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Jbrete ^Iiemmt^
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¦ ^jEK^vyflfeiitgence.
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Sfaftultuw aitti , iflrttailturc
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itekt JEutfllfgenm
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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ITALT , AUSTRIA , AND TEE POPE * Having sketched a few traits of the " best" government ( the Austrian ) existing in Italy , Mr . Mazzisi next proceeds to afford the English people a glimpse of the " wont , " the States ot the Pope . That there could , by any possibility , exist a worse governraeut t han die Austrian despotism which at present curses Venctian-Lombardy , our readers will , most likely , be inclined to doubt . Let the doubters , however , read the following , and mark , learn , and inwardly ditrcst the consequences of allowing priests to rulc :-
Central despotism is the characteristic of the Austrian Go vernment : organized anarch ; , to the extent such a thins is possible , is the characteristic of the Papal . And tins anarchy , an inevitable consequence of the conslitQ . tional nucleus of the government , cannot be modified b y written laws or by essays of partial reform , come from ¦ what quarter they may . The government is elective and despotic : it is vested in a man who is Pope and King at the same time , and who proclaims himself to be infallible . So rule is prescribed , none can be prescribed to the sovereign . His electors , all and alone eligible , believing themselves clothed with a divine character , divide among them the direction of affairs . The chief offices in the different departments of administration are all filled 1 > 5 priests . "Very many of them are totally irresponsible
not merely in fact , hat of right . The Pope , generally a creature of the faction opposed to that which elected his predecessor , overturns the system in operation prior to his accession , and by a molu-proprio substitutes his own . IDs electors , the cardinals , each eligible after him , and feeling themselves his equals , substitute their pleasure for his , every one in his sphere . The bishops , also partaking in this divine cliarater , and in irresponsible Minority , exercise a wide and almost entirely independent power . The same , too , with the chiefs of the Hoi ; Inquisition . The ecclesiastics , holders of the principal offices , incompetent from pasthabits and studies to undertake their administration , discharge their duties by the aid of inferior employes ; who , in turn , feeling their position uncertain , as dependent on a necessarily short-lived
patronage , are guilty of every possible malversation , and aim solely at self-enrichment . Beneath all , the weary people , borne down by all , reacting against all , are initiated into a corruption , the example of which is set by their superiors ; or avenge themselves as they may by revolt or the poniard . Such , abridged , is the normal state of Papal Italy . In such a system there is not , there cannot be , any place for general , social interests , but place for the interests of self alone . The priests who govern have nothing in common with the governed : they may have mistresses—they cannot have wives . Their children , if they have any , are not legitimate , and have nothing to hope for but from intrigue and favouritism . The love ot glory , the ambition of doing good—the last stimulant left to individuals when every other is wautin "
—exists not for them . The absence of all unity of system , the instability -of all principle of government , as evidenced at Home under each new Pope , and in the provinces under each new legate , wholly destroys the possibility of such an impulse . How should men devote themselves to amendments thet can be in force but a few years , that must pass away ere they bear fruit ? Besides , as I have before said , the ecclesiastics are driven , by their want of political aptitude , to govern by auditors , assessors , or secretaries : why should these last labour for good , when the glory would all go to their chiefs ? Why should they nut labour for evil , when the dishonour will fall there also ? Fear has no hold on the subalterns ; for , not acting in their own name , they have nothing to dread save for their patrons . Fear has no hold
on the heads ; for as to some , their power and the part taken in' the election of the reigning Pope , as to others , the apostolic constitutions or the traditions of the Church , establish an irresponsibility in feet or law . In the Papal States the Minister of Finance ( Treasurer-General ) has ao account to render : he may rob the Government with impunity , and lie can lie removed from his office onl y by promotion to the Cardinalatc . From this single fact judge of the rest Consequent on this irresponsibility , in combination with the absence of distinctive limitations to official authority , no irregnlarity is too extravagant for the Popedom . The Cardinal-Datario claims the right of setting aside the ordinances of the Pope , whenever it seems good to him . A law of Benedict the Fourteenth , con 6 rmedby Pins the Seventh and Leo the Twelfth , ordains that every farming of duties and every contract relating to the exchequer should be effected by public competition , and that after the first auction a certain time should elapse , to see if anyparry willadvance onthehighest
lidding , and yet the Secretary of State and the treasurer constantly violate this prudent regulation , and , for a sum in hand , without the slightest formality , assign such contracts to whomsoever they please . Cardinal Albani published at Bologna , on the 1 st of February , certain ordinances of Gregory the Sixteenth , of the Sth of October , IS 31 , to the effect that for the future no man should be taken out of the hands of his native judges ; and twentv days later he created a Provost ' s court , that treated as crimes acts not before obnoxious to the law . TheCardinal Treasurer and the Cardinal-Camerlengo promulgated at the same time ( 1 S 2 S ) two opposing regulations relating to the posts . The functions of die provincial heads are laid down by law ; but the Pope reserves to himself the s ift ofaletter or brief ofinstruction , hy which he extends their power to what limit he pleases , and often invests them with the exercise of a portion of legal juris diction in civil matters : they may abuse these powers according to caprice , for , whatever they may do , they cannot he recalled till the expiration of three years .
