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NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF TRADES.
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"Ana I will war , at least in words , ( And—should my chance so happen-deeds ) , ¦ Witk all who w « - ™ Thoogtt ! « I think I hear a little bird , who stags The people by and l ^ Tbe tie stn > nger . " -Brao * . SWITZERLAKB-THE JESUITS—THE 5 W 11 " HOLY ALLIANCE . " Our remarks last week on Swiss affairs terminated ¦ w ith the opening of the Extraordinary Diet , at Zurich , on the 24 th ult . The first subject which enraged the attention of the assembly was the admis sion of the popular deputies from the Canton de Vaud . ^ Their admission was strongly opposed by the Conservative party , and as warmly supported b y the Liberals . They were finally admitted by a majority of twelve and a half to nine .
On the first day of the session the Yorort communicated to the deputies the Earl of Abcrdccn ' 3 note , on irhich we shall have something to say hereafter . The discussion on the question of the Jesuits commenced on the 27 th uH . Petitions were presented , signed by 120 , 000 persons , for the expulsion of the Jesuits . * The discussion was opened by M . Neueaus , one of the deputies from Berne , who began by ob-5 errin « that it "was the business and duty of the Diet to provide for the internal and external safety of Switzerland . He described the Jesuits as dangerous to the State—first , because with their system of morals , they teach a people to commit tranquilly the most culpable acts ; secondly , because they profit by their ecclesiastical character to introduce trouble and
divis ion into families ; thirdly , because the order of Jesuits inculcates blind and passive submission , and thus lays prostrate the human mind ; fourthly , because , having neither family nor social relations , the Jesuits cannot be good citizens ; fifthly , because they are constantly aiming at power , without compunction as to the means ; and sixthly , because , as regards Switzerland , the principal object of the order is the extirpation of Protestantism ^ M . ISsubavs concluded bv reading his instructions ^ from his canton , which were to demand the expulsion of the Jesuits from every part of Switzerland . M . Siegwart , deputr froni Lucerne , followed , defending the Jesuits ,
and declared that his canton would not revoke the decree which had been issued in their favour . The deputies from several Catholic cantons then spoke , defending the Jesuits , with one exception , the deputy from Soleare , trho said that he was instructed to vote for the expulsion of the Jesuits . Other deputies spoke , and the Diet adjourned to the next day . On the 38 th the discussion -was resumed ; the principal speaker was Colonel Lcvixr , deputy for the Italian canton of Tesino . The speech is an important one , coming from the deputy of a Catholic canton , we therefore reprint the fullest Tersion we have seen in the English papers . Colonel Lunar
said—The canton which he represented was entirely Catholic , and toe Catholic religion iras there the religion of the Slate , bnt the canton had not hesitated to demand the expulsion of the Jesuits . The people of his canton "did sot regard the question of the Jesuits as a religious one . On the contrary , they felt that the Jesuits had more than once compromised the Catholic religion by their absurd doctrines , and had excited dangerous dissensions . This was so true , that a chief of the Catholic Church had , by a remarkable bull , suppressed the order , and proclaimed to the worl < J that he did so entirely for the interest of religion . He might be told , perhaps , that if one Pope had suppressed the order , another bad restored it , bnt it should not be forgotten that when Pics TIL did this , he -was more than eighty years old , and in a debilitated state
of mind , from physical suffering as well as age . The question -was strictly a political one . The Society of Jesus , already ponerful by the means that it possessed , and its extensive relations , making war upon liberal institutions , whether monarchical or republican , and already having a footing in several parts of the territory of Switzerland , was desirous of cavering the whole of the cantons -with Us occult influence . The Jesuits were the declared enemies of civil Ebcrty , of the liberty of the press , ana of the education of the people at large , under the surveillance of the civil authorities . They sought , ^ extenflins more and more their dangerous power , to stifle the liberty which bad been acquired bv the regenerated cantons . They were , ia&ct , the most powerful auxiliaries of despotism , and ,
therefore , the people < jf SvtitHsisBd liad reason to fear tiiem , and to demand their expulsion from a country which was the centre of a wise progressive liberty . The Jesuits had been invited to Lucerne , and if the way were deluged with blood and covered with dead—i £ the tiles of desolation pursued them in their course , still would they persevere , unless checked by the strong hand of power . It had been said , indeed , that the numbers of these hon $ ftxa summoned to Lucerne tras only seven . But the Diet should not forget that when Loyola founded the order , lie had at first only twelve disciples . llfty-eight years afterwards the number of Jesuits exceeded 10 , 000 , and at tne end of a century 19 , 000 . They had 300 residences and 600 colleges ; they had invested Europe , and had obtained a footing in the new world . This wax
history , and it should serve as a warning , If the Jesuits were allon-eJ to get into lucerne , tney would not stop at that point . " This speech was loudly cheered . Three other deputies spoke on the same side . They were replied to in a threatening speech by the deputy of the YateSs . The sitting was then adjourned . After several days * debate , the discussion on the Jesuits was closed by referring the Question to a com-; mittee . It is , however , pretty accurately known that : ten cantons and two half-cantons have pronounced for the expulsion of the order , not only from Lucerne , but from the whole of Switzerland , on the ground that the Diet has , by the articles of the Confederation , the right to take all the measures necessary to secure
the internal and external tranquillity of Switzerland , and that tkc presence of tie Jesuits is incompatible with that tranquillity . Eight cantons and two halfcantons declare , on the contrary , that the Diet has so control over the Jesuits , and that the question must be determined by each canton for itself . The two remaining cantons , Genera and St . Gall , vote that the Catholic cantons be recommended to abstain from harbouring Jesuits , but do not support the right of expelling the order by physical force . It is therefore Tery probable that the Radical party , who seem determined to carry the measure of forcible expulsion , will have the majority in the Diet , whenever the question is finally decided . It is not our intention to here enter upon the history of the Jesuits . The
world' s records tell of their ambitious designs , their unscrupulous conspiracies , and the tyranny of their domination . They were long ago expelled from all Protestant countries , and even from some Catholic states . In England they are not allowed to exist as a body ; it is therefore most in&nious on the part of the Government and press of this country that they ¦ iould . in anyway strive to counteract the efforts of the Swiss liberals torid their country of what England deems pests . What are the views entertained of the Jesuits in Switzerland , bj the enlightened of Caitalics as well as Protestants , the reader will see by I the speeches given above . But the question is a I complicated obv . Our hatred of priestcraft—a hatred I as untiring as time , and relentless as the
grave—I would prompt us at once to side with the extreme I Radical party in their demand for the expulsion—\ forcible , if need be—of the Jesuits : but for eonsider-| ations that render this a very questionable piece of | policy . As before slated , each of the cantons is a [ sovereign state ; if , therefore , amajorityof thecitizens I Will the admission of the Jesuits into any one canton , ; we do not well see how they can be coerced b y the ether cantons to undo what they may deem advisable to < lo , without endangering the general compact . It may be argued , as it is , that the General Diet having to provide for the maintenance of the safety ana tranquillity of the republic , and the Jesuits endangering thatsafety and tranquillity , it is competent for the Diet to decree their proscription . In the special case
of Lucerne we should be inclined to side with this I Tiew , seeing that Lucerne is one of the three direct-1 ing cantons ; tie question consequently resolving I itself into -whither rtc Jesuits are to govern the general I Goitrnmati /—a most important consideration . B It is the evil of federal governments , that whenever H the interests , or the supposed interests of the federal H government on the one hand clash with those of the R state sovereignties on the other , the former is usually H found too weak to enforce its views ; and when the § 1 clash of interests results in a crisis , the general power E is defeated , or worse—the federation is dissolved .
