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Northern Star (1837-1852), 31st May 1845, Edition 1 of 4, Page 7, Untitled Article

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  • Departments (4)
    • LORD ELDON'S PILLS.
    • Sovtxmx JHobements ffOmWt iHOtomeitt&
    • THE LAND!
    • ilarftet JnUHtgetwe*
  • Adverts (1)
  • Text (9)
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      Untitled Ad

      | J AmiUAL Costiveness ( saidthe late Mr . Abernethy ) •» - •*• 1 have no hesitation in stating , is the foundation of all diseases!—These Pills are from the prescription of a celebrated Court Physician , and were used by the late Lord Eldon . They ave put forth as calculated to remove two complaints , to both of which Gentlemen of the learned professions are more or less subject—viz ., Costiveness and Indigestion ; and ave patronised by the highest officers of the State . Sold , in boxes , at Is . lid ., 2 s . Dd , and silvered , is . Gil ., by all respectable druggists and medicine vendors in tlie kingdom ; aud \ vlwiesa \ e , atlS , Groat St . Thomas Apostle , London .

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      "And I will war , at least in words , ( And—should my chance eo happen—deeds ) , With all who war with Thought !" « I think I hear a little bird , who sings The people brand bv will be the stronger . "—Bxboh

      THE NEW REFORMATION . pfiSSECGHOS OF THE REFORMERS . —1 SOBE DEFECTIONS JBOU SOME . —EXlHCSIiSTlC BECBFIIOX OF EOXCK ASD CZEESKI AT BEELIK . We concluded our last week ' s article with a stateincnt of the noble conduct of the King of Saxony in relation to the Reformers , and their enemies the Romish clergy ; his answer to tlielatter when applying to him for coercive measures to stop the movement was a truly noble one , and led us to hope that for once aking would be found who would dare to be just ; we regretto say that the intelligence we have since become fossessed of shows that we were too sanguine in entertaining that hope . _ The King of Saxony , though ruling a nation the immense majority of whom are

      Protestants , is lumselt a Catholic , and unfortunately has for his spiritual advisers members of the Jesuit fiaternitj- —those arch-enemies of freedom in every shape , So doubt , influenced by them , the Saxon ling has caused to be intimated to flic Reformers that absenee of punishment is all the favour that can . be shown to them ; permission to assemble for public worship has been denied to them , with a notice that toleration , not recognition , must content them . Against this decision , however , the Reformers have resolved to appeal to the House of Representatives and we trust their appeal will be successful . The Bav arian monarch , whose court has long been knows as the nest and nursery of Jesuitism , is one of the declared enemies of the new movement : in Bavaria

      persecution of Protestants and liberal Roman Catholic b quite the order of the day . A still more formidable enemy of the new order of tilings is the Emperor of Austria , who by an autograph letter has forbidden the name of the German Catholic Church being given either in the journals or any printed wrifingsto the body of Separatists ftomthatbf aome and we find it stated in Re Correspondent de florobmmr that " negotiations have been entered into between the cabinets of Vienna and Munich , for stopping , ty means of tJainterventionofthe Germanic Diet die encroachments of the Catholic Separatists . It B said that the cabinet of Munich ( Bavaria ) proposes to signalise the Separatist movement as danaerous to the safety of Germany . " Of course this is " quite ia

      character with the infernal despotism which ia Austria wages eternal war with freedom and right in every sense and shape ; which upholds the " miserable old chimera of a Pope" in his blood-stained role . ' and . by overwhelming brute force , perpetuates the slavery and degradation of Italy . An armed and sanguinary persecution of the new sect by this brutal Government would be nothing surprising , as any attempt at establishing freedom of thought must be regarded as dangerous byMEtiEBxicH and Co . If the new Reformation is to be baptized in blood , be it so ; but not in the nineteenth century will such means be effectual tostav the inarch of truth , or prolong the reign of fraui Beadesfhese Royal conspiracies the Romanistsare

      fulminating their " suspensions , " " degradations , " and communications , " and doing their best to excite the open violence of the fenatical portion of their followers . In some places the Reformers have bad their meetings invaded by enraged fanatics and their persons exposed to violence in the streets ; but the enthusiastic reception given to Ronge at Berlin , described below , proves that the influence of the delusionists over the masses , even in Germany , is becoming " small by degrees and beautifully less !" We now proceed to report the progress the movement had made up to the loth of April , for the facts of which we are indebted to the German correspondent of The Continental Echo , published monthly , by J . Snow , 35 , Paternoster-row : —

      In addition to Honse and Czsrsld , the German Catholic church has obtained a new clerical confessor , and , as far as suspension , degradation , and excommunication can make him so , a martyr , in theperson of Carl Kerbler , late chaplain in the Breslaw diocese , who , hating definitively ranged himself on the side of the Eefonners , by uniting with them in public worship , ani assisting Ronge in Ms clerical duties , has been honoured by a fulminating denunciation from the consecrating bishop and chapter , Ticar Latusscck , similar to that so innocuously launched some months since at Bonge . It appears , that in giving ia his formal resignation to the vicar , Kerbler bad made use of expressions which drew from the oSbnded eccle siastic the folloning reproof : — "You declare that you cast o 3 the Roman hierarchy , —by which you can mean

      no other than the holy , Catholic , apostolic , and hitherto jour own mother church , and that you henceforth Wong to the Catholic Christian church , —by which you t » a only mean a sect to which you falsely and presumptuously give that name ; " after which the document proceedsintheusualformtopronounceKerbler suspended , degraded , and to be excommunicated , if he do not within eght days repent , recant , and return to the bosom of his isothar church . Such return not having occurred , the toll weight of ecclesiastical punishment which the nineteenth centuiy permits has alien upon him . Carl EtiUtr , from this moment stamped a man of note , was tern September 6 th , 1813 , pursued bis scientific and theological studies in the Gymnasium and University of Breslaw until 1833 , when hating been consecrated as priest , he successively supplied thechaplainries of Baitaen

      Stdnan , and Iindecau . In this last , Me , with himself , taj-debated resolution to separate front the Church of Borne , was finally formed ; and that this important step Msiwt taken without due consideration , is evidenced by Ms treatise on Diocesan Synods , which appeared a ccogderahle time previously in the public journals , under theasnatare of "A Catholic Priest . " It is said that SaMcr intends shortly to publish his " Justification , " after the example of Bonge and Czsrsld . Curate Bdihorn has likewise given up his situation asHoman Catholic priest , and joined the church under Rouge . He thi driven to this step bybeing taken to task for attending the meetings of the Beformers ; and although he Bight probably have lingered some time longer in his old Rnmnumon , the inquisitorial pertinacity of his spiritual superiors hastened his decision , as it lias do&e that of Kiev others .