Under this abominable system of misrule , the sources of material prosperity are one by one withering * property is depreciated , commerce swallowed pp between the monopolist and the smuggler , and industry shackled and oppressed . The treasury when not plundered by the irresponsible treasurer , is exhausted in pensions scandalously lavished on idle prelates—on inferior proteges , whom it has been necessary to depriveof their employments , but whom it is hazardous to bring to justice or ignominouslv dismiss—on women of ill life , courtezans to die cardinals , or on such as have reudered secret services to the Government , or any one of its members . Large pensions have often been granted to the brigand chiefs < h : the Campagna , who covenanted with the Government for a life-income , proportionate to the profit they drew from , their murderous calling ! The treasury " maintains a large part of the congreeation of . the Propaganda ; it foments political plots in
Spain , Portugal , anddsewhere ; it everywhere keeps afive , by secret agents , Jesuits , or . oiliers , the assailant spirit of Papistry ; it feeds the luxury of the most demoralised court in Europe , in the midst of a famishing population . " Mr . Mazjixi nest speaks of the intellectual state of the Pope ' s subjects . lie asks of English travellers , now many peasants have thev met in the Popedom that could read and write ? * At £ he Congresses of Science that have assembled of late ; years in different parts of Europe , not a single professor has been seen from the Papal States . And all this , the mass of material and moralpestilence , afflicting t is wretched population , is based on a . vn&xxninolcnge rbdievedin , that has ceascdlD have faith in itself . "Conceive , " says Mr . iMizasi , "thestate of a creed-distrustin " people , curbed , domineered over , burdened by an army of priests manifesting faith only in force , who surround themselves with Swiss aad Austrian bayonets , or , in the name of Christ , muster brigands from the galleys 1 "
Iteligion—I speak , of Papal Catholicism—is , in the Roman States more than elsewhere , lifeless : lifeless in the educated classes as . a consequence of the enlightened age ; lifeless in the people as wanting a symbol—as wantins asomething representative . AVho in that country is ignorant that the nomination of Christ ' s vicar depends on ambassadorial intrigue , aad that the direct or indirect seto of Austria , of : Prance , or some other power , throws into conclavial nonentity the so termed chosen of the Holy Spirit ! Who is ignorant that long since the King
strangled the Pope ; that diplomacy masters theology ; ¦ fjjf * the notes of foreign plenipotentiaries have inqpired "rids to the clergy of Poland , to the bishops of Ireland S « hidh moto-j > ropri 0 ofa Pope bat insults the vifaffiility of hisjsredecessor ? Who atiRome but can point out the fflistrestcs of the cardinals * or-who in the provincesiut can point to the agents of the prelate-governors , shanie-• ressly traScldng in all thatcan . brijgmoney to themselves <* thai- masters ! How , djnieu in . this whirlpool ef ^«* . i of Hypoed of dilapidate , can man preserve -us laitnintzct *
GovS ^ 60 ™ 611 tl ^ itUessness of the Papal q&tSlnJ ** . ' ** * ' wteniaUy . victorious , was ^ ed kS , ^ 0115 but theinsurgents re on the 26 th of jL * S ^* 1011 was ^^^ at Ancona tidonaKwT ^«* between the membersof the ProoTI o ^ ™ m v entfi " onesideand <**<» inal 3 envenuti S ttose iZaZZT ^ S '"• d ^ tire amnesty for j ^ fc JS ^ iS ttf , 5- «** « an alter , nn —Li ? , y ' dothea mth eva S powernZL ? . ^? tbe knmttgc of Home , Deo * >« mndbis
aK at ^ T ° wonl « ta ™ heengladtolook vpon « tfe . nti *^ ate Stmmtte P owerofthe jM ^ ents : fe * WntoS ^ andinveste * witl 1 s ° P « authority , r tSfST * - ™*** ' - * " «***«•*»• ¦ Ninerj-nine coiutiranr « p CTPr 0 mised ! of'tne te * xs *« s , with the persuaSav B ( awennti Wmsdf - who for the-purpose ooard «»' r * ^ to «) reat a contract , embarked ou i a ^ « otta , under the Papal flag , furnished with ttf « ,= ^ ^ P ° J signed by the pontifical authorities and S ^ afPla * Therestmnained , on the faith ffirff ^ On the part of the insurgents every SeTY Ob 5 QTfia ; they ; surrenaered their , arms , the ea Places , were given np ,, the ingurrecfionflry flag
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SK- t ; % ustria » antt ' tbePopfc A letter addressed to 5 'Wfiahan , Bart . By Joseph iSazdnLI londonj ShnftiT ^ « Queoustreet ; - Goiaen-square ; Cleave , ^™ i ^ eri » Ston , HolTweU « treet ; Wateorii Bririfep lU 1 ^ . and Strange , Paternoster-rovr . v
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pulled down . On the 5 th of April , when the country was \ enbrely at the Papal mercy , the Pope declared the capitulation null as far as regarded himself . Ordinances of the Uth . and 20 th of April organised a bitter prosecution against those who had been , however slightly , accomplices , favourers , or approvers of the insurrection . The ninety-nine passengers of the Isotta were stopped on the high sea , by the Austrian Admiral Bandiera—( whose two sons expiated their father ' s wrong against the Italian cause , by pouring out their blood in martyrdom , on the 25 ; h of July , 2844 , at Cosenza )—taken back to Ancona , and from thence to Venice , to the prisons of Austria , against whom they had committed no attack ; from which they were released after two months' ill-treatment , by the intervention of France . After f . icts so revolting to good faith and morality , how can men believe in the religion of the court of Home ! Of the Duchy of Tuscanv Mr . Mazzixi savs : —