H The tormer has been the case already in Switzerland . H In Argovia the monasteries were suppressed , and the H Diet passed condemnatory votes , but was not able to H enforce them . Andthere is too much reason to fear , H that should the majority of the Diet proceed to exg trcmitics in the matter " of the Jesuits , that Lucerne H might refuse to obey . In which case civil war , the m dissolution of the federal compact , and foreign interm vention , would be but the too probable consequences . m Jt is , therefore , not that v ? e Late the Jesuits less , m hut because we love the independence and freedom of S Switzerland more , that we would incline to the con-1 cuiatory policy of Geneva and St . GalL
B Circumstances may arise in which we think the m Diet should unquestionablv interfere , where , for in-E stance , one sect , not content with exercising its own m lormof faith , denies all freedom to an opposite sect . m the canton of Valais , for instance , the Catholics , K by a re-action , have obtained the supremacy , and B there all that is Protestant is proscribed and persecuted . Protestant worship , both public and private , Ktttertheted ; and , stimulated by the priests , a brutal M lanatician reigns supreme . In this instance , we 8 W * 1 Set > ^ the protector of the liberties of all , B Bnould interfere to save the weak from the onpression Oi the strong . If the Diet is impotent for this , it is endeufly altogether useless , and the sooner the entire 1 federal organisation is changed , the better for the
i 8 afetvoftteRe » uUie . I SMet ? of the Republic But as regards the Jesuits , it appears to us that m public opinion will be a more effective power than the I decrees of majorities , and the press will be a safer , 1 ** ii * e long Tm ' sum > '" Suw of warfare than B sword or cannon to employ ajainst them . Even in Eg lucerne a numerous party are opposed to the Je-§ SP '¦> «* them do their best to break down ihe barners of ignorance , and undermine the citadel of I Sttpostiuon . The process may be a slow and a pain-
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——^—^— z _ r ____ ... _ " ^—^—^^^ Mfal one ; but at any rate it will be far preferable and more profitable than the miseries and crimes of civil war , no matter who , in such a contest , may be the victors . ___
JSP The above article was in type when the intelligence reached London of the decision of the Diet on the question of the Jesuits , and on that of the "free corps ; " a summary of which on the first of these questions we here present to oar readers . On the 18 th inst . theDiet reassembled , to receive the report of the commission , to whom had been referred the questions of " the expulsion of tne Jesuits , " the " amnesty , " and the "free corps . " The commissioners had disagreed respecting the competency of the Diet to decree the expulsion of the Jesuits . The majority , consisting of Messrs . Nbuhaus , Muxzlvgek , Kera , and Dbcex , maintained jthat competency , and cited in support of their opinion the first and eighth articles of the federal compact . Messrs .
Fret and Moulso . v construed those articles in a different manner ; and M . Keff , who admitted the right vested in the Diet by the constitution , thought that under existing circumstances there appeared no sufficient grounds to justify the expulsion of that religious order from all the cantons in which it was settled ; and that as regarded Lucerne , it was incumbentonthe Assembly ^ to endeavour to prevent the admission of the Jesuits by amicable means . The solution of the two other questions gave rise to no difference of opinion . M . Druet , however , could not be prevailed upon by his colleagues to regard the "free corps" as being incompatible with the spirit and letter of the federal constitution . The majoritr of the committee submitted the following propositions to the Diet : — "
11 Whereas the Federal Diet possesses , in virtue of the l 3 t and 8 th articles of the Constitution , the right of adopting , in the question of the Jesuits , such measures as it may deem necessary for the internal security of Switzerland , decrees-Article 1 . The State of Lucerne is forbidden , in the name of the Confederation , to admit the order of Jesuits . Consequently , the Grand Council of that state is enjoined to revoke its decree of the 21 th of October , 1844 , inviting the Jesuits to Lucerne .
The Diet , moreover , recommends in a pressing manner to the High State of Lucerne to grant a general amnestv or pardon for all political offences connected with the events of December , 1 S 44 . The present decree of the Diet shall he communicated to the Graud Council of Lucerne by three representatives of the Supreme Diet , who shall act in person . The decisions of the Grand Council of the High State of Lucerne on the subject shall be communicated to the Yorort , and be transmitted to the present Extraordinary Diet within the delay of one month from the date of the enactment of the present decree .
Art . 2 . Should the High State of Lucerne not comply with the injunctions contained in this decree ( Art . 1 ) , the Diet reserves to itself to adopt ulterior measures . Art . 3 . The States of Schwyz , Priburgi an * Valais , are invited by their confederates , in a pressing manner , to expel the Jesuits from their respective territories , and to communicate their determination on the subject to the Vorort , which will fotwaTd them in time to the Confederated States , to enable them , in case of need , to give ulterior instructions to their representatives in the next ordinary Diet . The Federal Directory shall communicate to those states the resolutions of the Diet in this matter . Art . 4 . The admission of the Order of Jesuits into the Swiss cantons is hereafter prohibited , in the name of the Confederation .
Art . 5 . Should none of the propositions respecting the Jesuits be approved by a majority of the Diet , the Assembly will adjourn to Monday , the 24 th instant , - and the Confederated states are invited in the meantime to furnish their representatives with fresh instructions relative to the aflair . " The debates which followed , and occupied nine consecutive hours , served to evince still more the deep schism existing between , the two parties into which the Diet is divided . The deputies of the cantons friendly to the Jesuits openly declared that they would resist any summons or invitation of the Diet to remove them from their territories . The deputies of
the Liberal , on the other hand , directed the attention of the assembly to the imminence of the popular crisis , which menaced the Confederation , should the Diet separate without doing anything . The cantons which declared against entertaining the Jesuit question were : —Uri , Schweitz , Unterwald , Zug , Lucerne , Friburg , Interior Appenzell , Valais , and Ifeufchatel ( eight , and a half states ) . Those of a contrary opinion were ;—Bcrae , Solcure , Schaffhausen , St . Gall , Argau , Ticino , Vaud , Thurgovia , Grisons , Exterior Appenzell , Basle country Glaris , and Zurich ( eleven and two halt-states ) . Gcvona abstained from voting .
