parish and township divisions just as they are ; and we shall also show that the maintenance of our present parochial system is the onlymodewe haveofpreserving THE VESTRY
the remains of the system of self-government , once the pride and boast of . Englishmen . We shall show that this attempt of Graham ' s is intended , and will have the effect , if successful , of annihilating every vestige of parish-right and parish-liberty—placing the whole of the rate-payers of the country in the hands } of an irresponsible Secretary of State , three unconstitutional Poor 'Law Commissioners , and at the mercy of the ho less unconstitutional and hateful bevies of prowling rural police ^ . Meantime webid the people awake , and look about them : ! The enemy is at their homes
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The great knowledge acquired by the . working classes upon all questions of political economyi deters the Minister from entering upon measures the results of which are visible at a glance . The power of Capital , the perversion of justice , and the tread-wheel cannot be obscured in the clauses of a Masters' and Servants' Bill , however enveloped in legal iechnica lities . There , the naked eye can see the covered aim raised and ready to strike the moment the law shall have sanctioned the blow . No man can tell , when the foundation is excavated , or the first courses of
the building laid , whether it is intended as a silent tomb for tlie class-made thief ; or for ? palace wherein royalty is to revel : but as it rises , the intent is developed . So precisely is it with that finesse to which our present rulers arc obliged to , resort . The foundation is laid in " humanity , philantlirophy , and kindness for tbe poor ' : " ¦ but the progress of the building developes the intention of the architect . Sir James Graham has propounded a new law , of settlement to the House of Commons , of which , mystify it as he may , the real meaning of the measure is" war to the Icnife" against the last remaining and very
dearest and most cherished privilege of the poor man , the privilege of at least having " soniething | to love . " Fatherland , to the soldier or the national plunderer , may carry with it a more -extensive meaning than parochial residence : but to the poor man , whose existing condition and future hope is bounded by the landmarks of that parish ' of which ho was . born an in heritor , fatherland conveys a more limited , but not less enthusiastic idea . " Home , sweet home ; " "the lanil of my birth ; " "the home of my fathers ; " " the land where my forefathers dwelt ; " the companions of my youth ; " " the associates of manhood ; " and
" the cronies of old age ¦ " one and all cany feelings of nationality , however circumscribed % y the narrow boundaries of parish . . The humble . spire of the unostentatious parish church ; the face of the old overseer , ' the parish beadle , and the parish officers , were once sights that the humbler , classes loved to look upon , because in them they recognised the simplicity of religion , the protection of | law , and the ; right to live . Indeed so stoutly have those cherished bulwarks resisted all the attacks of the damnable New Poor Law Acts , that our present Home . ' Secretary sees ' the necessity of levelling thorn altogether , before he can hope to carry that measure into full effect .
We have now to learn whether the Richmonds , the Buckinghasis , the Baskes ' s , and Youxg England , so loud in their demand for "the rights of labour , " will allow the last " stake" to be drawn from "the poor man ' s hedge . " The very object of the Poor Law Amendment Act was to save the estates of jthe landlords from the pressure of " pauperism , " by the clearance of the rightful proprietors ; and jits effect has been to keep society in a state of perpetual social revolution , ready at any moment to take advantage of a favourable opportunity to take vengeance upon their oppressors . The manufacturers were as readv to receive as the landlords were to disinherit
the " surplus" agricultural stock ; and were it not for the certainty that the keen eye of the Icapitalist will see through the ultimate effect of obtaining settlement by a time residence , and be thereby , led to the anticipation of having one day to support their own victim , we have little doubt that Graham's codicil to Grey ' s "legacy to labourers " would be received as a boon . Independently of the denationalizing effeet that the substitution of Union departments for parochial boundaries must have upon the national character , we see in the measiire the complete frustration of . the allotment plan ,
the small farm" system , and even the most partial return to agricultural pursuits . 'We ' see"the ! breaking up of the old family compact . . We see the impossibility of realising that better understanding between peer arid peasant recommended by Baron Alderson , and enforced by Mr . D'Israeli , as a means of harmo nising . class . with class , and of destroying the present suspicions reciprocally entertained by each ; What a mockery then , that the poor can only hope for such protection and defence as that which arises from the jealousies of those llpon whom they may be henceforth quartered for existence 1
The anomalous increase of manufactures in its day led to the easy surrender of the poor man ' s rights ; and no doubt the present ' prospect of "improvement" has led to an attack ' upon his remaining privileges . At the present moment , there are in Lancashire alone more than one hundred new cotton mills in process of erection , all of immense magnitude ; and , doubtless , a portion of Graham ' s Settlement Bill is intended to facilitate the required , importation of agricultural slaves to work them .
