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CraW. jUtobemtnte. • ,§£ b
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~ ^rt!)commfi: JleetmgsiT"
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THE LAND. TO THE WORKING GLASSES.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Mt Fbiesiw , —I am but the resnscitator , the renovator , and rcdecorator of your political princi ples , but I am the father , mother , grandfather and grandmother , uncle , aunt , and godfather and godmother of the small farm plan as applicable to the regulation of -Kage , and to the establishment of the Take of labour in the artificial market , by testing its value in ihe natural market . Always keep those two considerations in view , and never lose sight of them . The subject of the Land has now become paramount in importance toall others . The better payment of the Trades has not blunted their , appetite for the land
and although even yet they understand the subject Tcrymipei-fccfly , nevertheless they are beginning to discuss it very greedil y , and to look anxiously for knowledge upon it . It is a whole question , and Ticcd not—indeed cannot—be profitably mixed up with any other question , because the doing so carries the mind away from the subject . 1 don ' t mean that the value of the land , as at preacut constituting the franchise , should not be discussed ; but what I mean is , that no other subject should be mixed up with the practical management of small farms . I mean , that those who consider possession to be nine points of the law , and who
believe the lAnd to be national property , should not discuss ihe question of possession and first principles together . Every man—and I am one of those who believe that the Land is national property—must come to the conclusion that the first great step in the realisation of that principle is to get possession—that is , that 100 , 000 men , for instance , in possession of four or two acres each , would be a much better first principle army than a million or two millions without any laud at all . You will recollect , that , in the hottest of our Charter agitation , I contended against the folly of every speaker laying down to his audience everything that the Charter was to do . There were
many things propounded which it could not do , many that it would not do , and many that it wonld be unjust to do , and the foreshadow ing of those things , impossible , impracticable , and unjust , created disgust , suspicion , and alarm in our ranks ; 1 shall , therefore , confine myself in this letter to the consideration of the value of the land : and I shall endeavour to illustrate its value by the opinion of practical men . For the last week I have been instructing one of the very best men in this world in the management of land . 1 have stood over his men for many hours of the day , not as hired bailifls stand over slaves , but as an instructor , cheer
fully communicating the knowledge he possessed to those to whom it may be useful . I made it my business to inquire into the condition of all the labourers ; and , without leading them , I arrived at their opinions with respect to the small farm plan , and 1 will give you the verbatim conversation that took place between me and one of those men , whose name is Peat . " Peat , would you like to have some land ? "Yes sir , I would . " "Have you got any ?" * ' Tcs sir , about as much as we have planted now . " ( We were planting potatoes according to my ' plan ) . I measured it , and it was about six perches , or the twenty-seventh part , of an acre . " What do ' you pay
for your land ? " " I pay £ 5 4 a . a year for that and Uie cottage . " " IIow long have you lived there f " Twenty-five years come Michaelmas . " " Have you paid your rent ? " " Yes , sir , I must do that . " "What family have you * " " A . wife and eleven children ; I had thirteen , and there are eight at home with me . " " Now , which would you rather have , the house without the land for £ 4 a-year , or the house and land for £ 3 4 s . ? " " Why , I had rather have the land , to be sure . I had rather have the land and house for £ 5 4 s . a-year , than the house without the land for £ 3 a-year . The land helps me to pay the rent ; besides , the famuyconld allhelp me a bit at the
land . " " Why do yon like the land so much ?" " Why , because lean We just as I want of my own whenever 1 want it , and , much or little , it ' s always there for me , and I have it better than 1 can buy it . " " How do you make manure ? " "I keep a pig , and wotkthelaiidvrelL" "Do you sett the pig ? " ° " 2 fo f no ; only part of it—the hams help to pay the rent ] we eat the rest . " " Now , Peat , tell me , which would you rather have , four acres of land and a cottage at a fair rent , a good rent—indeed a large rent , or get a pound a-weck to work for a good master ? " " Oh
why I'd rather have the land to be sure , because then I'd be my own master . " "Do you think you would work as well for yourself as you would for another master ? " " Ay , sir , I think so , and better tliaa I'd work for any master . '' "So would I , Peat ; would you ever be behind in your rent ? " " No , sir , for I'd loseitthen . " " Doyou ever get anything from tlic parish to help you with a wife and eleven children ? " " No , sir , not since the -union plan turned np , but I used sometimes to get three and four shillings a week before . "
Now that is not the substance , but is the literal , the exact , the verbatim conversation that passed between ns . and see the conclusion to which Peat , after twentyfive years' trial , had come . He has the twentyseventh 5 « rt of an acre of ground , and he is satisfied to pay £ 2 is . a year for that amount , and says that lie could not hold his house for three pounds a year but for the laud , —that is , he pays at the rate of f-5 i » Ss . per acre for the bit of land that he holds . If 1 were m liegin to reason upon he feelings of this man you would hugh at me , so I leave you the conversation aiii ] lib ttventy-fiveyears ' cj ^ upon ; a . . ) , } also I throw out for your reflection the
&ct that our Land Society proposes to give each omipaui a « ood cottage , two acres of land , and something to « o on with , for £ -5 a-year ; being four shillings a-year less than Peat pays for a cottage and the twenty-seventh part of one acre . Recollect that £ 5 a year is little more than threepence a day , and ftat a pint of ale costs threepence . Recollect that if a labourer who works from six to six , and has an hour for his breakfast and an hour for his dinner , earns two shillings a day , that he earns nearly threepence an hour , and that an hour ' s labour of each &y will pay his rent . And also bear in mind , that « ie man who employs him has a profit upon his hour ' s labour after paving him bis wages .