The same eleven and two half-states decided that the question of the Jesuits should be declared fede ral ; and the same eight and a half cantons voted against it . The original proposition of the majority of the committee , declaring the total expulsion of the Jesuits , was adopted by ten and two half-states , aamel / , Berne , Soleure , Ticino , Schaffhausen , Argau , Vaud , Thurgovia , Grisons , Glaris , Zurich , Exterior Appenzell , and Basle country . The propositions of the minority of the committee to the effect of inviting Lucerne to revoke its decree concerning the Jesuits , were only approved by St . Gall , Geneva , and Basle city . The other project prepared by the committee , in the event of the rejection of the measures recom mended by the majority and the minority , experienced the same fate . It merely proposed , it is true , to
address a friendly invitation to Lucerne not to receive the Jesuits , and te grant an amnesty to all the persons implicated in tne events of December last . Six and a half states only voted for their adoption : — Soleure , Schaffhausen , Ticino , Thurgovia , Grisons , Glari , and External Appenzell . Thus , it had been impossible to obtain twelve votes required to make valid a decision . St . Gall evinced a disposition to join the ten and two half-states favourable to the expulsion , but the deputy for Geneva obstinately refused to concur in the measure . Thus it will be seen that the committee has been unable to obtain the requisite absolute majority for any of its nropositions—the great cause of the agitation , therelore , remains insoluble , and will be found , we fear , productive of yet worse results than any which have yet been seen .
The Diet adjourned on the 20 th , having previously voted the suppression of the " free corps , " and in favour of a " general amnesty . " In our next we shall offer some comment on those measures , and en the infamous interference of the "Holy Alliance . " Ekbatum . —Owing to the accidental omission of a word in the closing sentence of the fifth paragraph of our last week's article , the sense of the sentence was completely mystified : the last three lines should have been as ' follows : — "And demanded the interference of the general Diet to expel the Jesuits ; failing in whieh , they vowed to expel the hated order themselves by force . The word " order" was omitted .
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In accordance with previous announcement , the above delegation assembled in the Great Hall of the Parthcnium Club-house , St . Martin ' s-lane , on Easter Monday , at two o ' clock in the afternoon . Notwithstanding the holiday attractions , the space allotted to visitors was crowded with anxious spectators , who manifested deep interest in the opening and of the proceedings of " Labouh's Parliament . " Precisely at two O ' clock , Thomas Slingsby Duncombe , Esq ., M . P ., entered the Fall , and was greeted with loud
cheering . On the motion of Mr . T . Barrett , the Honourable Member for Finsbury was unanimously , and amid the acclamations of the whole assembly , called to the chair . On taking his seat , the Hon . Gentleman said it had been suggested to him , that it would be better if he committed what he had to say on that occasion to writing , as such course would prevent prejudice either to himself or the Delegates , from unfounded statements . Therefore , with their permissio n , acwowld read what he had prepared to them . The Chairman then read the following address , the reading of which was frequently interrupted by marked applause : —
Gentlemen , —In assuming the office which your confidence rather than my own will or fitness has imposed on me , I feel some difficulty—a difficulty not arising out of any misgiving as to your ability to devise , and potter to execute any plan that the majority of this highly important assembly shall deliberately agree upon , —but the difficulty of deciding upon the most proper and apt machinery for the purpose of giving cffuei to j-our judgment . , Gentlemen , —I learn that you have wisely decided upon excluding all political topics from your consideration : but I feel convinced that should the day arrive when the English mind shall see that " a fair day ' s wage for a fair day ' s work" can only be achieved through the fair repre .
sentation in Parliament of those seeking their just rights , that then my countrymen will , with their characteristic boldness , demand such a change . in the system as shall ensure to them not only the possession , but the protection of the fruits of their industry . It is wise , however , that you should first test Hie v : \ Bmgnets of those ivlio have the power not only to remedy your grievances , but to render any great political change valueless in your eyes . It is better to persuade men than to coerce them : and should your first move be in a political direction , I fear that the varied elements of which this national assembly must naturally consist , would have presented an appearance of internal contention and strife , rather than of organization and union ' . two ingredients indispensable to the success of your project .
Gentlemen , —Although I am here rather to learn than to instruct , yet , I hope I may , without presumption , be permitted to suggest such a course as I conceive best calculated to insure succes 3 . You may , and most probably will , evince great wisdom and astuteness in the sevaral discussions , bearing relatively or positively upon your several positions , while the manifold interests which are represented on this occasion may lead some to suppose that there is difficulty in combining those interests in any % ne common plan . Such , however , is not my opinion ; for while there may appear no connexion between a Crtton Spinner and a Shoemaker , nevertheless we must come to the conclusion that that machinery cannot be perfect which does not equally represent , and equally protect , the interests of Dotft .. This , then , is the important ' point to
which I would respectfully direct your attention—the establishing ofsuchanadrisingandcontrollingbodyasshall give effect to , and fully carry out , whatever plan the majoiity of this assembly shall decide upon . You will have done but little if you meet , and separate after having merely proclaimed your wrongs and suggested your remedies , You mu&t do more . Having the power , you must boldly proclaim your determination to redress yourselves ; and humble as I am , I shall hare sufficient confidence in your importance and integrity , when backed by your concurrence , to declare in my place in Parliament , that the hour has at length arrived when Englishmen " know their rights , and are determined to possess them . " In the debate upon the "Ten Hours'BUI" during the last session of Parliament , when the House of Commons
stultified itself by preferring Vie astendancy of a ffinitter to the interests , and even the wall-being of the working classes , my mind was for the first time directed to the practical operation of the principle of " restriction -. " and to ffiat question I would now draw your most serious attention . You will naturally consider whether or no , any , or all , of the measures submitted by Parliament to the country are calculated to cause an equitable distribution of the profits of trade between capitalists and labourers , and if they are not calculated to do so , you will then , I hope , enter on the consideration of some well * digested plan to effect an object of the most vital importance—one upon which I do not hesitate to say the existence of the middle classes and of the landed aristocracy depends : and for this reason . If our mechanical powers
of production go on increasing according to well-founded anticipations , one of two results must necessarily followeither new markets must be discovered for consumers , or the " surplus" of idlers mustprogressingly increase * As , then , ihe discovery of neivcustomers is at best but problematical , we must look on an increasing " surplus" as the more rational result from improved machinery ; and how to deal with that" surplus" is the question of paramount importance to those who areas yet only allowed to labour and barely to live . Whether this " surplus" should be maintained by those employed to avert competition , or by the < 3 o < eminent—t / iatis , by the country—according to the rules of justice , is the grand question . I hold that those at work cannot , and ought , not to be called on to apply any portion of their earnings to the support of a
