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^re^i iHobcmcntg.
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agriculture ana imtmiltuiT
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itefcrt fntdlicpncf*
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" And I will war , at least in words , ( And—should my chance so happen—deeds ) , "With all who war with Thought !" " I think I hear a little bird , who rings The people bj and by will be the stronger . "—Brsos .
TTALT , ATJSTRTA , AKD THE TOPE . so . 11 . "In Italy , " says Mr . Mazani , " nothing speakssilence is tlic common law . " The people are silent by reason of terror ; the masters are silent from policy . Conspiracies , strife , persecution , vengeance , all exist , but make no noise ; they excite neither applaa % nor complaint ; one wight fancy the ¦ very steps of the scaffold were spread with -velvet , so little noise do heads mate when thev fall . The st-an ~< -r in search of health , or the pleasures of arts , passes throug h this fairy land on which God has lavished without n , ea « in ; all the gifts which He has divided a :: iongst the oilit-rlau . is of Europe—lie conies upon a s ;> ot where the toil has been recently stirred , and he dots not suspect
that he is treading on the grave of a martyr . The « -arth is covered with flowers , the heaven above smiles with its divine a * i « ct ; the cry of miser } , which from time to lime tonvulses his native country , is rarely heard here ; and two great ejiochs of the human race—two worlds , the world of paganism , and the world of middle aKe , Cliristiliaaitv , lie before him to studi—» Lat cares lie for the j . ttMiit . ' He say * to himself , thtrc is here abundance of food , there is sunshine , thtrc is music in the air ; what more can this iwloltnt race desire ! Other men , too , men of figures , statistic ? , utilitarians , go their ways , judging of Italy as they would « if any other country in a normal stale , neglcctius on cue hand the greatfactof the slavery , aud the tramjjiii- , 1 « nn of sill the indigenous elements ; and on the Gllii * hand the strength < . f ritalitv , the desire
to Uee , which , in spite of all obstacles , is beginning to dawn ¦ upon us . They meet here and there with fra ; nncnts of stqierncial reform ; they give the honour of it , not to our efforts or die spirit that sustains us in the strile , l . utto our governments ; and they exhort us to have patience to confine ourselves to pacific efforts for homeopathic amelioration , which alone seems to conciliate their lukeii . ii jii desire ft . r tlie jood aud what tliey are pleased to terin tlie r < . jKj& _ - < . f Kurujre . They abdicate at tlie frontier everything lil ; e faith , remembrauces , and high heroic and social views . The idea of nation is too abstract for tliein . They stc in Italy nothing but a country , a surface of so many thousand square miles , peopled by so man v million bmiles ( tlie souls do not enter into their caicula * - tion ) , for whom all that can reasonably be expected from their jwlitical lulers , isa ccrlasu auiouiitof food , clothing , and of maii-risl coiafons , jiancm tl Circiiues . As the
Gater Cranz effaced from his plan of Spii-ll'crg the roan , in order that he might remember nothing but tlie num . l-ercd prisoner , they would willingly efface the name of Italy from the map of Europ .-, in order to substitute for it a cipher . And above all this , influencing at once both tlie thoughtless traveller aud self-styled practical men , hovers tlie « c r «* cs , tlic adoration of the actual , the incessant confusion of ini ^ lit with riirlit . You have risen up twice , thrice : twice , thrice , liaveyou fallen : vouare then destined to suiur . We side only with the strongire adore victory . Tlac cry is brutal ; still it influences the entire question , it engenders the indifference of the people and directs the proceedings of the governments . We esilcd patriots have our letters opened , whilst it is highly probable , Sir James , that yon would respect the missives of an Italian monarchy , or republic , or at least you would only open them on vour oun account .
Buttlscrcis another class , that which holds up Austriaas the civiiisiug power in Itnly . This party says Mr . Mazzixi , cry " react-, peace f we must have peace , at auy price , were it even the peace of the iojnb . " Tliis patty argues that " the Lombard-Ycnclian provinces are less Eiiiiappy , are better adiniinslcmi than the other Suites of Italy : the Austrian Government is strong , the Italian Governments arc weak ; it is essential , therefore , that Austria should extend her sway over the entire t-omttir , repressing both the agitation anionest the people , and the caprices of the Italian princes . " To this reasoning , Mr . Mazzixi replies— " Yes , it is trae that there is some process iu Lorabavdy . We
auvai : ce , you sr . j ; yes , douutlcss , vfc advance ; hut are you aware what tears and sweat everv step of progress eosU in that quarter ? It is not true that the IuiHau provintcsunder titc Aushianrulc are well "overned . " ilr . Mazzixi adds that if he can prove this , if he can sLo-. v that Austria is the declared ciicmy of all progress , of all amelioration , he may j-pare hiuiseif ail trouble as regards the other Italian liuTcnmicms , vrliirii ; iil parties acknowledge to be execrable , rcfiuinn ^ to be overturned altogether , unless speMily reformed . Mr . Mazzim t : ici ? describes at great length ihe state ol Loaibru-dy uudcr the Austrian rule ; the following is an epitome of Mr . Mazzixj ' s revelations .
Liiiukinly is soverncd by a Viceroy . It is iu YieiHia where all taxt-s , duvet and indirect , are imposed ; all ro ^ HlaJiosiSconccrniiisthe i ; ost-ofnee made , a : id all the higher Mincers nnilcr Government , the professors ef the schools , « fct \ , are nominated . Vienna fixes the sr . ! : u-ies of government eiiip ' oyus , ali p ensions , tiie distribution of the funds for the yearly expenditure , the approval of ail new undertakings , the expenses of which will execeti 3 , 000 florins , aud of all speculations iioing beyond that sum . Vienna legislates for ail that coiiceras private sales without austion , for all extra cxpcuiiiture ; it decrees ali military levies ; it cIiwiks the subjects of insinictteu . Tlie fcilowiiis is a list of the principal posts filled by fon-anicrs ( Mmrians and other subjects of Austria , not Italians ) in the l / Hubaid-Vcnetian Provinces : — Chant-cry of the Yiccrnv : two Aulic CouKeillura out
of the lai'tc which composes it . Gir . uta I . it . del Ceiisiincnto ( cesses ) : the vice-president , a councillor . Government ¦ : tie governor , the vice-president , a councillor , two secretaries , the dispatching director . Police : the director genera } , an assistant , a secretary , five upper cw . HuissKries ; live subaltern commissaries ; nearly ali the corps of tlie police military suard : coiuniaudant , captains , lieuteua : iis , dc Censorship : a censor . "University : a director anil ihrcc professors . Veterinary School : tlic director . Schools of Philosophy and Gymnastics : eleven } rofessore . * MaLnstnito Camcnilc ( Fiscal ) : the presidsut ; a secretary ; the inspector in chief of the suards
of the Confines ; the vice-secretary . The Mint : the director . The l ' ost-oflicc : the director , and twentytwo subalterns . Jn-pec-tiou of the Tobacco Manufactory : the inspector . Guards of the Cunfincs : ail tlic Mdinuisssrics , excejit four . Tribunals , Milan . — ! Tr * A > uua \ of Appeal : tlie prWulcnt sud jiinc councillors , out oi twenty-five . Tribuual of the first Instance : the president and two councillors . Criminal Tribunal : * ix councillors . ] 5 rc ? eia . —Tribuual of the first Instance : ilie president . Cremona— id . id . Ikrgaiuo . — id . id . Couio . — id . id . Pavia . — id . id . Somlrio . — id . if ! . The Aiiny : nearly the ivho ! e of the miiijarv hicrarcliv .