The only fault that my friend could find with my stewankhi p was , that if his larder had not been well stored I should have created a famine ; and now , after my few days iu the fields , lam better , stronger , and happier than I have been for a very Ions time . The Principal gratification that I derived from the operation was this : you know that in my work upon the management of Small Farms , I speak of the difficulty of reducing very stiff clay land to friable mould , but I do not by it down as an impossibility . The field , where we were working , was two years ago as stiff a clay as could be possibly found , and now , bysubsoiling , winter trenching , and the application of a little chalk , ibc whole field is fine enough for mould for
flowerpots . It is as fine mould as ever I saw . There is tow , growing in it , wheat sown broadcast , wheat sown in driUs , wheat dibbled , and wheat transplanted ; Parley , oats , Swedish turnips , potatoes in beds PW « 1 whole , potatoes in drills , winter tares , spring ™ > tape , and cabbages . The field contains about J » o acres and a quarter , and I defy any one man hviBgby iiis own labour to extract the full amount ° ' prom that It is capable of making ; and , although - no Means good land forspade husbandry , iaviting » H or land that if I hadja choice I would select to * ork out mr livelihood npon , yet I declare , without
a moment ' s hesitation , that I would rather pay £ 10 a ? ear for it and a > iatl cottage , than work for the «* st master in the world for a pound a week , or £ 52 a -iear , and rd live better too , and be more inde-^ "aent , and consequently more happy ; and I would ~ j ^ n ° man my master and no man could call me his Ve I'd work when I was able , and as much as I ^ able , and have the consolation of knowing that * I 3 ?* " !* work **¦ for myown benefit - If I and Id * " * n * ^ " * Own hoU 3 e ' to tat ^ forei gI 1 mtruder or domestic tyrant sought nati v * *™ m me * wonld endeavour to prove my onahty andioyeof country bv summoning my ofd ftothe «« w of their property . when have
Enghsh ^ tj ^ j . ^ , you that , " ^ > Sn . look for more , and you ' re sure to w oddL ^ kving privileges of your own . you Xhe ^ . ^ ^ nservatwe of flie privileges of others , thekn ? ^ rtaace ttat latfachto the possessionof ^ J ^ Bc hemeisthis : that , bytlie peneeof flwmauy . g j *? . PWhse the land in the wholesale market , at ft * tmtne rebulmarl £ et , insuitablequantitie 3 i «» e «**«* price . Now , mind that . Even if
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it was possible for each man in his individual capacity to rent the amount of land he desired from the owner of that land , he must pay the retail price to the wholesale dealer ; whereas , when 2000 or more club their pence together , they can buy it at the wholesale price , and retail it in the required allotments at the wholesale price , precisely as you would deal wholesale and retaU with any other articlehats , for instance , er spades , or shovels , or even bread or butter . If 1000 men require a certain amount of any of those commodities , they will have the whole retail profit , by clubbingasufficient amount to purchase in the wholesale market , when they can afterwards subdivide or distribute the commodity at "" ^ == ^ = == = it waSDOSSiblefor pjinli man in liisiiwi ; .-w ! i . n >« ..: * ..
the wholesale price . Now , think of those things till next week , when I shall follow up the subject in another letter , and let me beg of you to let all that the boobies say about the Land pass in at one ear and out through the other ; for I assure you they know no more of the land , its capabilities , and its applicability to the regulation of wages , than an Irish pig knows of geometry . In fact , I would place any one of them upon their own mental resources upon ten acres of land , rent free , and unless , like Nebucbadnezer , they could live upon grass , they'd starve , and while they were starving they'd swear that I was a fool , that the land was a rock , and that you were all dupes . Keep your mind to the land . " The land h
yours , atid one day or other you'll hive your share of ' it ; and the sooner you arrive at a knowledge of its value , the sooner will you be prepared to assert the great principle , that the land is the people ' s i . nheritasce , and that kixgs , princes , peers , . nobles , PRIESTS AND COMMOSERS , WHO HAVE STOLES IT FROM THEM , HOLD IT CPOX ME TITLE OF POPULAR 1 GXORAXCE RATHER THAN CPOX AJ . T RIGHT , HCMA . V OR DIVINE . The natural right is yours . The hmuan usurpation is theirs ; and believe me , that when this question is thoroughly understood , and when the moles begin to grope backwards in the dark—when popular knowledge threatens destruction to oligarchical usurpation—when tyrants see that freemen
are in earnest , then all who now repudiate the plan will stamp me as the propounder , tnat Ijnay suffer the penalty that has ever followed thosewlio have attempted to put the working classes in possession of the land . The dread of the Charter agitation was but a flea-bite compared to this " nip " at the aristocracy ; and as I was one of the first to suffer for the advocacy of that measure , I shall be prepared to rank amongst the foremost of the small farm victims . Don't be deceived—when the question becomes national , I at once become the victim . I was ^ hefirst victim to the Poor Laws , the first victim to the Charter , the first victim to the libel law , and , with God ' blessing and ministerial preference , I shall be the first victim to "the land restoration treason . " Your faithful friend and servant , Feargus O'Connor .
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ledges himself to have attempted to palm a falsehood upon the people under the guise of truth . He says , " I only said that what Ashton wrote Mas true , and Mr . O'Connor confirms it . " But he does not tell you that what Ashton said was , that lie communicated Frost ' s danger to Hill , and that Hill communicated it to me in time to save Frost , and that the impression Ashton ' s letter was intended to convey , and Hill ' s confirmation to strengthen , was , that I was put in possession of the secret in time to have communicated with Frost . mz ^ z ^ . - _ 1 .. 1 ... , . « . . " ^^^ " ™* " ^^^ " *"""
INow , although . I shall at all times be ready to submit every act of mine to popular revision , I shall not feel myself justified in ever again taking up so much of the space that belongs to you , in travelling over this beaten ground . What I have done was indispensable—it was as necessary for the preservation of my own honour as for tko success of your cause , for though I am but an individual , Fh ' ave vanity enough to believe that my character cannot suffer damage without injuring the cause of the working classes ; and to this fact alone I attribute thg machinations of the people ' s enemies . I have now done with this subject . I leave it , and for ever , with this simple observation—that while I am true I
expect you to be confiding ; while I am honest , I expect you to support me ; and when the foul breath of slander shall have faded before the fresh breeze of public opinion , and when our day of resurrectionwhich , believe me is at hand—shall arrive , you will find me with increased strength , with renewed vigour , and undiminished resolution , prepared once more to brave the dock , the dungeon , ' or the scaffold , when those in whose service my life has been spent shall will their freedom . I need not tell you that I would not abandon you for worlds , that I would not sell you for anything short of your Charter , and that I will not be a pensioner upon your resources as long as I have God ' s gift—my health , my strength , and my pride to live upon .
I remain , Your faithful friend and devoted servant , Fearous O'Connor .
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FRANCE . Paris , May 8 . —The first clause of the Fortifications of Paris Armament Bill was last evcmV earned by a majority of 227 to 144 ; the reporter ol the commission , haying previously to voting proposed , m ovdcTO- quiet the apprehensions of parties , that the cannon to be deposited at Bourses should opt be transported to Paris , except in case of war . Ihe debate gave rise to a good deal of personal recrimination , particularly between M . Tliiers and M dc Lamartine .