" surplus" created by the operation of a new system , over which they have nocontroul ; and I further hold , that the Government has no right to tax one portion of the community for the maintenance of another portion , rendered dependent , while trilling to labour . Those who have read the accounts stated by me In the House of Commons , relative to the effect produced by practising the principle of " restriction" at Sheffield , must come to the conclusion , that SHORT HOURS of labodb do not lead to a radius . tion of wages , although it may tend to reduce the inordinate profits of capitalists , accumulated rather from their power over the labour market , than from the just sources of trade or speculation . In fact , calculations of profit and lots art now based on the ability of the powerful to reduce the wages of the powerless , rather than upon the ordinary rules
by which we are told commerce should be regulated . The reasons , however , why your employers have been enabled to hold your labour in complete subjection are so well known to all who have taken part in strikes , whether just or unjust , or speculative , that I should abstain from any comment upon that part of the subject , was it not necessary for the direction of your minds to the adoption of such measure as would enable you in future to judge justly of the justice of ostbike—and , secondly , of your efficiency to carry it out . In all cases where strifces have taken place , they luwe been for the most part entered on rashly , though perhaps justly ; and the justice of your case has been lost in the rashness of your measures . However righteous your claims may appear at first , it has too often happened that your own rashness has enabled
your masters to enlist the power of the law to ensure their own triumph : and hence you have been compelled to fight against the two-edged sword of capital and legal persecution . Whenever a strike take . 5 place , the local authorities , who arc for the most part employees themselves , have been able to warp some enthusiastic and justly indignant minds from then * original purpose , to the adoption of what is easily tortured into " constructive conspiracy" or " sedition ; " and thus your imperfect machinery has been unable to compete against the aiore perfect machinery of your opponents . Through the legal acumen , perseverance , and steady watchfulness of the Miners' law adviser , Mr , Roberts , that large body of men were enabled to con . tinue . what I will call the most justifiable and extensive strike upon record , for a period of many months ,
notwithstanding that the vengeance and the power of their employers were directed against them ; and the power of the law was at their command , if the conduct of the men had warranted its interference . This strike failed , not because it was capriciously entered on . because thebe WA 8 WASTING A PROPER PLAN OF NATIONAL ORGANISATION to ensobe its success . This I understand to be / a national body ; and I must therefore presume that one of your main objects will be the establishment of some permanent machinery for the regulation of Trades' matters and Trades' strikes . It will be your care that that machinery be legallyconstituted , with power vested in its members to hear all matters connected with Trades' business : and on the understanding , that in all cases where the rights of any one trade are threatened or invaded , that that
trade , —if a strike should be sanctioned by the governing body , —shall be sustained , upheld , and supported during the struggle , however long it shall continue : the terms to be submitted to and agreed upon by a majority of the governing body . I think that such a plan would divest a strike of that local and personal feeling which is in general attributed to the prime movers , and would give protection to those who , if struggling alone , must necessarily be subject to air the disadvantages which unprotected poverty experiences In its struggles with protected wealth . Of course , in the formation of such a body you must take local machinery into your consideration : that is ; suppose a strike should take place in Sheffield , or in Manchester , sanctioned by the ruling body ; in such case you could put yourselves in
communication with the local delegates of that trade appointed by their body , who might bedome honorary members , for the time , of the general body '; and , if necessary , you could appoint one or more , as ' commissioners , from your permanent Executive , to repair to the spot where the strike takes place , there to instruct themselves upon , and to inform you of , all matters connected with the Movement ; and , in such cases , it is my opinion that any excitement necessary to sustain the strike should be transferred from the place where it occurs to the metropolis , where , of course , the governing body will hold its permanent sittings , B y these means stbikes , when just ,
would be of short duration , because the united power of the National Trades of Great Britain , when prc-periy Mid justly directed , as I feel assured they would be , would prove an over-match for the power of the local master * , or even of all the masters of the kingdom , should a counter orginisatien be attempted . By systematic organisation of this kind the political minority in eaeb country has been enabled to hold the ascendancy over the disunited and disorganised majorit y . You will perceive that I have thought it necessary to dwell more at length upon the description of machinery by which your plans are to be carried out , than upon the means you shall adopt for the adjustment of the several difficulties that
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exist between you and your employers , or that may here , after occur . Gentlemen , —? ou wju a [ g 0 obgewetUat I have not only abstained from comment upon all matters on which you must necessaril y be better instructed than myself , ' that I have also abstained from noticing any political question with which , from my position , I ra % hfcbe supposed to be more conversant than you can be . I have thought this the wisest and best course for the achievement of our common object , which I understand to be " a fair day ' s wage for a fair day ' s work . "
Gentlemen , —Whatever view the curious , the idle , or the timid , may take of this great Movement , I assure you it gives rise to very serious considerations in my mind If this be in truth , as I believe and hope it is , a folr repre aentation of that growing spirit of Englishmen of which we hear so much , and to curb which requires so much artifice and cunning , its mature deliberations must go to the wovld wita an itrestible effect , You have looked with anxious hope to each political party , and to every political party , for that amelioration iu your condition which you have at length wisely decided can only be effected by your ovm uuited energies .
Gentlemen , —Those who shall scan aud criticise what may be decided upon by this representation of the industrious English people , should recogniso in your intentions the practical carrying out of their own theories . They , one and all , admit the vast increase that has taken place in the national wealth ; while they are compelled also to admit your legitimate title to a share of it : but by some inexplicable deficiency , in what may be called the division of legislation , all have failed to put you in possession of your admitted rights . If then , as no man can deny that the genius and industry of our people have given riso to
a vast accumulation of national wealth , and if the principle of professing- philanthropists be true , that you are pre-eminently entitled to j ; o » "" sfcare of this wealth , I can characterise this assembly no otherwise than as the newborn GEfiOS of England , righteously , peaceably , boldly , anil honestly looking for its shabe of the property that itself creates , —while your willingness to submit your social claims to be arbitrated upon by others , must convince even your traducers that your demands are so just that you are indifferent as to the character of the tribunal to whose judgment they shall be submitted .
Gentlemen , —If you see prudence , safety , and success in the course that I hare pointed out , as I never recommend what I am not prepared to attempt , and believing your cause to be just , your motives to be honourable , and your objects desirable , I shall hold myself in increased estimation if I can be instrumental , either within ot without the walls of Parliament , in advancing your interests . Gentlemen . —However the self-satisfied , or the expect , ant , may ridicule this , your peaceful endeavour to achieve your rights , I feelfully impressed with the importance of the
working man ' s power , and as fully resolved upon persevering with you , until we test the value of English union , English organisation , English justice , and Englishmen's bravery . Gentlemen , —Our councils must be so pure that we jnay defy the espionage of the Home Secretary , as well as the legal cash of the Attorney-General . What my judgment prompts me to advise , my heart will encourage me to support ; while the justice of our cause , and the strength by which it is backed , will preclude the necessity of other than perfectly peaceful , mild , and constitutional means tor its achievement .