      ^ c pass by other proofs of progress , to come to the prdinuBary conference of the chiefs of the Reformation , Mdea at Leipsic on the 14 th of March , which was attended by deputies from the cities of Berlin , Aniabtrg , Brunswick , Breslaw , Chemnitz , Dresden , Hbcrfeld , Mdesheim , Magdeburg , and Offenbach ; Mmslrarg , Oschatz , DaHen , Zyschenpan , Penh , toon , and l&gnftz , spoke by proxy , and Worms tea Wiesbaden sent letters , whale Wismar , Marienuash , and O ppcln intimated to the meeting their ^? g on the eve o ? forming sister churches , to « Bich may be added Landshut , Friestadt , Schwcid *}!* , Schlawenztitz , as well as Gorlitz , in the

      pro-• uice ot bilcsia . Priest Kerbiek was present , but Koxge was prevented attending by other engage-° aits . The meeting was professedly a preliminary tac ; the deputies delivered their credentials and jauments . Professor "Wigaed from Dresden , and » e delegate from Brunswick , delivered short ad-™*^ es . . Priest Kermeb also addressed the as-- jnwy in Roxge ' s name . Several propositions were * Sreedto for the union and safetv of the movement , « u eonuuittees appointed to carry out theresolu njjas . At this Conference the delegate from Magde-™« read the following address from the magistracy w that city . The address was received withloud con Simulations-

      '" From the magistracy of the city of Magdeburg to the taumttee of the German Catholic church here Consti-* 3 '* " ^ ted 18 tn * krdi » 18 * 5 , ani runs as follows : — ' ifli joyful surprise did we hail the first traces of your ts * "J > S in a movement springing from free and truly * G er-^? ri , fedinss ' we ^^ ^^ an ever-heightened interest , "¦ neSed its progressse development ana increase , and " ^ regard the futurity which opens before you with the " *! icst and test founded hopes . Our ancestors were tare overwhelmed by an awful calamity , while straggling 5- > -H > irituaI freedom themselves , and the deliverance of ^ tCermannationfromhierarchical tyranny ; a calamity tf « lach the very recital , after the lapse of two centuries , a &es every ear to tingle ; but the spirit of those brave

      • actstors still lives in their children , though , thanks to ^ Jnildtr temper of our times , they seek but to promul-?* -t words of peace , by peaceful means ! Our country ^ j * wifli eygs of eaggj expectation to the resolutions j , * &elid psic conference will adopt in the approaching a *« & , and trusts , above all , to see unanimity , and ,. " ^ dation , at least bid , of ecclesiastical organisation . « , i «^ * fbat b accomplished , it willbe easy to meet the »^ fe ia 5 ticalAVants of tne congregation in this dry , and liaivS await tnat moment to P ™ ottr S °° ^ ** ^ j" * " Vf wishes of prosperity , but that we will gladly ^ Y " ' "carry co-operation to support a cause which ^ lave thus received the stamp of durability . You j j ? ftmfidentl y reckon on aid from the dry funds in Ir ^ t ^ "ccessary expenses of your worship . " Signed ^ - iEiT' " magistrate ; Bore , Fabricius , GustaATis h L 5 Wldt > Hc 5 ne > Hdms » ^ deputies . ^ v * VUV VhK 3 VI U 1 WIV 1 UMIV

      1 < J IJf' f 1 ~ -vm . ^ T « Wg « . V ***^ - »* J fiover j m ^ enthusiastic reception given to £ d' j : ^ Cz e » ski at Berlin ; we quote from the 0 . ^ , S stv « ral meetings of the German Catholics had could vat f ° r * ville service in that dry , the first which took , ^^ 5 betennedapribBcassemnly of thdr church of jj , ^ * " * *« 3 Wh of JIarch , in the large lecture-room tte J ? Ellima aum , whichhadbeenldndlygrantedfor Thtf ^ T * ' ^ at this CzersM and Bonge presided . J ^ fcsUv era' * eare ^ in his many-jcoloured embroidered Pir ^ Tcst « Dtn t , the latter in aUack gown . Above 150 tird-c J *** " * 3 from their hands the elements of the fl * viiW ' ( the one dispensing the bread , and the other tot « a"nf t a " more ^^ ^^ numher were &rced 0 Cc ^ un . € niSClTes to dda ^ communicating until another Tifcta j . Afierdi » ineservice , sirchUdrcnwerebaptized . ^ toiM ^ " * ^"'" nation of the service , left the &e i ^^^^ tte carriage wbicnwas widtingfoi nim , a ; 5 aabiea - multituae ° f men and women which had ^ ^ heR - . court -yard of the gymnasium , formed steet * 4 feT - Berriea ran 1 ' 5 on each side his path , and r * ai *« 4 tC nit " dleiitrespect ; but so soon as he had Cr ' Bds ; aad ^ ^ earriaSe was surrounded by eager » thousand-Toice dhujEi arose in honour of

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      twlJ ^ * ™* indeea in wUat ^ ner he left * L ~ I ™ ! Wlth m a « ustomed retiriug unobtru-S ? K * « f » a * in thedisrobing-room till the crowd £££ * A' l ?' n quietly made his way ^ s bewf ^ wf- ? Seen this aiodesUnd 1 > eally j ^ J Chnstxan man , whether at home , auudhis SttmofS ^ " ^ SMUes ' P eak with re SmtM % ™ Z ? f * sunpUcity ^ tt * Wch he pursues the quiet Srifr oter r ^ ' 8 led ^ «^ taTonof ^ STf * ThCre f oU 0 Wed a P ubUc ^^ ZtotZZl Ctet 8 ymen » a some delegates from SSS ^ asKSSs £ ? *??«***• - **** uncovered head and ™ .

      ^^^ 1 him to resist the urgententreaties of bis manyfriendsand admu-crs , and to leave Berliu the same evenTng But whJe Czeraki ' sdeineanour islaudedas a happymktee of firmness , humility , and strictclericaldecorm ? , S be mghly unjust to Bonge , were the very shSst Ser smnundemoodas being thrown upon Ids ZR 3 S wbTlA ^ !' wlucIlindecd « as never beeu ventured eve ^ S ^ ^ opponents ; buthis whole conduct , and VJ \ v l ° teSSiA pnnci ^ indicate a lower grade of tfSSTr - mOre T enli e tenment _ th ^ thoso my last , and which every mquiry and occurrence confirms , mat there are now two elements at work in produciue a separation fromEome-a patrioti ^ andarel gS . lhe concludin ff sentence of tlw « nTinw ATfw . » t w ~ . i j 118 !

      for ^ S ^ - ^^ ^ 11011 ^ ^^ - for meddlmgr witii this matter . The reUgious con-2521 ? T ? ^? ^ creeds «* JSSL ffifj but when the members of any sect choose woSrtf ^ d 5 gree ? ma the creed or fona « f t £ thSh ^ / Oimerly adhered fo ' wc claim fw andft , nM S , ^ to . ^ sent , express their convictions , withtff ^ teu ? ^^ " ^ Ss in accordance ™ f ** tes of their own minds , and if attacked £ ? Kft i ^ itottr du » y to raisc © or voices in their behalf . This is preciselv the nositmn of thP

      uennan Iteformers . and we should be faithless to our mission , and play buta dastardly part , if we were to nesitatetospeafc out , because we might possibly alarm the prejudices of the unreflecting . But this is not all : the patriotic element is largely at work in the new movement , and that glorious spirit of liberty and love of justice so extensivel y moving thclieatta v i ^* y * * P ^ Pfe . ias apparently at length reached the inferior orders of the priesthood , and of tnat manifestation Rome appears to be the personification and representative . This is shown by the following extract from Roxge ' s address to the lnfenorclergv : —

      Stand forthagainstthe despotismof Rome ! Abolish superstition , that barrier to free agency , and the free practice of virtue ! break down the dishonoured restrictions upon conscience and religion ! Contend for the spiritual and physical well-being of your fellow-citizens , and you will aid the people and yourselves ! Yes , arise , and burst the chains of cowardice and shame ; tear asunder the web of dissimulation which Borne has woven round you , and become unfettered , honest priests—true teachers of Use German people . You will become everything ! foratpresentyouarejiofftiiw . Become wen . ' attain

      at last to the conviction , that the priests exist for the people , and not the people for the priests ; that Christ established bis religion , and enjoyed brotherly love , that mankind might be rendered holy and happy even while on earth ; and that it is not His wish that they should pine in soul and body here , in order to be saved at last , as Romish despotism teaches—dare to achieve this conviction , and act upon it , as in duty bound ! Cast off the silly bigotry with which Rome knows how to inoculate you , and lire and labour , not for Rome ' s bishop and her ambitious prelates , but toift and for tout

      fellowcitizens . These are noble sentiments , glorious sentiments , sentiments vindicatory of principles for the triumph of which we labour . To Roxge and his compatriots we therefore wish good speed , and may their labours and sufierings hasten the day when light and liberty shall illumine and bless the entire German people , and the reign of priestly fraud , political tyranny , and social wrong be Known no more !