Tn the Duchy of Tuscany—the only Italian state in which the corruption of a . mild despotism has been preferred to the system of terror elsewhere dominant—one of our first authors , Nicolini , published his tragedy of Arnaldo da Brescia : for two days it had a free sale - on the third the whole impression was seized , at the instance of the court of Uome . In the same Duchy , a native restored the house formerly inhabited b y AMeri , and added an inscription , lauding the great poet for his love of Italy the Tuscau censorship found in it notiung objectionable ¦ but the Austrian Ambassador demanded its obUturation ' and the Government obeyed . ' Ita ? -- l 4 ZZISI tUU 3 SamS UP tUe general state of
Misgovernmcnt and forei gn despotism in Lombard *—misgovernment and the worship of an imposture in the Popedom—you have only , sir , to apply these three things to entire Italy , and yon will have got the truth . Tile Popeis the cross , the pommel of a sword , of which Austria is thepoiut ; and this sword hangs over all Italy . The Pops clutches the soul of the Italian naticn ; Austria the body—whenever it shows si gns of life : and on every member of that body is enthroned a petty absolute prince , viceroy in turn under cither of these powers . Three despotisms in place of one!—wiihout any of the advantages that sometimes accompany despotism , when national , and when operating on a grand scale .
PROGRESS OF THE GERMAN REFORMATION . "We copy the following interesting , particulars ' of the progress of the " New Kefoi-mation" in Germany from the Continental Echo , just published : — Perhaps for the desirable progress of the Catholic reforui movement , the most hopeful occurrence which I have to relate is the decision of Dr . Theiner to separate from the Homan Catholic Church . This , for the latter , severe Wow , was hastened , as so many others have been , by the indiscreet zeal of thn diocesan Vicar Latussek who towards the end of April wrote demanding a eontradiction from Thciuer , of "the reports in circulation Tcspecting his inteudeu junction with the German Catholies , failing whicli , their truth would be taken for granted , and his excommunication follow . " Theiner , it is said replied , he would not give the demanded declaration ' that the chapter might do its pleasure as regarded him ;
hut if it decided on hostile measures , he had five statements ready , which he likewise would lay before the publie , and whicli might , perchance , be neither agreeable nor beneficial to the chapter ! The threatened breach was apparently healed through the intervention of Dr . Ititter ( canon of the cathedral ) , but on the renewal of similar reports in the newspapers , and when a reprint of some of Theiuer ' s works , mitten assuredly in no ultramontane spirit , began to appear , Latusselt again launched a threatening letter against the priest of Hundsfield , which occasioned his inviting his patron and churchwardens to meet him on the morning of the 17 th June , lie then declared to them his resoluti on to lay down his office in the Romish Church , ana to give immediate intimation to that effect to the diocesan vicar . This he accordingly did , and his immediate suspension , and conditional excommunication ( that is , if he do not within a given time return to the bosom of the Church ) , followed
as matter of course . The character of Theiner , whether as general scholar , thoroughly trained theologian , eloquent writer , long experienced priest , and expert controversialist , joined to his blameless life and orthodox creed , make him the very man needed by the Catholic reformers at the present crisis . Invitations from Berlin and leipsic , with very considerable temporal offers { which , however , may well be deemed unmfluential with tbe man who had voluntarily laid down the richest cure in Silesia ) , have been declined for the present , though in the most friendly terms ; and a gratifying testimony to his value , especially to their cause , is expressed in an address presented
to him , in the name of the Breslaw Catholic reformers , on the 27 th ultimo . lie has , without exactly accepting any pastoral charge among tliem , announced his determination to remain for the present in Breslaw , regarding Silesia as the cradle of the new reformation ( he himself ; beyond all question , baring been its first mover in years gone by ) , and it is perhaps a no less wise than liatural resolve , since nowhere else caii his influence and example be expected to ' work W ' powerfully as in his native province , and among his former clerical associates , manj of whom are helievcd to be of Kindred mind with him , as to the necessity of reform in the Roman Catholic Church .