The great object of manufacturers in the present day is in every possible ease to substitute machinery for manual labour ; and if overgrowing fortunes already made are not to be sacrificed , they can only be preserved by equalizing the facilities of production to those possessed by the new mills worked by improved machinery . What then , we ask , is to become either of the present operatives or the " surplus , " by which their ranks are to be increased ? The policy of the Minister has ever been to divert attention from things substantial . to those which are
but shadowed forth in his measures / but are , nevertheless , sure to be one day ; realised . Hence he recori . ' cilcd the landed interest to his tariff ; in 1841 , by the assurance that there was no competing supply of livestock in the inarkets of the world to damage their interests . They could not see the , calves unborn ] that would one day become oxen , and he laughed at those foolish apprehensions which are now in courso of realization . On precisely a similar point will the debate upon Sir James Graham ' s plundering bill turn . ¦ :
The ministerial farmers that whistle at Downingstreet , will obey ministerial orders ; while the acquiescence of the manufacturing interest will be insured upon the principle , " Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof . '' The battle of the manufacturers will be waged against any proposed short acquirement of settlement ; wMIe the landlords , of course , as friends to the "honest labourer , " will contend for title upon shortev , conditions . And then a compromise will be made—after a few elegies * have been delivered by Young England and others ,- who would serve the poor , if that sen-ice could be made
contingent upon more satisfied servility . ; Then ; the " plausible Minister" will step in , as the arbiter between contending factions ; and the rights of the labourer will be equitably distributed , a a boon to contending belligerents . The parochial ; landmarks will be broken down , and the odious word " union " will be substituted , to harmonize in-door wretchedness with stalking discontent : All the ties of affection which bound man to his birth-place will be destroyed—the worst passions of an offended and zealous race will be let . loose ; and in every " rich oppressor" the " poor oppressed" will see a deadly enemy . '
An insult supposed to be offered to a bagman missionary , thirty 'thousand miles from England , threatened the world with war , and a " strong Ministry " with dissolution : and our rulers at home 'inade their Royal mistress congratulate herself and the country oh the "increasing loyalty" of her people ; and the rowavdis an expected tame submission to the annihilation of their every right ! If Graham's uprooting of parish landmarks is-not a Masters ' . andV : Servants' Bill : if it is not an anti-trade combination
bill , it is a bill more sweeping in hostility to the labouring classes than any ever proposed , even by the putative father of the measure . Will the people now not arouse ? Will they tamely stand by and witness this measure of outlawry ? The Minister , as we predicted , has calculated on temporaiy " prosperity" and consequent apath y ; otherwise would he hot have dared to offer such an insult to Englishmen . Time was when : he' would ' have lost his head even for the proposal . Time may come when Englishmen will be themselves again . .
Now , then , is the time , without distinction of politics or creed , for every friend of . the poor man to unite ; Let the people not be taken by surprise . Let us have a bold , a manly , and a timely resistance , or let us hear no more of " labour ' s friends , " of the
Untitled Article
" stake in the hedge , " or of "the laborn ^ / ^ society . " ... ' Ome i * Val . 0 O ! for an Oastleb in this hour of t \ We verily believe that if circumst ances hiS peUed that great and truthful advocate of tlT > of labour to seek in other spheres , that " ^ to which his exertions in behalf of the d ^ ? than entitled him , Graham ' s monstrous ^ 1 would never have been made . It is made /^ I and if tlie people don't exert themselves th ; I find that it will soon become law . •* il |
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THE INCOME TAX AND THE " SURPI . u .-ii : ¦ .,.. ' . ' ¦ f t *! Ox Friday night Sir Robert Peei . will makcitk ^ he calls his " financial statement : " that is , te * t ||| condescend to tell us how long he proposes to ke ? iS the Income Tax , andjiow he intends to dispose oisifl " surplus . " In our Saturday's Edition we shall &fm a report of his " statement . " i ^ fi i m