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      SUFFERINGS OF THE SCOTTISH POOR .-THE POOR LAW . We tub week again present to our readers two letters from the correspondent of the limes , exposing the wrongs which the poor of the Scottish ibgUands are subjected to , and the state of the law which should have prevented those sufferings , bnt which has been found powerless to that emf . Thl reports" of the Tntux " assistant commissioner " are most valuable , aad the gratitude of every friend of humanity is due to the conductors of that ' journal for the efficient means adopted by them to lay before the public the truth of the present state of things in the far north . To aid in the extensive publicity of that truth we arc resolved to do our best .

      Perhaps it may be as well at the outset to indicate the course we intend topursne in the series of articles i we now commence on the Land question . Our resolve to no longer delay the discussion of this allimportant question has been taken hi consequence of the horrible system of extermination now going on in the Highlands — a system based upon the assumed right of the landlord to "do what he likes with his own ; " a right we deny to exist , and which we pledge ourselves to prove has no foundation cither in natural or constitutional law . But goaded by the crimes of the aristocracy , we are determined to push the inquiry further than this—and to shew not only that the landlords have not the light to do as they like with the land , but further , that they have no right to the land itself , their present ownership being an usurpation , whether tried oy the principles of what is called the British Constitution , or by the principles of natural right .

      Before , however , we come to this part of the inquiry , we think it will be judicious to first direct attention to the circumstances out of which this investigation has arisen—the state of the poor in Scotland , and the inadequacy of the Poor Laws of that country to afford even relief , —we will not say justice , —to tiie sufferers . It may be objected , that if the Scottish Poor Law is to be discussed , it should be discussed under a distinct head , and not under the head of "The Land ; " but we think differently . Pauperism and inadequate provision for the destitute necessarily spring from , and are connected with , the unjust appropriation and mal-administration of the soU , and therefore rightJy form part and parcel of the great question—as do also the iniquitous Game Laws md the sufferings they produce . Again , atthis junc ture , inquiry into the Scottish Poor Laws isnecessary as { hose laws are just now under the consideration of the legislature . And , lastly , inenteringupouan inquiry as to the right of the aristocracy to the land

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      SSS-Ss&tKS of the ZSif by n parfcies » tliey oto to I ** « * t S@ASWf tii ! i \ m P robaW y ' as follows : — sSffsS'Slsaatttaast iS ^^^ FS ' " auacned to their alleged " right : " and whether those dutieshave beeufuiailedbythem right to tK" ? ^ hetUer th ? landlords' assuawd ngut to the exclusive possession of the an ; i ,- «;„ I I 1 1

      SSfBr - ^ ** - ** - ^* feiTa ^ : such as the important . Parliamentary ^ e&terfS mghte on Lord Jons Russeu . ' s resolutions , prevent " vein *?*• ^ * £ ? * this ™ ' « t 3 JXl , T ° ! h * ° ^ Ottr readm afc SKater ISS ?* * * i mea » tune we recommend to our readers , particularly in Scotland , their attentive perusal of the two letters from the TiZ , SSS » sas ^

      tETTBE I . THE COSBIHON FO THE P 00 » IN SCOTLAND . DoBNocir Sctherwndshibe , Hh 2 O .-My attention wtalst here has been directed , from reading some articles m your columns , to the actual condition of the poor under the existing Scotch Poor Law ; and if that condition be , as it has been acknowledged , " not what it ought to be , " to trace to what it is owing—to the law , or to its administration , or non-administration , and therein to inquire as to the apparent necessity of any change in the law , and whether the proposed change is likely to better the conditionofthepoor . ¦ With this object 1 left Ardgay , in Rossshire , to proceed to this , the principal town in Sutherlandshirc , a distance of about twelve miles , intending to visit such cottages as were within an approachable distance of the road , and to see their condition and that of their inmates myself The

      first parish 1 entered on crossing Bonar-bridgs into Sutheriandshire was that of Criech . According to the report of the Commissioners of Inquiry into the Poor Law , the population of this parish in 18 il was 2 , 567 in 1812 there were 101 paupers , and £ 33 was distributed among them . There are now 140 paupers on the roll . The Kirk Sessions collection used to be from £ 14 to £ 18 before the secession . It is from £ 8 to £ 10 now . There are five heritors in the parish , who subscribe among them £ 14 . So that since the commissioners report the number of paupers increased from 101 to 140 , and the amount for their support is decreased from £ 33 to £ 24 . There is a fund of about £ 200 , arising partly from donations , and partly from a sum subscribed for the relatives of a number of persons who were drowned many years ago , called the "Meikle-ferry Fund , " which is in the hands of trustees for the poor , and this sum is

      now being distributed . The extent of the parish is forty miles long by seven to nine wide . In the commissioners ' report Mr . Duncan Ross , Sessions clerk , states theamount of relief to the paupers " to vary from 2 s . to Ss . a-year ;" that they maintain themselves chiefly by begging ; that "the chief food of the paupers is potatoes ; " "that he is in the habit of seeing the paupers in their own dwellings , " and that "the aged and the infirm are not properly provided for . " He mentions the case of a blind woman on the roll , who then got 5 s . a year , and Iwed in the house of a distant relation , a middle-aged man of 40 or 50 years of age . This woman is the first I went to see , and I will describe to you her condition .