M . De Remusat , who had been Minister of the Interior under M . Thiers ' s administration , said lie prided himself upon having taken part in so useful a measure , of which he gloried in sharing the responsibility . "And I , " exclaimed M . De Lamartine , so far from sharing the sentiment of M . De Remusat , that he desired to see iiis name inscribed upon the fortification of Paris , hope that mine shall one day be inscribed upon their ruins . " But the incidents of the debate were not to end here , for M . Oddon Barrot , the leader of the left formally separated himself and his partv from M * . Tluers upon this question . While this sceue was passing within the walls of the chamber , one not less exciting was taking place
out of doors . The funeral of M . De Cavaignac , editor of thefle / omie , attended by some five thousand or so of the Democratic party , of which he | had been the organ , was turned into an occasion for * declamation against the fortifications ot Paris . M . Ledru Rollin , in a funeral oration , recalled to mind that each remarkable attack upon public liberty had been attended by the death of some of its great champions . Armand Carrel fell atthe period of the passing of the restrictive laws against the press ; Gamier Pages' last act was to vote against the fortifications of Paris ; and Cavaignac was buried upon the day when their armament was to be decreed . Several other speakers followed in the same sense , among whom appeared Louis Blanc , the hostile historian of the present reign . This day ( Thursday ) the Chamber resumed the discussion on the Fortifications Armament Bill . M . De Larochc-Jaquelin proposed as an amendment : —
" That the guns necessary for the fortifications of Paris should be deposited at Toulouse—a special law alone , and that ouly in ease of war , should authorise the arming of the fortifications of Paris . In the case of their being armed , the Parliament should not be assembled in Paris , but in some otlicr citv less liable to the attack of the enemy . Any deviation from tliis bill should be considered as an attempt against the constitution of the country . " The lion , deputy developed his amendment at some length , but as it was not supported , it fell to the ground . M . Betlimont proposed an amendment that the guns necessary for the fortifications should be deposited at Bourges , and should not be carried to Paris but in virtue of a special law . M . Lindius opposed the amendment , and M . De Tocqueville supported it , and was left addressing tho chamber when the courier left .
Iue touTiricATioNS . —The project of law relative to the amianient of the fortifications of Paris passed the Chamber of Deputies on Friday , by the great majority of 227 to 131 . Notwithstanding this decisive vote , an amendment , moved by M . Betlimont , to the effect that the cannon to be deposited at Bourges should not be allowed to be removed to Paris except b y virtue of a special law , was only rejected by a majority of 27 , and that notwithstanding the guarantee embodied in the bill , that the cannon ceuld only be brought to the capital in case of war ; a prettj strong proof of the uneasiness with which the opposition look upon the walls they were in such a hurrv to raise .
What ' s i . v the Wind ?—The Revue dc Paris states that the report of the contemplated arrival in Paris of several crowned heads was daily gaining credit . " Well informed persons have assured us " says that paper , "that this congress of constitutional royalties will take place in Paris next July . The illustrious personages who are to be the guests of the King of the French are the Queen of Great Britain , (!) the young Queen of Spain , the King and the Queen of Naples , and the King of Holland ! The Duke and Duchess de Nemours will proceed to the coast to
meet her Britannic Majesty , who is to arrive the first ; the Prince de Joinville will wait on Queen Isabella at the Spanish frontier ; the Duke d'Aumale will accompany his uncle , tlie King of Naples , from Marseilles to Paris ; and the Duke de Montpensier will repair to Dunkirk to receive the King of Holland , who is to laud in that harbour . The King has ordered several apartments in the Palace ot the Tuileries , together with those formerly occupied by Henry IV . in the Louvre , which have been richly restored and furnished , to be prepared for the reception of his august visitors . "
The Untoxqiierable Arab . —The Paris papers of Sunday are without interest . The late movements of Abd-el-Kader have caused so much concern that , according to the Conttitutiomid , the French Government has despatched General Delarue , armed with plenipotentiary powers , to the Emperor of Morocco , with a view of obliging the latter to fulfil that article of the treaty of Tangier , by which his Majesty bound himself to undertake the expulsion of Abd-el-Kader from his dominions .
COSDITIOS OF THE LABOURING CLASSES . —M . Ledril Rollin presented to the Chamber of Deputies on Saturday a petition signed by 25 , 000 persons , who prayed that an inquiry be instituted into the condition of the labouring classes of France . The Moniteur announces that Mr . Dasiel O'Connor , son of General Arthur O'Connor , bad applied to the Keeper of the Seals for authority to place before his name that of "< io Condorcet , " which is that of his mother , the only child of the celebrated Condorcet .
The Jesuits .-The X . ttional states that— "Shortly , after the vote of the Chamber of Deputies relative to religious congregations , M . Martin du Nord , the Minister of Justice , had sent for the celebrated preacher Father Raviguan , and endeavoured to reason him into acquiescer . ee in the'desire of the Asseife bly , and to prevail upoi : him to consent to a compromise , which would satisfy the clergy and place his own responsibility under cover . The Minister represented to M . Ravignan , that ' after the decision of the Chamber he could np longer wink , at the existence of unauthorised religious communities ^ that 'his seal for / the interests of the church gave him a right W expect ' that the clergy wouWassist him in aposMori so deKcate' ^ -and that he relied iwr his co i operation' fo induce the congregation in theRue'dea Postesto dissolve itself and join the great bodV of the olergy . M . Rangnan " replied to M . Martin , ' that if ,
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as a Minister , he was obliged to abide by the decisions of the Legislature , the pious cenobites of that community were under obligations to the Holy See , to religion , and to themselves , far more sacred than woWdly interests , aucl that they could not acquiesce in any such terms .. The discussion becoming warmer by degrees , M . Martin threatened to have recourse to' tlie administrative measures recommended ' by the Pw > V ' " * Father Ravignan declared to him tnat the Jesuits of the Rue des Postes were deterofbavo , t ^ "* " 5 result | and l ' ieltloulyt 0 tlle P ° " ¦ ' " *—~——_—» . ^ . ^_
SWITZERLAND . The Liberals is Lucbbse . —A letter from Lucerne , ot the M , informs us that the elections for the Grand CounciLot that state had commenced , and were proceeding m favour of the Liberals . In the town of Lucerne , out of seven members returned , six are of the liberal party . The same letter gives an account ot-B curious sentence , at Nidwald , upon a Lieut .-Jvermaun who had joined the free corps in the attack upon Lucerne . He is condemned to stand in the public market-place for four hours with a rod in bis hand , then to be flogged with it , and afterwards to be imprisoned for six mouths , during ' which he is to receive '' religious instruction . " Losdox , Saturday , May 10 . — The New . Zurich Gazette states from Lucerne , May 3 rd ,, that Di \ Steigcr , one of the" leaders of the late movement , has been tried by the Criminal Tribunal , and condemned to be shot .