Ot course lucre is not wanting in the Loinbard-Yeuetiau provinces the lnaclunery of local « ovemlncjiis : t ! : cse arc indispensable- to enable the Austrian <_' ovcriiment io collect its exactions , and extend its i ^ -in-Jiiijr sawy into cvei ^ - nook am ! corner of the JauiL ' 1 ' h . e power i = osse-sc < l br the Central , Provincial , and Muuicinal Assemblies is , liowcver , limited to n ^ rsrftrhig the edicts of Austria , or at most rcj' -rcscsithig the wants and petiiio- . is of the Italian people , with no power even to advise compliance with tlic wishes of the eonv . nuiuty . We must refer our readers to Mr MAzzisi ' s pamphlet for the full desiripti'JiJ of the iiuiiotcsjtc jiiidsluvery of these « ssewblics . We « iaotc tlic foiirai : extracts : —
Tlii- Government 1 . 11 . sovortly rfjuisnsnacil ilie munidjal Vunly for laving hi 1 S 3 B , espenijed 50 Aastrian liiTts in a s-t-sm-t , in : i : uu : aiijilyiug . to tlie 1 . U . n-. iut . Tlu-y ¦ n-ere n-priiuaiuie . ! for a payment of 703 livrcs , made by iki co'iiuniuc : o a pliydcian v . ho had lid-n cng : igcd iu 3 S : 5-3 : i-: j 7 , to supirluteiul the exetutk . a of the sanitary srrasigi'iueuts . Ti : ty were ivj'nniar . dtd by the Govern-Hunt ftradr-ily < w ! ary grar > t « l . liy tlie common council to a lasupliglner , v . lilcl ; i-xcecded 45 centimes : tlu-y wre Tfjiriaiandwl for jajins ' . Uieyear instead of cvt-vy tlnvc lii . i-iillip for the iii ! iaic : n : il advertisements inserted in the
privi U- ^ i'd Gazette of Milan . Tiie Govcrimicnt lntcrftrca « is so « : inute that in lSii > a lony despatch directed Hie Government of Milan to call together the niuaicijial is ?« nMy . in onlir that it might explain why in the ant . t « s 1 « iatistics of arts ami trades in lfey there had bven l <' -iKil ,. rs iiiarhod . wiicreas , in that of 1 ^ 35 the imr .: kiiitiii-:: ;! -, ! K ,. * f he same cliamber hit n ; ion a sciii-me to 1-roairJ ^ u- tuc laws v . lierol > y nil ihe co : iu » u « cs , and all ti :.-v : ; - ; ,: ,- Wrc oliiigedto sifuscribeto tlie bulletin of ! :. « > j . ui . r . tind amusalfy l » y tlic Covcrriincnt , not so much , a ? ilu- Offish . .. nivolyoleencd , that tlic laws might l » e-« vjji- hi ..,,, ^ . 1 ? t ] l .. jj . tt ( Sun . , nj ., ] , t lie profittd . M \ ft it
^• "; : tl * > : 5 wia : iGoviimueut as realising Sfltf . fiflO dialers a 1 i : !!! - l ''} i tes' Tl ! Cre is " ° need to enlarge on ti : e \ ^ L" " !^ - * ~ - " ' Kv tVtl - "" * lias l 0 cnlw" « l i 0 » : "'O" « rt *> f ¦ Wintfs -a i ^ , J 1 : C < . otmnm . , ail j municipalities on ac-« -.. uiit «; U : v K , v « - . ss and Qk c , naitss jjuuirances which ^ r , / T fr < w lhis - ^ * po « k »« r . for iu - \ Z , ' , !* Ui 5 i "M l < tlw «* na commancof theDenralvHd ? l « , , " * " *** l ^ Vmce about acov . script , ) 1 , ., t ^ , !*^ n < 1 **« % !« y « n feed for his services . d ' « f = » ^ r ^ - « ««*« sltftljvapoor devil who SL -SliS . ^ ^ »* ^ his
li ^ ut r- , % " ** of Lombard-Yenetian J « reply to this cjucst ^ mJJLbi mt , > - iU-ll SUJTasi BstliatiLc stould desire > o govern well , -l . c ^ nld bc l , k to flo « t The dkfcJL from the ««« 7 ? maeat ' tlle euslt « s of a different race , the which teiS " : mtt : fr < ' " : 'll that is national in the country flieiu i , aT ° U a 8 aillst « l > e invaders , and imposes wton dl tiii * ti * ^] - " lK'reci : nti on as a necessity . Uesides i « Kurv , \ lacse l lrinrf P e of immolnlity represented iiKJii ? , f 7- ^ ustl ( ai'd which the heterogeneous ele tf-au ^ iM , ' t - 1 d'e 5 s cou'l > osed wiU not allow her to Iw-tiin J- roln ) ' woula suffice to annihilate tlie sloii in L " "I tIle ™ - "awnl - v ( and this enmsuuoik-1 i ¦ Ulll ofad « dai-eaencmv ought to surprise coiS - aW > llV ' sllc llas nonc - VTe ' nwy fight without Aumh i « TSdVtS ' W-itllout an - v sacrifice of S ratitudc - time " l i aW 3 re ti : at $ lle encamps in Italy for a . ' - "'¦ "" sno oU . er intentions except to prolong as
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much as possible this indefinite period , and to exploiter to the utmost the territory which at present she possesses . As for as she cat . she resists all movement and progress , "ft hen this progress stews on the point of accomphshmgitsc-imsb y Uso « n strength , she takes possession of it , she sanctions it to deaden its cousen-wnces , and to deceive Eur .. . Ti . crervsult . from thew douhle tacUCB . 1 system ot imj .. isi ,, r « . . u - * tcui of aw ^ irances , which cannot be hud TO' , bare , and Of Which tlie twoheaded eagle seems to have been chosen foi the symbol . In entering into particulars illustrative of " the svstem of Austrian rule in Italy , Mr . Mazzisi commences with the system of education practised in the public schools . From all the benefits of educai V J , ^ orK 1 II » classtJS aiv ' » puiut of fact , excluded . The poverty « f the parents imposes a law of labour upwi the children , and on the day and evening of bumlar , the oaly time they are at libertv , there is no instruction ; true , the government ' lines the
aoourerwKO neglect * to send his children to school out the law forbids entrance to the schools of all taosc children who betray their poverty by their ragged clothes ; thus ignorance is perpetuated aud poverty plundered . All the schools and infant asylums which have been founded by private bentvolcnce , or are supported by local lunds , Austria lias taken possession of , m order to deaden their utility and fashion them to her own ends . In some of the classes , the subjects of instruction are strangely iumbled ; the third class , for example comprehends fourteen different topics , all very important , which are to be tau « ht in
one single year , by a single master , to children eicht or nine years old ; in other classes thev take up an enormous tune . ' 1 he master is required to make a minute report to Government of the conduct of the scholars ; the information is secret , without control without reparation for unjust accusations . Morality IS neglected : what they pretend to teach of it , consists of the duties of subjects towards their sovereign Lqdonwje is inculcated . * The Asylums for children founded by private benevolence , but directed hv the Government , which does not take the smallest share m their support , are placed in the hands of priests , and of men known for their devotion to Austria . my . Mazzixi gives the following table of one day in the week , showing the nature of education given in those places .
