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M ^^ c ^ udtd mir sixth page . J H ..- — - " """ ' ^ " ^ no . n . . " . ' * ¦ . M ' M . T ) olia atoHme > twodaysafterlusretumfrom H ft- that he iad been informed by a Government H fi ^ vans , fl » at Feargus O'Connor had sold the dSte " . ? . tf L ancaster to the Government , and that Cli ^ jie pay of * Government ; and the same H J * « rt watedi 6 « iftin many places , and bydif-* & ^ isonsin towns where Dr . M'Douall had been H ^ -v as hating been circulated by him : — H is 0 > D& Christopher Dome . ine
so . . . H ^ i . j ^ naDm adetliesamestatfimentto atttie ** **• - Thomas CW .
M SO . IT . H r « ttact of a letter from Mr . D . Ross , of Leeds , to H - d in London . jfr *" Leeds , February 4 th , 1845 . ^ pear Sir , —Dr . M'Douall has undertaken to ^ d espot « ifli a "vengeance . Every misfortune H tlhii ^ ' char ^ since 18 i 2 » may jiud y he ' wed to hw ; andnow , by way of compensation , " ^ fei etam from France , he has done little but B < htiBt 1 & e a desfroying angeJ , spreading dissen-^^ f omenting divisions . Infaet , hetoldme , in H wntuin n of last year , what he irould do ; and he r&tbiuH ? kept his word , mat the Glasgow se-H ISarv hasance chargedhim with , he den told to me , H ^ iaw * other things equally base , which I will B vc to his cost w ^ ^ s 0 fortunate as to obtain jUirfnntt ? of doing *»¦ H »* ' I am , respectfully yours , H David Ross .
H It may te we ^ * ° esplai ? here that the statements tilth Ur- M'Douall denies as having made were B tari I ? ^ P ° y ' ^^ ^ - Clark some time before B ^ I ) ori ° r ""sited Manchester , and consequently be-B&e ^^ " ^ ^" n a < aa opportunity of meeting . B After hearing the whole of the evidence the Gounj retired to their room . During their absence B % . I- ° vas examined , and declared that he had H ^ er heard Dr . M'Douall state anything injurious B <<< O'Connor ' s character . H' ] n about half an hour , the Council returned , when H ^ c hairman said ihey had come toaa unanimous B ( fcction , which was as follows : —
•• That we , the Council of Carpenters' Hall locality H ( f the National Charter Association , having heard H ibe evidence given by Mr . Leach , Mr . Butterworth , ssdthe statements made by Feargus O'Connor , as ¦« U as the letters from Enoch Ilorsfall , of Todmor-H &n , I ) avidRoss , of Leeds , Christopher Doyle , Thomas B Clarke , and "William Hewitt of London ; and having B & > beard read the letters of Dr . M'Douall , in which jjg denies the principal statements attributed to him Bbv the other gentlemen ; from that evidence we are jfllv satined t ^ flt ^> r- M'Douall did make use of the H rariesacms and utter the statements attributed to ^¦ "H « i t i it a . ¦ •» _ . j ^ » bound are that evidence to be
B Mm ; ^^ as we by - B fcrc ' sneh expressions and statements to be false and malicious , we are of opinion that Dr . M'Douall has H ' orfeitcd the confidence of the Chartist body , and is ienccforth undeserving of their trust . And we , the B Council , deem Mr . O'Connor fully exonerated from sJl the charges that hove been brought against him ; H and arc of opinion that he is entitled to the continued H aid unreserved confidence of the Chartists of Great Britain and Ireland . " Siened , on behalf of the Council , " Thomas RiSKK , Chairman . " Manchester , Feb . 9 th , 1845 .
H Resolved , — " That a report of these proceedings , ineludhis the above resolution , be published in the ifcrof Saturday nest . " H After the Council had reported , Mr . Fullen desired to say a word . From the representations made to H Km bvDr . M'Doual ] , whom lie thought the honestest B man in the country , frc believed Mr . O'Connor to be B Ac Tvoist and most dangerous villain in the world B From those representations he was induced to aban-B don the Chartist movementaltogether , and to become a member of "M'Douaffs Committee . Wow , howerer , he had changed his opinion of both partns , and looked upon O'Connor as an injured , honest man . One of the Couseil . —Then , Mr . Pullen , are you
prepared to take oat your card , and join again ? Mr . Pollen . —Yes , cer tainly , I am . ( Vociferous cheering ) . Air . Charles Taylor , treasurer to the M ' Douall rand , was not in Manchester at the time of the in-« niry ; but on his arrival , having heard of the evidence of Mr . Lowe , he stated that , after-the investigation hi Leach ' s case , and after M'Douall ' s denial of I Leach' s assertions as to the "denunciation" of O'Connor , he ( Taylor ) walked home in company "with Lowe , when Lowe remarked that he never was so much disgusted , or thought so meanly of any man , as lie did of Dr . M'Douall : fop he had heard him over and over again state the very same things with re ference to O'Connor in several-companies ; and that
he ( Taylor ) , if present , could have proved that il' jjouall had frequently made the same charges with resjicct to O'Connor ' s " selling the Chartists ; and , farther , that M'Douall stated that he had ample documentary evidence in his possession to prove the iiiis . M'Douall further stated that there was aviper in the ranks , gnawing the veryvitals of the movement ( meaning thereby Mr . O'Connor ); and that he ( M' 1 ) od £ I ) was the only man that could destroy him , and that he would do so . At « ie dose of the proceedings Mr . O'Connor sajii : 1 have had the honour of recognizing ene of < ny old Lancaster companions and to leave nothing unanswered , I shall now examine as respectable a working wan as ever breathed , with respect to my eenductat Lancaster , Mr . Crosskv .
Mr . O'Connor . —Mr . Crossley , will you have the kindness to state to the Council the impression you iw-ked of my conduct throughout the trial at Laneaaer ? Was there anything calculated In my crossr eiaminatioD , my speech , or any part of my conduct I to create doubt or suspicion in your mind ? or did you think that J attempted rio save myself at the tipense of other parties ! -. Air . Crossley . —Xo , certainly not , quite the reverse I thought you seemed to feel for every one as much , if not more , than vourself .
ilr . O'Connor . —I shall now examine Mr . Leach . Mr . Leach , will yon have the kindness to answer the same qnestions '{' -Mr . L * ach . —Why , its all nonsense : the question jnst lies here . Mr . O'Connor and Mr . . Roberts pitched upon the men that should speak in defence , andliad counsel for others ; and the men that were sleeted to speak were chosen for fear the ignorance of Mlersofthe kwmight lead them to saysomething that fodd criminate Dr . M'Douall , as we knew that if he and O'Connor got off we should all get off .
ifr . O'Connor . —Gentlemen , Ihave now sifted all ; ibere never was a more glorious triumph than the Lancaster triumph , which one reprobate would mar by trying to make a grievance -cut of nothing . As sotheinterriewallnded to , with the Attorney-General , jou will take my word and honour for it that neither Mr--Roberts or myself ever laid -eyes on him , except m court ; in fact , lam at a loss to comprehend the peaaingof such systematic vfllany as is developed m the revelations made here to-day ^ and now , thank
Dig yon for your pationt investigation , I have thought « my duty by this iurther evidence lo strengthen the ralue « f your verdict . h is right to state that several fif Dr . M'Dpnall' s ffiwt intimate friends were on the Council , while the majority of the witnesses who were examined had Mtaally been induced to abandon the-Chartist cause « £ Jl'Douall ' s representations . Mr . Bedfearn , one « the Council , had actuallv offered to establish hnn in Oaauess in Manchester .