Loss op Life is Pittsburgh . — -The Gaztttt says , five persons arc now pretty certainly supposed to be lost in the great fire . Samuel Kingston , Esq ., and a woman employed as a servant in the family , perished in his house on Second street . A poor woman of German extraction perished on Third street , A married woman , the mother of two children named M'Gowly , perished on Third street , and a man named Johnson , is supposed to have been lost in Wood-street , having last been seen m a burning building . Many persons , it is feared , have perished , how many may never be known until both earth and sea give up their dead . Such was the intense heat of tlie fire that it consumed the remains of its unfortunate victims , in most instances entirely .
The Oregon Question . — Liverpool , May 9 , Three o'Clock . —The Great Western steam-ship , Captain Matthews , has again reached us with her usual punctuality . Her news from New York is to the 24 th ult . The principal topic of interest in the papers is the effect of the speeches of Sir Robert Peel and Lord Aberdeen on the . Oregon question upon folks in the United States , and it is with great pleasure we announce that , so far from any warlike feelings being excited , the very opposite was the case . War seems to be distant from thek thoughts .
Dr . Steioer . —The Ami de la Constitution of Bcrno announces , that on the Oth instant tho Government of that canton had despatched M . Aubry , a member of the Grand Council , to solicit a pardon for Dr . Steiger , who had been condemned by tno criminal tribunal of Lucerne to bo executed . The Debats publishes Dr . Steiger ' s address to the tribunal by which he was condemned . In this address the doctor describes himself as a man led altogether by his feelings and sympathies . He reminds his judges that he adopted the medical profession from the sole desire of relieving human suffering , while it was the daily arriving accounts of the hardships of his exiled countrymen that prompted him to join them , and ,
notwithstanding Ins position , he calls upon the Government to revoke their invitation to the Jesuits , or else there can be no peace . The Paris Globe says , it is enabled to state that the life of Dr . Steis ; ev ' will be spared . The cantons of Uri and Untorwaldon are at present quarrelling with Lucerne about the money paid by way of ransom for the prisoners , of which the latter is keeping the lion ' s share . Such is the way in which this miserable civil war is terminating . Release op the Phisoners , —The accounts from Switzerland of the 7 th inst ., state that all the prisoners wlw are not natives of Lucerne had been released , and the only captives remaining , 584 in number , belonged to the canton .
Confirmation o > " jhe Sentence on Dr . Steioer . — Letters from . Zurich , of the 7 th inst . state that the capital sentence pronounced against Dr . Steiger has been , confirmedby . the Supreme Tribunal of Lucerne . "His lasthope " rests in the Grand Council , which alone can pardon him . The Governments of Zurich and Berne had each sent one of their members to Lucerne to intercede in his favour .
UNITED STATES . Liverpool , 'Wednesday . —The Royal mail steamship Caledonia , Captain Lott , arrived in the Mersey on Tuesday , a little before midnight , bringing New York advices to the 30 th ult ., and late accounts from Canada , Washington , Mexico , &c , and a large number of passengers , one of whom is the lion . A . Smith , Charge d'Affaires of Texas , whose mission , according to the New York Herald , is , " to see what new conditions they may procure for Texas , provided she remain independent , and refuse annexation to thia country . "
The Oregon . —The papers received abound in comments upon the Oregon declarations . The Polk papers are all for war ; but this insanity is anything but generally shared . Tho semi-official Washington Globe calls upon tho President to adhere to the spirit and even the letter of his inaugural address , and says , " if is our solemn conviction that we shall soon again be called on to take up arms against our former and . only adversary . " The Richmond Inquirer , the avowed and acknowledged organ of Mr . Polk , has the following : — Whilst we would most earnestly deprecate a war with England—of which we see no prospect—we would not recede au inch from our national rights . If Oregon be ours , let us maintain it at all costs . Let , however , no rash proceedings mark the course of our Government . Let a wise , prudent , dignified , and enlightened policy \) e pursued . Let all fair and honourable measures be ' resorted to , which , while they will maintain our rights , will settle the controversy to the satisfaction of both nations , if it be possible .
Asa specimen of the arguments on the " other side , " we quote the following from the New York Courier and Enquirer , in reply to the Globe ;—This , so far as it goes , certainly indicated a disposition , on . the part of the dominant party , to insist upon our whole claim to Oregon , even at the hazard of war . We do not believe any such action will l ) e sustained by the people . The question is pre-eminently one for arbitration . If our claim is not just , we ought not to insist npon it . Great Britain has heretofore offered to submit it to such arbitration under the most liberal conditions . This proffer of peace was rejected , with more emphasis
than , dignity , by our government . Should it be renewed , we have no hesitation in saying that it should be at once accepted . We shall run no risk of losing anything to which we have a right ; and when rights arc conflicting , mutual concessions—concessions which a neutral party would deem just—should reconcile them . If we should be plunged , by madness or folly , into war with England or with the world , we should do all in our power to insure its vigorous prosecution and successful issue ; but we trust the country will not become engaged iu sucU a contest , without having exhausted all honourable efforts for the preservation of peace .
The New York Commercial Advertiser of the 30 th ult . publishes a rumour-That the result of the President ' s deliberations with his cabinet on the Oregon question was a determination to follow the example of the British Government on the Maine boundary affair , and send a special minister to London . Even the miuister has been named—Mr . Van Buren—and we have heard also , in this connection , the name of another distinguished leader in the Democratic party . The Commercial does not know whether to believe this or not ; but , if anything , leans in its favour , notwithstanding that it had " not been able to trace it to an authentic source . " The Bowery Theatre in New York has been again totally destroyed bv fire .