EMPLOYMENT OS TnOESDAT . Time . 9 —91 Itoll call , prayer , singing , ( hymn of the Emperor ) . ill —10 Exercise of memory upon the psalms . 10 —101 Breakfast and recreation . 101 —n Nomenclature for tlie classes . U —111 Explanation for the above . U | —1 ' - Way and prayers . M —121 Arithmetic . VJi —1 Catechism . 1 —2 Dinner aud prayers . 2 —3 Writing . 3 —31 Heading . Sj —4 Singing ( the hyinn of the Emperor ) . i —5 May and players . So that God and the
Emperor" rowers ettmal ! Such names mingled I "that is , the inculcation of superstition and slavery , occupies daily the greater part of the time devoted to instruction—so-called . _ The Universities crown the system , and dcvelope its aim more and more . No one can be a Professor in them without having previously undergone q- -cdal examinations ; and it is from Vienna that the questions come which are to be given ; and it is to Vienna that tlie answers are sent lor approval—devotion to Austria is the tine qua non of success . The lot of the student is a most melancholy one . Amongst the indignities to which he is subjected , hunting aud fencing are prohibited to him . " He is coninellcd
to shave off his moustache , and this is deemed of so mucn importance , that in ISiO a letter came from the Governor of Lombardy to repress the insubordination of the schools upon this point . Brutally insulted on the smallest pretext by the soldierv , aiid the guards of police , without tlie least stimulus to emulation , without any esteem in his heart for those who instruct him—with the sword trembling over his head of expulsion iii twenty-four hours for the least fault , if he be not reduced to a stale of idiolcv , he may thank the inspiring heaven which is above " his head " , tlie grand memories which surround him , and the Italian leaven that ferments in his soul , and which three centuries of servitude and corruption have not bran aide to kiL "
Quitting the sehools , is the intellect then allowed to breathe freely ? Alas , no ! " You wish to read in the public libraries—where the cap of the workman is formally excluded—you are refused Gall , La-¦ vat er , Aifieri , Byron , Sliakspcare . In the book-shops , you ca ; i get nothing—immoral romances execptedof what is printed abroad , not even an edition ot Dautc by Foscolo , published two years ago in London , by llolandi . You wish to write—and live or six ccusors remorselessly bar the way . " " Tnerc is a censorshi p for the journals , another censorship for bo : fe , a third for the provinces , aud a fourth for engravings and theatrical representations . Then there are special censors for ecclesiastical works and works on medicine and mathematics—all charged to prevent ihe development of new opinions . There
areno political journals , except the privileged Gazette , at Milan , which belongs to the government . Ko foreign newspapers ova allowed , except those which represent legitimacy and regal power ; and even these are suppressed whenever they contain anything which displeases . Their circulation is however next to nothing . It is to Vienna that application must be made , before a literary journal can be commenced , it is Vienna which sends or modifies the programme of such a journal . Haunter , a witness who cannot hz suspected , confesses that , dramatic writers are enjoined to place « good prince les ' idc a lad one in tlieir nods , whether hit-torn bears t' lem out or not . And
¦ when you have satisfied all these exactions—when you have disarmed these rabid curtailcrs of syllables , by _ giving up to them the best passages you had written , when at lecgh you appear under the protection of the censor , you are still under the axe . The police , more powerful than are the consorc , may turn round upon you , and whether owing to a sudden iiinimnation , or whether in consequence of your having excited imprudent applause—seize , and suppress your work , aud confiscate the volumes which have already appeared . That is tlie fact about translations of foreign historical worka collected by liettoni , to which the emperor himself had subscribed for a eopv .
"Liniertho Austrian Government not a single literary man of note ( Manzoni alone , perhaps , exeepted ) has passed through life without meeting with persecution . Since ISl-i , Foscolo lias died in England , in exile ; Ucrchet lives so ; Pellico , Lorsieri , ami others , wore out their chains in Spielberg ; Zuccahulied of grief in consequence of the persecutions which he brought upon himself by a lecture on Dante ; Melehior Gioja was kept eight mouths in prison without being brought before a judge ; Romaguosi , < lra :: g «; d to prison at the age of seventy , declared innoecnt after eight or ten months' imprisonment , ftrau ; himself deprived of tiie right of keeping a private school in his own house , and when called by Lord Guildfurd to a chair of jurisprudence , at Corfu , his passport was refused . "
ue mast pause ior the present ; next week we shall continue these revelations . In the meantime we hope that many of our readers will obtain the pamphlet for themselves , and learn in full , from its pages , the abominations of that system under which Italy L'l'tiMiiS .
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Locusts . —We learn from St . 1 ' ctcrsburgh , July S , that i !; c province of I \ ew llusia was siiifcring droadfuily from wautofrainaudenoriiioasswarins of locusts . Death or ilit . Bi-tlkr , the Tuaoeujax . —It appears that Mr . Duller was engaged to deliver a course of lectures on Shakspeare ' s plays , at the Athcmcum , Manchester . Wednesday week , was the lirst of the scries , Humkl being the tragedy selected ; butscarcclv had he concluded reading the fourth act , before- he became so j-eriouslv ill that he was conveyed home .
2 Cut the slightest symptoms of recovery were perceptible afterwards , and en the following evening ( Thursday ) , about half-past seven , as ho was proceeding across his bed-room , supported by his wife , he suddenly fell !« ck in her amis , aud expired . The complaint which has thus brought him to an early grave wasoucofavcrv painful aud dangerous character , and in is understood that about a few months ago he was operated upon by Dr . Listen . He was in his fortyfirst year , and was much esteemed throughout tlie profession .
FuauxoTOx ' s Lixe . —Loxdox asd Maxchesteh Djkkct Ixhej-exdext Railway . —A most influential liiectin" of the committee of this railway was held on Wednesday hist , at their offices in Moorgatc-street , when oifers of extensive support from various places were made , aud amongst them one co : ilmaster oitered to euicr into si contract to pay ± 50 , 000 a year to the company tor the simple use of the intended railway ( he finding ei )« ines , fuel , and other expenses ) , loi conveying coafto the London market only ; and « appeai ed from investigations which took place tiia the Staffordshire coal will be supp lied and delivered by this railway m the London market at Us . id . pei tOE . —liattwauExiJriis .
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THEORY OF VEGETATION . " And tiicrafore it was said , not elegantly alono , but philosophically ; Jlomo esi jiUnta inecrsa ; Man is like a plant turned upwards . " —Baton . AXALOUT IIETWEO PlAXTS AXD AXIMALS . —Ll « ini mals the food is received into an internal sack or stomach , it is : there acted upon by certain juices , and converted into a semi-iiuid mass called ch innc . From thence it passes into the intestines , is absorbed from the grosser food by the lactcnls , is in them refined , and goes into the veins from thonoo as ehjU , and is intimately mixed with the blood . After passing through the lungs , and becoming decarbonated , it is then changed into Mood , which contains materials for the nourishment of all purls of the system . In different parts of tlic body are certain < jkmds , as the liver and the kidneys , which may be compared to pipes and strainers . Thev . separate certain suksti > iices
irom tlie blood , which arc carried off as being no longer necessary to nutrition . These , as well as tlic superfluous portions of food not necessary to the formation of chyle , aVe discharged as excrements . In structure , plants differ from animals , principally in containing no inicrnahack or stomach ; in plants this organ may be considered as external ; it is in the earth that the elaboration of their food takes place . Hence we may compare it to the stomach of animals , while the routs of plants are analogous to tlsc lactenk in animals ; for through those roots the liquid or gaseous food of plants is admitted to the system , ate having been extracted-from tlieir grosser food in its raw state , or manure , when digesting in the ground . The « y > ofthc one we may compare to tlic Mood of the other . Tlie leaves to the lungs , for in both a peculiar uiodHieation of what was originally theiv food takes place , one part of it being retained , the other expelled .
THE VEUETAlSr , E AXD AXIMAL COMPARED . By M . M . Dumas and Cuhours . THE VEGETABLE . j THE ANIMAL . I ' roduees—Xcutral nitrogen- ! Consumes—Neutral nitrotnis matters . Benousmattws . Tatty matters . Fatty matters . Sugars , feeulas , ' Sugars , fceulas , K'hxs . gums . lacmspoiii—Carbonic aeid . 1 ' eoduces—Carbouic acid . Water . Water . Aisimoniucal Aininoniacal salts salts . Consumes—Oxvgen . Disengages—Oxygen . I'roiiticis—Heat , . lteorta—Jleat . Electricity . Elesirieity . ! Is an apimratus of oxidation . Is an apparatus of mmction , 1 or devxidutiou . Is hmnuveable . Is locomotive .