      Ann Campbell lives in the cottage of James Frazer , a small farmer , who married her niece , since dead . He is just able to pay his rent . The cottage is in Criech , on the hill side , within 300 yards of the church , and within 100 yards of the minister's , the Rev . Mr . Murdo Cameron's house . The cottage was warm , and rather better than those around it ; low roofed with turf ; divided into four compartments—the cow-shed , a sort of family room , a bed-room , and a room in which the old woman was ; mud . floor ; peat fire on the floor , with a hole in the roof to let the smoke out . There was no appearance of want in it , as there was a bag of meal there , and sufficient chairs and tables and crockery . Another niece of the old woman , who could not speak English , was making oatcakes , and managing the house for the farmer . After a

      short salutation I asked to see the old woman , and with many warnings to stoop under the low doorways and to mind and not fall , I was shown into a room , which was quite dark , but hi which , from the streak of light through the doorway , I saw a bin with potatoes in it at one side . I then heard the woman talk to and attempt to rouse some one , an attempt which was answered by a low and continued kind of grunt or moan , and I was told to go near . I would not , as it was quite dark , without a light , for which I asked , and the younger woman brought a piece of lighted stick from the fire , by the light of which I almost started back at the shocking and disgusting object close to my feet . On a bed on the floor , in a kind of bin , in this dark hole , lay the pauper woman , covered with a coarse rug , like sacking , the colour of the mud floor . The pillow for her head and the coverinc about

      ler person were of the same colour and coarse material . Bound her head was wrapped or twisted , without any kind of form , a most filthy-looking cloth , also the colour of the mud floor . The poor old creature was covered with vermin , and she kept repeating an uneasy and impatient grunt or moan . Her niece did not know her exact age , but said she was between seventy and eighty , and blind and deaf . She had been bedridden in the place where I saw her for eighteen months . The minister called at the cottage once wneu tncre was a funeral , but had not been to see them for the last eight years . Since the disruption in the church they had gone to hear the Free Church minister . The niece ' s name , who told me this , is Hannah Campbell . She received 3 s . or 4 s . a-year ' from the poor ' s fund . This year she had received 3 s . and a "fairlot " ( two pecks ) of meal from Mr . Dempster , one of the

      hentors . I will make no comment on this case . I left the cottage with a strong feeling of disgust , which was not lessened at seeing the house of the minister , of whom mention had been made , within a stone's throw . The next place I passed through was Spiningdale , Some years ago a cotton-factory was built by a Glasgow company in this vale , which gathered round it a small population , and a considerable number of stone cottages werebunthere . The factory , however , was burnt down , and has never been re-erected , and as a consequence the village went to decay . It presents a melancholy spectacle of nun ; eight out of every ten cottages are roofless . The population which remains is in a wretched state of destitution .

      The first man shown to me here on the poor's roll was William Calder , aged 92 . He formerly occupied a small farm , but was turned out last year ; he then got a cottage , with half an acre of land , upon a moor , which he cannot now cultivate . His daughter , the wife of a labourer at Glasgow , takes care of him ; but her husband has sent for her , and he does not know what lie shall do . He was at the last distribution allowed 3 s . and a stone of meal ; the meal was from the heritors : the money from the Kirk Sessioa . That was all he was allowed for the year . He was supported partly by what his son-in-law sent him , and partly by begging ; " but , " said the old man , " every one has enough to do for themselves . "

      I went next to the cottage of Ellen Cameron , who is on the poor's roll . It was a most wretched place —one of the dilapidated cottages patched up , but to which the weather had access from allcomers . There was no fire in it ; some chairs of a better description than usual ; some broken dishes as crockery ; a kettle , a pan , and abed . This constituted the furniture . She is a widow , with five children ; the eldest , IS years of ago , is at service ; the rest are depending upon her , the youngest 4 years old . Her husbaud was a sheriff ' s officer at Bonar , and died two years ago . Her furniture was taken after his death

      to pay the rent . She was taken ill last winter , and whilst sick was put on the poor ' s roll , and had 3 s . given to her . Since then she has had 3 s . and some meal given to her , which is her whole support , besides what she could getby begging , which she has had for five months . The meal she got just lasted a fortnight . She did not think she could keep herself and family alive under 4 s Cd . a-week . They required a stone of meal a-week , which costs 2 s . ; and potatoes , a little tea for herself , and soap , and bits of clothing , -would consume the rest . Since she had lived there she had never tasted butter or cheese , or meat of any kind . She was dressedin rags .

      I then went to some cottages on the hill , and entered that of Fanny Murray , who is on the poor ' s roll . She was dressed in rags ; is 70 years of age , and has been seven or eight years on the roll . About a month ago she got a distribution of 3 s . and a " fairlot" of meal . Never before gotmore than 2 s . or 2 s . Gd . a year . Has been unable to work for fourteen years . Her son , a sickly young man , has au acre of fend on the moor , which he cultivates , and goes out as a labourer on the roads , when he can get work , and gets Is . a-day . She lived with his assistance aud that of her neighbours . The cottage was miserable . Thepeat fire was on the mud floor in the middle of the room , and the smoke fouud its way out at the doorway .

      1 nest drove through Clashmorc , which is lam informed , in the parish of Dornoch . This parish is ten m ^ s V"f . Jy Sk brOad > The P ° Pila « on in 1841 was i . nt ; in i » 42 , eighty-five paupers were received , and . accordms to the evidence given before the commission , fowio dls t . rlbuted am ° » S them . The average allowance , according to the evidence of the Rev Angus SUES' ? f inis v Dornocl 1 ' 8 s - to 9 s - ycar > c £ ^ l ^ f T beins distrib « ted . According to the in STrl ^ \ Fraser > th ° *™ <» magistrate of Dornoch , SEST ^ ?/*' * " poor are certainlynot SSr ^ S ™" * ° the fandB are ^ adequate to ^ vTlunt erV l L-w Bentleman is of "Ptafon «' shouSel , ^ tl 0 nS ' sboulabetriedbefore recourse sssar - *—•• -is —•

      In 1 S 44 , the number of paupers on the roll was 1 « 9 the amount gathered by the KMf Session was ^ 8 s fd ' To S 2 ? ? ? erest r * £ ?« # SiS . £ ^ H ^^^ sass tttt ttrss&z Duke of Sutherland , pays £ 6 as his contribution , ami

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      : St "' * ° f cott !* es hl m ™ Parts of the na 2 n I 8 i ? ' f n a nominal rent - ^ ™* of th e TSocgS I ™! > 9 C 9 l 7 s > 1 Od " il is now A ^ 8 s . ^ pLrj ^ szr ~*~** - ~» sjfismti Sr » ** , " " : " B " ' > ' «>• <*« « of ftose who \ trt ! te ¦'

      ^ « ' sr »» . „„ , ; , sa-EsxKfflifsa ttJ ^ rsrJw-i&s west were very good to her ; but shecould not often wl about and see them . Ilev food is potatoes , and a Uttle meal , when she gets it given to her .

      | I walked over the hill to a place called Cvder-hall SfnSTrf fi Clustei > of POO LS' * . I entered oS The name of the occupant was Catherine Gordon , a Ss&wr-efcEa satisfied wiH , iT' £ f o Was asked if ^ would be ^ s s ^ r ^ s : ^^ l ^^^ to ^ nmmSC

      ^^^ a weekly aUowance , „ she was nca TtaT fn « ^ 0 Z complained o having been deceived Into % S tl paper . She tod out the 5 s . in potatoes , and whh t f help of her neighbours she was just kept alive After her husband's death she was nearl y twelve months in bed and was now unable to work or get about ; and a grown daughter who is m service came and managed for her and the cliildren . [ The cottage or hut was perfectly miserable and dilapidated . There was the us-ial furni ture in it , a low deal table , two rush chairs , some boxes two or three plates and dishes , and a bed . Excepting a handful of meal now and th en given to her by her ueighhours , she nevcrtasted anything but potatoes .