MEXICO . The Ajwkxatios Question . —The ' papers of the city ot Mexico and of Vera Cruz continue to be occupied almost exclusively with the subject of annexation . Ihe official paper , El Diario del Gobiemo , of the 3 rd inst ., announces that it is in possession of certain movements on the part of the Government of , a warlike character , which it is constrained to withhold from the public , as secresy is the soiil of military operations ; but expresses a ' hope that the speedy and successful issue of these operations will soon relieve the public curiosity in regard to them . The New York Journal of Comwyce publishes the following important extract of a letter from the city of Mexico , dated the 28 th of March : — "The Government has issued orders for the defence of the P ^ rts ,, fortresses , &c , and it is acknowledged that if Texas , does ^ not comply with their last request , inn will-be openly declared . " And ; th 6 Neid Orteaiu Bulletin »» . iin « avs _ " A
letter | rom ; arte § ect ? ble source in Vera Cm , under date of the ^ rid inst ,, sava , that an act , ha 4 passed to a second MRamgin tnB . Merica 4 , CwgW ,.. m ? png it h 'S ]' trea * for any person to propose a recognition of the independence of Texas > ot the . peaceable pov , ¦ Wfttfitbatcoiintry : by . the United States .. A , niajority ofthe mei ^^ ^ j 3 ^ irihe ) r " Bliited , ' . ) ire in j&y . our of . aotive , Ko 3 tili $ es against , Texas , in order to P *» war and throw the onus of it on the United States , "
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. _„„ , „„ . „ ^ -.. .. w- , ~ . **~~ ftkX Vv £ OBJECTS ASD CONSTITUTION OF TUB SCOTT IS ^ V * S GENERAL TRADES UNION . V \ pbeambie . \ : S Fellow Workmen , —Your every energy has hitherto A 1 btfi'ii always required to defend your interests ; and nt no \ f time mow pavtknluvly than the present . has your position \ s ^ ' demanded an increase of those exertions . -Competition , \ X unless checked by the united voices of the working classes , " ill reduce your present small comforts to a miserable f > . subsistence . y \ X At a late meeting of upwards of forty Delegates , from vvr ^ various trades , it was unanimously agreed to form a V ^> * Scottish General Trades Uniox . A . Committee ^ o \ . was appointed to draw up its constitution . That Com- 1 ^\ mittee liavin lai . l the following Rules before the Dele- * A \ gates , it was unanimousl y agreed to print and circulate V * tiie « i u is hoped that every Trade , Shop , and Factory , \ \ . in and round Glasgow , will seud a Delegate , and that every ( S I r ade in Scotland will j « in ilt une gr . , , 1 and detend the rights of their Order . v . OBJJCT 3 .
FiHST .-The object of this Society shall be to oreatea better uutostaniimg among all the Trades of Scotland to cement , in one common bond of union , tho interest * of the Working Men , and to protect ' them agniv . s' ••• ¦ many encroachments made upon them . The Society lias been brought into existence for the purpose of defut ' iding Labour against the aggression of interested Capitalists , and to place iu a safe position the rights of the Working ' Millions . Second . —To regulate the Hours of Labour ; cquali ** , as far as possible , the Wages ; and prevent contemplated Strikes , by doing all wo can to bring to a mutual understanding tlie Employer and Employed ; to improve tlie condition of the Working Classes morally , mentally , and physically ; to erect Halls where all the Trade ' s can transact their general business in public and committee meetings ;' andto establish Heading Hooms and Libraries . HULES .
I . —That this Society shall be governedY > y an Executive chosen by the whole Society . II . —That every Trade , Shop , and Fac tory appoint Delegates in proportion to the number of Members joined ; these Delegates to meet mouthly . Tile Delegates to be appointed at a Geneva ! Meeting called for the purpose , by those who hare joined the Union , III . —That a Circular be published mouthly , to report the general business of the I ' uioii . That the Executive have power to call a meeting of the whole Society in anv emergency . IV . —That no Strike can take place without a Ceneral Meeting being held by the United Trades , and sanctioned by the same . V . —That a Levy be made upon each member to meet auy emergency . VI , —That no Levy can be made unless sanctioned by a general meeting of the Union . VII . —That tlie weekly instalment be One Penny . VIII . —That the employment of surplus hands forms s prominent feature in the objects of this Union .
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Londox . — Oiuimsr Hall , 1 , Ti-rnacain-laxe . — Ihe public discussion will he resumed on Sunday morning next , May ISth , at halt-past ten precisely , subject— " Is it wise and politic to increase the grant to Maynpoth ? " In the afternoon , at three , the Metropolitan District Council will meet for the dispatch of business . _ At five o ' clock precisely the Victim Committee will meet ; and in tlvc evening , at seven , a public lecture will be delivered .
lire Land ! the Land !—Mr . P . M'Gvath , president of the Executive , will lecture on the above subject at the Sun and Thirteen Cantons ( Clock House ) , Castle-street , Lcicestev-square , on Sunday evening next , May 18 th , at half-past seven precisely . The secretary will be prepared with tickets of the Land Society . Camderwell asd Walworth . —A meeting will be held at the Montpelicr Tavern , Walworth , on Monday evening next , May the 19 tb , at eight o ' clock . Lambeth . —The members of the Lambeth locality are requested to meet in the South London Chartist Hall , at six o ' clock in the evening . .
Toweb Hamlets . —A general meeting of the members of the National Charter Association , residing in the Tower Hamlets , will be held at the Whittingtou and Cat , Church Row , Bethual Green , on Sunday afternoon , at five o ' clock . The Members of the Executive Committee will meet the Delegates of the Metropolitan Delegate Couucil on Sunday afternoon , at three o ' clock , at Turaagain-lane , in order to make arrangements for holding meetings to elect tlie registration committee . Delegates from the various localities arc requested to attend .-T . M . Wiikkler . Oldham . —On Sunday ( to-morrow ) a lecture will bo delivered in the Working Man ' s Hall , Ilorsedgestreet , at six o ' clock in tlie evening .
The South Lanxasiure Delegate Meeting will be held ot Mr . John Murray ' * , under tlic Carpenters ' Hall , Garrctt-road , Manchester , on Sunday , May 25 , . at ten o ' clock in the morning . IIetwood . —The members of the National Charter Association residing in this locality are requested to meet in their room , Hartlcy-streetj on Sunday ' next at six o ' clock in the evening . " ' Leeds . —A camp meeting will be held to-morrow ( Sunday ) afternoon , at two o ' clock , on Uolbuck Moor , when Messrs . Wm . Bell of Hey wood , Shaw of Leeds , and Stansfield of Wortley , will deliver addresses . Mr . Bell will deliver a ' lecture in the eveamg , at naif-past six , in the Bazaar , Briggate .