J . 1 IE VECETA 1 H . E NtEPAIlES FOOD FOR THE A . XIMAI ,. — The manure which we apply to the soil , whether it maybe of vegetable or animal origin , ferments , putriiies , and becomes gradually decomposed , and resolved into certain compound bodies , such as carbonic acid gas , ammonia , carbonate of ammonia , &e . These , with water , are the groat sources of the foal of plants . Moreover , rain as it falls from the asniosphcre , brings down , in solution , a further supply of carbonate of ammonia , and other substances , wluch have emanated from ticcayiiigiiuimal mutter , or from grave yards , and become accumulated there .
Ihe atmosphere , being an universal receptacle , contains , with other exhalations , a continual supply of carbonic acid gas which has been expired from tlic lungs of animals , or derived from other sources ; all of which enter plants in a gaseous or liquid state , arc decomposed by them , and resolved into the ultimate elements o ! " which they arc composed . For there is in every plant an energy , a power , a decomposing , as well as : i combining power superior to that of the most energetic galvanic machine . From compounds so various , with tiie aid of heat ,
light , and electricity , plants can separate ihe simple elementary bodies carbon of charcoal , oxygon , hydrogen , mlrciyei ! , tic , anil at tiie same time appropriate them as food , for these peculiar elements they principally subsist upon . That very carbonic acid gas , which was once expelled from the lungs of animals , is thus decomposed iniu its elements carbon and oxygen , the latter is pu .-.-y returned to the air we breathe ; to he again respired by animals , while the furmcr being assimilated by the plant , forms , ii ' we mav so term it , tli ; vegetable bone .
The other compounds , water , ammonia , &c , become resolved by tiie same power , into their ultimate elements , which arc alterwards assorted , combined , or bundled together and assigned each to its own place in the vegetable structure , in the most exact aud beauiiiV . l manner , again to minister to the future support os ' . iiiimal life . In vegetable , as in architectural masonry , various saline substances in solution are required to act as cements , to give stability to the plant , to saturate its acid juices , or for other purposes ; these arc potash , soda , linic , and indeed , a variety of inorganic substances , but dilVcreni tribes ol' plants exercise a peculiar choice .
The Amm . il prepares food for iue Vegetable . — But whatever substances enter plants as food , they are all derived from the e ? rth , or the atmosphere , and when moulded into vegetable forms , and in alterwards becoming the food oTauimals , such ot them as came originally from the atmosphere , are again restored to that medium , by animal respiration , * e . The remainder , which have not been consumed in the respiratory organs , must go to the formation ot the bones , the flesh , and tlie animal secretion !? , or become expelled in tlieir excretions , llencc , in these thines tlic whole of the elements required by the vegetaulo will be contained , which taken collectively , must represent the complement of its structure ; ana when restored to the earth , be sunicient , with what
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AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY . ( Continued from our last . ) XITHOGK . V AND THE ELEMENTS OF WATER . OS . We have stated that the combinations ol" nitrogen ( sometimes called azote ) are shrouded in obscurity ; but that they are deeply intercstingand impoi taut . After oxygen , few substances are of more importance in the economy of nature than nitrogen [ & ) . b orinnig so great a part of our atmosphere it is scarcely possible to conceive that it must not be subservient to other important purposes besides that ot mwcly diluting oxygen gas . it is dissolved in the water ot the sea , ot lakes , springs , and rivers . It enters largely into the composition of some vegetables and of all animals ; and it is extremclv probable that reat
g phenomena , now obscur e , sucli as the renovation ot the air , rain , and respiration would be solved by an accurate knowled ge of this c-is" ( Davy . ) fa ' CD . 1 ho progress of science has recently added considerably to the list of vegetable substances containing nitrogen , at least in minute quantity . It may be considered as proved , that all the young organs of plants without exception—all those parts manifesting the greatest activity in the nutrition of vegetablesall substances contained in the circulating juices , especially in the ascending sap , or the fluid derived from tlie soil by the roots , are abundant in nitrogen ; that an iuotiscd matter is tho real origin of gvci-v portion of vegetable structure ; and that the value o ' f an organic . manure depends upon its proportion of matters furnishing nitrogen , or the preponderance of these matters over those which mcreiy furnish carbon . The agricultural value of many jji o ) - * 7 « jiic substances depends also in a great measure upon their
property of forming or absorbing ammoaiu-from the atmosphere . In short , to husband nitrouen is in a great degree to husband carbon also . Goals , for instance , contain some nitvog en as well as much carbon , yet both are so last locked up that coal dust is quite unproductive . Coals , however , in burning , yield carbonic acid to the air , and deposit soot in the chimney . Soot contains salts of ammonia ; it is an azotised-product , very conducive to the growth ol ' vegetables . Peat , again , yields carbon in almndancc , yet peat forms a poor ungrateful soil until fertilised by nitrogen or its compounds . 70 . If chemistry , then , is to instruct agriculture the agriculturist will attend with patience and docility to a puzzling lesson upon some combinations of nitrogen with oxygen and lndrogen , the elements of water ( 19 ) . With oxygen , nitrogen forms nitric add aud the nitrates ; with hydrogen , it forms ammonia and its salts .
Mime acid . 71 . Hitherto the researches of chemistry have not ascertained much that is clear or practical , cither as to the . formation of nitric acid frem the atmosphere , or as to its influence in agriculture , when combined with soda and potash , to form the nitrate of soda and the nitrate of potash . Sad it is to confess , that the little we yet know of the process of nitrification ( or the manufacture of the nitrates ) , is principally due to the science and application of the French chemists , stimulated by the necessity of providina saltpetre for the manufacture of gunpowder during the wars of tho Revolution .
72 . Whenever a discharge of electricity takes place in common air ( 13 ) , a minute portion oi' nitric acid is invariably formed by a cheniical union of oxygen ami nitrogen . This fact was first ascertained by Cavendish , in 17 S 0 . Ilu succeeded in forming nitric acitl from its elements , by transmitting a succession of electric sparks , during several days , through a small quantity of air confined in a tube . A trace of this acid in combination with ammonia has been detected in the rain of thunder storms , produced probably iu the . same manner . Some philosophers arc of opinion , that much of thu nitric acid contained in the nitrates afforded by different soils , originated from the combination of nitrogen ami oxygen by lightning ; others deny the probability of this opinion . Wo have no means of estimating the extent to which this atmospheric nitrification proceeds in thu higher region of the air ;' nor has human ingenuity devised any means of profiting by it in a direct manner .
73 . Nitric acid is also a product of animal and vegetable decomposition ; it is always thus obtained in combination with lime , potash , " or soda , in the form of nitrate of lime , nitrate of potash , nitrate of soda—substances of great value to the agriculturist , and at present the subjects of cxtcnsivc ' trial . It is on the farm , however , and not in the laboratory , that their merits must be decided—not by the laws of chemistry , or by chemical equivalents , but by tlie rules of that indispensable and unerring sciciicearithmetic , and by the equivalents of hard cash .
71 . It has been proposed to construct nitre beds in this country , for the purpose of obtaining supplies of the nitrates for the use of the farmer . Certainly a more valuable compost could not be devised than a well-coiistnicteil artificial nitre bed . But for the amelioration of tho soil , such a compost would probably attain its greatest value long before the formation of nitre . Such at least is the inference that one would draw from the received opinion on thissubject , —viz ., that " ammonia is the general cause of nitrilication on the surface of tho earth . "—( Liebig . ) " Tho last products of the decay and putrefaction of animal bodies present themselves in two . diitercnt forms . They arc in tlic t ' oi'iu of a combination of hydrogen nin \ nitrogen—ammonia—iu temperate and cold climates , and inllmt of a compound containing oxygen—nitric acid—in the tropics and hot climates . The formation of the latter is preceded by the production of the first . Ammonia is the last product of the putrefaction oi
animal bodies—nitric acid is the product of the transformation of ammonia . "—( Ibid . ) The value of ammonia to tlic tanner is indisputable ; it is , however , a ycry volatile and fugacious product in his hands , neither agreeable to the senses nor conducive to health . Whenever , therefore , ho once comes into possession of this valuable agent , let him employ it , and not foolishly lose the substance in seeking a shadow , by waiting to obtain nitre or nitrates . Those who seek more detailed information on the subject of nitrification than can bo inserted here , will find many valuable remarks in a paper published by Mr . Graham , so long ago as March 1827 , in tlie Philosophical Magazine , p . 172 . The subject is still obscure , and we nmsi : limit ourselves to a statement of what is supposed to be well established , and in some decree intclligilile , otherwise there m-e many passages in Mr , Grai-am ' s paper that would well ilescrve " to be extracted .