Gentlemen , —If out of this first important experiment , in the right direction , should arise an annual representation of the industrious people Of England , and you deem it necessary to manifest the outward and visible signs of your greatness and power , » 3 your several opponents have done by the erection of Club-houses as places of resort , and as a means of multiplying and concentrating your resources , I shall be most happy to assist in any way that can tend to the furtherance of that or any other object , promotive of the national cause . Gentlemen , —¦ Feeling pride as an Englishman , and honour as a man , in the situation to which your confidence has this day called mo , and rejoicing exceedingly that my humble exertions in your behalf should cntitlame to your esteem , I shall now conelude the remarks which I have doeraed it my duty to offer , and shall open what I proudly call " Labour ' s Parliament , " by inviting those delegate * who have anything to urge to proceed to business , trusting that your deliberations may prove beneficial to yourselves and satisfactory to the country .
Mr . Duncombe resumed his seat amidst the loud applause of the " whole house . " Mr . T . Barratt , secretary to the Preliminary Comniittee for convening the Conference , then delivered in the report of that Committee . It was as follows ;—Report of the London Committee of Trades' Delegates to the General Conference . — The Committee having read over aud maturely reflected on the suggestions contained in the letters of T . S . Duncombe , Esq ., and Mr . Drury , relative to a better organization of the various trades in the United Kingdom ; and being deeply impressed with the conviction tli&t 6 vich aw oiganisaiiott is essentially and immediately necessary , in order that the working classes generally
may be placed in a position to resist effectually any oppression sought to be inflicted on them either by the legislature or the capitalists , deemed it advisable to take steps to give the trades of England an opportunity to carry such suggestions into effect . While the Committee are desirous that this organisation should be formed , to vindicate the rights of Labour , and which organisation should be adopted also to oppose and defeat any legislative enactment to coerce Trade Societies , of a similar character to that of the monstrous " Masters and Servants Bill" of last session , they are deeply impressed with the importance of , and benefit arising from , a good understanding between the employer and the employed , seeing that their interests are to some extent mutual ; and that neither can injure tho other , without the wrong
perpetrated recoiling -upon the party who inflicts it : they , therefore , would suggest that it should be one of the principal objects of the Conference to cultivate a good understanding with the employers , aud thereby remove those prejudices which exist against Trade combinations , by showing , on all occasions , that the employed only seek by combination to place themselves on equal terms , as disposers of their labour , with those who purchase it : to secure themselves from injury , but by no means inflict it upon others . Although the Committee are anxious that this desirable and important organisation should he carried out to the fullest possible extent , they feel that great caution must be observed in the formation of its laws and regulations , in order that the evils which existed and eventually destroyed the consolidated union of 1838 shall be carefully avoided .
The Committee conceive it necessary to call the attention of those trades who are comparatively disunited , aud whose members are consequently working for different rates of wages , to thu great necessity that exists , that those who are receiving the highest wages should use every effort in their power to secure to their fellow . workmen a fair remuneration for their labour ; and that every inducement should be held out by the several Trade Societies to their separated brethren to join them , in order that they may be the better enabled to make common cause in cases of aggression , which would be the certain result if each trade were to form , itself into OllC Well-regulated society for their mutual protection .
The Committee would invite the press to give publicity to their proceedings , knowing that the more public those proceedings are made the more prejudice will be removed ; and they bog to impress on the Ti ' ades the necessity and advantage of giving their support to sucli portions of the public press as give the truest and the most impartial representations of their views and proceedings : for it is certain that whenever the working classes support those portions of the press , and only those , which do them justice , they will never waut an orgau to advocate their interests and remove the prejudice of tho misinformed !
finally , the Committee would earnestly recommeud to the Conference—in order that these important points may be duly considered ami dispassionately argued—that no proposition of a political nature , beyond what has been already alluded to , should be introaucea or occupy its attention ; convinced as they are , that the only way to carry out these desirable objects satisfactorily , and with a clue consideration to the best interest of all those who are concerned , is to consider and dispose of one question at a time ; and , moreover , to keep Trade matters and politics as separate aud distinct as circumstances will justify .
Mr . James , Boot and Shoe-maker , moved the adoption of the report . Mr . Firth , Plasterer , seconded the motion , vlucli was earned unanimously . Mr , Wilson , a member of the Preliminary Committee , said that tho Committee had now- only to suirgest that the Conference proceed to tlw election of itaofficers , the appointment of a committee to receive the addresses , reports , and any plans that delegates might wish to have brought before the Conference and anxious that every measure should emanate direct from the Conference , and happy in having been the humble instruments in calling such a numerous assemblage of delegates together , and trusting that the labours of Conference would be crowned with that success the justice of their cause so well merited , the Committee begged to resi gn Its functions into the hands of Conference . ( Loud cheers . ) Mr . James , Shoemaker ,
proposed"That Mr . Thomas Barrntt , Cork-eutter , Secretary to the London Trades , be the Secretary to tins Conference . " This motion was seconded by Mr . Berry , Miner , and carried unanimously . Mr . Rattray , Block Printer , moved" That 1000 copies of the Chairman ' s Address be printed for circulation amongst our constituents : " which was seconded , and carried unanimously . Considerable discussion then ensued as to the best mode of proceeding , in which Messrs . Robson , Mirneld G . A . Fleming , Rattray , and other delegates took part . At length Mr . Robertson , Bookbinder , moved—« That a Committee be appointed to consider the several suggestions contained in the Chairman ' s address as to hotv far they can be carried out ; and that such Committaa also receive audv ^ wl on any plans or suggestions that may be offered to them j such Committee to meet at ten o ' clock on Tuesday morning . "
The motion was seconded by Mr . Dunning . Bookbinder , and earned unanimously . Messrs . , Lloyd Jones and G . A . Fleming suggested the propriety of having the names of the delegates , with the number of their constituents , the trade or trades they represented , and the locality from which each delegate came , detailed , previous to the election of the Committee , that they might be
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made somewhat acquainted with each other . The suggestion was ably supported , by Mr . Rattray , and being adopted by general consent , the chairman took the list and commenced with
tOSDON BOOT AND SHOEMAKERS . Mr . James represented the City Men ' s Men , to Hie . number of 600 . Hit instructions were to take measures to resist aggression , to abstain from politics , and to cordially co-operate in establishing a better system of organisation . Jfr . 'Wm . Smith represented the West-End Men ' s Men , to the amount of 700 . Had no particular instructions . Mr . Robson represented the City Ladies' Shoemakers , They were 200 in number . His body < M not jivb Mm any partioular instructions . However , they were aware that he had a " crotchet" of his own , which he intended to submit , but he would like to hear others first . Mr . Smith represented the Shoemakers of the Borough , and Olapliam . United they numbered fifty-nine . They did not give him any particular instructions . Mr . L . King represented the Tower Hamlets Shoemakers .