Another , and no less powerful motive , which may conspire to retain Theiner for a time iu Breslaw is , probably , his avowed resolution not to submit so quietly to 'the sentence of excommunication . " Should it really be fulminated against him , as others have done , the peculiarity of his position , and the terms which the Roman hierarchy may find necessary to keep with him , will be understood from the following statement which has appeared in the Bremer News , under the head of Breslaw , June 2 Sth : "It is a fact that our present prince bishop , lions , de Diepenbrock , has long corresponded with the celebrated Dr . Theiner on the possibility of effecting a separation from the papal rule , and that he himself would willingly see Peter ' s rock , " ' rolled out of Germany . '" This in . teresting correspondence is now in Theiner ' s possession .
The rigidly papal part of our chapter is aware of this , and Dean Hitter , with several other satellites of Home , drove in all haste to Ilundsfield , ou the same day in which Theiner sent in his abdication , to try by all and any means to rescue these dangerous documents out of his hands ; but he was far too much on his guard to be entrapped , and had , foreseeing the demand which might be maile on him , previously deposited the important papers with a Government bureau . It is easy , therefore , to conceive with what eyes the desertion of Theiner is regarded fcy the Romish party , especially as he has openly declared his intention of meeting every attack which may be made upon him , by an open and fearless discovery of ecclesiastical abuses , and an appeal to the constitutional rights of the Catholic Church .
The conviction of the necessity of reform is indeed spreading far and wide . In addition to the testimony borne to that necessity by the pastors assembled at Kadolfzell on the 23 rd of April , may he noted a meeting of the ^ ergy connected with the rural deanery of Linzgan , held at Salem , on the 27 th of March last , for thepurpose of conferring on an arcliiepiscop . il pastoral letter which called tlieirattention " to the presentexcitcmentprevalent in the Itoraan Catholic Church . " The meeting consisted of thirty-two clergymen , as representatives of thirty-seven parishes , and having been exhorted by Dean AVocheler , of
Heberlingen , to a faithful , candid , and yet calm and temperate discussion of the probable causes , and most suitable remedies for the present state of things , they proceeded to business . The debates were warm and keenly contested , yet the longer the discussion lasted , the more evident it became that a large proportion of the disputants continued to be animated by the spirit which prevailed during the whole of Wessenberg ' s administration of the ( then ) . diocese of Constance , and for some years after his removal . After many hours spent in a fresh interchange of sentiments , the majori y agreed on the following heads of desired improvement . —
1 st There-introduction of diocesan synods , according to ancient ecclesiastical regulation . 2 d . Revision and suitable alteration of the Catholic public worship . 3 rd . An improved system of education for thelogical students with special reference to the inculcation of a spirit of Christian love , and the avoidance of a distorted devoteeism . 4 th . The abrogation of the compulsory celibacy of the clergy . Regarding these points , the resolutionists beg respectfully to inform the suptrie ? church courts of their decision , and to entreat the summoning of a diocesan synod with as little delay as possible .
Dr . Schreiber , Professor in Freiburg , whose adherence to the German Catholics I recently mentioned , although not yet deprived ofhisprofessorebip . has been forbidden to give lectures either publicly or in his own dwelling , " until c . decision be finally come to , respecting the consequences involved in his defection from tie Church of Rome . " The question is likewise nowpenfling , whetlierDr . Regenbreclat , in Breslaw , shall he dismissed from that university .. But . irhile the Popish parly thus -shrink from suffering their-followers to come into contact with enlightened oppo 5 ers , ; they challenge , as it were , Protestants to the combat i by . exhibiting all the mummeries . of their worship with an almost forgotten , long-disused pomp . Procession . * no Jess than pilgrimages are the order of the day . Knights , nobles , and high-born dames are -seen prostrate in the street jrfien the host is carried past ; the highest clergy display . a . zealous humility in officiating in the most common Church services ; and es-ery possible device
is put in requisition to furnish the illiterate with 50 much show and shadow , as may supply the lacK of substantial instruction . For the more intellectual there are iooks enough furnished , bofli in prose and verse . The German booksellers should strike a medal in honour of Ronge , for between himself , his abettors , and his opposers , » goldea literary harvest is being reaped ; upwards of 300 publications , pro . and eon ., are said to be in circulation ; and yet Austria and Bavaria do their best to stop . Saxony andsome other powen to turn , the current . The two to ^ T ? lWbkl 1 bearon the extroverted subt ^ ftH « ^ yarguin<llat " Publications hostile me ^ tethlv ° ™' mnst ^ least advert to the state-KnUbS ^ E * ' * . P ° rtion ^ ** P ^ on must lf e *?« S ZZL t antidote - B »* . debar ai they may , fiuSnk f * M notth «« Bh windows , atlj 5 US ? ki' ^ n Sh atleartto ShoWtha dark-
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_ . _ ' LONDON . nr ^ j ^ i ^ " * " ^^ ?^ lectlirc on Sunday fpnTi « F ' ^ r f most numerously air endedof any that Lave been given in the City Uhartut Hall : in fact . lhe , attendance was so great that itwasirapossibleior many to obtain sittings : an inconvenience that will be obviated on the night ot the next lecture Air . Cuffay was unanimously called to tue chair , and introduced the lecturer in a few weighty and most appropriate sentences ; -prior to which , the y -Viim tlst '¦ UuOir » iMompanied by the audience , saug Ine time will come whenwrong shall end , " one ot the " People-songs , " composed by the lecturer ( luring his imprisonment . The singing was a matter of heart and voice , " so earnestly was it accented by the audience . Mr . Cooper ' s lecture occupied two autl hal in the
uoui ^ a t delivery : alter a philosophical introduction on the diu ' erence between barbarism and civilisation , anil on the varied character of civilisation itself , — -the country of Egypt was described geographically , and its agriculture arid manufactures , its social and domestic customs , pointed out . The gigantic monuments of the land of Cham—its sepulchres , statues , paintings , and mummies—with the mysterious character of its old religion —( which the lecturer avowed he believed to be the parent of modern religions , )—the craft of its priests , its castes and despotic institutions , were severally pictured to the mind iugraphicand forcible terms . The audience repeatedly manifested their delight at the instruction thus imparted , and when the Chartist chaunt truth-is growing , " had been sung , the meeting broke up .