75 . Ammonia , as already stated , consists of nitrogen united to hydrogen . It , is popularly known as the volatile alkali , spirit of hartshorn , sal-volatile , itc . It gives pungeney to the contents of smellingbottles . We need not at present detail the mode by which the two elements of this substance are combined in the processes of animal and vegetable decomposition . The product—ammonia—is found at the end of these processes in various stales of combination with carbonic aeid , muriatic acid , and sulphuric acid , and tunning carbonate , muriate , or sulphate of ammonia . From these combinations , caustic , lime , potash , or soda ( CO ) expel the ammonia in its caustic and most volatile state .
70 . _ ihe sait commonly called sal-ammoniac ( muriate or hvdroeiilorate of ammonia ) is a combination of ammonia with muriatic , or , « s it is now called , livdrothlorio acid . If upon a portion of this salt , snglitiy pounded , you pour sonic strong milk ol'limc , or Icy of potash or soda , thu aeid unites forthwith to the hme , potash , or soda , and tlie ammonia Hies off . A slight degree of heat is sufficient to expel all the ammonia , ami it takes no long lime to escape without heat , if water be not present in great qimntitv to dissolve and rotnin it . If the carbonate , or nitrate , or sulphate ol ammonia be employed instead of the sai-ammoniac , the same results are observed ; the ammonia disappears and is lost . It is not , however lost to t ! : e world ; it unites immediately with the carbonic aeid of the air , and with the vapour of water , and alights with the next shower of rain to fertilize the earth .
77 . Two compounds , then—nitric acid and ammonia , the one a corrosive acid , the other a strong and pungent volatile alkali—are the results of the combination of nitrogen with the one or other element of water . ( 19 ) . ' Now , since nitrogen constitutes tour-fifths ol ' the atmosphere , and waterabounds everywhereread y to supply oxygen to form tlic nitric acid or hydrogen , for the ammonia , one might have expeetwl that science or chance would have tau-ht mankind how to combine these cheap and abundant elements together at will , so as to procure ammonia lor tlie purposes of medicine and the arts , and at east nitric
acid for tho soldier ' s saltpetre . Such , however is not the case . One of the greatest philosophers this or any other country ever produced , was occupied many days with an electrical machine ill converting tho air contained in a small tube into nitric acid ( 72 ) . It is still more dilficult to form ammonia from a direct union ofits elements ; nothing less than thunder and lightning seem competent to i iii " s '? > pi'tcarious , obscure , ami uniicalthy process of animal and vegetable decomposition , must be resorted to as the principal source of the acid and alkali . These are what may be con-
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sidered magazines or storehouses of the other three great elements , oxygen , hydrogen , and carbon , that seem to have passed through some state of previous existence . Clouds , rain , rivers , and soap , supply oxygen ami hydrogen combined as water . Immense strata of marble and limestone yield exhaust-less supplico ufcarlmnic acid , in which , and in tho ait 1 around us , carbon issevureiv Inched up until vegetation applies its key . Mines ' of coal ami beds of peat minister cavhou plentifully in a form still more availiable to our wants ; but there is no such storehouse of nitrogen ready for use . It exists indeed abundantly in tho air , but not in chemical combination—it is not available ; wo cannot soi : w and bind it . ^ Nitrogen ruxos a chartered libertine- ever the iacc Ol this globe , anil if im- a time it enters the composition of an organised lieiiiir , it holds noabidin " piate during lite , aiul after death is still mure ini " - patient of its prison house . From the cradle to the Sjravc man breathes an atmosphere four parts out ot
live cousistnigof nitrogen , day aud night , asleep or awake ; yet it is believed to " come as breath , and so depart . " Animals are supposed to respire atmospheric air ^ without being able to appropriate a particle of its nitrogen to supply tlieir incessant waste ot this element . Nor , practically speaking , do vegetables seem to obtain much of the nitrogen thev all contain , directly from thu niv . It is said , indeed * , that some plants possess the power of appropriating this gas by their leaves ; and wo see it gravely announced that a frugal fanner might improve his rotation by taking an occasional crop of Jerusalem artichoke—a plant found to be eminently endowed with the laculty oflindingin the ' sky that indi « ncnsable but costly azotic element which wheat in particular carries off from the soil . Liebig , on tho other hand , says , perhaps too exclusively , " we have not the slightest reason for believing that the nitrogen of the atmosphere takes part in the processes of assimilation of plants and animals . "
ib . Owing to the powerful affinity of ammonia for water , its presence in the atmosphere must bo very transitory . By certain tedious processes , however ram water may be shown to hold in solution some salts of ammonia—which is much tliesame sis proving that there was smoke in the air previous to tlic shower . The discovery has been made by an eminent chemist in Germany , and confirmed , as might be expected , at Manchester . 79 . In the manufacture of coal-gas there is produced a considerable quantity of ammuniaeal liquor , which is said tocontain carbonate and hydrosttiphuret of ammonia . It is obviously a material rich in
matters profitable to the agriculturist . SO . _ Guano , a substance imported from South America , abounds , iu azoiised matter ; so do bones . It seems , at first sight , an omission on tlic part of Sir II . Davy , still the greatest teacher of agricultural aheniistry , that lie recommends the use oi " bone- more on account of its organic or azotised ingredient , uelatin , than its earthy constituent , phosphate of lime , which is at present more exclusively sought after ; yet , on inquiry , we may perhaps find ' the one essential to the other . It appears that dogs require bone earth to qualify the famed gelatin ; and we shall be led to believe that a plant , in turn , will require the aid ofits gelatin in order to digest the bone earth .
SI . It was a wise saying of Cato the Censor , that a good farmer should aim to be a seller , rather than a buyer . A prudent man will , in the first instance , economise and apply to use tlie various azotised materials yielded by animals fed upon the produce of his farm . It is oaly , however , by observing ami comparing together tlic properties ol carbon ( 22 , &c ) , of nitrogen ( U , G 8 ) , and the no less energetic elements of water ( 21 , OS ) , the absorbing powers of the carbonaceous and other ingredients of the soil ( 23 ) , the processes of combustion (¦!) , fermentation , and decomposition—processes more nearly allied than may appear at first sight—it is only , in short , as an ? W pretcr of Nature , that the agriculturist can hope to become her favoured minister . ( To be continued . )
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Loxnos Coii . v ExcnAXOB , Monday , July 21 . —The arrivals of wheat from our own coast were moderate during the past week , and those of barley , beans , and peas very small . Of oats only a small parcel or two were received from Lincolnshire , but rather an iu « creased supply came to hand from Scotland , whilst the arrivals from Ireland and abroad were largo . In addition to the foreign oats the receipts of grain fvom abroad have consisted of a fair quantity of wheat , a cm-go or two of imrlcy , and a few parcels of beans and peas . At this morning ' s market there was a very small show of wheat by land-carriage samples from the nciehlKHirins ; comities , barley of hunic growth was vdrv scarce , and tho display of beans and peas was likewise scantv . Iksides tho
iu- } jo arrival of oats reported , a good many vessels adcii with that . » rain have come to hand since the list of arrivals wa s made up ( mostly from the near ( ioiuinential poits ); there was consequently a plcntilu ! quantity on sale . The weather has apain become unsettled , and during last night a considerable quantity ot nun tell in this neighbuurhiod ; this circumstance had some influence on the u-ade to-day , and though the inquiry for wheat was not particularly active , the greater part of that oucrint ; from Kent niul hsscx was sold at an ntivaucu of U . lo 2 s . per < jr . oil the currency of Monday last . Foreign free wheat was held at a similar enhancement , which bein » reluctantly paid , t ! io transact ions were unimportant . Parcels under lock were held at very high rates , whereby tho inquiry was cheeked , and ' few , if any ,
actual contracts wore closed . Flour was held firmly , at the recently advanced prices , ami the nominal top price iif town made is now uenerally quoted 4 'Js . pur sack . For barley there was a slightly improved domain ! , and former terms were well supported . Even thu best qualities of oats wore dinicultof disposal , ant ! secondary and inferior sorts , particularly foreign , were nearly unsaleable , though offered lid . to Is . per qr . below tho inks of this day se ' nnight . Beans and peas did not excite much attention , the business done in theaC articles was however at previous prices . Canary seed sold slowl y at quite late tClWS , A saniplo in- two ot nuw carraway seed ami also . a small parcel of rapeseed of this year ' s growth were exhibited ; tlic quality of the former was inferior , and colour dark ; the rapeseed , on the other hand , was very fine . No prices wore established .