When iie decision of the Council was asad , it was ttwived with the most rapturous applause- ; and the sercral delegates present instantly started to com fflnnicate the result in their several localities . « trer did Mt O'Connor receive such a rapturous ^ e lcome as srhen he entered the Carpenters' Hall in » h « evening . The impression upon every mind is , ibat this inquiry will tend to give increased confidence m the really honest , and will cause a reorganisation w Our ranks .
losdok ; Methopoimax Disihict CocxcBt , February Sih Sir . Milne in the chair . —It was unanimously resolved icatjl&e Executive committee be requested to re Jw to tie slanders of the Weekly Dispatch , contained tt tius day's number . " After some other business Ifie council adjourned . UiMMEHsauiij . —A public meeting was held at the *> lup Tavern , Bridge-road , on Tuesday evening , Feb . « " » , for the purpose of hearing Mr . P . M'Grath de-W « a lecture on the principles of Free Trade as
-nmoue to tk wealtii producers . Mr . H . CnUingfj ™ T ^ , ^ ed to tiie chair , and in a neat speech W business of the evening . Mr . M'Grath 'Bfflrose and deaily shewed the great evils that must 5 » eiroin the adoption of the Free Trade principle "j * " * present circumstances . This able lecture was ge atiy applauded throughout . At the conclusion of \ . Iecia re an animated discussion ensued , in which irS - « rter , Stallwood , Smith , H . JRoss , and others ^ -Pat ilr . M'Grath eloquentlyreplied . Avote * nJ ™ . was « 'en unanimously awarded to the lecdinwivpa ' ^ ^ ra u responded , and the meeting
Ck * *? iTwjx—On Snnday evening last , Mr . T . ^* dehvered an able and instinctive lecture on ^ nu-and Capital , at Mr . Duddridge ' s , Bricklayers ' * WV lon " ge-street . An unanimous vote of ' ^ was awarded to thelecturer . TP Pt ! B TORKSHniE . 'f * « I » X < j Dsleoaie 2 , Ieexkg . —This meeting 111 T 3 P"reuantto notice , in the Working Man ' s folWii ^ T ' on Sunday , the 9 th inst , when the W ^ Jfe" * were represented ;—Bradford , Littlell ffi ^* - Wakefield , Balifax , BirstaD , CoW , ^ Dewsbarv , and Lockwood . Mr . T . ^ iT to the ' chaii-. The secretary read motion ^? r ae Previous meeting , which on the « Z 2 ^ SutcEffe , seconded by Mr . Shaw , were in * —fl jr , Allowing sums were Ihen handed Qiis * ' 2 f y ElBeolire 6 s . 3 d ., levy 3 s . 2 d . ; Mm . L ^ A ^ d . ; naliias , Erecntivefe . 6 d ., levyls . 6 d . ; Ex ^ Dfi ^ JjJeeoKvels . Sd ., levy 10 d . ; Hebdenbridge , ltCi ^ L'b leif y -1 Iittletown , Eiecntive ^ - ' ery 9 d . ; Biratall , Eiecntif e 7 a ., levy 3 id . ;
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Sv ^^' a ' - ' " ^^ ^ ' Executive - Is . 5 d ., S ^ te- * * w ^^^ of Fe ^ O'Connor , tofc ™ T $ faP calnnuu " e 8 directed against hinJ by base cowards , who envy the popularity £ l 3 Tirtues have acquired for km ; and we alio express our confidence in the other members of tfic Executive . J ? urther , we tender our warmest thanks to the Man-Mh * a l ****» 5 ° * ^ d impartial manner in wmen they have siited the charge of M'Douall ? Pn ^{ V 8011 ; and we t ™* ^ *» General umncil-vitt always have the moral courage to root out traitors whenever and wherever found . " " That we aprrove of the resolution of the South Lancashire delegates m favour of bringing out a Chartirt hymnbook , which is very much wanted . "
OLDHAil . LECXCBE . ~ On Sunday last Mr . J . H . Taylor delivered a very interesting lecture on the " life , writings , and genius of Robert Burns , " in the Chartistroom , Greaves-street . The lecturer commenced by giving a biographical sketch of the poet ' s life from youth to manhood , reciting a variety of his poems in true beotch idiom , in which were exemplified a "eniu 3 unexampled at such an early period of life . T&e lecturer gave general satisfaction .
MACCLESFIELD . Lectdhe . —On Sunday evening Mr . West delivered a lecture m the Chartist-room , Stanley-street , to a numerous and attentive audience . The subject of the lecture was the Queen ' s Speech , which Mr .-West dissected in his usual lucid and forcible manner . At the conclusion an interesting conversation took place on the subject of education , which was highly instructive . Macclesfield bids fair to be soon " up to the mark . "
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MANUAL OF FIELD GARDENING : OR , BELGIAN AGRICULTURE MADE EASY . London : Simpkin and Marshall . Huddersfield , Eemp . Such is the title of a valuable little work which has just issued from the press . It is a daily record of the actual workings on four small garden-farms , lying several miles distant from each other , near Eastbourne , in Sussex . It may he depended on as containing a correct report of the met / tods of cultivation adopted by numerous garden farmers upon the estates of Mrs . Davies Gilbert . The farms selected asmodels are , 1 st . That of the WiUingdon School , conducted by G . Cruttenden , who occupies , in addition to the school-house , five acres of land at the usual former ' s
rent . He is assisted by from five to twenty little boys , who , paying each one penny per week , receive instruction in reading , writing , and arithmetic , from nine till twelve in the morning , and in the af ternoon help Mm in returnwith his lara-labours and stallfeeding , from three till six o ' clock . This place , adjoining the village of "Wilnngdon , is delightfully situate , on one of the slopes declining from the Cham Downs . It is in view of the English Channel , winch , with the Martello towel's along the coast as far as the eye can reach , form a striking scene . The place exhibits neatness and order without the least display . 2 nd . That oHheEastdean School , near Beachy Head , conduct ed by John Harris , -who holds five acres of land in addition to the school , where about the same
number of boys are trained to mental and agricultural pursuits . 3 rd . Thatof / esseiYper , whichisaprivatefann , higher up the Down than the school at Eastdean , of four acres . He is partly employed as an overlooker with ether work , but cultivates his plot two or three days per week , assisted by a boy , and an occasional man . He waslatelj examined by the committee of the House of Commons on the Allotment question . 4 th . That of John Diimbrdl , at Jevington , ornear to it , also a private farm of six acres , who Is assisted in its cultivatioiTby his father , seventy years of age , in addition to which he keeps a little village shop ; he also was examined before the same committee . Jevington is situate about four miles from Beachy Head , and is sequestered deep in a vale amongst the
chalk hills . In general the soil of these farms is formed from the disintegration of the chalk rock which is close below the surface , or of alluvial mould swept into the valleys ; the colour of it is whiter than is quite agreeable to the eye , and evidently must owe much of its fertility to thelabours of man or the mildness of the climate . This diary has been deduced from returns ingeniously contrived by T . Thynne , Esq ., steward to the Earl of Dartmouth , for the guidance of the model farmers , established by him at Slaithwaite and Lingards , near Huddersfield , in Yorkshire ; and it is now published by the benevolent John Nowell , of Farnley Tyas , near Huddersfield , as a guide to the workers and promoters of agricultural improvements elsewhere .
In addition to the diary the work is interspersed with "Notes and Observations" applicable to each tune and season where they are introduced . These notes contain a fund of information on the best mode of securing , preparing , and applying manures , and on many other matters essential to the success of the small-farm project , in which question Mr . Nowell , though a Whig , takes a deep , and even enthusiastic interest : for in that question alone he sees the salvation of the country from impending destruction . He has issued his work , he says , "to assist those kindhearted , generous men in their labours of love for the benefit of human kind ; those who , in their endeavours to improve society , wish to procure for every country cottage in Britain 'itsrood of land . ' and
to maintain a fair remuneration for the labour of its inmates ; those who , in encouraging better cultivation , wish to restore a sunken yeomanry to comfort and happiness ; - those who , by promoting the closer union of the two twin sislers , agrlcnlturaland manufacturing industry , are wishful to benefit both master and workmen ; to assist those , above all , who , in endeavouring to unite physical and mental training in schools of industry , are desirous of . ensuring the future happiness and security of their country . " So convinced arc we of the invaluable use of the diary here made public , that we shall weekly insert from the pages of Mr . NowelTs work , that portion relating to the week following the publication of our journal . We shall thus be affording to the workers on small farms a guide for then * operations ; for the arrangement of the diary is such as to show the natur e of the work that was engaged in during each day , bvthe parties whose operations are recorded ,
jind whose success in their plans has been most eminent : so much to some of them as to obtain the prizes offered by the Earl of Dartmouth for the most successful cultivation . In doing this we know that we shall not be giving cause of complaint to Mr . Nowell ; for in publishing Iub book he has not an eye to individual profit . He has issued it to aid in extending a knowledge of the inestimable blessings that can be secured to this nation from a proper application of labour to the soil ; and in carrying out the intention expressed above , we know that he will consider us as aiding him in his benevolent labours . . With mere book-makers for profit ' s sake we should not have dared to take such a liberty : with Air . . Nowell , —a man who lias devoted his time , Ms energies , and no inconsiderable amount of money to the bringing of the question of spade husbandry and small farms before the public , —our motives and intentions will be appreciated and thankfully acknowledged .