Sheffield . —Mr . T , N . Stocks will preach a sermon on the Corn Exchange grounds , on Sunday afternoon , May 18 , at half-past two o ' clock . RocnDALE . —A shareholders' meeting will be held in the Chartist- Association Room , on Sunday , tho 18 th , at ten o ' clock in the forenoon . All communications to be addressed to Charles Shaw , Groat Gdorgestreet , Rochdale . Stratford-ox-Avo . \ , Warwickshire . —An important Chartist meeting will he iwliUn Monday evemV at Mr . Harbourne ' s , Stratford Arms , llenlcv-street , ( where Shakspearc ' s Brooch mav bo so ' enA for
the purpose ot forming a Co-operative Land Society in accordance with the rules propoundediby the , late Chartist Convention . Chair to be taken , at seven o dock . A , meeting will be i , ei , | at the above house every Monday evening , when Democratic principles will he regularly discussed . . Mr . Dovle will lecture on Sunday evening , at tlie Whit © 'Howe , St . Mary ' s-strcct , Whltcehapcf . , Lryphpooi ; . —A meeting will be held in the Temperance Hall , Rose-place , on Tuesday evening , ' May ! pfh , to take into consideration the forming a ) ranch of the National Charter ' Co-operative Land Association . *
JDewsbury . —The next Dewsbury . distriot meeting wiE . be held on Sunday , the 18 th inst ., in the Chartist room , Dewsbury , at two o ' clock in the afternoqn \ ; Halifax . —Mr . B . Rushton will deliver a- lecture ¦ ur ine large room , Bull Close-lane . —[ When the writer of the notice has not stated . —Ed . N . S . % The Lanb . —The members of the Association held a public meeting on Wednesday last , to S 2 cons deration the National Land TSiJ&SS enrolled their names , and will meet emffi day evening , at eight o ' clock . " w- ' *""* - i' ¦ r - \
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TO THE WORKING CLASSES . Mt Deau Friends , —I have tliis week concluded ray observations upon the attacks recently made upon me in the National Reformer , and when you reflect on the times we live in , the mind we Have * to appeal to , and the allegations set forth in tlic letters of my several opponents ' , you will not say that I have devoted more space to the subject than its necessity demanded . One of the principal objects of niv life has
been to compel those who put themselves prominently forward in any movement , to suhmifc to vigilant popular control . In the outset of my Chartist career , I promised at all times to submit my conduct to popular investigation , and one of my chief endeavours since , has been to create an enlightened mind for public men to appeal to . I have found great benefit from roy resolution , and for this reason—because the working classes , who have known me long , and watched me well , will not condemn me upon the mere fabricated charges of aw man .
I never have and I never shall flinch from appearing before a popular tribunal , to whom I shall at all times be willing and ready to submit my conduct . In talking over this subject , there is one fact which must inevitably present itself to every mind : it is this—that each and every man who has attacked me , Las first abandoned the national movement and then sought some frivoleus cause of quarrel with me as a justification for desertion , -whereas the true and honourable course for all who differed , whether slightly or extensively , -with me , would have been to have remained in the ranks , where they could have better combated against error and exposed want of principle . I was always aware that the " poor gentlemen" would abandon the people ' s cause when the Chartist party was unable or unwilling to support them . To a man deprived of the means of
livelihood , no matter how he obtained his living , the loss of bread is not borne quietly . I dare say the thief whose intentions are frustrated by the vigilance of a policeman , looks upon the policeman as a great "tyrant" and a "despot . " In 1837 , about the last time I saw poor John Knight , of Oldham , as good a man as ever lived , he called after me as I was leaving his house , and said , " Eh , Feargus , they'll kill thee , as sure as thou ' rt alive . " "Who , saial . "my , them London folk-Lovett , Vincent , and them chaps ; they killed Henry ( Hunt ) , and they'll kill thee . " "Why , kill me
John ? " " "Wh y ! because , mun , thou'rt taking the bread out of their mouths ; " and I replied , " John , I'll kill them all . " Now , my friends , trace the course of vituperation to which I have been exposed from that day to the present , and you will find that John was right , and that every attack made upon me , has come from fellows who were too proad to work , and too poor to live without labour . A very trifling circumstance , indeed , is sufficient to make them quarrel with me . A stray sentence , an inadverteat word , a single hasty expression is easily caught up , and constitutes ample cause of quarrel , while it is remarkable that anv difference with
reargu 3 O'Connor is at once the signal for all who have been at daggers drawn to sink all their " minor differences . " There is one fact which I must now state to the English , people . It is this ; my greatest enemies have been those who owcmelai-gcsum 3 of money , and especially those who entered upon the news agency business with the intention of " Pcshixg the Northern Star . " Those gentlemen imagined that they best served their own interests by advocating the Nortliem Star as long as they were making profit of it , but the moment they were asked for payment , then Feargus O'Connor was a "tyrant , " and the Northn-n . Star was a " rascally paper . " Now I dare
sayyouwillbe astonished tohear , that , independently of those who have received gifts of money from me , there is now due to me by agents , who experimentalized upon the sale of the Star , no less a sum than £ 2000 and upwaids ; some of them wlio are now loudest in abuse of me , owing me between £ 40 and £ 50 each . In this list I do not include a great number of good honest fellows , who , as agents , actually did spend their profits and mine upon " pushing" the cause of Chartism , and to whom I never have and never shall apply for payment . In fact , I have felt a strong affection for those men , as exceptions to the general rule ; the practice being to abuse me by sliding scale , those who owe me most abusing me best .