      _ The next hut to this , which seemed in danger of fall , ing , was that of Eliza Ross , single woman , aged seventyfour—the interior a miserable hovel of the usual descrip . turn . She applied by petition for 2 s . a-week relief . The Kirk Session put her off by giving her 5 s ., which was the only relief she had since the disruption in the church in 1813 . She is helpless and cannot do anything , and has been on the poor ' s roll twenty years . She never got more than 6 s . a-yeav . She has not tasted meat for years and the poor old creature laughed with incredulous astonishment that I should ask her such a question . She lives on potatoes and meal , which her neighbours give her . °

      The next cottage to this was that of Andvewlna Maeltie she is sixty years old , and has been bedridden six months ! The doctor attends her . She has received 5 s . frony the Kirk Session this year , and got 5 s . last year ; she has a son eighteen years of age , who attends upon her , and helps to support her , and her neighbours assist her with bread and potatoes . She is helpless and cannot wash her own clothes . She was lying in a room quite dark . The window was without frame or glass , and was stopped up with a board to keep the wind out . I then drove on to Domoch . In this town I visited the

      cottage of Kate M'Leod . She is in bad health , and aged fifty-four . Has no relations , and has been twelve years on the roll . Has 5 s . a-year allowed . Lives on potatoes , which her neighbours give her , and never tastes meat She had 2 s . 6 d . given her when the Dulse ' s daughter was married , about a year ago . There was a small table in the room , on which she sat as on a stool ; a small wooden stool , a bed , a few potatoes in one corner , and two or three plates . This was the furniture . The cottage she had rent-free . She had not yet this year received any . thing by way of relief .

      The nest cottage I entered was that of Margaret Gvey , aged sixty , a single woman , in bad health . She lives alone , and has no one to take care of her . Was bedrid , den the whole winter . Lives on potatoes and meal , when she happens to get any given her . Never tastes meat . Received last year 8 s . Gd . from the Kirk Session . This year had not received anything . There was scarcely any furniture in the place and no fire . She was not able to go to the minister to complain ; and the minister never came near her . The Free Church minister sometimes saw her and helped her a little . She never begged from door to door , but her neighbours supported her

      I have given you a description of the cases just as I saw them . I have taken nobody ' s representation one way or the other ; I saw them myself . The simple description of the way in which these poor people live , or rather starve , is enough , without any further attempt at awaken ing sympathy . I will merely add , that I never saw human beings in a lower state of degradation and wretchedness .

      IETTER H . THE SCOTCH POOR LAW . Dornoch , Sutherlanashire , Tliursday , Hay 22 . In my last letter I gave you n description of tho actual condition in which the paupers of this part of Scotland are compelled to live , derived from my own personal observation of some score of cases which I minutely inquired into in the cottages of the paupers whose condition I described , and who told me with their own lips the information I sent you . Without repeating similar evidencel may add that I have since visited Golspie , some ten miles further north , on the east coast of Sutherlandshire , near which town is Dunrobin Castle , the mansion of his Grace the Duke of Sutherland . In this town I saw several more paupers in their cottages in precisely

      the same miserable condition , the rate of allowance being about the same . An old man of 82 years of age had 5 s . a-year to support mm ; a widow , with two children de . pendent upon her , 7 s . Cd . a-gcar , and so on ; the amount derived chiefly out of the Kirk Session collection , the Duke of Sutherland contributing £ 6 a-year to tlie parish . The population , in 18 « , was 1 , 146 ; in 1812 there were sixty-seven paupers relieved , and that number is now increased ; aud the sum distributed amongst the paupers " , ' which is now about the same , was then £ 33 3 s . Cd ., or about 9 s . or 10 s . a-year each on an average . Their food is chiefly potatoes , and sometimes a little meal and fish . The Duke of Sutherland , who is the sole heritor , has the reputation of being very liberal to the poor , hi permitting them to have holdings at nominal rents , aud in private acts of charity . These briefly are the facts .

      It will not be amiss , for the benefit of your English readers , who do not understand much about the Scotch Poor Law and its administration beyond this , that it has been the fashion to praise both , briefly to explain it . By an Act passed in the year 1579 , c . 74 , in the reigu of James VI . of Scotland , power is given to the magistrates in burghs , aud justices constituted by tiie King ' s commission in landward parishes , "by the gude discretions of the saidisProvests , 6 se ., ana sik as they shall call to them to that effect , to taxe and stent the hail inhabitants within the parochin , according to the estimation of their substance , without exception of persones , to sik weekly charge and contribution os saUle tlwcht expedient and suf . ficient to sustoino the saidis pure people . "

      By a proclamation of William and Mary , dated the 11 th of August , 1 C 92 , the heritors , ministers and elders of every parish are required twice in the year to meet at their parish kirk , " and there to make lists of all the poor within their parish , and to cast up the quota of what may entertain them according to tlteir mpcoikc needs , and to cast the said quota , one-half upon the hentws , and the other half upon the householders of the parish ; aud to collect the same in the beginning of every week , month , or quarter , as they shall judge most fit ; and to appoint two overseers yearly to collect and distribute the said maintenance to the poor according to their several needs . "

      And by a subsequent proclamation of William and Mary , under date the 29 th of August , 1 C 93 , the magistrates of burghs royal are commanded "to meet and stent themselves conform to such order and custom used aud wonted in laying on stents , annuities , or other public burdens , in the respective burgh as may be most effectual to reach all the inhabitants ; and tUe heritors of Hie several vacant parishes likewise to meet and stent themselves for the maintenance of their said respective poor" in manner ap . pointed by the former proclamation . "And all the ministers and heritors are hereby required to give timeous intimation to the sheriff of the shire if any pm « i « Ji or pci-3 on shall fail inperformm of this Christian dnty in hail or in pairt , " on which they are to be called before the sheriff and fined double the quota wanting .

      This is the whole of the law for any compulsory provi . sion for the poor . ( S peech of the Lord Advocate . Dunlop ' s Parochial Laws , page 229 . ) It has been since settled iu practice that heritors are liable in an assessment for the support of the poor of the parish where tue property lies , although not inhabitants of the parish . ( Dunloi / s Scotch Parochial law . Ed . 1830 . page 290 . ) Iu the case of "Higginsw . the Barony Parish , of Glasgow" ( Dunlop Hid , page 377 ) , it was held , that assuming the applicant to be a proper object of relief , the heritors and Kirk Session are bound by the acts of Parliament to give aid ; they have no discretion to refuse relief , where the person is a proper object . If they should refuse relief , their decision is subject to the control of the Court of Session ; and if they shouia award " au elusory aliment , " the Supreme Court would have the same power of control .

      An " elusory aliment" has been defined to denote " something that is not done , but only pretended to be done . " ( Per Lord Cocklmrn in « Duncan v . Heritors &c , . of Ceres . " Scottish Jurist , vol . 10 . ) It was how ' ever , long left an unsettled point , merely because it was not tried , whether the Court of Session could review the determination of the heritors and Kirk Session of a parish in regard to the amount of ailment awarded to a pauper it being acceded in that the fixing of this amount was discretionary , and under the words of the act need only be such as shall be thoclit expedient and sufficient , " thO elusor ^ Uent deCi Si ° Uad hM that U must not This point , however , has recently been fully settled in the case _ of "Elizabeth Pryde , or Duncan , advocator . v . the Heritor and Kirk Session of Ceres , respondents " ( reported in 15 Scottish Juritt , 1842-43 , p . 287 ) , audit is noiv producing a considerable change iuthe adtniuistvatioft of tUelaw .