The two first extracts we give relate to the nature , structure , and component parts of plants , or vegetables . They will greatly assist the reader to understand the discussion on the nature And benefits of the different species of manure now going on : — . Analogy betweex Plaxts axd Animals . —[ " The chief art of agriculture depends upon the collection and future application of all those manures which are essential to vegetation . " ]—Plants are formed of roots and leaves . The roots absorb from the earth liquid food into the system . It is modified in their leaves by a peculiar process . One part of such food is ' retained , the other is expelled . Plants differ from animals in containing no internal sack or stomach , In the animal the food is taken into the stomach , is
acted upon by certain juices there , and converted into a semi-fluid mass called " chyme . " It passes into the intestines , is absorbed from the grosser food by the "lacteals , " is refined and goes into the veins as " chyle , " and is mixed with the blood . After passing through the lungs , and becoming decarbonated , it is then changed into blood , which , contains materials for the nourishment of all parts of thesvatem . In different parts of the body are certain glands , as the liver and kidneys , which may be compared to pipes and strainers . They secrete or separate certain substances from the Wood , which are carried off as being no longer necessary to nutrition . These , as well as the superfluous portions of food not necessary to the formation of " chyle , " are discharged as excrements .
In plants , the stomach is the earth , the roots are the "lacteals , " the sap is the "blood . '' The plant-stomach , or the earth , furnishes the food of plants in a gaseous or fluid state ; forsolidscannot enter them . It is taken up by the roots . The " energy of life " in the plant can separate from heterogeneous mixtures the elements carbon , hydrogen , nitrogen , which are its principal food . These are furnished by carbonic acid , water , carbonate of ammonia from rain-water aud decaying animal matter , < fcc . There are other substances required by plants . The sea plants require iodine and common salt as condiments . The reed tribe requires silex and other substances ; but every
tribe exercises its peculiar choice . That important element , nitrogen , is present only in certain organic substances in plants , but enters largel y into the composition of animal matter . The chemist can combine the elements oxygen , nitrogen , hydrogen , or separate them by the aid of his art in a few instances . But the plant , surpassing his skill , is in itself a wonderful chemical machine , can exceed all his efforts , and alone can combine these elements into , organic compounds . Manure put into the earth , or jUantstomack , in a raw state , mu 3 t be first digerted there , as food is digested in the stomach of animals ; The digestive process is putrefaction , ; fermentation , decomposition . Thus orjanic matter is restored to inorganic ., and fitted fox
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= sagss- ~»» ii afflunilation by plants-those beautiful engines or fc > boratones of vegetation !! Vegetables organise inorganic matters . They are the food of domestic animals , and these the food of man . In the substance , then ; or the excretions of man and animals must be the dements requisite for the food of plants , and the oVectT ° F (> Per a 5 ? licationof them the primary The Economising of Manure , Man ' s Duit and Lnterem . —[ " There shall be no idleness in my domi nions ; for if there be one man idle some other man must suffer cold or hunger . My villages shall be cleaned , that the com may grow . " — Chinese Emperor . ) -We may already advert to what will hereafter be strikingly exemplified , in the mantm * nf om . iiJ far ^^^^^^^^
mere that their care must be . incessant in the collection and preservation of every kind of refuse and excre » entitious . matter , whether solid or fluid , or however offensive may be its nature , for , purposes ' of i ! i ? J ' ^ i ? -, \" * uere we cannot fail to be struck with those hidden causes which lead mankind imperceptibly , as itiwere , into habits and practices necessary to the existence of our species . In the processes oi the animal economy , -whereby life is sustained , there are formed , separated , and voided from the animal organism , substances endowed with qualities so oflensiveto our senses , particularly to the sense of smell , that we are compelled to get rid of them , and which require of man that he shall put them away or bury them forthwith , out of his sight in our common parent , the earth . The penalty for the utter
neglect ot this duty would be famine , pestilential disease , and a train of human ills . Nevertheless , in these things , thought to be so utterly vile and offensive m their nature , are contained " pearls of great price , " indeed above any price ; which i if husbanded and duly commingled with the earth he cultivates , are the means of sustaining life by the production of the food he consumes . Let us not then slay that the fungus is alone peculiar to the dunghill , without remembering that our own existence depends upon the same elemental matter derived from that humble source . How necessary then it is , that men and nations should attend to . an object of such primary importance to their existence !! How deep the obligation we are under , to attend to the economising of all the manures created near our abodes as one of the first of duties ! ,. , ' , We next give the Diary of .
FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS FOR THE WEEK commencing Monday , February the 19 th , Monday— WiUingdon School . Boys digging -wheat stubble . Eastdean School . Boys digging two spits deep for carrots , and manuring from the pigstye mixen . Piper . Digging . Dumbrell . Putting tank liquid to rye grass , digging . Tuesday—WiUingdon School . Boys digging wheat stubble . Eastdean School . Boys emptying the liquid manure tank of the piggery , applying it to the ground for mangel wurzel , &c . Piper . Sowing peas . Dumbrtll . Digging . Wednesday — WiUingdon School . Boys digging wheat stubble . Eastdean School . Wet weather , boys thrashing , picking , sorting , platting straw . Piper . Emptying the tank . Dumbrell . Digging . Thursday— WilUngdm School . Very wet , boys in school . Eastdean . School . Drawing manure to the mixen , for potatoes , digging for carrots , and
spreading cowshed tank liquid UDon it . Piper . Cleaning barley . Dumbrell . Collecting mould . Friday—WiUingdon School . Very wet , boys in school . Eastdean School . * Boys thrashing , and cleaning oats , trussing straw , sorting potatoes , Piper , Collecting flint stones , to mend roads at a future time , Dumbrell . Digging . ¦ . ¦ Saturday—WiUingdon School . Boys digging wheat stubble .. Eastdean School . Bovs emptying pails , - getting turnips , cleaning up tlitf pigs , and school room , and to the mill with oats to grind . Piper Removing potatoes within doors . Dumbrell . Digging , coUeoting mould . Cow-Fbedixg . — WiUingdon School . Cows living on Swede turnips and straw , —Piper ' s . Feeding on carrots , with straw once a day , and hay once . — DumbreWs . One cow stall-fed with turnips , mangel wurzel , and straw . A cow and heifer fed with tur nips , carrots , and straw .