"With respect to the revelations of Mosley , Watkins , and Hill , fathered by O'Brien , I make no doubt that every Chartist in England , Scotland , and Wales , will exult in the answer that I have given to their fabrications , and will laugh at the manner in whiclrtUey have enabled me to " poach '' them into a corner . Ashton ' s wife is sick , he says , and he is a -poor ' weaver , and therefore cannot answer me yet ; why , he had nothing to answer except his own letters . Mosley makes a hodge-podge about 1839 , and 1842 , and Mr . Hobson aad the Town Council of Leeds , with which I have' nothing whatever to do ; and Hill in bis comment upon my letter , acknow-
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Firr Shilling * and sixpence per (( unrtcr Mv ,, Shaxxox , the American Minister / had retired to Tacubaya , and was expected to take his departure for the United States in a few days . Awful Earthquake . —The Vera Cncano of the 12 th of April , contains the account of an awful earthquake which desolated the city of Mexico on the 7 th "f ' oAP " ' At the moment we write , says the Sligo of the 8 th , the inhabitants of the capital of the republic arc still under the influence of the horrors excited by tlie earthquake of yesterday , the disastrous effects of which we are still imperfectly acquainted with . Yesterday , at fifty-two minutes past three , r . si ., the oscillations began , slight at first and then stronger . Ihe direction of the motion appeared to be north and south . It lasted about two minutes . The shocks Fire Shilling * and Sixpence per < lunrtvr
were terrible , nothing like them was ever experienced before , and the condition of the buildings too surely proves the absence of all exaggeration . We were fey chance upon the great square at the time , and we witnessed a spectacle not easily forgotten . In an instant the multitude , but a moment previous tranquil and listless , were on their knees , praying to the Al-. miglity , and ceunting with anxiety the shocks which threatened to convert the most beautiful citv in the new world into a vast mass of ruins . The chains surrounding the portico were violently agitated ; the llagsoj the pavement yawned open , the trees bent inghtfulW , the buildings and lofty edifices oscillated to and fro ; the immense arrow which ctowrs the summit ot the cathedral vibrated with astonishing
rapidity ; at fifty-six minutes . past three the movement had ceased . It is impossible yet to ascertain the extent of destruction . Not a house or a door but bears the marks of this terrible calamity . Many ot them are cracked and greatly injured , others are tottering , and others entirely fallen ; San Lorenzo , La Misencordia , Tompcatc , Zapo , and Victoria streets , and the Grand-street , have particularly suffered . The aqueducts were broken in several places . Ihe hospital of Saint Lazarus is in ruins , and the churches of San Lorenzo and San Ferdinand greatly injured . The magnificent chapel of St . Terasa no longer exists . At the first shock the cupolaa
build-, ing ol astonishing strength and great beauty , fell , and was soon followed by the vault beneath the tabernacle and tlie tabernacle itself . Fortunately all those m a church so much frequented succeeded in escaping . At eight o ' clock last evening seventeen persons had been taken from the ruins of other buildings and carried to the hospital . At three quarters past six , and a quarter past seven , two more shocks were felt . I hey were , however , slight , and occasioned nothing but a temporary renewal of terror . The authorities did everything that zeal and humanity could suggest to carry help to the victims , uud restore the aqueducts which furnish water to the citv .
r MONTE VIDEO AND BUENOS AYltES . Tll « Wak . —Tne Mowing is an extract of a letter from Monte Video , dated the 17 th of February , 13-15 , received per packet on Saturday last : —" ' On the morning of the lltli instant two of Brown ' s vessels commenced throwing shot into the city . After iiring about forty or fifty , doing a great deal of damage , they sheared off . One of the schooners belonging to this place went out and fought them both , and drove them oft . After fighting about an hour she hauled one of them twice . I was on the house top all tlie
time , and the balls flew over my head . Some came very near . Two or three people were kitted , and otiiers wounded . By what we hear from Buenos Ayreswe may expect to be bombarded very shortly . It that be the case , we shall all have to leave , but I do not believe they can do it . We have fourteen or fifteen vessels of war , small and large , bclon ^ in" to this Government , and , I think , with these and the torts , which all have furnaces to make red hot shot , Brown will not bo able to 9 tand them . "—Liverpool Albion .
Later News . —By the Faunette , a French vessel , which has arrived at St . Maloes , we have received accounts from Montevideo to the 8 th of March . The following are the principal events which they mention : —General Rivera was moving southward at the head of the main army of the Banda Oriental . It was believed that his first move would be on Maldonado , but that he would advance from there upon Monte Video . ¦ A Brazilian paper gives the following news of his movement , as having been received by way ot Itio Grande : — " General Rivera broke up hia at the
camp end of last month , and marched towards the centre of the Oriental State , inclining towards Sebollati . ' The Ilouse of Representatives of Cornentes had constituted itself a Congress of tlie Argentine Republic , and had named General Paz Commander-in-Chief of the armv and director of the wai against General Rosas . He had issued an energetic proclamation to his troops , and at the date of the last accoounts had entered the province of Entrc Rios . General Lopez , at the head of another bodv of troops , had passed the Parana at Gova , and was marching on the city of Santa Fi '»
BRAZIL . Conclusion of the War in Rio Graxde . —Brazilian papers have been received to the 23 rd of March , the contents of which are more than usually interesting . The civil war in the province of Rio Grande do Sul , which had wasted the resources of Brazil for the last nine years , was at an end . David Cauabarao , the leader of the insurgents ( who has probably been bought over by Baron Civxias ) , bad issued a proclamation to that effect , in which he states that ' a foreign power" ( no doubt Buenos Avre . O
'threatens Hie integrity of the Brazilian empire , " and says that " Rio Grande shall never be made the theatre of its iniquities , " and that he and Iiis supporters willsacrifiee their party objects for the good ot the empire . The event , however producsd , is of great importance , as it gives the Brazilian Government the entire command of its forces in the present critical position of affaire in the River Plate . The pacification of Rio Grande was to be celebrated with a solemn Te Deum and great rejoicings at Rio on tlie 23 rd of March .