      In this case the advocator was a widow with seven cliil dren , the eldest under fourteen years of age . She pro sented a petition for relief to the Kirk Session of Ceres

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      who agreed to givo her an allowance of 3 s . Cd . a week , being at the rate of Cd . a week for each child . Not satisfied with the allowance , she presented another petition to the heritors and Kirk Session , wlm gave what is termed . nthe Scotch law , " a deliverance" ( i ' . t ., exonerating the Kirk Session from blame , and rejecting the petition ) , finding , that under all the circumstances the allowance was sufficient . She then presented a note of advocation ( appealed to the Court of Session ) , imdiu her statement of facts set forth amongst other things , " that the allowance of 3 s . fid . a week was so utterly inadequate as to be altogether elusory . " The respondents replied , that she was incompetent to advocate her claim , because it browht under

      review a judgment of the respondents as to the Quantum of aliment ; and the aliment was not alleged to be totally inadequate . On the first hearing , in giving judgment , the Lord Ordinary held " that beyond all doubt the Court of Session possessed a power of review of the proceedings of the Kirk Session and heritors in their modification of the aliment of the paupers ; but it had been laid down that in the exorcise of that power the Court should not rashly disturb the quantum of aliment awarded , unless it should appear that an allowance was given so plainly elusory as to amount in substance to a refusal to execute those statutes which devolved upon tliem the charge of the poor . " The judgment on this hearing was , that the amount given was not elusorv . This

      decision was again appealed from , or , in the Scotch law phrase , "the advocatov reclaimed ;" and a case was ordered to be prepared for the opinion of the whole Court on tho following questions : — " 1 . Whether , generally , it is competent to bring under review of this Court , by advoeation or otherwise , ttie determination of the heritors and Kirk Session of a parish with regard to the allowances for the poor ? " 2 . Whether , in particular , after an allowance fora poor person has been fixed be the said body on due inquiry , it is competent to bring under the review of this Court the question as to the advocacy of the amount of 3 uch allowance . " 8 . Whether itis competent for the Court to ordain the payment of any particular rate of allowance for tlie poor or the imposition of any particular rate of taxation to provide for payment of allowances to the poor . " In pronouncing the final decision ttvc Lord President said , —

      " The controlling power of the Court to interpose in the case of a mere nominal or elusory aliment seems hardly to be disputed ; but if s » , where is the limit to be drawn 1 if the Court is not entitled to interfere but in the case of an elusory and a defective aliment , theu the result must be , that where there is a wrong done it is to be without remedy , and must hold it competent to bring under the review of this Court the sufficiency or adequacy of the aliment awarded . As to the first question , I do not think it admits of any doubt . Questions have been entertained generally , when the right of relief was denied , or the liability of particular individuals in parishes disputed . We have never scrupled to do so . The second question I am disposed to answer in the same way . If the heritors and Kirk Session err in judgment , assuming that to to needful sustentation which is not so , I don't see any solid ground on which we can refuse redress , Indeed , the neaessity of redress seems more clamant in the case of the poor than of any other . "

      Lord Jeffrey said" If anything is clear in law , nothing seems to me so « lear as that the poor of this country have a legal title to needful sustenance . Indeed , at common law , if a man has not forfeited Ms rights , I should think ho has a good light to needful sustenance , which is only in other words a right to live . This right , I suspect , lies a little deeper than the right of property itself ; but I don't go into that . " In giving judgment on the third point , as to the suffi . ciency of aliment awarded , the Lord President , after stating that the words of Hie statute contained a direclio iiii . peritiva entitling the pauper to " needful sustenance , proceeds to

      say" What then is 'needful sustenance ; - ' If the party is impotent altogether , it must he what is necessary for her support ; or if , like here , there is an infant family , ' needful sustenance' must mean the sustenance needfulfor them all . Now , needful sustenance is that which is not only necessary to preserve from starvation , but also to prevent the health from being injured by scantiness of food . That I take to be the meaning of the act . Not only are soul and body to be kept together , but tlie health " must not suffer . I do not tlrink that the 3 s . Cd . is sufficient to eke out what is necessary to constitute needful sustenance . " The Court then pronounced the folloning judgment : —

      " That it is competent for this Court to review the determination of the heritors and Kirk Session of a parish in regard to the amount of aliment awarded to paupers applying for relief . That the allowance awarded was not sufficient , as needful sustentation , for the family of the advocator , under the circumstances in . which it was placed ; and the respondents ave ordained to reconsider the advocator ' s application for relief , and to award such addition to the sum formerly fixed upon as weekly aliment as may be reasonable under the whole circumstances of her case . "

      Such , then , is the law as it now stands . In theory , most effectual ; in practice , or rather in its administration , it has been seen how insufficient . The proclamatien of 1 C 93 points out the course which " minister awl heritors" are required to take , if any parish or person shall fail in the performance of " the Christian duty , in hail or pairt , " of supporting the poor . In the case ' last quoted the Lord President held "that the power of the Court of Session to interpose in the case of a mere nominal or elusory aliment was hardly disputed . " Will it be questioned that lid . to 2 £ d . a-week is not an " elusorv

      aliment V If it be an " elusory aliment" with an " undisputed" remedy , how does it happen that the ministers and heritors , the proper guardians of the rights and interests of tlie poor , "failed in the Christian duty" of enforcing the remedy 1 Why just thus , because the heritors themselTes , so far as they were concerned , would have to supply a sufficient aliment , if enforced , and the ministers were often their most obsequious friends . The poor , therefore , contrary to the law , in breach of a "Christian duty , " have been let remain in slow starvation and wretchedness .

      IAND AND POPCLATKW OF THE BRITISH ISLANDS . It is generally set down as a thing decided , that the British Islands are over populated . This is not the truth —it is the very reverse of the truth . The British Islands contain over fifty millions of acres of land , and they do not contain over half that number of inhabitants . Now , for every man , his wife and five children , in the British Islands , there are no less than fourteen acres of land ! The country is not over populated . Quite tho reverse . The writer of tlus , in travelling from Liverpool to London , saw , comparatively , little else than black , dingy , smokey , soul-and-body-blasting factories , crowded into ' heaps at every interval , whilst the miles of open green country lying between , seemed unconscious of a plough from tlie morning of creation .

      John Bull is a great man for roast beef , and he takes a most expensive and uneconomical way of getting hold of this his favorite luxury , Take , for example , an English ox fatted for slaughter . He is five years old , and lie has consumed on an average the product of two acres and a half of land yearly . Now if it be true what Goldsmith says , in his inimitable " Deserted Village , "

      " A time there was , ere England ' s griefs began , When every rood of ground maintained its man . " If this be true , then just count up how many human beings must give place to the ox , during his five years of grass and hay eating . And then remember that his whole carcase , hide , horns and all , would not support an ordinary family for three months . The truth is , England is over populated only because the people have no share in the soil of England . Immense tracts of it are laid out in the solitary demesnes of nolle { l ) men . Over many a square mile of surface human foot never treads , save the solitary stalk of "My Lord ' s " gamekeeper , whilst the "Lord" himself , perhaps , " Down Italian vista startles ,

      \\ __ m hunting among groves of myrtles . " As Buvns most irreverently , but most truly , has it . Thus no iuconsiderable portion of the soil of England is wasted and rendered useless , as effectually as if it had been created a desert blank—and on tuo other side , immense tracts of it are kept for the use o / fcmtc leasts , one ox being supplied with as much of its surface as would , with due cultivation , afford subsistence to a good sized family . But then the lord patroons will do with it just what they please , and there is no use in remonstrating with them - Albany Freeholder ( U . S . ) .