CURRENT PRICES OF GBAIN , PER IMPERIAL QUARTEU .-JB .-iMsA . s s : ¦ < N neat , Esse . \ , » t Kent , new is old red -ifi 35 ¦ yj'llitfi S ' i GO NViVJIj mid Lincoln . ... do -J 7 05 Ditto 02 58 Xiirthnm . and Scotch white 45 S 3 Fine 52 07 Irish red old 0 ( I Red 46 49 White 50 55 J ' , £ M 31 32 Ken- 29 3 U Brank 34 35 iurlcy Grinding .. 25 27 Distil . 28 30 Malt . 31 3 J Malt Jiiv . vn .... 52 54 Pale 55 51 ) Ware 60 62 Beans Ticks old & new 8 fi 88 Harrow 88 40 Pigeon 41 48 1 ' eas Grey 35 38 Maple 37 38 White 38 40 ' . ' - . its Unuoms & Yorkshire Teed 23 24 Poland 21 29 — Suotcli Auiius 23 25 Potato . 2 G 28 , J' - 's ' White 20 23 Black 20 2 J Per 2801 b . net . s s Per 2801 b . net . g ¦ luwii-nuile Hour ... 47 49 Norfolk «! c Stockton 33 U Bases and Kent . . . . 3 C 3 S Irish 85 38
Fi'QO . Bond * Foreign . 8 b a ¦ Wheat , Dnntsie , Kuuigsburg , &c 5 . } ( io 42 4 $ Marks , Mecklenburg 54 r , a 37 40 J- 'iuiisli , Ilulstciu , and Friesland red 40 50 : ' ¦) 33 Russian , Hard 4 ( i 50 Sort . . . l ( j 00 2 U 32 Italian , Hed . . 48 50 White . . . f , 2 st 3-1 36 Spanish , Hani . 43 SO Soft .... SO 54 32 35 Itye , lialiic , Dried . . . . 2 S W Undricu . . 28 30 22 24 Hark-y , Grinding . 24 20 Maltiiiif . . 28 82 19 24 Beans , Ticks . . 34 36 Egyptian . 34 35 29 3 J Peas , A \ lute . . 37 39 Maple . . 3 G 37 28 M Oilt .-i , Dutch , Drew and Thick 23 25 2 C 21 Russian tend , on 22 14 16 Danish , Fi'icslanii feed I 20 " » 2 14 ! 6 Flimr , per barrel ' ¦> ,- - ] a . > „ - . «
London Smitiifiki . d Cattix Market , Monday , Juj-tt 21 . —A very large importation of live stock from abroad lor our market has taken plate tluriii" iho past week , tlie Caledonia steamer having arrived from Hamburgh with 2 'J oxen , while the ticeaii , Oolumbino . and Jiatsivicr , have been reported from Mutter , dam with 140 cows , yf ) 0 Xen and 13 calves . At Hull WO oxen ami cows , and at Southampton 12 oxen , have come to hand , thefurmer froin Rotterdam , the latter trom Spain . Iu to-day ' s market , we had on sale 130 oxen and cows from the above quarters . Generally speaking , the supply was of full average quality ; indeed , scarcely any of the cows were in any way out of condition . Nearly tlie whole were disposed * of at somewhat drooping prices . The arrivals of boasts n- esh up tram our various grazimr districts were , on
• lie whole , . moueratcly jrood . Although there were many most useful animals amongsc them , their general quality was not to say first-rate . Owing in some measure , to the unfavourable state of the weather for slaughtering , the beef trade , as was the ease on Friday last , ruled inactive , at a decline in the currencies obtained on this day se ' nni » huf 2 d . per Sib . ; the highest iigure for the best Scots not exceeding -is . 2 d . per Sib , and at which a clearance was not clicoted . From Norfolk , Suffolk , Essex and Cambridgeshire , we received 000 Scots , hoiuebreds and shorthorns , ; from the North of liu «! and 300 slwvthorns , ifce . ; from tlie western and midland counties , ¦ 100 Hereford * , runts Devon ** , Ac .: from other parts ol England ,-100 of various breedsfrom Scotland S 00
, Scots , and from Ireland 80 beasts . Compared with those exhibited at corresponding periods last year the numbers of sheep were small , the falling oil" in ihcso being about 7000 head . Prime od Downs commanded a steady demand / at fully hu-t week ' s quotations . In other breeds only amoderate business was doing , at late rates . In the quality and condition ol the sheep a slight improvement was apparent , the supply ol lambs was but moderate ; while the lamb trade was tolerably steady , at previous h ' "iu-es , which ruled from 5 s . to Cs . per Sib . For calves wo had a very slow inquiry , and , in some instances , the prices had a downward tendency . The pork trade was very dull , at last week ' s currencies .
By the quantities of Sib ., sinking tlic offal , T c . s . d . s , rf . Interior coai'fc beasts ... 2 8 3 2 Secoud quality .... 3 4 8 6 1 rune large oxen .... 3 8 U JO Prune Scots ,, kv 4 0 4 2 Coarse interior sheep ... 3 2 3 6 Sevund quality .... 3 8 4 4 Pi-imo coarse wuoiled ... 4 G 4 8 Prime Southdown ... 4 10 5 0 Lambs 5 0 6 0 Lnvge course cr . lvcs ¦ .,. ' 6644 Vvinu ! gmtiU 4 0 4 g Suckling culves , each . , . 18 tt 30 l » Liivgc hosrs 36 S 3 Ktsiit small porkers . . . 3 10 4 2 Quarter-old store pigs , oauli . . 1 G 0 20 0
HEAD OF CATTJ . K ON SALE . ( From the Books of tin ; Clerk of the Market . ) Beasts , ' - ' / Jw-Shcep and Lambs , 26 , 100—Caivcs , 177—i'igs , 315 . Richmond Cons Mauket , July 10 . —The weather has been more favourable this week , which has caused the farmers to be fully employed with mowing their hay , aud iu consequence our supply of grain was only thin . Wheat soiii from 0 s , to 7 s . " Oil , ; oats 2 s . Sd . to til . & 1 . ; barley k . to is . Sd , ; beans Is . Ud . to 0 s . per bushel .
^ Mascukstbu Cobs Mai : kt-. t , Satl-hhay , July 19 . — Throtujhoufc the week the weather has been almost uninterruptedly line , and the temperature hoing at the same time much warmer , the apprehensions previously entertained with resiard to the wheat plant , as well as thu excitement in tltu trade consequent thereon , have , in a -. . wit int-asurc , Maided . ' The stocks of Flour , however , Ij eing iW . umi to a moderate compass , there was a steady demand for the fresh supplies of that article , at fully the currency of our last market day . Oats ami oatmeal coiiiinucd to meet a slow retail sale , without variation in prices . At our market this morninij ; very little business was passing iu wheat , and the improvement noted iu the value of Irish this day se ' imii-ht , was not maintained : in the value of oilier descriptions no clianui . was observable . Flour was in fair demand at " fully our previous quotations . Uotli oats and oatmeal moved off slowly , and late rates wti-e with difficulty realised in the few sales which occurred in cither article .