Messrs . Charles and Dockerny represented the Stepney Shoemakers . Mr . Perry represented the Shoemakers of Hyde-street , 10 the number of fifty . Had no particular instructions . Mr . John Skelton , in conjunction with his friend Jfr . Christopher , represented the IVest-end ladies' Shoemakers to the number of 400 . His body was opposed to strikes—in favour of restricting the hours of labour —also of withdrawing the " surplus of labour" from the market , and employing the same beneficially for their own advantage . ( Cheers . )
Ti 7 E IiOSDO « R 0 O . KBINDER 9 , Numbering ; 600 , were represented by Messrs . Robert , son and Dunning . They had instructions to steer clear of politics , and to support a better and a general organisation . THE BBICELATERS . Messrs . Lockett and Pox especially represented tho Bricklayers of London , but generally of the whole kingdom . Their number in London was 450 . They had no particular project to submit .
CAEPENTEHS AND JOINERS . Mr . Jonas Wartnabj represented tho King ' s Arms Society of Carpenters . They tuunbeved 120—had received no particular instructions . Mr . Evans represented the second section of the same society , also numbering 120 members . Like Ms friend Wartnaby , he had no particular instructions . Mr . Lambert represented the Dun Horse Society in the Borough . They numbered 72 . " Keep clear of politics " was the only instruction lie received . Mr , J , Bush represented the General Union of Carpenters of Great Britain and Ireland , to which he had the honour to be secretary . Their Union was divided into sections . The particular section to niiich he belonged numbered 150 . His instructions were to do all in his power to support a general organisation , and resist aggression , whether it sprung from the Government or the Capatansts .
Mr . white represented the Society at the Sun , London Wall , to the extent of fifty members . Mr . Barry represented the Artillery Arms Society ol Carpenters . They numbered 150 . They gave their delegate no particular instructions . Messrs . Caughlin and Bicknell represented the Teetotal Society of Carpenters ( Great Suffolk-street , Borough ) , Their body was small at present—only numbering forty-four . The only instruction they received was to co-operate strenuously in any measure for the good of all . Mr , Cave represented the Barley Mow Society , numbering- 150 members . He had no special instructions . Messrs . Gimlett and Bovell represented the lung ' s Arms , Ebury-street , Pimlico Society , which numbered 120 . Their instructions were of a general nature . ^_ Mr . Toop represented the second SocieEy oTCarpenters at the Lord NelsoD , numbering 330 . Instructions general .
CARVERS AND OILDEBS . Mr . Williams represented the Green Man Society , Berwick-street . They weve favourable to a General Uuion . They numbered fifty . Mr . Paragon represented the Three Tuns Society , Their number was thirty-one ; and they were likewise favourable to a General Union .
THE ENGINEERS wore represented by Mr . Read . A second Society of Engineers was represented by Mr . Booth . Each of the above numbered 120 members . The Greenwich Branch of Engineers was represented by Mr . Edward Wilder , and the Steam-engine-makers by Mr . Paivbrother . The aggregate number of the above bodies is 1 , 000 . THE MASONS , PAV 1 ODB 8 ' ASUS , were represented by Mr . Wood and Mr . R . Christopher . Their number in London is 200 . Altogether , throughout the country , they > rere some 3 , 000 or 4 , 000 . They were favourable to a General Union . THE SILK HATTEHS were represented by Mr . Cox . Their numbers were 180 . Messrs . Arch and Jones sat for the Protective Society of Silk Hatters , numbering 176 . They had goueral instructions .
8 AWTJSB 8 . Mr . Hill appeared as the representative of the Sawyers of Surrey . MOitocco LEATHER FIMSHEBS . Mr . Gardener appeared as the representative of 150 members of tho above trade . The instructions were to co-operate in upholding the rights of Labour . TVOOI 3 TAP 6 EB 3 OF ENGLAND , Messrs . John Cornish and Stephen Langridge represented the Woolstaplers south Of the Trent . The Parsnt Society in London consisted of 500 members . They ware there to resist aggression , and to assist in obtaining the greatest amount of good to the greatest number . IBS TIK-PLATE WOBKEItS were represented by Mr . Allen . Thoy numbered 300 . He was instructed to resist aggression .
TAILOES OF LONDON . Messrs . Moody and Prior attended as their representatives . Their enrolled members were 1 , 600 . Their in . Struetions were to resist the " onward march" of the "Slop-shop" capitalists . That business , as at present carried on , was very injurious to health . Their Society had paid £ 998 in aiek money alone in one year . THE NATIONAL TrPOGRA , PHICA , L 8 OOI 8 TT was represented by Messrs . Thompson and Edwards . They represented the whole of that fraternity in England ; and had Within the last few days gained a glorious victory over the combined capitalists . ( Loud cheers . ) They were favourable to a General Union , PLASTERERS . Mr . Firth appeared as the representative of this body ; and had no particular instructions . The body in London alone numbered 200 .
THE CORE .-CBTTEBS were represented by Mr . T . Barratt . Their society ex tended throughout the United Kingdom , and was well organised . UA-KcHESTEa SaADBs' FM 7 MBEBS , Mr . James Taylor appeared as their delegate , especially ; and generally for the Building Trades of that town . Their numbers were 1 , 133 in that district . They thought" short time" beneficial .
PLASTERERS . Mr . BAley was their representative . His instructions were general , BLOCK PRINTERS . Mr . Wayne had come as the representative of the Calico Printers of Lancashire and Yorkshire . They numbered 7 , 000 . THE HfDBACLIC PRESSER 8 , numbering 2 S 0 , were represented by Mr . Hackney , whoso instructions were general . THE JOINERS were represented by Mr . James Wilson . Their number was 400 , THE FUSTIAN COTTESS , numbering 2 , 000 , were represented by Mr . Lloyd Jones . They wished an abridgment of the hours of labour , more especially as regarded women and children , and a consolidation of Trades to resist aggression , come from whence it might ,
BAKERS , Mr . Hulme represented 150 of them , They wished for the abolition of night work , bywhicli they were kept away from their families and wives , whilst other men were at home enjoying them . ( Roars of laughter . ) BOILER MAKERS ( the numbers in union 1 , 009 , and in the trade 3 , 000 ) trere represented by JCr » Stacnavnari , He had no partiticular instructions . THE JUKETlS-UP numbered 300 , and were represented by Mr . Wilson , whose instructions were general .