      Lord Eldon's Pills.

      LORD ELDON'S PILLS .

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      Losdox Conx Exchange , Moxdat , May 20 . —The supplies of wheat , flour , and malt , coastwise wore moderate during the past week , whilst the arrivals of English barley , oats , beans , and peas were very small . Beyond a moderate quantity of oats , there wove no receipts eitherfromScotlandor Ireland ; from abroad , however , rather a liberal supply of the last named grain , fair arrivals of wheat , barley , and beans , and a few hundred quarters ofpeas came to hand . This morning the show of wlieat by land-carriage samples from

      the neighboimngcountiGswassmall , norwere the fresh arrivals of any other article at all important . Up to Friday night the weather remained very cold , out since then the wind has got to the south-west and the temperature lias risen . The millers manifested more anxiety to buy wheat this morning than on any previous occasion for months past ; Tactors were , therefore , induced to ask Is . to 2 s , per qr . more , and a tolerable extcntof business was done at the advance . Foreign wheat , though less enquired for than that of home growth , was also dearer . The bonded demand appears to have slackened in consequence of

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      the high pretensions ' of holders ; the actual sales effected this morning were trivial . Flour was held at enhanced rates , and there was some uncertaint y as to the nominal top price of town-made . English barley was scarce , and purchases could not be made on as easy terms as this day sc ' nnight ; for foreign parcels higher rates were also asked / notwithstanding which several lots changed hands . The operations in malt were on a restricted scale , but prices had an upward tendency . Oats being very generally held . Cd . to Is . per qr . higher than on Monday last , the dealers acted with extreme caution , aud the rise could only be obtained from country buyers . English beans commanded a ready salo at an advance ot 6 d . to Is . per qr ., but Egyptian , whether free or bonded , were not dearer , l ' eas , without being much inquired tor , firmly supported their previous value . Canary seed was in fair supply , but held at former terms .

      i nces ot raneseed and linseed were rather higher , in eloverseed , tares , &c ., there was little passing . CURRENT PRICES OF GRAIN , EBIUMPERIAL ttheat , Esses , & Ivent . new & old red « 50 White 50 65 ^ or oik and Lincoln do 45 49 Ditto 60 5 ? No-vthum . and Scotch white 42 47 Fine 50 5 t Irish red old 0 0 Red 44 46 White 48 49 Ry « Old 30 31 Ncw 28 30 Bra k 34 35 Barter Grinding . . 24 2 G Distil . 27 30 KnltT 30 33 Malt Brown 52 64 Pale 55 59 Ware 60 62 Beaus T 1 eksold&new 34 37 Harrow 30 39 Pigeon 40 4 » Peas Grey . . 35 36 Maple 37 38 White 38 3 » Oats Lincoln ! is Yorkshire Feed 22 23 Poland 24 28 Scotch Angus 22 2-1 Potato 25 2 * Irish White 20 23 Black 20 21 Per 280 lb . net . s s Per 2801 b . net . s i Town-made Flour . .. 42 44 Narfolk & Stockton 32 3 t Essex and Kent .... 34 36 Irish 34 3 fi

      Free . Bond . Foreign . & ¦ a « Wheat , Dantsic , Konigsburg , Sic 08 67 38 39 Marks , Mecklenburg 51 52 . 33 3 t Danish , Holstcin , and Friesland red 43 . 45- 27 23 Pvussian , Hard 44 46 Soft ... 44 46 27 2 S Italian , Red . . 47 48 White ... 51 62 30 35 Spanish , Hard . 46 48 Soft 48 52 30 34 Rye , Baltic , Dried , ... 28 30 tfndried . . 28 30 21 2 ? Barley , Grinding . 24 26 Malting .. 28 32 19 2 * Beans , Ticks . . 34 35 Egyptian . 34 35 27 30 . Peas , White . . 37 39 Maple . . 36 37 28 31 Oats , Dutch , Brew and Thick ... 24 26 5 a . Russian feed , 21 22 15 If Danish , FriesUmd feed 21 23 15 it Flour , per barrel .... < u » r . io o « cwui , jici uarrci .... 24 25 19 20

      Losdos Smithfield Cattle Market , Monday ; Mav 2 G .- ~ I . hc observations we offered under this head a fortnight since , respecting tho future value of mutton in this market , having been realised , we shall , on the present occasion , make a few remarks illustrative of the position in which we find the demand at present , and from which a few practical hints ot the highest importance may be drawn . As ive predicted , in the period above referred to , tho quotations of sheep have been maintained , even to the extreme range which they have assumed during the present season : and tho question still asked is- ^ will they continue to be supported ? We have before pointed out the primary cause of the present high rates of mutton , and we may now add that our

      advices from various parts of England , but more particularly from Yorkshire and the other northern grazing counties , state that the numbers of sheep at present destined for this market are much smaller than was the case at the corresponding season in 1844 ; while , from most other parts , we conceive there will be a slight comparative falling off in th& receipts during the next month or six weeks . Rather an important feature is , however , observable here at this moment ; we mean the nearly average numbers ot sheep brought forward , and the continuance of a nrm inquiry . But it is not always the numerical strength of the supply that regulates value . For instance , the sheep brought forward during the whole ot the month—a natural consequence of the excessive drought experienced last vcar—have Droved verv

      light weighers , consequently tho actual quantity of meat has proved less than many persons have appeared to anticipate . This deficiency , even though the stock has had plentiful quantities of artificial food , must , continue to be felt for some time ; . yet we must not conceal the fact that the present somewhat plentiful supplies of green fodder must have a most favourableeffect upon the condition of the animals . When th& great enhancement took place in the currencies , graziers as well as the salesmen conceived that very large supplies of meat would be transmitted to Newgate and Leadenhall markets from Yorkshire and spme other quarters , thereby causing them to resume then- former level . But the scarcity of stock to which we have before alluded , has been the means of preventing any important improvement in the

      sudplies of slaughtered meat ; hence , on a review of all the circumstances connected with supply and demand , we are led to the conclusion that the present rates of mutton , if only average supplies are received , will be supported for a month from the present time . Having given our opinion upon the probable future state of the demand for sheep , we shall now briefly allude to that for beasts . Although a very large increase is observable in the bullock supplies from Scotland , upwards of 2000 Scots having come to hand from Aberbeen , Dundee , &c , in the course of the present month , and the Continent . Those from Norfolk and other parts of England have proved very moderate as to number , - while the quantity of internal fat earned by them has been somewhat less than usual . Tlua circumstance , together with the high price of mutton .