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS . . Peat Compost . —The Rev . W . Rham recommended the following compost : —one ton peat ashes , one cwt . soot , one cwt . of lime , one cwt . of common salt , 141 bs saltpetre ; to be mixed well together . It has been tried by J . Bamford , of Slaithwaite , and found very beneficial , when applied to artificial grasses of the second year . PoiAsn Compost . —[ "The meanest things fulfil most useful purposes . " ]—The following method of collecting the potash , &c , from kitchen slops , has been found to answer satisfactorily . A pit was formed in a garden , about two yards square , and two feet deep , bottomed with puddled clay and roughly paved . In the ' summer time , or dry vreaher , it is filled with loose , porous mould , yard sweepings , < fec . The water
from the sink is led beneath its surface , through and over all parts of the mould , by a temporary drain of loose stones . Thedry mould imbibes the fluid , and evaporation from its surface withdraws part of it , leaving the remainder . moderately concentrated . This may be further promoted by sowing seeds of such plants upon the spot as love potash , they will grow there with great luxuriance , and increase the evaporation from beneath . The contents are removed about twice a year , allowed to dry in the sun , and then composted with lime , and sometimes with ; a further quantity of potash from the . shops , turned over frequently , and after some months , mixed up with other ingredients recommended by Professor Jbhnstone , as forming a good and cheap manure for potatoes ; or it is used instead of coal-ashes for making domestic guano . ¦
Earth and Animal Matter Compost . —[ "There is not an atom of matter in creation , but has its uses . " ] Do not lose a scrap of decayed animal substance * of any kind ; blood , old rap , cropper ' s flocks , engine-waste , willy-dust . Gather up all such things as may be offensive in their decay ; and when divided work them up together with mould into a heap . Let it remain for a year , to be fully decomposed , turning it over several times . The watering of a mass of this kind with soap-suds , or scourings from a clothmill , will much increase its value . Very striking and long-continued effects from the application of such a compost upon meadow land , aro frequently witnessed in a manufacturing district . The action of such substances in their undecomposed state is very slow , and in some cases almost negative , as many must have witnessed .
• Reservoir Deposits . —The deposit at the bottom of reservoirs and stagnant pools , when it can be procured , will prove invaluable in making various composts . The owners of mills ought not to permit these things to be lost , but have them' composted up with quick "lime . They would bo well repaid for their trouble .
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^ ^ J j ; - _ ¦ ¦ ,,. £ , — ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^*">"'^ ' " ^ ** ^ "' I ^ ^ M ^*^ ' IMI * " ^ portioni toihat taken away . On a lightland or wold iarm of 600 acres , entirely tillage , and managed on the four-course system , ifthe wheat average three quarters per acre , we shall have from 150 acres 450 quarters ; of this quantity 100 quarters may perhaps be retMnejHor seed and household support , but not so much it the system of thin sowing be followed ; the remaining 350 quarters will be sold off the farm . To calculate the weight of the wheat at 35 st . per quarter , the quantity of carbon which will in this wheat be carried off the farm will amount to about 68 , 000 lb ., for the wheat contains about four-tenths of its weight of carbon or charcoal . If we suppose the spring corn to be entirely oats , and calculate the crop at six quarters per acre , we shall have 900 quarters ; of this quantity the half must be retained for seed ,
horse-corn , and home consumption ; . the remaining 450 quarters will , be-carried off the farm , and the quantity of carbon contained in them will amount to aoout 54 , 180 lb . The carbon contained in the grain and straw which are consumed upon the farm , supposing the weightof the straw to be twice that of the whole of the grain ; would amount to 466 , 718 lb . Of this quantity , excepting in the ease of the grain used aa seed , not more probably than one-lialf , or at most two-thirds , would be returned to the soil j the vest would be lost during its consumption by men and animals , and ^ duving the processes of fermentation and decay . The carbon sent away in the grain sold would amount to 122 , 7801 b . We may safely calculate that which would be lost on the format 150 , 0001 b ., which is most probably less than the real loss .
Thus , we see , that there would yearly be carried away by the corn crops from such a farm as this 272 , 780 lb . of carbon . ' Almost the only foreign manures which are purchased for such farms are bones , or other analogous substances . ' If the manure be bones , and these be used for raising turnips at the rate of 2 qrs . per acre , their amount will be 300 qrs ., and their weight at 25 st . per gr . 105 , 000103 ., of which not more than 26 , 2501 b . will be carbon . But we have seen that the yearly loss of carbon on such a farm will be more than 222 , 0001 b ., to which quantity the carbon contained in the bones bears no proportion , nor would it supply a fourth part of that sold from off the farm ; in the shape of grain . The consideration of these circumstances may convince us that the soil cannot be the source from which plants extract their carbon ;
if it were , this-immense drainage , so disproportionate to the ; supply , ' would speedil y ; . exhaust the soil even on the best cultivated farms , and a farm of light soil , receiving the quantity of bones I have named ,. would be considered barren by a very few crops . But it is well known that a farm well tilled arid receiving such treatment , instead of deteriorating , would gradually improve , and that the quantity of carbon contained in the soil , instead of rapidly diminishing , would gradually increase . From these considerations we may conclude that plants draw a very small portion of their carbon fromtlie soil , but they obtain it principally by decomposing the carbonic acid of the atmosphere , and a much greater quantity of carbon is left in and upon the soil , in the roots and stubble , than the whole quantity extracted from it by the growing crop . Such being the case , the farmer ' s principal solicitude should be to obtain manures containing the
inorganic elements of plants ; nor must he judge that because a manure is bulky it must necessarily be valuable . Guano contains in less bulk a greater quantity of the move uncommon inorganic elements of vegetation than almost any other fertilizer , arid experience as well as theory has shown it to be one of the most efficient manures for green crops , especially for turnips ; and whatever increases the bulk of a green Crop , if that crop bo consumed upon ilie land will most .. certainly tend to ^ increase its fertilit y . I have as little sympathy as Mr . Davis with the interested puffers of quack manures . But I think it injurious to agriculture , and the welfare of our country , that any ri \ anui e which increases the produce of the soil should be depreciated in order that we may exalt another , if that other cannot abundantly ana efficiently supply its place . J . J . Barugit . O . cton , East Riding , Yorkshire , Jan . 25 .
Thin Sowing-asp . Manubisg . —Sir , —I observe in your valuable paper of the 26 th January , a long dissertation , by Mr .:. Davis , on the superior value of farmyard manure compared with guano .. This , 1 think , he might have saved himself the trouble of in-, serting , for every practical farmer in this country ( Scotland ) is perfectly aware that no artificial manures that ever have been or ever will be discovered , are in any way equal to well-prepared farmyard manures .:. Guano is , therefore , viewed in this country merely as a very valuable auxiliary . Mr . Davis would appear to presume that . nothing but guano was used on a farm , and that the farmyard manure was sent , to the winds . : The favourite rotation in this country on all turnip and grass soils , which is the great majority ,. is a five-course
shiftviz ., oats , turnips , barley , and two years' grass once mowed . Now I maintain , from practical proof , that two cwt . per acre of guano , sown and harrowed in with the oats , will add , at least , two quarters per acre to the crop , ami this at a cost now of from 12 s . to 14 s . per acre . Every farmer is supposed , and generally has , sufficient farmyard manure for his turnip crop on a , farm , composed of good clay loam—a six-shift rotation is often followed , ' viz ., wheat , dunged in the clover stubble , beans , peas , and potatoes , apportion of each—oats , with a stimulus of two cwt . per acre of guano—turnips , manured at the rate of ten loads per acre , with two cwt , of . guano , " than which , so made , nothing will raise a greater weight of turnips , barley , and grass . In the carses of Gpwrie and Stirling ; and other rich lands of Scotland , I believe a four-shift rotation is followed—but that has hothingto do with my argument . Artificial manures " , are ' also highly valuable asameans of manuring reclaimed or waste lands , to
obviate the difficulty that formerly existed , of robbing the rest of your farm by withdrawing a proportion of the manure . Ab to thin sowing , the whole of Mr . Davis ' s lecture on that head amounts to merely this , that from soil and climate he is enabled to use less seed than others not so favourably situated . The seeding of his farm must be governed by the discretion and observation of the occupier . Parts of fields even require two bushels per acre less seed than other parts . If -we were . sure that every grain of wheat sown would arrive ai maturity , of course much less seed would be required ; but we must look forward to contingencies—grub , wire-worm , rooks , game , &c , to say nothing of a severe winter of snow , which often rots out a third or more of the plants . I luave often , in spring , seen fields of wheat too thinly planted , but I hardly ever in . this country have observed any that could be styled too thickly sown , and we generally sow from three to four bushels per imperial acre . I am , sir , your obedient servant , A Scotch Pakmer .