THE SHEFFIELD TRADES were represented by Messrs . John Drury , Wm . Hawksford , James Stone , Robert Booth , — Blackhurst , — Sykes , and John Taylor . They represented altogether some C or 7 , 000 " hands . " They were in favour of a restriction of the hours of labour , which had been found most beneficial in Sheffield . ( Hear , hear . ) They were also for a General Union for resistance to aggression . BCRT BOU . DEBS . Mr , Eastwood appeared as the representative of the Building and Iron Trades of the Bury district , numbering 800 . His instructions were general .
THE BLOCK PRINTERS . Mr . E . Rattray was the representative , not only of the Block Printers of Crayford , in Kent , but of the southern district of England : their numbers were 7 , 000 . ffis instructions were to do everything he could to forward a General Union . Their opinion was , that benefits must ultimately come from ttie legislature , and they wished statistical evidence to be sent forth ; for , notwithstanding the song of triumph" about " national prosperity , great delusion existed relative to the condition of the workers . He regretted to say great distress still prevailed . Messrs . John Dale and Peacock appeared as the repiesentatives of the Calico Block Printers of M « to « , j Su « Q . Their instructions were general . Their body numbered
PAPER MAKBBS OF ENGLAND . Messrs . Baker and PutttagUam appeared as the representatives of this body . The central place of the ociety was at Maidstone , fa Kent . They numbered 1000 and wished for a system by which those in employ could support those out of employ , aniKnus pmenttUc baneful effects of competition .
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THE SHOEJTiKEHS OF NORTHAMPTON , to the amount of 200 , were ^ presented by Mr . James Horton . He had no particular instructions . THE BOOT AND SHOEMAKERS AND OTHEB TBADES OF
HODDEBSFIELS yyere represented by Mr . William Spur . They wore in favour of a general organisation , aud would like to hare a permanent Watch Committee , or Executive , and at the same time each trade to manage its own local affairs . TUB BRADFORD UNITED IBON TBADES were represented by Mr . R . Sedgewiek . Thoy numbered 1 , 000 . 1 UE UlSOHS 05 BRA . DF 68 . B wore in favour of shortening the hours of labour , and of taking land on which to employ the " surplus labour . " ( Cheers . ) The Masons numbered 13-5 . THE Vroo LCOMDEBS OF BRADFORD , numbering about 3 , 000 , were represented by Mr . Mullins . His instructions were the same as the Masons . THE IRON MOULDERS or TODjiORDEtf were represented by Mr . . They numb 9 red fiftyeight , and gave no particular instructions
THB UNITED TEADES OF NOkWICn were represented by Mr . Walker . Their munbur wm 550 . His instructions were general .
HASLET LOTTERIES . Mr , Wm . Evans represented 2 , 000 men . He was seat there especially to advocate the land as a means to beneficially employ the surplus labourers . Their Society had £ 1 , 000 in hand already for the purchase of land . They thought the Government might mako a beneficial use of the land in their possession , by employing the now surplus labour in the market on it . ( Cheers . ) Hi « constituents were opposed to strikes .
THE HIKERS OF UNCASUIBE were represented by Messrs . Berry , Pasquil , and <•< They were the representatives of 10 , 000 men , and wera in favour of restricting the houvs of labour , and of a 6 eue « ral Union for the mutual protection of all . THE LINEN TRA . DE OF BMlNSLfcT , to the amount of 3 , 000 , was represented by 5 Fr , Frank Ifirfield , They were in favour of a general organisation . He had received no instructions as regards politics . " ifa politics" had found the Linen Trade out , and ii other trades did not find out politics , depend on it , they wouM find them out too . ( Hear , hear . ) DNITED TBADES OP UVtt . JIr . William Webster had been elected at a meeting of 9 , 000 persons in the town of Hull . They were in favour of restricting the hours of labour , and of establishing a fund for the employment of tho unemployed labour in Mia market . COTTON SPINKERS OF BOLTOS .
Mr . Brindle appeared as the representative of 5 , < 5 OO Cotton Spinners in Mton , and the counties of Chester and Lancashire . They were in favour of restricting tha hours of labour ; of GeneralUnion ; and of resisting all aggressions on their just rights .
THE HATTEBS . Mr . G . A . Fleming represented the United Joint Stock Company of Journeymen Hatters , of Denton , Cheshire . Their number was 150 , they had a working cnpitel oS £ 700 , by which they supported some sixty or seventy persons , and paid a- good dividend ou the capital . They wished to see the same principle generally adopted by the Trades , aud the surplus handa tlms obtain am . ployment . THE 3 PITALFIEU ) 3 WEA . VEEJ were represented by J . S . Sherrard . They numbered 1 , 000 , and were in favour of a Local Board of Trade .
70 S HANDBOOK WEAVERS of Leigh , Middleton , and VTigan , to the number of 900 , were represented by Mr . Lowe . They were in favour of Local Boards of Trade , constituted equally of masters and men . THE QVEES ' a HEAD SOCIETY OF CABPENTEB 3 were represented by Mr . Hore . They numbered 80 . Hfl had no particular instructions , THE MANSFIELD FRAMEWORK-KNITTERS were represented by Mr . Ilelkin . They numbered 2 , 000 , and were in favour of General Union and a restriction of the hours of labour . THE NOTTINGHAM fBAHEWOEK-KNlTTERS wevft rejvvescntoa by Mr . B . Humphries . Their number was 2 , 000 . They were in favour of a restriction , of tha hours of labour and a better system of organisation .
THE WOOLCOMBEBS OF BRADFORD TOBKS 1 IIE . E , were represented by Mr . G . White . They numbered 10 , 000 ; 3 , 000 of them were in Union . They wero in favour of a General Union , also of the restriction of the hours of labour , and wished to Bee established an efficient Land Plan . A Committee of fifteen , consisting of the following persons , was then appointed : —Messrs . Wayne , Battray , Wartnaby , Thompson , Fleming , Drury , Dunning , James , Sedgwicki Webster , Evans , Skelton , Haclmer , T , Bootn , and P . asquil . After which , the Conference adJourueA until ten o ' clock on Wednesday morning , to give time to the Committee to consider on the address of the President , and on such other suggestions as to the business of Conference ) as might be Submitted to it , to report thereon to Conference at its next sitting . SECOND DAY ' S SITTING , Wedmsdat , March 26 T . S . Duncombe , Esq ., M . P ., resumed the clialr about eleven o ' clock .