Souiu Losdos Chartist Hall . —The quarterly meeting of the Lambeth district of the Chartist Cooperative Laud Society was held on Sunday evening last , ihere was a good muster of shareholders present , and seven shares were added to the list , which now numbers 110 . The money paid for shares in this district already amounts to ' iiearly £ 60 ; It was agreed that a levy of one penny per month should be paid by eaih shareholder for the purpose of defraying the district expenses . The committcephrticularly request the shareholders to bring their cards with them . for the future , so that mistakes may be avoided .
-.-Tub Charter asd the Land . —Mr . Stallwood delivered a public lecture oh the above subject , to the members and friends of the Westminster locality , at the Parthenium Rooms , Saint Martin ' s-lanc , on Sunday evening , August 10 th . At the close of : the lecture several questions were asked and answered . A vote of thanks was given to tins lecturer lor his services , and the meeting dispersed .
MANCHESTER . Mr . O'Consok ' s Visit . —Sunday last was a proud day . for the democrats of this town . It had been made known that it was the intention of Mr . O'Connor to deliver a lecture in the Carpenters' Hall , on Sunday evening , on the all-absorbing subject of the " Land and its capabilities . " The spacious hall was crowded in every part . At the hour appointed , Mr . John Sutton , & factory slave , was unanimously called to the chair , who opened the business by a few appropriate remarks . The meeting was then addressed for a short time by Mr . Dixon . During the time Mr . D . was . speaking , Messrs . M'Grath , Doyle , Clark , and Wheeler , entered the hall , and were loudly cheered . Themembcrs . oi' the Executive then
severally addressed the meeting . Just as Mr . M'Grath was about to conclude his address , Mr . O'Connor entered the hall , when the ; meeting rose en masse , aud continued cheering until he took his place on the platform . After the cheering had subsided , Mr . M'Grath concluded his able address by calling on those who differed with them on this * question to come forward manfully and meet them before the public and discuss the questionfairly . Mr . O'Connor ou rising , was again enthusiastically cheered for several minutes . Mr . O'C . then commenced one of the most powerful and energetic speeches on the "Landand its capabilities" that we ever had the
pleasure of hearing him deliver . He spoke for two hours and an half in a strain of the most thrilling eloquence , and sat down much applauded Mr Dixon moved , and Mr . Whittaker seconded , the following resolution : — "That we , the inhabitants of Manchester , do hereby return our hearty thanks to Mr . O'Connor and his brother officers of the Chartist Co-operative Land Society , for their indefatigable exertions in pushing forward the object of that society ; and likewise to the whole of the directors for their attendance here this evening . " Carried unanimously . The meeting broke up at eleven o'clock , much gratified with the evening ' s proceedings .
YORKSHIRE . West Riding Delegate Meetixg . —This meetin " was held / according to notice , in the Working Man ' s Hall , Halifax , on Sunday , August 10 , when the foU lowing persons were- present from the following placesi'and handed in the several sums following for the-Exeeutive :-i-13 radford , Gs ;; Mr : J . Alderaai , Halifax , Is . W . ; Mr . T . CrowtheiyDewsbury . 3 s . 4 d . Mr . Wm . Hey , Littletown , 3 s . ; Mr . M . Stublcy , Lower Warley , Is . ; Mr . John Wood , Sowerby Helm 3 s . osd . Mr . 13 . lluskton was called to the chair , lhe secretary read the minutes of the last meeting which , on the motion of Mr . Stubley , seconded by Mr . Crowther , were confirmed . A long conversation on the Land plan ensued , which ended in a determination to have a conversational meeting on the subject ( at the New Holland Small Farm village , "Wilsden , near Cullipgworth ) , on Sunday , August 311 to commence at nine o ' clock in the forenoonwhen all
, persons who feel interested in the Chartist Co-operative Land Scheme are invited to ' attend . The company will inspect the small farms there cultivated on Mr . O'Connor ' s plan , after whicli they will hold a conversational meeting to discuss the merits arid answer all objections to the same . The following resolution was passed :- "That we , the delegates here assembled , are impressed with the necessity of the Executive bringing out a Chartist Almanack for 1 S 46 , and continuing it each succeeding year ; seeing the teetotallers have their almanack , the League and _ other parties have theirs , and that , therefore , the Chartists should have an almanack . We , therefore call upon the Executive to prepare an almanack for 1846 , at a moderate price , containing such an amount of condensed information as to them ap . pears best calculated to promote our cause . " After the transaction of other business the meeting adjourned to the second Sunday in September .