¦ Preparing Corn j ? or Fattening Pics . —Sir , —To extend a knowledge of the most efficacious and economical method of preparing corn for fattening pigs , permit me . tq , observe that I have followed the practice of boiling peas for fattening pigs for a considerable periodj and have every reason to be satisfied with the experiment , inasmuch as I have found pigs fed thereon fatten much faster than when fed in the usual way on meal , and by which a saving of fifteen to twenty percent , is obtained . I have also found great advantage in boiling oatmeal for feeding sows for the first few weeks after farrowing , but care should be taken not to overfeed , as it is liable to
produce an overflow of milk , and endanger both sows and progeny . The way in which I have been accustomed to use the above is as follows , viz . : ^—To eight gallons of peas add twenty gallons of water , which , when well boiled , produces a thick glutinous liquid , to which might be added or not , as convenient , a small quantity of barleymeal . Ihave succeeded quite as well with peas alone . The oatmeal requires onethird , or , if heavy good corn , a double quantity of water ' : this also produces a glutinous liquid when well , boiled , and standing till cold , and should * be again mixed with warm " watcr and some fresh beans or pollards ;¦ and if given judiciously , I know of no food on which young pigs thrive better . —Thos . Staog . Grafton Manor Farm , Wilts , Jan . 28 , 1845 .
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confine ourselves to another example of remissness and shameful neglect of duty on the part ol tne Dumfries local authorities , if it ought not to be called by a harsher name , which occurred' so late as n edhesday evening-last . Two police officers had been engaged in removing a drunken and noisy person , when they were interrupted by this same Reynolds , and another " gallant defender , " &c—Arcades ambc—who if they did not actually deforce the officers , at least interrupted' them in the exercise of their duty . "Withreluctance , and almost compQlledby the crowd which speedily assembled , the policemen took them into custody . Arrived at the station-house , Jones , the captain of the county " vurals , " and a tool , whom by the efficient aid of another minkm , the
Duke of Buccleugh has succeeded in foisting upon an unwilling community , compelled the withdrawal of the charge , and the pair were set at liberty . This was soon circulated over the town , and coming to the ears of the indefatigable Mr . Andrew Wardrop , he proceeded to one of the magistrates , when the following pithy dialogue , or something like It , took place : — VIr . W . : So , the rogues have got off , have they ?—Magistrate : What rogues?—Mr . } V 7 : . Reynolds and trving , to be sure . Baffle Jones did it—Magistrate ? Supevindent Jones had no power to do any such thing . —Mr . W .: I tell you he did it ; and if these men are not tried this day , I go to the Monument this verv nielit and exnose the whole of you to the
public !" . This threat had the desired effect ; the sliop-boy was sent off on the instant with a bulletin , and after a serious confab on the part of the bench , the worthies were tried ' ( although the charge had been withdrawn ) , in presence of a very respectable gathering of working men , and the magistrate or decency ' s sake was compelled to fine them lOs . Gd . each . It is in contemplation to lay a statement of the proceedings of this ruffian before the Duke of Wellington , who may in his capacity of Conimanderin-Chief , either remove ; or put the public in the way of removing so dangerous a nuisance from a quiet and peaceable town . If , on the contrary , we are . ' under martial law , the sooner we know it from authority the better . —Correspondent .
Melancholy Accident . —On the afternoon of Tuesday last , eight boys , all said to be remarkably fine youths , were . drowned at Bogfoot Loch , a reservoir in the neighbourhood of their residence , in the village of Sallysburgh . Two families lost t . wo sons each . The lads had gone to play on the ice , not knowing that it had been weakened by the thaw of the preceding Sunday , and all fell in , without a soul being near to rescue them . Their bodies have been recovered . —Liverpool Times .
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BANKRUPTS . ( From Hie Gazette of Friday , F * b . ith . J John Beard , Deptford , builder—George Haywood , Luton , Bedfordshire , bricklayer—William -Uenrjp Colt , Long Melford , Suffolk , grocer—Samuel Rugg , Southampton , car * pentcr—James Bradshaw , High-street , Camden Town-( ioal-merchant—Samuel Tavener , Sovereign-mews , Paduington , bricWayer-John Richardson , Fish-street-hill , City , boot and shoemaker . . BIVJDE KDS . March 4 , W . and T . Higgins , Old Bond-street , hosiers—Feb . 28 , K . Thelwall , Manchester , silversmith—March 4 , T . Collinson , Wakefield , Yorkshire , hoat-huilder—March 3 , B . Wright , Liverpool , dealer in paint—Feh . 27 , J . Mailalicu , Hxghstile , Yorkshire , -vv-oonen-xuaiiufucturor .
BANKRUPTS . ( From Tuesday ' s «««« > Feb . lltfi , 1845 ., / John Challenor , White-street , Soutliwark , grocer—John Peters , Godstone , Surrey , innkeeper— William CottrcU , Southampton tea-dealer—James Burrell and Thomas Hall , Thetford , Norfolk , iron-founders—Hippolite Fr . uicis Bellenger , Great Pulteney-streetj Golden-square , licensedvictualler—William Cheatle Paul , Homford , Essex , sheepsalesman—Spencer William Tyler , Walcot-place , Lambeth , carpenter—Henry Peacock Gray , Caroline-street , ' Eat < msquave , horse-dealer—Richard Steadman & William ACie , Birmingham , button-makers—Anthony and Francis Atkinson . Newcastle-upon-Tyne , colour-manufacturers .
DIVIDENDS . March i , R . H . Marshall , Plymouth , draper—March i , W " , Brookes , NeAv-street-spjiare , Fetter-lane , lamp-mauufactuver—March 4 , W . Robertson , Great St . Helen ' s , City , insurance-broker—March 4 , S . T . Watson and W " . Byers , Skinner-street , City , woollen-warehousemen ; andMarch 6 for separate estates—March 7 , G . A . Cator , Leeds , woolmcychant—March 11 , T . W . Green , Leeds , bookseller—March 0 , W . Richardson , Newcastle-upbn-Tyne , glassmanufacturer—March 4 , J . S . Carter and K . Cornibrth , Liverpool ,. * merchants—March 0 , M . Tomkinson , Kidderminster , Worcestershire , lraenuraper—March 5 , 3 . Hay ton , Wigton , Cumberland , shipowner .
PBCfcARATIONS Of DIVIDENDS . . . J . Laycoek , Colnu , Lancashire , tallow-chandler , final dividend of Is . in the pound , any Tuesday , at the office of Mr . Hobson , Manchester . G . Grantham , Manchester , grocer , first dividend of 3 b . 8 d . in the pound , any Tuesday , at the office of Mr . Ilobsoii i Manchester , J . C . Petrie , Bedlington , Durham , miller , first and second dividend , of Is . 2 din the pound , to those who proved their debts oil the 4 th inst ., any Saturday , at the office of Mr ; Baker , Newcastle-upon-Tyne . J . 0 : Crespin , Eastcheap , shipping agent , third dividend of Gd , in the pound , any Wednesday , at the office of Mr . Follett , Sambrook-court , Basinghall-street . C . Mann , Romford , Essex , banker , first and final dividend of 20 s . in the pound , any Wednesday , at the office of Mr . Follet , Sambrook-court , Basinghall-street . CERTIFICATES TO BE GBANTED , UNLESS CAUSE BE SHOWN TO THE COHTBABT ON THE DAT OF MEETING .