      lias been productive of an active beef trade , at rather a considerable advance in the currencies . Lamb veal , and povkhavelikewisefelt tho effects of that advance ; but we are not disposed to think that it will be maintained for any length of time . Our readers will recollect that we have all along predicted that the imports of foreign stock for our various markets would continue to improve from time to time . A glance at the beasts almost daily landed will , at once , prove the correctness of our views . But we may state that the improvement was never so marked as during the past week , for out of the 126 oxen , cows , and heifers received from Rotterdam , per the toatte , Batavier , and Ocean steamers , scarcely one ot them was beneath the middle quality ; indeed we may venture to observe , without fearofcantradictiou , that the Dutch beasts shown here on Fridav

      were tue best handlers m the market . To show the wonderful improvement in the quality of the foreign , beasts , we feel bound to notiee a heifer received from the above port on Thursday last . Withoutexaggeration we pronounce this wonderful animal , which weighed upwards of 150 stones , tho inosb complete we ever witnessed and had she been exhibited at the bnnthfield Club ' s show we feel sure she would have carried off one of the prizes . Exem Hamburgh , an importation of 12 sheep has taken phice ; buttacir condition is by no means fist rate . At the outports , upwards of 230 beasts Live been received since tins day sennight ; their quality is represented as very superior to most previous importations . Since our last an oracial statement of the imports of live stock uring the last three years , ending on the 5 th of April in each year , has been published . It runs thus— 1843 . 1844 . 1845 . Oxen and bulls ... 256 ... 150 . 583 Cows 53 „ . 20 ... 360 Calves 1 l L Sheep 23 Z 17 ' . " . ' . 814 Lambs _ ... [ __ Swiue aud hogs . % ' . ' . ' . 32 ' . ' . ' . 155 Total 458 ... 233 ... 1912

      . P ? « nAer of foreign beasts here to-day consisted ot 27 head , the whole of which were in fair average condition ; whilst , fresh up from our various grazing districts , the bullock droves were somewhat on the increase compared with those reported on this day se nnight . The attendance of both London and country dealers was somewhat extensive , yet the beef trade , arising chiefly from the boasts coming to hand m much better condition tlian for some weeks past , was not quite so active as on Friday , though the currencies realised on Monday last were supported in every instance , and a good clearance was effected by the salesmen . Wb regret to observe that both the beasts and sheep , more particularly the latter , were suffering severely from the effects of the epidemic ?? , T l ° ? , i ' lc losses continue severe . From Norlolk , &uttolk , Essox , and Cambridgeshire , we received WMYWtW Scotsand homebredsfromtlM

      , : northern counties 200 shorthorns ; from the westen and midland districts 250 Devons , Herefords , runts , &c , ; from other parts of England 200 of various breeds ; and from Scotland 250 horned and police bcots . ihe numbers of sheep were seasonably ex tensive , though there was nothing remarkabli amongst them as to quality . Prime old Downs move < off freely , at fully the late advance in the quotation ! —they selling at from 4 s lOd to 5 s per 8 ft , butal other breeds met a very dull inquiry at barely lat < rates . From the Isle of Wight , 147 lambs came t < hand per railway , while the receipts from othei quarters were liberal . Prime Down qualities wen in steady demand , at full prices ; but other kinds o lambs were rather inactive . We had a fair trade fo veal , and last week ' s quotations were well supported More business was doing in pigs , and the rates had a improved tendency .

      By the quantities of 81 b ., sinking the offal . Inferior coarse beasts . . . 3 % 3 c Second quality , 3 S 3 in Prime large oxen .. '' 4042 Prime Scots , &c . . 4 . 4 i g Coarse inferior sheep \ ! \ 3 6 4 0 Second quality .... 4 2 4 4 Prime coarse woolled . ! ' i 6 I 8 Prime Southdown ... 4 10 5 0 I' »«> t > s 5 0 6 a Large coarse calves . , . . 42 41 Prime small . . 4 10 5 2 Sucltling calves , each . . . 18 0 31 0 Large hogs .... 303 ft Neat small porkers . , , 3 8 4 2 Quarter-old store pigs , each . ' 1 G 0 20 a HEAD OF CATTLE ON SAI-E . ( From the Book s of ttio Clerk of the M arket ) Beasts , 2 , 7-14— Sheep and Lambs , 26 , 350-Calves m . Pigs , 323 ,

      York Conv Market , May 24 .-We have had limited supply of all grain at out market toS tresh thrashed wheat was in good demand at advance of Gd . to Is . per load . OflJdSiS . about Is . per quarter dearer . Other articles fu supported last week ' s rates .

      Sovtxmx Jhobements Ffomwt Ihotomeitt&

      Sovtxmx JHobements ffOmWt iHOtomeitt&

      The Land!

      THE LAND !

      Ilarftet Jnuhtgetwe*

      ilarftet JnUHtgetwe *

      Untitled Article

      Within that land was many a malcontent , Who curs'd the tyranny to which he tent ; The soil full many a wringing despot saw , Who work'd his wantonness in form of law . Byron . "A people among whom equality reigned , would possess everything they wanted where they possessed the means of subsistence . Why should they pursue additional wealth or territory ? No man can cultivate more than a certain portion of land . "—Godwin . "No one is ahle to produces charter from heaven , or has any ljetter title to a particular possession than his neighbour . "—Paley . " There could be no such thug as landed property originally . Han did not make the earth , and , though he had a natural right to occupy it , he had no right to locate as his i > n > i > erty in perpetuity any part of it ; neither did the Creator of the earth open a land office , from whence the first title deeds shouldissue . "— Thomas Paine . The land shall not be sold for ever . —Mates .

      " There is no foundation in nature or ia natural law , why a set of words upon parchment should convey the dominion of land . "—JBlacfcstone . " The land or earth , in any country or neighbourhood , with everything in or on . the same , or pertaining thereto , belongs at all times to the living inhabitants of the said country or neighbourhood in an equal manner . For , there is no living but on land and its productions ; consequently , what we cannot live without , we have the same property in as in our lives . " — Thomas Speiiee . "Thelandisthepeople ' sinheritance ; andldngs , prmceE , peers , nobles , priests , and commoners , who have stolen it

      from them , held tt upon the title of popular ignorance , rather thau upon any tight , human or divine . " -rFeargus ( yConnor . "My reason teaches me that land cannot he SOW . The Great Spirit gave it to his children to live upon , and cultivate , as far as is necessary for theu * subsistence ; and so long as they occupy and cultivate it , they have the right to the soil—but if they voluntarily leave it , then any other people have a right to settle uponit . Nothing can be sold , but such things as can be carried away . " —Black Hawk . " Every individual possesses , legitimately , tlte thing which his labour , his intelligence ( or more generally ) , which his acficitu has created .

      " This principle is hicontestihle , and itis well to ' iemark that it contains expressly an acknowledgment of the right of all to the soil . For as the soil has not been created by man , it follows from the fundamental principle of property , that it cannot belong to any small portion of the human , race , who have createdit by their activity . Let us then conclude that the true theory of property is . founded on the ' creation ofOie Hang possessed . ' " —Fourier . " If man has a right to light , air , and water , which no one will attempt to question , he has a right also to the land , which is just as necessary for the maintenance of his subsistence . If every person had an equal share of the soil , poverty would be unknown in the world , and crime would disappear with want "—3 Iikc Wal $ h . " As the nature and wants of all men are alike , the wants of all must be equal ; and as human existence is dependent on the same contingencies , it follows that the great field for all exertion , aud the , raw material of all wealth , Vic eartli , is the common property of all its inhabitants . "—John Francis Bray .

      " What monopoly inflicts evils of such magnitude as that of land ? It is the sole barrier to national prosperity . The people , the only creators of wealth , possess knowledge ; they possess industry ; and if they possessed land , they could set all other monopolies at defiance ; they would theu be enabled to employ machinery for theu * own beuefit , and the world would behold with delight and astonishment the beneficial effects of this mighty engine , when properly directed . "—Author of the " Reproof of Eiutus . "

      Untitled Article

      May 31 , 1845 mr ^ __ JLH E NORTHERN STATt 7 ' ¦ '

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), May 31, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1317/page/7/