BRADFORD . Os Susdat the members of the Chartist Council metintheirroom , when anew council was elected tovtne ensuing quarter . John Rogers was elected secretary ; to whom all communications for the Chartists are to be addressed as follows : —John Rogers Atkinson ' s-houses , Wharf-street , Bradford . ° ' Otf Mosbat evening a . meeting of the Chartist Land Co-opei-ative Society was held in the large room , Butterworth s-buildings , when thirteen new members were enrolled . It was proposed to get up a tea-party to commemorate the establishment of the Co-operative Land Society in Bradford . All commmunications to be addressed , Tailors' Joint Stock Society for John Smyth , Butterwovth . 's-buildings . Meetin g s will be held every Monday evening in the council room to receive subscriptions .
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Ascexi of Ma . and Mns . Gueex from Vauxhau , Gahdexs . —The fancy fair and carnival alfresco in aid of the funds of the Licensed Victuallers' School Kennington-lanc , was repeated on Tuesday at Vauxhall , when Mr . Green and . his lady ascended in the Albion balloon , in the presence of at least 0000 spectators , from the Waterloo ground . At about halfpast six the aerial machine was distinctly visible for some time , and at length disappeared , taking a southerly direction . The gardens were crowded , and it was calculated that at no period could there have been less than 10 , 000 persons . The children of the school were in attendance , and a poetical address ,
written for the occasion by the secretary of the institution , was spoken by the senior boy . The band of the Grenadier Guards and the yager brass band were in attendance . Mr . and Mrs . Green , after a delightful aerial trip of about an hour , effected a safe descent at Eden Park , Beekenharo , Kent , the seat of Edward Lawford , Esq . ; and Mr . and Mrs . Green , aftcrhaving been hospitably entertained by Mr . Lawford , were conveyed by that gentleman , in his carriage , to the Beckenham station of the Croydon Railway . Mr . Green states that the balloon on leaving the gardens took a south-easterly direction , but subsequently got into a north-westerly current , and did not attain a greater altitude than 2800 feet .
The New Hospital for Coxsumptiox , &e ., BnoMPiou . —The western wing of this beautiful structure will be ready for the reception of patients in the earlj ? part of next June . This portion of the building will contain every requisite for the health and domestie comfort of the patients . The funds in hand suffice to meet four out of the six instalments , together with the heavy expense of enclosing , ' draining , preparing , and laying out the ground . A PonroisE at Glasgow . — Yesterday morning , a
large porpoise was observed making its way , , up our harbour , and within a hundred yards of the Broomielaw Bridge . A marine visitant of this kind is rare , even at Greenock ; tut the presence of a porpoise within the very royalty of Glasgow is , we believe , altogether unprecedented . It is , however , not more remarkable than the arrival and . sailing of ships from 600 to 700 tons , burden at and from the Broomielaw would have been considered a few years ago—events now- of constant occurrence . — Glasgow Herald August 11 .
Cascered Breast . —Extraordinary Cure by Holloway ' s Ointment and Pills . —Tatton , Southampton , Feb . 9 th , 1844 . —Mr . Holloway ' , Sir , —The Lord has permitted to be wrought a wonderful cure of a cancer or abscess of twelve-years ' standing in my wife ' s breast . In the latter part of the time eleven wounds were open at , once . The faculty declared the case was past cure . It . was then that a friend recommended the use of your Pills audOintment , which in a short s-ace of time made the breast , as sound and as well as ever it was in her ' life and this aftereyery other , meanshad feUed .. Signed , - Richard Bull , Boot Maker .