March 4 . A . Goodeve , Aldermaubury , City , warehouseman—March 4 , J . Hubbard , Ramsgate , Kent , auctioneer-March 4 , G . Fielding , Thame , Oxfordshire , ironmonger-March 4 , \ V . A . Mearns , ' Clapham , Surrey , ale-bre \ rer—March 0 , C . Parry , Cleaver-street , Kennington-road , Lambeth , furniturcbroker—March 4 , J . Coles , New Bond , street , jeweller—March 7 , C . Dotesio , Slough ,, Buckinghamshire , hotel-keeper—March 5 , J . R . King , Bath , druggist—March 5 , W . Richardson , Newcastle-upon-Tyne , glass-manufacturer—March f , R . Proctor , Kingston-upon-Hull , coach-proprietor—March 5 , F . ' Bcflinne , Manchester , eheck-inanuiacturer—March i , W . H . Hay ward , Man-Chester , cotton-spinner—March 4 , J . Wates , Old Kentroad , victualler—March 4 , R . J . Webb , Bath , wine-merchant—March 4 , E . Glover , jun ., Leicester , ironmonger-r March 4 , 1 ) . Hannay , Cavendish-square , banker—March 4 , J . II . Utting , Kewmau-street , Oxford-street , upholsterer-March 4 , J . C . Ross , Savage-gardens , City , merchant-March 4 , W . Stinton , Duke-street , Grosvonor-square , cook —March 4 , C . Rayner , Blackburn , Lancashire , grocer-March 4 , V . Blackburn , Salford , Lancashire , builder-March 4 , J . Raper , Bridge-road , Lambeth , tailor .
PARTNIBSIHPS DISSOLVED . J . Gregory and H . UurHnghiim , Evesham , Worcester - shire , ironmongers—C . A . Jaquiu and J . Corss , New Union-street , Moor-hiue , City , button-manufacturers—P . and C . Harrison , Luton , Bedfordshire , drapers—C . Roe and J . Facey , Bideford , ' Devonshire , millers—J . J . Young and A . Eoucneau , Upper Novth-pluce , Gray ' s-iiin-road , marble dealers—J . Cleaver , M . Attwood , and J . Barwell , Ripley , Derbyshire , spelter-manufacturers—A . and-J . S . Buckley , Manchester , cotton-spinners—W . Gledhill and S . 3 agger , Bradford , Yorkshire , cniarrymen—J . Farie , P . Tasker , arid A . Tod , Liverpool , iron merchants ; as far as regards A . Tod—J . Miilliiis and C . Wigley , High Holboni , leather pipe-makers—E . ' A . Bowkcr and G . lletc ' alf ,-Manchester , engravers—J . and T . Radcliife , Stqckport , commission agents—T . 0 . Dobson aud C . Lonie , Liverpool , ship-brokers—J . Mather , and J . Brindley , Manchester ,
tohacco dealers-J . 5 L KlirqnheUu , J . Staving , W . She " , herd , and F . W . Sutton , JBarl-street , Blackfriars , stereotype founder ' s ; as far as regards J . Skirving— Gr . Pacey and T . L . Gillott , Leicester , ironmongers—J . Bullen and R . Spaull , Wormwood-street , City , auctioneers—E . and T . Longton , Manchester , machine-makers—J . Chadwick and A . Andrew , Manchester , warehousemen—J . . II . West and G . Ives , Hertford , brewers—W . Burnie and W . Dickson , London , merchants—J . Shuttleworth and J . Enstham , Blackburn , Lancashire , coal-dealers—R . and" J . Lockwood , Crowfield , Suffolk , maltsters—J . Whittaker and C . B . Palmer , Swansea , commission agents—T . S . and IV . P . Peters , Manchester , corn merchants—C . Fairweather and W . Mathews , jun ., Kirton-iu-Lindsey , Lincolnsliire , wine . merchants—T . Hagger and II . Payne , Fulbourn , Cambridgeshire , grouers—L . ' Williams' aud W . Watson , Birmingham , powder flask manufacturers .
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Richmoxd Corn Market , Feb . 8 . —We had a very heavy market to-day of all kinds of grain . Wheat sold from 5 s to Cs 6 tl : oats , 2 s to 3 s ; barley , 3 s 6 d to 4 s ; beans , 4 s 9 d to 5 s per bushel . Lohdox Corn Exchange , Monday , Feb . 10 . —The arrivals of English wheat and barley were tolerably good during the past week , and of oats the . receipts From our own coast and Scotland were also to a fair extent ; but the supply of the latter article from Ireland was rather small . Of beans and peas , about the usual weekly quantity came forward . > The arrivals from abroad have , during the past eight days , consisted of a parcel of wheat fvotvv Launoeaton , and a few cargoes of barley and one small lot of oats from the north of Europe . At this morning ' s market
there was a very small show of wheat by land-carriage samples from Essex , Kent , and Suffolk , less barley than of late , and only a moderate fresh supply of oats ; the quantity of beans offering was large , and of peas the display of samples was also good . The weather has been very severe for several days past , and this morning there was a heavy fall of snow . TheEnglisli wheat being generally in good condition , was mostly cleared off , but no improvement on last Monday's currency could be established . Duty-paid foreign wheat was , on the other hand , very difficult of disposal , holders declined however to accept less money , and the little business transacted was at former rates . In bonded wheat nothing whatever was done , and quotations continue perfectly nominal . Flour was
taken in retail quantities at previous prices . Less anxiety was manifested to press sales of barley , and though the inquiry was by no means lively the down ,-ward movement was checked , quotations remaining precisely the same as on this . day . se'nnight . ' Malt moved off tardily , and barely supported its previous valuo . Oats were held with firmness , and the slight depression ef Friday was partly ; recovered , still the dealers paid Monday ' s rates with some reluctance . Beans were , owing to the large supply , only partially cleared off at previous prices . Peas were rathermore saleable than of late , and quite as dear . . flie business done in elbverseed was not important ; neither white nor red was pressingly ofiered ,. and prices oi both sorts were well maintained . Canary seed was again cheaper . Linseediand rapeseed , sold at full terms , and spring tares were fully as dear ;
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" " " CORRENT ^ PRiCES 6 F 6 R " AlN ) 'PER IMPERIAl " QUARTER .-BriHsA . s 8 s a Wheat , Essex , & Kent , new & ! old red 42 48 White 50 M ^_—Norfolk and Lincoln . . . . do 13 46 Dit to 48 SO , Xorthum . and Scotch white *' - ' 46 Fine 48 6 J ——Irish red old 0 0 Red 42 44 White -45 At Rve Old 31 32 New 30 32 Brank 35 8 « Uarlfey Grinding .. 2 C 28 Distil . 29 81 Malt ! ' ^ ' 89 3 « talt Brown . . . . 54 5 fi Pale 58 62 Ware' 68 66 ieins Ticks old & new 30 34 Harrow !! 3 38 Pigeon . 88 42 ' eas Grey 32 33 Maple 33 34 White 36 40 Oats ¦ Lincolns & Yorkshire Peed 21 23 Poland 23 25 Zl Scotch . . i Angus 22 24 Potato 21 2 « Irish . !!! ..... White 20 22 Block 20 22 Per 280 lb . net . - ' s I Per 2801 b . net . a Town-made Flour . . . < 42 44 | Norfolk in Stockton 33 M Essex and Kent . . . . 34 8 D | Irish . . . . . . 35 3 « Free . Bond
Foreign . 8 > * Wheat , Bantsic , Konigsburg , < fcc . ; .... 52 fiO 36 40 —Marks , Mecklenburg . . 48 64 32 35 Danish , Holatein ; and Friesland red 44 47 . 28 3 ft r-Kusaian , Hard 44 46 Soft ... 44 47 26 28 Italian , Red . . 46 50 White ... 60 52 30 32 : Spanish , Hard ., 46 50 Soft .... 48 52 30 32 Rye , Baltic , Dried , . r ! 30 ' 32 Undried . . 31 32 21 22 liavley , Grinding . 26 28 Malting .. 31 33 22 29 Benns , TicKs : «• ; . 30 si Egyptian . 31 82 26 30 l ' eas , White . . 36 3 S Jlapij .. 33 34 28 30 Oats , Dutch , Brew and Thick 24 25 Z 9 21 Russian feed .... ....... 21 22 15 16 Danish , 1 ; riesland fced 21 23 15 17 Flour , per barrel . . . . . . 25 27 19 20
CORN AVERAGES . —General average prices of British corn for the week ended Ftf ) , 8 , 1840 , made up from the Returns of the Inspectors in the different cities and towns in England and Wales , ucrinrperiul quarter . Wheat . ' . 45 s Sd I Oats .. 21 s 6 d I Beans .. 3 Bs Id Barley .. 3 s Od | Rye .. 80 s Id ] Pease .. 35 s 7 d London Smithfield Cattle Market , Monday , Feb . 10 . — Since this day se'nnight , another large importation of foreign stock has taken place , it having consisted of 165 beasts and 205 sheep , into London , together with fifty oxen and cows , and ninety sheep at Hull , all from Holland ; forming a total import of not less than 510 head . Our readers will perceive that this is the largest arrival that has been reported during . any week since the new tariff has been in ODcration . and completely justifies the observations
which we offered under this head on Saturday last . As respects the quality of the beasts , there was nothing calling for particular observation , though there were some really saleable animals amongst them ; but in sheep . there was a decided improvement . The show of foreign stock here this morning amounted to seventy Deasts and 130 sheep . The former sold at from £ 12 to £ 18 ; the latter 30 s . to 42 s . per head . With beasts from our own districts we were tolerably well , hut not to say heavily supplied ; yet a slight falling off was noticed in their general condition . Comparatively speaking the beef trade , arising in a great measure from the dead markets being heavily supplied with country meat , was in a very sluggish state , and last week ' s quotations were with difficulty supported . However , the priinest Scots found
buyers at from 3 s . lOd . to 4 s . per 81 b ., yet a clearance was not effected . The bullock droves from Norfolk , Suffolk , Essex , and Cambridgeshire , were composed of 1400 Scots and homebreds , while from the northern grazing districts we received 250 short-horns ; from the western and midland districts COO Herefords , runts , Devona , &c . ; from other parts of England 500 of various breeds ; and from Scotland 200 horned and polled Scots . The numbers of aheep were on the increase . Prime old downs with difficulty maintained their last week's prices : and all other breeds were 2 d . per 81 b lower , with a heavy demand . Calves we ' re in limited supply and steady inquiry , at late rates . Pigs were in request , and prices were again supported . There were on sale about 1500 shorn sheep and 120 lambs .