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S . Jacobs , Bristol , demurs to onr position auafe- -J inination in relation to a request of his to putiiii % plan of Trades Organisation . His reasonirsiii M from convincing tis that our gronnd is untenable . & . ' ^ he lias confirmed us in the opinion- of the wisdom ir J | propriety of our former refusal . He" holds ti » : i' ^ National Conference of Trades delegates is » tt- " | j § hody best adapted , to form a plan to meet jhbS . g ga wants , but suggests that there should be Confetassi ' . || j delegates in each town , who should each < lriir : ; i l § & plan of their own ; circulate them : and then wtdii ' , || g heterogeneous mess adopt some one without the * iffla pense of a National Conference at all . Of coa .- > r 2 WB
a ' suggestion is practicable ; and would be sure to s in unanimity ! For ourselves , we think . 1 CwtovJ in which all may be represented , can best atttr « V . c i interests of all , and devise a scheme of nr . wisi / fs the most likely to include the wants of all . SstiJ / a discussion on the points to be embraced iin ? s *| l and comprehensive scheme should be decried Os * ; X contrary , -we " would have every trade to teirf ^ a diate attention to the matter , that proper instrcc ?^ may be giveri ' to the delegate or delegates thtj W * M point : And to this end we shall bo glad to l' # 5 'H suggestions that may be offered , and toiiidirifc ^ ffl and advice of our own . But we cannot , andmt : ¦ ¦ ' $£ publish ready " cut and dried" plans e » ^ ' 4 from any one person , or any one trade , ' " J district ; - Were we to do so , we should socn ^ | pretty mess of confusion . Leeds may haveitsr- " . $
well as Bristol ; Manchester ss well « s tothp ! s £ J and if one , is given , all ought to be given- - . - -Jl attention and ' consideration would be disW ^ Vjl unimportant details , instead of being co «« nB * . ; on the leading peincih . es which a general P ^ M Trades ' organisation ought to embrace . lu :. ^| that all ' these places should have their jtas , >^ g think proper ; arid as right that they should" !^ with all deference , before the assembled «^ - - , 5 aid in ; their deliberations and labours . ^ . Ml Bristol friends can do . The Coiiference m « "M Steps for that purpose are being taken a' * "M country . Of course the Bristol Trades i ™ ^ J sented in it .- Their delegates can be « lrusN , f uic iur is irciuxci •¦¦
-piiui . jat-uus u . ^| " . ire's before the Conference . It will there stand on M merits , and on equal ground with all ot '' f ' . ^ will not possess nn undue prestige from Kll y ^ J cation or public attention . It can be consi . the delegates , and its good points emM" * $ own plan , along with the good points froin . j J plan or plans that may be submitted to « ¦ £ course we are persuaded will best accoini ^' . i | in view— Genehal Union and energetic f' ^ 4 lieving so , weniust act on that belief , k ^'" = . :, i |
. dine the insertion of all proposed plnns on- ^ : General Trades ' . Organisation , previous to « ^ of the General Conference ; being dctcrmiiw ji : far as we are concerned , the work doM ^ fIrts gates shall be their oion work . -At the satH . free , as before intimated , to publish sns ^^ offer opinions and advice . The prndciic ^^ , ^ will , we are sure , be admitted by the Tra * - and wo trust will be properly appreciated . J T . R .-WG feab the law is with the l' « % ,, }; wife , however , insist on the trustees payino to her the small annuity is left . ^ . d Thomas Eetch ; Boiton . —Make the party a ^ the ' goods they retain . possession of , anu Si the amount : . jtri W . S . L ; , Dodiet . —Most likely tlie P" ^ * ^ suffered judgment to go by default . " ' ^ A was legal . The goods being taken in ^ f / be sold next day , and by private contract .
were valued by an appraiser . t i ; «'' -ra Mb . M'Lam , Leith , will please make his po- > m payable at 180 , Strand . ' illC S' ^ ffl J . Legce , Aberdeen . — "We cannot post ^ ^ . jJI Scotland so as to arrive at Aberdeen on • ' ^ M , our own machinery is all comp leted and ^ ^ H We can send a , later edition as he sutc m arrive on Monday morning :, if that wi « H * ^ : m The South Lancashibe Secretary woiu Hi < j"W to . . the sub-Becrctaries of tlie foltowWi f j M would send him their several addresses- . ^ , ton , Stalybridge , Ashton-undev-Lyne ^ jftg field , Bolton . Eatelifl ' e . bii . lge , and 3 Iil ' 5 ^ ^ , post-paid , to % . . Richard Radlorii , * o- - < sj AVilcomc-street , llulme , Maijchester . J ( J , ^ S An communicatons for the Chartists » | f , ^ must , for the ; future , be addresse d ¦^^ 'J oinu oijir i *¦ 1
n , care ; . w «* " ^ - ^ * -mini ) rKsaft W . R ., Oi-DHAM ^ We arc sorry *»^^ « suggestion for the main portion of ow » » „„ tffi& . however , im P ossible .. By thetimeth « n >^ ' ^ « is over ,. tK 6 hundi-ed- miles from us , « P ^ ^ M the second , edition is printed , ™* * " * tt fix > ifH . our third , edition , ' or . in the . one ff ^^ f . ^ H country on Sunday morning , we shall % Wakefitld market new . s . v ' he 1 * ' . SM Pbter Brown , Glasgow , xnayjnst do a * ^ _ ^ own obtusivenessledhim to expect ^ „ . not have ; and he may now n > a ™ ^ mend his bargain if he p leases . § £ *¦ , I i
The Noethern Star. Saturday, February 15,1846.
THE NOETHERN STAR . SATURDAY , FEBRUARY 15 , 1846 .