LivKui'ooL Coiin Market , Mqsiiay , « 1 iu . y 21 . —With , the exception of ( 31 'Ju sacks of Irish Hour , the imports of grain , itc . into our pm-t during the week have been jhht . No alteration has occurred in the duties on . Forciiin produce . Since last Tuesday , Iho weather has been most favourable IV Uiu growing crops , and iilUiousr ' u u very iniimiiil demand has not been accompanied by a disposition to force sales , the general tendency in prices of Wheat and Flour has been downwards . On Friday , Wheat was considered 2 d . to 3 d . per ' uusUel , and Flour Oil . per barrel and
sack lower . No transactions are reported in bonded Wheat and Flour during the week . Oats have been much neglected , and though in small supply , have been rather easier te buy . Oatmeal , too , lias sold slowly , at barely tho rates of last Tuesday , liarlcy and Beans have had little demand , and prices arc imchangc ^ l . Ovie transaction of about TOU quarters of Egyptian Beans , in bond , in store , has occurred at 2 'Js . per -ISOlbs . A few small lots of Canadian 1 ' eas have been retailed , chiefly for grinding , at 33 s . Cd . to 31 s . per 50-ilbs .
LiVEnrooi , Cattle Mahkf . t , Moxiuy , Ji ; i . t 21 .-. VYe have little or no alteration to quote in the stock ot our cattle market ; the supply this day was not quite so large as last week , but still a fair average lor tins time of the year . Beef , fid . to 0 . ( i . ; Mutton , G ( l . to Gil } .: Lamb , Cd . toCJd . pcrlb . Cattle imported into Liverpool from the Mth June to the 21 st J 11 y :-cows , 1251 ; calves , 184 ; sheep , 10 , 211 ; lambs , 1214 ; pigs , 43-18 ; horses , 77 . , Leeds Coax Mauket , Tuesday , July 22 . —Our arrivals this week are moderate of wheat , and very limited
of all other grain . We have had no rain of consequence since the 11 th inst ., but the weather has been cold for the season . AVhc-at is not in great de ~ imuul this morning , and in very partial instances only can prices be called rather higher for fine fresh , qualities ; all other descriptions are held at abeufc last week s rates . There is no change to note in tho value of oats , beans , shelling , or other articles . Maltox Curs Market , July l'J .-We have a good supply of wheat oflenng to this day ' s market , but moderate ot other gram . Prices ruled same as last
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o ^ SS £ S ^ ' tnic > are *¦*** teachthe
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Agriculture Ana Imtmiltuit
agriculture ana imtmiltuiT
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* The Liquid Mascme Taxk .-Xow is the time to imttinp down your tank , before you may be wanted to pi } the siekle . iMpcr ' s tank collects from the cow-house ami piggery all the liquids voided there ; sometimes he is atcustomed to increase the strength of it by adding o « e bushel of soot , a quarter of a bushel of co mmon salt , fix pounds of soda , and live or sis gallons of tlie contents «« the privy tubs ; the tault holds one hundred and liityg- " - lonsof lit ; uid , whirli he sometimes mixes witli would « o » wheat . The addition of the soda is , however , objectionable , as it will decompose the muriate of ammonia ot im soot , as well as the ammoniacal salts of the urine , anil ev crementitious matter , and expel the ammonia wlneii 11 o » its volatility will lie lost . The addition of al ) outl 0 orifli » of gypsum would be decidedly better , and cflei-tive 1111 < - taining this volatile substance aud agent of fertility .
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funS t phcr < ! , tr eceived ' holds « aml is ™ dy to table . ' P e the same < l uau % of that vegenrSlir . r neStiC nllimaIS ' and t 5 lcir MCWtlOng , t ons hnln ° ! , ? ""' sequently , he and his excrd tons become the depositaries of the ingredients de"V" Irom all the animal ami vegetable food he ^ V ™!* wll , I * * - * " ™ . »> J n ^ iration , * C , ' f fT& vc- Nuw if his bulk remain con ! hniif 1 boncs and excretions of the animals ne ; 11 . 1 s led upon have been exactly restored to tlie son , ins excrutions will become tho comnlnmontf
. « tlin nWt - •¦""" »'" W . MUUC uuu uuumJUUlUill OI tlic plant , and when duly returned io that soil , furnish elements to call into action what is alreadv <» onc vl ° , t i ' V "'f l ! iert ; ' , 10 l'lwlll <* the same amu ' uni of ugctalhe substance that entered , directly and indirectly , into his load . And if this be so , then the COUClUSlOll Will follow :- '' Thai l | 10 colkxtion and proper application , to the earth , of the bones , liquid and solid excretions of animals , in particular those of mail , oiujhtto be the primary object of agriculture as in liiem arc contained all the elements required to enable the soil to produce an equal amount of the vegetable substance lie has consumed .
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DESTRUCTION OF TULLOCII CASTLE . UOSSSlIME , I 3 Y tlKE .-LOSS OF JEWELS , &e . ( Abridged from the Edinburgh Advertiser of July IS . ) We regret to state that almost the whole of the line mansion-house of Tulloeh Castle , near Dingwall , with a , largo portion ofits rich and valuable furniture , some family portraits and pictures , the library , and other cll ' ccts , have been destroyed by fire * This lamentable catastrophe occurred ' early on Monday morning last . The fire was lirst discovered by the pr oprietor , Duncan Davidson , Esq ., of Tullock , who , going to lusbedrooni about two o ' clock , found the apartment filled with smoke aud flame , aud presenting a most alaymiiij ? appearance . The familv were all from home with the exception of the vunujjest child ,
and no man-servant boinj ; on the premises , i \ lr . Davidson ran to the square to rouse the siardener and farm servants . A messenger was also despatched to Dingwall , when the town bell was rumr and a great number of persons flocked to the spot . ~ By this time the fire had spread to a small parlour adjoining tlie bod-roo : n , and communicated to the attics , which , with the roof , were soon all in flames . Water was procured from a well in the flower-garden , and was also conveyed by means of horses from a spot half a mile distant ; but it was obvious that no efforts of this kind could avert destruction . The fire spread to tho western division of t ! ie building , and * the attention of all parties was turned to save sonic Oi the mot valuable of the furniture , and cut off the communication with the back part of the castle
lWe dining-room and drawing-room ( the latter a rich and splendid apartment ) were both destroyed , but a few of the paintings were saved . Fortunately some valuable pictnies , by the Italian and Dutch masters , had been sent to Edinburgh to be cleaned and repaired , and flic family plate had been deposited a short time before in the safe of the Caledonian Bank , at Dingwall . Tlic chartulary , containing the title-deeds of the projerty and famil y , was saved . The wines ivi the cellar were removed , and the crystals and choice articles also preserved . While Mr . Davidson ( the proprietor ) and his friends were attempting to carry oil ' some of the paintings from the « rawing-room , the ceiling fell in and they narrowly escaped their lives . The billiard-room anil library were consumed , and the old tower ( oecuuied
only by bed-rooms ) , was also destroyed . By nine o ' clock in the morning notliing remained of the interior of Tvutoch Oastto but tho bavc walls and smouldering ruins . By means of axes , hammers , Ac , a large gap was cut across the building , and the communication of the fire being thus arrested , the back wings , containing the servants' aparto'culs , remained uninjured . We arc happy to add that no accident occurred . Many persons , in their oagei ness to render assistance , placed themselves in situations of imminent danger , and nothing could ex-ccd the coolness and intrepidity with which the tradesmen and workpeople endeavoured , though inclii ctualiy , to stop the progress of the flames . I \ ii \ Davidson himself wrought manfully by the side of his sympathising and warm-liparted nei g hbours , and was mainly instrumental in saving the l'CRinant Of his effects . The house and furnitine , we understand , were only partially insured . The unfortunate
.-undent would appear to have originated from a lighted candle left in the bed-room . Our reporter , whom we sent to tiie spot , was informed that no lire had been made in the bed-room that day . Mr . Davidson , it was believed , liml entered the apartment in the course of the ; evening , and returned to his study to finish the writing of somo letters , on which ho ' had been engaged . Whilst thus employed , ho became aware of the pivsunco of lire iu some part of the house , and rushing to his bed-room discovered , but too late , the fatal progress of destruction . Amongst other things , a carved oak table , which had formerly belonged to the i'owlis family , known as the "speaker ' s table , " with the furniture , clothes , wardrobes ; in short , all above the drawing-room was entirely destroyed . Ifnfnmmatelv , the late Mrs . Davidson ' s jewels , watches , trinkets , itc , in a wardrobe containing valuable dresses and other things , were in a room up stairs to which no access could bo obtained during the lire , and have perished .