By the quantities of 81 b ., sinking the offa ! . . s . d . s . d . Inferior coarse beasts . . . 2 6 2 8 Second quality .... 2 16 8 2 Prime largo oxen . .. 3438 Prime Scots , &e . . . . . 3 10 4 9 Coarse inferior sheep . . . 2 8 2 10 Second quality . . . . 3 0 3 6 Prime eonvse woolled . . . 9 8 3 14 Prime Southdown . . . ¦ 4 0 4 4 Large coarse calves . . . . 4 4 5 . 2 Prime small ..... 5 4 5 8 Suckling calves , each . . . 18 0 30 9 Large hogs . . . . . 3 6 4 0 Neat sraiQl porkers . . . 4 2 4 6 Quartev-old store pigs , each .. . ¦ 10 . 0 20 0
¦ ¦ .-. . ' HEAD . OF CATTLE OS SAtE . ( Prom the Books of the Clerk of the Market . ) Beasts , 3 , 104—Sheep , 30 , 540—Calves , Cl—Pifes , 320 . Smithfield HayMarket . —Coarse meadow hay , £ 3 10 s to £ 5 15 s j useful ditto , £ 4 16 s to £ 5 4 a ; fine upland ditto , £ 5 5 s to £ 5 8 s ; clover hay , £ 410 s to £ 6 : oat straw , £ 1 ICs to £ 118 s ; wheat straw , £ 118 s to £ 2 per load . A fair average supply and a steady demand , at the above quotations . Whitkchapei ,. —Coarse meadow hay , £ 3 10 s to £ 4 15 s ; useful ditto , £ 4 lGs to £ 5 4 s ; fine upland ditto , £ 5 6 s to £ 5 8 s ; clover hay , £ 4 10 s to £ 6 ; oat straw , £ 116 s to £ 1 18 s ; wheat straw , j £ l 18 s to £ . 2 per'load . Trade throughout firm , at full prices . Meat Markets . —SouTHAii , Feb . 12—Thcsupplyof fat stock on sale this morning was seasonably
extensive . Generally speaking the demand ruled inactive , at about last week ' s quotations . Beef , from 2 s 8 d to 4 s ; mutton , 2 s lOd to 4 s 4 d ; veal , 4 s to 5 s ; and pork , 3 s Gd to 4 s 2 d per 81 bs . Supply—Beasts , 45 ; sheep , 1 , 160 ; calves , 40 ; pigs , 54 . Romfohd , Feb . 12 . —¦ With the exception of prime calves and pigs beingin good request , at full prices , tha demand was heavy , and previous rates were not supported : —Beef , from 2 s 8 d to 4 s ; mntton , 2 s lOd to 4 s 4 d ; veal , 3 s lOd to 5 s 4 d ; and pork , 3 s 4 d to 4 s per 8 lbs . Suckling calves , 18 s to 29 s ; quarter-old store pigs , 16 s to 20 s ; and milch cows , with their small calf , £ 16 to £ 19 each . . Lewes , Feb . 12 . —Beef , from 2 s lOd to 3 s ; mutton , 3 s to 4 s 4 d ; veal , 4 s 4 d to 5 s 4 d : and pork , 3 s 6 d to 4 s per 81 bs . A fair average supply , and a steady de « mand .
CoAh Market . —Prices per ton at the close of the market : —Adah ' s Main , 17 a ; Buddie ' s West Hartley ,. 16 s Cd ; Carr ' s Hartley , 17 s ; Ellison Main , 15 s 6 ( 1 ; Holywell Main , 15 s 6 d ; Morrison ' s Hartley , 15 s 6 d ; Nelson ' s West Hartley , ICs Cd ; Old Pontop , 17 s : Ord ' s Redheugh , 15 s Gd ; Old Taiifiold , Ifs 3 d ; Ravenswoi-th West Hartley , 16 s 6 d ; Tanfield Moor , 19 s Cd ; Townley , ICs 6 d ; West Hartley , 17 s ; West Wylanii , 16 s 9 d ; Wylam , 15 s 6 d ; W . E ., Clarkand Co ., 16 s Cd ; Clohnell , lCsCd . -Wharncliffe , 18 s 3 d ; Belmont , 19 s Gd ; Braddyll's Hetton , 20 s Cd : Haswell , 21 s ; Hilton , 20 s 6 d ; Lambton , 20 s Od ; Luinlcy , 18 s 6 d ; North . Hetton Lyons , 18 s 3 d ; Pemberton , 18 s ; Richmond . 19 s ; Russell ' s Iletton , 20 ^ 3 d ; Stewart ' s 20 s Gd ; Cavadoc , 20 s ; Heugli Hall , 18 s 9 d ; Kelloe , IDs 3 d ; Basingthorne , 19 s 6 d ; West Hartlepool , 17 s : Adelaide , 20 s ; Cowndon Tees , 18 s ; Gordon , 16 s Cd * , South Durham , 18 s 3 d ; Richardson ' s Tecs , 17 s Cd i Tecs , 20 s ; Tenant ' s , 17 s Gd ; Gyndraeth , 19 s ; Hartley ,. ICs Cd ; Lewiss . Merthyr , 21 s : Snapethorpe , 18 s ;; Holy well , ICs . —Ships aarived , 5 .