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THE . "ROYAL LOYAL KATlOAUr REPEALERS . " AL
We hare often had to advert to , and chasf m disgusting , fawning sycophancy and slavcrin ^'^ ll loyalty" that has disgraced most of then , ™ ' ^ IP of the " Royal Loyal Nation- ^ RepeaW ofj SB It gives us delight to be able to record the fa ^ m on this point , the Nation at least—the organ ^ H " Royal Loyals" —is coming to its senses . ' % ^ M lowing will be read with pleasure by the Hi minded Chartists , not only for the truths eon ^ 'ill in it respecting the position of the pooi- . " ^ fe § out aim
aecKOU m-gew-gaws leathors of a , .--P speaks , but for the evidence it ' supplies thatC' ^ 'Pl sentiments are making way , and are at leneth ^ iil enunciated by those who only latel y lickeil tt ?''*^ and fawned and flattered the " painted idol - ^ ' ^ so remorselessly unveiled . Our extract is frl ^ 'ill Nation of Saturday last :- <« W
The Parlinmcnt of tbe empii'e bag mtt—its arrj .. fi | gorgeous!—its language how proud ! It lacked m , ' ^ W —it seemed to lack no power . Its chroniclers m » $ ^ at its waving plumes . There was a Queen—^ : 3 jj | f dinted with the revolutions of a thousand years . u f her were the Ambassadors of every civilised ^? H Around her was a Council containing the mostf ^ if general and the wiliest politician of her subjects . v ' J pj her were the Lords and Commons of the " United * fll domB "—owners of enormous wealth and veneraU ^ 'Hl —empowered to make laws fbr East and Westu !^ Australia , Canada , Ireland , Scotland , and England M posing fifty millions of taxes , maintainers of a b ^ 'ip constitution , of a splendid army , and of an mCi " ll navy . . - " ^ M
What wonder if , while they rustled in broidery .. Slip their throats -were swelling with pride , and thei 4 ^§| sii heaven and earth to say them nay ? ' ^' - 'Jv | : ' Is this a fabric surely founded—safe from focs ? ,. . Ja | a ' pile of clouds , splendid with a setting sun ? " ^ 11 The people of Ireland shall put it to the trial . 1 11 Vngpass from the outside of this Parliament toiv . ; 1 11 side . This renowned Qiuien is powerlett . She jue ^ '"' ^ a * FOBBIPS ^ ' 0 SAW—WO APPOJNTSEST , , % e ( hue W ~ Wm the council-room of her Cabinet . She appeared , in ' ' 4 * 11111 trappings , to read a document to which she ' gaw- ^^ P ] sentence . She was brought dowk as a . Nicpt ^^ pl form op the Constitution , along with the :- " : t ''' : ^^ EE ' S . MACE AND . THE : STATE . TRUMPETEIl , ( o , ; ., H , ' ''!) " ^? the Ministry . Ill Of that diplomatic circle some were there as o { s ; --- ., rS' ? enemies , some as indifferent neutrals : nil alliedV < $ Sm strikes—^ none fond , none trustful of England . ^ ftlt (' That Ministry is a- committee of compromis * . h % l 1 leaders have , always . been beaten in politics , Ihn wf& | f 5 beaten by the Irish on Emancipation—tliey werei& C ' sli | by the BngUsh on Reform . Whig folly and Whigt ^ llip gave them office , and another chance in 1 S-J 1 ; ! he : ^» ? W §^ to law with Ireland , and were beaten again , TlHt ^; i % K keep office by renouncing their printiples—rnsli / bV- Mf ^ firm—divided , yet not liberal—without one man <^ llpf —without one man who has not deserted—ilur ' . : || ' ^ M theless , are THE RULERS of Quees and country ! " lfe | f The Purliament ^ the Parliament of snch ' fe-if ^ l 1 power and responsibility—we have judged it alread ; . ~ M ) I : That fobmai Qbeen read to that concettrt Pifavt&M 1 the resolutions of the Ministry , and the ParliainataijH U nimously approved of them . S j jj ¦ Let us trust that the foregoing is from thee £ i ^ 11 of the men of the Nation ; and that we shall no em ® 11 be nauseated with the rank hypocrisy of " nk'i ^ f . i Wt nine for our beautiful young Queen" Mi ' M ' ¦ ¦¦¦ ¦ " ¦ - — ¦ si
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' NATIONAL PLUNDER . WAR ' TO THE KSIFE AGAISST TnE POOR . We complained of the total omission of all questions connccted ^ Uitlie interests of the ' , working classes in the speech with which her Majesty opened the present session of Parliament : and with an expectation of the advantage tli . it Ministers would take of '' sFptos" andtemporwy " prosperity , " we intimated that totheir early , speeches , rather than to the koyal prologue , we must look for the people ' s share of Loth ; surplus" and " prosperity . " We had a notion , andaait appears not an unreasonable one , that an attempt would be made to quell all the jangiy . feelings of classes suspicious of . the present Prime Minister , by uniting them in one common assault against the working people .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Feb. 15, 1845, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1302/page/4/
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