ITALY . Moke Trouble . —The Cologne Gazette of May 9 tli contains a correspondence from Italy , in which it is stated that it is generally reported that a new expedition against Sicily , Naples , or the Papal States , will be shortly undertaken by the Italian refugees . The authorities are on their guard . The correspondent adds that the reports are not devoid of foundation . [ We hope that the Italian patriots will be on their guard too . —Ed . N . S . ]
Craw. Jutobemtnte. • ,§£ B
CraW . jUtobemtnte . , § £ b
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Duxcombe Testimonial . —Central Committee op Trades , ic . — l ' arthcnium , 72 , St . Martin ' 3-lane , Wednesday evening , May . the 1-lth ; Mr . J . Grassby , Carpenter , in the chair . —The following sums were received : —Per Mr . C . Willis and friends , Rochester , 3 s . Gd . ; Mr . Bowman , per D . Cover , jim ., 2 s . 6 d . ; profits of Soiree held at White Conduit House , £ 3 14 » . lOd .: Mr . J . W . Parker , Tailor , 2 s . » W . l per L-eargus O'Connor , Esq ., being sums received through the Northern Star since its location in
London , £ 24 ' . is . 4 d . ; Peterborough , per E . Scholey , the Shoemakers , 13 s . Cd ., other friends of T . S . Duncombe , 17 s . « d . ; Abergnvenny , per Mr . T . C . Ingram , first contribution , £ 1 7 s . 9 d . ; Alnwick , Northumberland , per Mr . G . Pike . jun ., second contribution , £ l 7 a ; Coventry Local Committee , per Mr . J . Butler , £ 5 ; Bath , per Mr . S . Furze , the balance , Is . 3 d . ; Boltou Carpenters' Society , per Mr . T . llalsall , 9 s . ; the Chartists of Merthyr Tydvil , second contribution , per Mr . W . Dewis , £ 1 15 s . 7 d . ; Dorking , Surrey , Local Committee , per Mr . T . Upfold , £ 2 ; Hebden Bridge , per Mr . W . Jackson , £ 1 4 s . 2 d . ; Tivcrton Local Committee , per Mr . W . Rowcliffe , £ 10
; Block-printci-s of Morton , Surrey , per Mr . Dale , £ 5 . Ihe committee earnestly request all officers of Local and District Committees , and all other persons holding nfonies or books , to transmit the same without delay to the general secretary , Mr . J . Synie , or to the general treasurer , R . Norman , Esq ' , without delay , as Jtlie committee Live resolved to finally close on the 4 th day of June next , when a balance sheet will be issued , and all particulars stated for the information of the subscribers . The Central Committee will continue to meet every Wednesday evening till that period , from half-past eight until halfpast ten , at the Partlienium Club-room , 72 , St . Martm ' s-lane .
Glasgow Sawyers . —A dispute has taken place betwixt the operative Sawyers of Glasgow and their employers on a question of wages , in consequence of which about 200 of the workmen are at present idle . —Glasgmv National . ¦ -. The Shields Stonemasons . —The Stonemasons of North and South Shields are on the evo of striking for an advance of wages . Their demand is £ lto £ 1 4 s . per week . —Morning Ikrald . Lancashire Miners . —TIu ! next general delegate meeting of Lancashire Miners will be held at the sign of the Qucch Anne , Dean Church , on Monday I next , May 19 th ; chair to be taken at eleven o ' clock i in the forenoon . A public meeting will also be held I on the same day , and at the same place , which will bo addressed by W . P . Roberts ,. Esq ., and other gentlemen . The levy for the fortnight , including general contribution , is Is . Sd . per member .
~ ^Rt!)Commfi: Jleetmgsit"
~ ^ rt !) commfi : JleetmgsiT "
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* + ^*^' r + " *~^^^^*~* s e r r e r r * . Representation of Souiu Lancashire . —A letter has appeared in the papers from Lord ¥ . Egerton . one of the members for South Lancashire , in which lie intimates his intention of resigning bis seat , partly on account of ill health , but principally on the ground that a great number of his constituents have intimated to him that he has forfeited their confidence by his votes on the Maynooth Bill , and must not expect their votes at another election . The contest for a new member will no doubt be a severe one . -p IT— *"" —«»•** ' wo t * OGl VIC UJU / i
' >• um \ f- N ' D PiPER Mosey . —Mr . Cobb « tt , 3 ays - .- ttfien I dined at Richard Potter ' s , Tom Potter took me aside and asked my opinion relative to a ; Joint btock Banking Company , at Manchester , which lie and otkers had an intention of setting up . I very j trankl y told him that my opinion was , that no really i honest man would have anything to do with such a matter ; that the ' accommodation' to persons In ; business , which he professed to look upon as its good , ] was , in fact , a very great evil ; that it supplied the parties with false means of trading , and gaye the ] parties borrowing from them tlic means of p lunder- j ing theni : that it was a ' combination of . rich men
to prey upon those distresses which their false issues first served to create Tthat , in fact , they would lend nothing , and , by the means of pretended loans of money , would get men ' s goods away at-half price ; that it was a calling at war with every principle of morality and religion ; that at beet it was usury , and that , in fact , it was usury and robbery combined ; that iyRust tend to make the rich more richer , the pooy . mpr § jp b ° or , , and to add / to the dapgers of the cou \ itCTvan 5 i ^ e . isii ^ wea . 6 f . th ^ pppp le ; , that ( 15 a the en ^* he ; , ^ pnstrou ^ , system , must , blow tip , and that ' justice wb ^ d ^ haye , taken ita , departure fromi the earth if the ' parties who had grown rich by such villany ' were not compelled to disgorge . "—Reauter 22 nd September , 1832 .
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« . — — More Fires . —At London , Canada West , Sunday week , about noon , a fire broke out in Robinson Hotel and raged with great fury , burning down four squares and a part of three others , destroying buildings which covered thirty acres of ground . One half the town has been destroyed , causing the greatest distress . No lives were lost . , The MilwauHc Sentinel estimates the loss by the fire at that place at 00 , 000 dollars , and the insurance at 40 , 000 dollars . —iftw York Sun April 26 . ' Borwso in Philadelphia . —The Philadelphia Post of yesterday contains the following : — " From - « - 1
• I - m - — ...... * a » Q * — A . * WU all appearance a system of burking is now bein " earned on in our city , which is unparalleled in the history of tlus or any other country . A few days ago we recorded the sudden disappearance of Mr . Wildash from Wayne Co ., and now are called upon to state another case of a similar nature . Mr . John T Kirk who came to this city , from Wilmington , on business ! on Saturday evening , a week since left the house of \\ m . A . Ginder , in Southwark , to go to Jenks ' s foundry , m Kensington , and since tbm has nevw been . . card of . He was known to have about 700 dollars , with him . —Ibid .
The Land. To The Working Glasses.
THE LAND . TO THE WORKING GLASSES .
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_ V 0 L VIII . NO . 392 . LONDON , SATURDAY , MAY 17 , 1845 *«•« = *™* mt irz ^ - i ** ^^
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AND NATION AT .. t | aDES' JOOTAL .
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Northern Star (1837-1852), May 17, 1845, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1315/page/1/
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