• Manchester Corn Market , Saturday , Feb . 8 . — The same want of activity has continued to characterise the trade since our last report as we have had occasion to note for several weeks pasta There has , however , been a fair trading demand for Flour , and a moderate amount of business transacted for immediate consumption ; but on middling and inferior kinds it has . been necessary to submit to Gd . to Is . per sack decline , whilst tho verv choicest qualities of English and Irish have found buyers at the previous currency . Oats and oatmeal have been in limited request , and the former article was easier to buy . At our market this morning every description of , wheat met a very limited inquiry , and all but tho runs were freely offered at a reduction of Id . to 2 d . per 701 bs . Flour was , likewise , a slow sale . The demand for oats was trivial , at a decline of Id . per 45 lbs . ; but iii the value of oatmeal no change can be reported ,
although there was but little business passing . Beans continue dull of sale , at late rates . Liverpool Conv Market , Moxdat , Feb . 10 . — -We have this week had moderate arrivals of grain , flour , and oatmeal ; the trade has at the samu Hme been very inactive , and any change in prices has been in favour of the buyer . The finer qualities of Irish new wheat have brought the rates quoted on this day week , butthesecondary descriptions must be noted Id . per bushel lower . Oats have also receded Jd to Id per bushel *; fine mealing were bought last Friday at 3 s 0 Jdper 451 bs . "We do not alto the quotation for flour ; but oatmeal is 6 d per load cheaper , and each of these articles has met a very dull sale . -Fine English malting barlev has been sold at 38 s per imperial quarter ; good grinding qualities of foreign at 4 s to 4 s 2 d per 60 lbs . Peas are Is per quarter cheaper , and both this article and beans have met a slow demand . . . . , , < . r
Livebpool Cattle Market , Monday , Fkb 10 . — We have had a fair supply of cattle at market to-day for this time of the year . Prices remain about the same . is of late , anything prime fetching good prices . Beef Sid to Gd ., mutton 6 id to 6 | d per lb . York Corn Market , Fed . 8 . —We have little alteration to note in the value of any article in the trade . The condition of everything is greatly improved , and millers , in consequence , are more free , and inclined to get into stock . Barley is bad to quit , except the quality is fine . Oats and beans dull , but not lower . Leeds Conx . MarketTuesday , Feb . U . ^
-The-, strong frost which we have had for several days past offers sonic'inte ^ Tuption to the supplies for , this day ' s market ; the arrivals in consequence are , small , ' butwe have a good show . of samples ... Wheat is ... slow- sale , at * rather worse prices than on th is day week , t he demand } being of a very retail character . Finebnrley dec * not maintain Jato rates , aiid common ' qualities . are offering oh still lower'terms . Ko material change in {! i p value of oatsj beans , or other articles . '""' ' ' '' " * J ' . ¦ .. _ :.... •¦ .. ' .. } j Leeds Cloth Markets . —Business at present is : rather less buoyant , and sales aye ' effected in most descriptions of goods fit a slight diminution ia prico . >;
AIaltox Ookx Market , ' Feb . 8 ;—We "have a good *" supply of wheat , hut moderate of other grain , offeriu *« to this day's ; market , ; but no alteration " iri ^ the ' -prieeif'w Wheat , redrew , 44 s to , 48 s ; white ( litto '; 48 s ' to 52 s " red ditto , ; ola ; 60 s to 52 s -white ditto ' , * 52 ai to' 66 s pel * qr .-of 40 stoics ; Barley , - 26 b topper qr . iof 32 sf 5 - ' Oats ,-9 jdto lOid per stone . <; f ' '' ;"! j w ¦ • - r ; ifj "" . ' , ¦ "¦ '' ¦ ' - ¦[¦'¦ - !" . : ;¦'¦•¦ ' < ' - '" ¦ - ' ¦ im : ; i : ; wyi '; ¦* ¦ ' ' ¦ - ' - '• - : '¦¦ " ' . " . ' . - . 'I V- <; W } . 5 (! . * . ... - < , d
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'Dcmwues!—Oihe Law tor the Ricn and another fob tiie Poor ;—Some few weeks ago , a cowardly scoundrel named George" Reynolds , lieutenant in her Majesty ' a ' 70 th Regiment , committed a gross assault upon the person of a decent , well conducted , young woman , whose father is employed as under gardener , or in someflisuch post , in the family of a retired middle iuan , * with the daughter of whom Reynolds is popularly reported to be on very good terras . The assault was committed in the entrance to her father ' s house ; and the poor girl naturally fled from the drunken wretch to her parents for protection , shutting the door of her dwelling in the face of her pursuer . Even there she was not safe ; for the scoundrel , assisted by others of the same kidney , burst in .
and when the young ' woman ' d father rose from bed to shield his child , tore the shirt from : his back and otherwise maltreated him , to an extent that , had the offenders been poor weavers , would have subjected them to a twelvemonths imprisonment at the very least . But what was the actual result ? When sobriety returned , the parties were naturally anxious to get out of their scrape ; and accordingly intimation was conveyed to the father , in a way not to be misunderstood ; that his daily bread was in danger should he appeal to the Sheriff . Of course some show of justice was necessary to . quiet the fear of the community , and the lieutenant accordingly surrendered to the great unpaid ; a proceeding , the station of the parties considered , which required no great stretch of courage
on his part . Before the chief magistrate of the burgh , and accommodated with a place at the table ( had he been a poor culprit , lu » station would , according to use and want ,, have been the dock ) , the principal chaise , that-qf breaking into a dwelling" house , was , on the prisoner ' s pleading guilty of the mere assault , departed from . ana he * wia politely inforruedby the just judge that he was amerciated in the siini of 7 s . Cd ., or some such fine . This . is "justice , justice" with a vengeance ^ So easy an escape from the consequences of his misdeeds was not , it may well be supposed , calculated to check one wnosb name has already become abyrword in ^ Dumfries , and a , synonymefor every thing base , V cowardly , and" immoral . It would be painful were it needful to recapitulate many of the actions the meanriCBsrof those in authority allow him to commit , almost with impunity . We will therefore
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GUAXO , AS COMPARED WITII OTHER MANURES . —In-QUTRY 1 XTO THESOUnCB OP CaBBOX IX VEGETATION . — [ In a recent number of the Star we inserted a letter signed " E . Davis , " in which the writer contended that guano as a manure must act as an exhauster of the soil , inasmuch as it did not supply back to the land the elements of vegetation in sufficient quantity to compensate for the amount abstracted by the
growing crops ; he also compared the respective values of guano and the ordinary farm-yard manures , contending that the latter were much preferable , as they gave back to the soil much more of carbon and other elements of plants than guano did . The following letter has appeared in answer to the positions of Mr . H . Davis : and we insert it , because calculated to impart just notions of a very important feature of ' vegetable economy , the elimination or formation of the large quantity of carbon which forms so considerable a portion of all vegetable substances . ]—Sir , —having observed in your number of January 26 th a letter of Mr . H . Davis , with regard to ' the use of guano , I take the liberty of offering a few remarks " upon it , as I . think the sentiments which it expresses
are calculated to be'injurious / to agriculture . The principal error consists in supposing that plants derive the greatest proportion of their substance from the soil . On many farms , in excellent cultivation , and which have been in an improving condition for years , the only artificial manures which have been used have been bones , or other substances equally light and portable , which could only equal in weight a small proportion of the grain sold , and of the elements of vegetation lostduring thefermentation of the manure ; and" vet it has been proved , in thousands of instances , that farms , for thft improvement of which such manures have been the only foreign oheg purchased , have steadily and rapidly progressed in condition . Indeed , it is to such manures , to bones , to guano , to
night soil , to ashes , to nitrate of soda , and similar substances , that we must in a great measure look for the general improvement of agriculture . Supposing any person buys a larger quantity of the litter formed in large towns " than could have been produced from the straw of his own farm , he must doit at _ the expense of other lands . Such a proceedingmay improve the condition of a single farm , but cannot increase the general produce of the kingdom . To deal justly by all lands , every farmer should take back -in . the form of litter and stock excrements no more than could be made from the . produce of Ms farm , ana in that case it would be impossible to return to the soil a ton of manure , or anything near it , for every ton of crop reaped . The principal object of the farmer s
solicitude should be to supply to the soil ammoniacal manures , and the inorganic , elements of plants , or those substances which form their ashes . The largest proportion of the elements which constitute the great bulk of plants , carbon , oxygen , and hydrogen , derived from the atmosphere and from moisture , and not ,. as Mr . Davis intimates , principally if not entirely from the soil . Oxygen and hydrogen are readily supplied to the growing plant -by water , and the carbon must principally be supplied / Mtue decomposition of the carbonic acid of the atmosp here . In proof of this assertion , we have only ; to calculate the quantity , of carbon taken from the soil by crops , and returned to it again by artificial , means , eye ? under good systems of management , and we shall see that the quantity of carbon returned bears no pro-
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from W ^ f 15 - ^ THE NQHTHERNrSiTA ^ , , * 7 . .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Feb. 15, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1302/page/7/
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