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Harvesting Giuis Crops . —This was- the subject for ; discussion at the monthly mcctins ; of the Maidstone . Farmers ^ Club , on / fliursday evening last , at the Star . Inn ; C .-. G . Whittaker , Esq ., in the chair . The subject Avas discussed about this time last year , when it . was resolved that bagging was the best mode of cuttingr . wheat ; alter ; that mowing was ' recommended ,. rcaping being considered the least desirable mode to be practised . and to this opinion the members present still adhered . ¦ ;¦ It was recommended that the sheave 3 : should be smahYaml that the crop should be cut . a ; little , before it . was ripo . ^ An experiment was detailed . in . which portions of a field of wheat were cut three ^ veeks . utwo weeks , and one week before it was considered ; absolutely ripe ; < also one week and two weeks afterwards , the result of which was that the portion cut two weeks before it was ripe produced the best sample . The Wiltshire composition for the destruction of rats was ¦ strongly recommended by a member , who had tried it . The Soaldinevarietv ot
wheat was very highly spoken of . One member had grown ; of it as much as eight quarters seven bushels an ,- acre—and on the average six quarters an acre . An incidental discussion took place on the merits of patent felt as a covering for stacks in lieu of thatch , but ; inauy ; objections were stated against it , bothon the ground of expense and inapplicability . ' The preference seemed to begiven to storing wheat in barns , m opposition to stacking it ; and by way . of corroboration , it was mentioned that the wheats of Norfolkand Suffolk , whore they have little . barn room , fetch a lower price in London than those of Kent ., It was , however , admitted that the difference of price in favour of , Kent was more in winter than in summer . '
riie following resolution was ultimately agreed to : — " Rosolved , —That it has been found desirable to cut wheat before it becomes sickle-eared , and other grain rather green . That if men can be got to bag wheat well , it is bust to bag ; the next best plan is to mow ; but . both bagging and mowing must be done well , or dirt-will get into the sample , from the stalks which are torn up by the roots . That corn shouldalways be made up in < small sheaves . That when winter threshing is required , wheat threshed after having been kept in the barn is generally better than that kept 111 stack ; but that for summer threshing the sample is rather improved by being stacked . " -J / a / dstone Journal .
The Way to do GooD . ~ The Hon . Capt . T . Thurlow , brother of Lord Thiirkw , having recently purchased an estate at Elmswell , a portion of it has been divided into 28 allotments for the labourers , who took possession in the beginning of last month . In three weeks the allotments were converted from a wilderness into a garden , with a prospect of a good crop of potatoes , each man having been liberally supplied with manure by the same kind hands . The Naked Barley , or Barlet , Wheat—This valuable grain is worthy of the serious consideration of the agriculturist , as returning a greater profit than the barley in general cultivation ; and , if grown side by side , will yield more bushels , more flour for human food , and 25 per cent , more beer , and also will
teed more stock , because—1 . It contains more flour than any other : grain , rice only excepted . 2 . It weighs more than COlbs . per bush ' el . 3 . The flour is whiter and sweeter , than common barley flour 4 The flour absorbs more water than other flour : consequently , it produces more weight of bread . 5 . Bread made from any barley flour is better made into thick cakes ; and if from a fourth to an eighth of an ounce , of carbonate of soda is dissolved in the yeast , it improves all bread , and takes the bitter taste away . 6 . By plain boiling , it is good food for children . 7 . lhe ; malt made from it increases in measure more than from common . barley ., 8 . The malt will make in seven days ? less , than common barley . 9 . It can be made one month earlier and one month later . than
from common barley . 10 . It weighs considerably more than the malt from common barley . 11 . The quantity of beer made from this malt is 25 per cent , more than from common malt , and is of finer flavour . 12 . Three bushels . will seed the land as well as four of . other barley . 13 . It should be sown in March or April ... 14 .. It ripens in . 80 or 90 daysonly . , 35 . If sown without grass , it can he harvested in two or three days . ; 10 . If sown early , it may bo harvested in time for a following good crop of turnips . 17 ; It only requires the same , cultivation as other barley . 18 . lhe straw is much superior for fodder . 19 . It very seldom lodges , and is not subject to disease . 20 . hach acreof this barley produces about one , third more food ., N . B .-The produce of this barley , both m quantity and weight , surpasses all others ;; and , as regards its malting qualities , and-extract-of , saccharine , is . eveu superior to the best Chevalier , barley in quality as well as . quantity .-Nortlmmtm Herald .
RB ^ . Or' wheat .-Important to Farmers . —It is asserted by ^ Mr . Hannam , a clever and jxperienced tarraeiv ot ISorth Deighton , nearWetherby , Yorkshire , ; that considerable loss arises from the mistaken practice of reaping wheat when ¦ " dead ripe ; " and this assertion he proves bythe following experiments . —ln-1840 , he reaped three'large sample parcels of J ieahrfollows :-No I . ' Green , cut -August- 4 th ; No . JI . Itaw , cut August 18 th No : III . ' Ripe , cut September . 1 st .: When threshed' and carried to market , they commanded the following prices ,: —No . Leis ^ erquartei-j Noi ii ^ ois . per quarter , ; No . in . o 2 s ; per oHarter . ' In 1841 j he cut live haUVroods of wheat . as Mows :-No . I . Ven / Green : Aug ; 12 th ; w tv T > AuS- Wth ; No . ill . Raiv , Aug . 20 th ; £ p .: l y . Raw , Aug . 30 th ; No . V ; Ripe . Scpt . i 9 th . 1 hese samples - were . first ; shown ! at the . Wetherby Agricultural Society ! s . showon : Sept . 22 d , 1841 ,-when an extra premium was . awarded ! to sample -No .-. III . 'if Z llea * . ;< Vom : which . the ; kubikm- samples were taken , > vas then ground ; and dressedi ; by "Mr .- John T&