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Impoiitaxt Mi : tijo ] 'oi . itas Imimiovkmkxt . —Wo understand the commissioners for the improvement of London have it in contemplation to open a mostimportant avenue from the west end of the town to thu City , with the view of relieving the crowd of carriages now so iucoiivenicnUy comrvegiiti'd at times in Ilolboru and the Strand . ' This now street is to continue the line opened from Coventry-strcet through Leicester-square 10 Long-acre , from the corner of Bow-street , obliquely across Drury lane to Careystreet , on the south side of Linealn ' s-inn-Iields ; thence ae < oss Chancery-lane through the Rolls property , midway between Ilolboru and Fleet-street , to Farringdon-street , ami passing under an arch to the wide part of the Old Bailey . This valuable opening
is again to be intersected by a wide street extending Irom the north side of St . Clement ' s Church , known as Pickctt-placc , into the centre of Lincoln ' s-inniiehls , across which the street will go directly into Ilolborn , to join Red Lion-street , and thence direct to the Foundling Hospital , thus opening a noble avenue , long wanted , from the north to the south side of London . There is also every reason to believe that the long-required establishment of ihe courts of law iii a central part of the metropolis will he accomplished . Surveyors imo boon engaged during thu past week in measuring the new site , which is to extend from Bosweli-eom-t , Carcv-strcct , to Uell-vard
Temple-bar , extending back towards the Strand , thus bringing the courts close to Lincoin ' s-inn and the Temple , and mid . vay between the east and west and north and south portions of London . The plan is consistent with eommosi sense and the convenience of the public , although long opposed by the selfish and bigolted infim-ino of a tew old crones who keep carriages , and find it desirable to combine paiiia-. mentary with h ?» al interests . The plans will be carried out by Mr . Marry , the celebrated architect , and , combined with the new streets , north and . ' south , east and west , referred to above , will indeed ' oc a boon to the public , as well as a vast advantage to the metropolis in a healthful as well as a moral point of view .
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* I irish I emild print entire this servile work , written to crush the soul am ! nmitrstMiidinij , but the fullowhig is : i short sjut-hisen oJ' it : —Questim ) : How ought suljix'tsto emimirt tJiti' . iselves towards their sovereign ?—Answer : fsilijii-ts onirht to behave towards their sovereign like fsilhfui >!; : ci ;> tuwards their ai < wj '* r . — Question " : Why ouglit the ; , - to behave like df . ee . ' . '—Answer : ISecanse the s .. vor ( 3 gii is th .-ir iiKisfai- . and his power extends oecr tlitlt i' ! -Oj < r ! - ; < ts oror ihdf }( fio : is . —Question : Is it a Mci ^ ii . g thsit * (•(•< 1 wiil grant a loug life and a long r- 'i gn tu oar beloved muiinroli . —i ' , 7 il copies of this caiechiiln , tojri-ther with 155 , 057 conies of 1 know not what pitiful , sti-vile religious 111 : 1 : 111 : 1 ! . :. rc distributed iiimimlly to the sciiwls in Lyniliardy , wuiJot they have not a single Italian Il 3 ?! . il * V _
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FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS . For the Week commencing Mmuh y , July Slsl , 1 S 43 . MnffiSm ' lUV ( J Uia l ) lAttYC /''^ O ^ few 011 five ¦ naUkruwua tl . e crates of the late Mis . U . Oiltasrt , near taalwunie , iu Sussex ; and on several model inns on the estates of the Earl of Dartmouth at Slaithwaite in Yorkshire , published by Mr . Newell , 011-ai . iley Jyas , near liuduersfeld , in order to guide other possessor * ol field gardens by showing them ul .: t labours uuglit to be undertaken « ii their own lands , i lie farms selected as models are—First , iwo scuooi Janus , at Wiiin . gdtm and Easulwui , of each
Qve acres , eomluctev ; by U . Cruttenden and John Hams . Seeund . Two private fauns , of live or six acres ; one worked by Jesse Pipur , thu other bv John Dumbrcll—the former at Eastdean , the latter at Jevington—all of them within a few miles of Eastbourne . Third . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaite . Fourth . Several private model farms near the same place . Theconsecutive operations in these reports will enable the curious reader to compare the climate and agricultural value of the south with tlie north ot Lnglaud . The Duhy is aided by "Notesand Ubservations from the pen of -Mr . Nowell , calculated for the time aud season , which we subjoin
" The culture of the ground is thy happiest state , O mail ! Envy not thu po « o = sion of gold , silver , er line raiment—tlieir jovs may not be so gnat as thine ; for these things lead unto sloth , and a life of slothfulness is pi-ont : to vanity and imaginings of evil . " Note . —The school farms are cultivated hi lovs , whs in return for three hours' leaching in the morning , give three houn of t / ieir labour in the afternoon for Vie muster ' s benefit , which renders the sc / l&ofs SKLFsctportixo . We bclhve that at Farnly Tyat lix-Kvenths of the produce of the scfool farm will be assigned to the boys , and one-seventh to the matter , who will receive the usual school fees , help the bom to cidtivatc their land , and teach them , in addition to reading , writing , the ., io convert their produce into bacon by auendiwj to pig-keeping , which at Christmas may he divided , after pauini rent and levy , amongst tliein . in proportion to their services , ami luaaJetfiusimUrtctty to reach their parents in a way die most grateful Io tlieir feelings . ]
SUSSEX . Moxdat— Willingdon School . Boys digging and manuring for white turnips after tares . I'tycr . Reaping rye . Mem . —when the rye is removed , the stubble is digged un , mended with liquid , and turnips 5 owu or cabbages planted . Lumbrdl . Ilouing turnips , mixing dung and mould . Tuesday— Willingdon School . Boys doing the same as yesterday , l ' ipcr . The same ss yesterday , and inixiug dung , &c . Dumbrell . Digging up tare ground ; the heifer drew one load of " manure nearly
a mile up hill and down . Wednesday —Willingdou School . Boys doing the same as before . Piper . Mixing dung and mould . Dumbrell . Digging up tare ground . Thursday—Willingdon School . Boys dressing the ground and sowing white turnips after tares . Piper . Mending more lucerne with liquid manure * and hoeing turnips . Dumbrell . Digging up tare ground and sowing rape-seed . Friimy—Willingdon School . Boys hoeing swede turnips . Piper . Hoeing turnips . " Dumbrell . Weeding
tares . Satuwjat—Willingdon School . Boys hoeing swede turnips . Ifyer . Hoeing carrots . Bumbrell . Mending the cow lodge .
COW-FBEDI . NG . Willingdon School . Tiie cows have been eating during the week the second cut of clover . Dumbrell . One of his cows grazed during the day , ana was fed , morn and even , in the stall with Italian rye-grass ; one cow and heifer stall-fed upon tares and Italian rye-grass , as before , till Wednesday , since then , both cows were fed on Italian rye-grass , and the heifer upon tares alone .
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July 26 , 1845 . THE NORTHERN stab 7
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), July 26, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1325/page/7/
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