The Secretary read letters from Bradford , Ply . mouth , Leicester , Newcastle , Bath , Cheltenham ! Rothwell , Bury , Daventry , Rochester , Monmouth , Rochdale , Liverpool , and Limerick , all approving 01 the Conference , and promising totako the necessary steps to create a better organisation amongst them * selves . The list of delegates was then called over , the Se > cretary noting the absentees . Mr . Firth , Plasterer , moved—That a list of the delegates be printed , in order thit the attendance of the delegates might be duly noted ; which was seconded by Jfr . Webster , of the United Trades of
Hull . An amendment wrs moved by Mr . Riley , seconded by Mr . Taylor—That such list be published at the conclusion of the sit . ting of Conference . After a discussion , in which Messrs . Rattray , Berry , and others took part , the amendment was carried . The following standing orders were then submitted and adopted—1 st . —That the Conference assemble every morning , at half-past nine o ' clock , and adjourn at one o ' clock for dinner , re-assemble at two , and adjourn for the day at fiva o ' clock . 2 nd . —That the list of delegates be called over at each sitting , and a record of the attendance be kept . 3 rd . —That all motions be submitted in writing , au 4 that no delegate speak more than fifteen minutes on any one motion , except the mover , who shall be allowed haif an hour , and also the privilege of reply . Mr . Dunning , Bookbinder ,
moved—That it be a special instruction to the Secretary , that in calculating the numbers represented he enumerate none but paying members , lie thought tins wasabsolutcly necessary to prevent delusion . ( Hear , hear . ) Mv . James ,. Shoemaker , seconded the motion . Mr . Lloyd Jones , Fustian-Cutter , must oppose the motion , inasmuch as the men he represented were not paying members , but wore anxious to become paying members of any consolidated Union that might be ' formcd on a comprehensive basis . Mr . W . Smith , Shoemaker , said , should the motion be carried he should be placed also in an awkward predicament , as one portion of his body at the present time were not paying members ; but he hoped the result oi" their deliberations would be to wnfte tftS whole .
Mr . Skelton , Ladies' Shoemaker , thought if the resolution was carried it would defeat the object for " which the Conference was convened ; and 2 ie firmly believed if the Conference shewed that there was a chance of doing good , the vast majority of their trade would again unite . The non-payment had been caused by circumstances over which they had ao controul . Mr . Berry , Miner , said he was the representative of 10 , 000 paying men ; whilst the whole body of Miners in Lancashire mustered 21 , 000 ; but as tha 10 , 000 did not expect to pay for the 21 , 000 , it was nothing but right that the paying members only should be counted . Mr . George White , Woolcomber , thought the discussion was a waste of time . They had assembled for business , and to endeavour to obtain , the co-operation of all He would therefore now
move—That in any list that may be printed the numbers of members in the several Trades be printed ; and that tha number of paying members in the same Trades be also specified . 'Die Chairman suggested that at the conclusion of the proceedings a list should be printed , stating the numbers in each trade , and the numbers of paying members in each Trades' Union . He did not think tho adoption of the resolution would be accordant with the purport of the Conference . Its object was to iwcvent , not to cause , schism .
Mr . Perry , Boot and Shoemaker , could not support the resolution of Mr . Dunning , as he hoped shortly to see a General Union of their whole trade . Mr . Lloyd Jones , Fustian-Cutter , in explanation , read portions of the document by which the Conference was convened , and also quoted the letter of Mr . Drury , which had led to their assembling . He had come at the call of these documents , and if thesromfc ireathod in them was not permitted to prevail , hia constituents and himself would be alike deceived and disfranchised .
Mr . Hawkhurst said , that although he was there as the representative of 750 paying members of big trade , yet he conceived the other portion of the 1 , 600 engaged in the same line of business were as good Unionists as the 750 . ( Hear , hear . ) Mv . Webster , Hull , was sent by a great body of working men , who were desirous of becoming Unionists , and to co-opevatc in establishing a better system of organisation throughout the country . He was there not as a Unionist only , but for the purpose of creating and cementing Union . ( Cheers . ) ( Continued in our eighth page . )
Ffimim Ihotematf&
ffimim iHotematf&
National Conference Of Trades.
NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF TRADES .
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Medaxcuoly Death . — A lamentable accident occurred yesterday at Bellingnam , in this county , Tvhich lias resulted in the untimely death of Mr . Thomas Richard Batson , one of her Majesty's justices of the peace , and an alderman of this borough . It appears that Mr . Batson had attended divine service yesterday morning at Bellingham Church , and was returning to his residence at Eeedsmouth with Mrs . Batson , in a single horse phseton . In ascending the steep hill towards Recdsmouth , the horse backed , and the carriage was thrown over . The declivity being so great , the vehicle continued to roll over and over till it readied the bottom . Mr . Batson was found umlerneatJi thecarriage , haying sustained such serious Injury that he diedalmostinimcdiately ; Mrs . Batson was also partially under the carriage , but miraculously escaped almost unhurt . At the period ot las dcatli ' he was managing partner of the extensive iron works at Bellingham . He has left a widow and five children .. —Newcatth Journal .
Deaths ur Fibe . —An inquest was held on Tuesday , before Mr . Mills , the deputy coroner for Middlesex , at the Yorkshire Stingo , New-road , on the body of a little boy , named Thomas Caffl-ey . It appeared that on Monday week last the child was left at home by his mother , who had gone out charing , under the care of ii 3 brother , a boy about eleven years of age . Finding that the fire was getting low , and there being no coals in the house with which to replenish it , the little iellow , who ' gave his evidence in a very intelligent manner , left his brother to go to Ms mother , in in order to obtain money for some fuel . Previously , however , he placed two * or three sticks in the grate , and one of them falling out , ignited the clothes of the poor child , who was sitting on a log of wood with his
back to the lire-place . A woman , who occupies aparfanents in the upper part of the saiue house , hearing his screams , ran down and found him at the foot of the stairs "with his hair and clothes blazing . The names were extinguished by the assistance of another lodger , and the little sufferer was taken to the Dispensary . Medical aid , however , was of no avail , and death " put an end to his sufferings on the following Friday . The verdict was , of course , Accidental death —Another inquest was held before the Deputy-Coroner , at the Portland Arms , High-street , Portland-town , on the body of a man named Thomas Davies , aged la , who died on Thursday last . The widow of the poor man , who was in deep affliction , stated , that she left her husband in the room which
they occupied , at ho . 2 i , Lower Williani-street , on the Saturday preceding his death . Knowing that he was subject to fits , she did not close the door , in erder that the people in the house might hear him if taken ill . On her return , about four hours afterwards , she found him standing in the middle of the room enveloped in smoke , and attempting to tear from off him Ms clothes , which were burning . He was completely stupified ; and on her endeavouring to assist him , said , " What are you about ? there is nothing the matter with me '" The jury returned a verdict to the effect , that the deceased died from exhaustion , produced by burning while in a fit . —Mr . Pearson stated , that a subscription had been set on foot on behalf of the poor -widow , to which the deputy-coroner and several of the jury contributed .
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i i ¦ March 29 , 1845 . __ THE yORTHBRN STAR . -..- ¦ , ¦ -, - ¦¦• ¦ ¦¦ - ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦¦ ¦ ¦ - ^
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), March 29, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1308/page/7/
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