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\ 5 "« w ^ }^ ^ °° ; your tiirnipstiireB tlnies , and then go ovcr . them withthehand . ¦ ; ' ;¦• • - -f <»< # -Take care of-iaU ^ our 2 eliafii '' &c ., 'when ^' you winnow corn of any . Wnd j and preserve it for mixing with your boded jturmp maahlforithB cows in whiter , ' : '• :. ; . ° » ! t ^ he ' wlieat isi reaped * . cloge to ' the ground , after being quite ripe , ond set up six sheaves in a shock ,
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Hardcastlc , miller , '; of Wetherby , when the following results ( omitting fractions ) came out : — / , . Graih . Fioob . Poilakd . Bran . Cut . No . III . 100 lbs . 80 lbs . fl lbs . , 131 bs . Raw , Aug . 26 ¦ — IV . 100- — 77- 7— 14— Raw , Aug . 30 -V . 100— 72- 11— 15 — Ripe , Sept . 9 As this experiment is really worth repeating , and can be tried without expense , we would respectfully draw to it the attention of the farming body . ¦ ORGANIC CHEMISTRY . * A DIGEST FflOM THE LECTUUES OF PROFESSOR . BRANDE . ; 1 . Itis a remarkable fact , the fewness , as it were of the elements which are concerned in the structure and functions of organic bodies . There arc a set of , perhaps , between fifty and sixty elementary bodies ; but it will not be necessary , " in these . lectures , to bring prominently into notice more than about six of taem . It is the truly wonderful changes and adaptations to the purposes for which combinations of these are required that attention will be more particularly directed .. 2 . We are in the habit of talking of the ultimate and proximate elements of organic bodies ; and the meaning of these terms is probably sufficiently evident . By , the term ultimate elements , is meant those things
into which all organic matter can be finally resolved . Heat any organic substance without the access of air , and it will be found that charcoal , or carbon , remains . This is an elementary body ; it cannot be resolved into any other form of matter , and therefore itis one of the ultimate elements ofovganie , matter . Other elements are those forms of matter which arc called oxygen , hydrogen , and nitrogen ; these aregaseoiis bodies . Hydrogen ,. nitrogen , oxygen ,. and carbon , to which , may be added sulphur and phosphorus , are the ultimate elements which will chiefly come into view in the course of these lectures . Oxygen , hydrogen , and carbon , are found in all organic matter ; nitrogen is foundiu by far the greater number of the products of organisation ; and . certain other elementary bodies will also have a place in those investisations . though they are comparatively insignificant in proportion ; they are phosphorus , sulphur , iron , and some other
substances . . Oxygen , hydrogen , and carbon are , however , the leading elements , and they are commonly the most abundant in vegetable bodies ; but nitrogen makes its appearance in most cases , n-licii animal matter is examined . In by far the greater number of proximate elements of animal bodies , nitrogen is one of the constituents . Now it will be a question of much importance , and of great interest , to ascertain whence this nitrogen is derived . It constitutes a very large part of the substance of graminivorous animals ; yet it is a curious circumstance , that the plants and roots on which they live contain very little of it , and it may almost be regarded rather as an accidental , than a constant , ingredient in their composition . Nitrogen is essential to animal life ; it is necessary to the development of almost all plants ; and it forms . as to quantity , the principal clement in the atmosphere .
3 . With regard to proximate elements , —these arc substances which can be separated by certain chemical processes , and . which can be identified as having some definite and peculiar character , and also certain definite compositions ; For instance , resin is one of the proximate elements of vegetables , so is sugar , so is starch , so is oil ; these arc combinations , which are called proximate component parts of organic bodies . Now , in all these substances—resin , sugar , starch , and oil—there are only three elements—carbon , oxygen , and hydrogen ; but they can be grouped together in such a way , as to lead to some very extraordinary conclusions respecting the families of organic bodies " , and the orders to which they belong . In sugar , in in starch , in gum , and in wood , the ultimate elements are such , that their composition may be expressed as
represented-by charcoal and water . In all the esculent and i nutritive vegetables—in tho grain of wheat more especially—a substance is found identical in all its chemical ^ properties , and in its chemical constitution , with animal matter , containing nitrogen . This has long been known , but it has only lately ucen brought into'notice , or established as a physiological fact , by . Liebig , avery distinguished German chemist , to whom we arc greatly indebted for many important discoveries inorganic chemistrv . 4 . Then there is an important , and very curious question , that will have to be discussed in these lectures . Take , for instance , thegrowth of anacorn ; we sec it , in the progress of ages , giving rise to the gigantic oak . and we arc naturally led to ask . Whence
this enormous accumulation of matter ? The acorn is planted in a certain spot of earth , and in the course of a hundred years-it is found to have accumulated three or four tons of solid matter , in consequence of the growth , as it is called , of-the vegetable . Now it is , ; of course , a very interesting question whence this matter is derived . ^ If we say it is derived from the soil , we find that the soil remains very much the same at the end of the growth of the tree , as it was at the beginning ; we trace no great abstraction of matter from it ; and although , no doubt , there is a portion of the tree—a considerable portion of itderivable in a particular way from the soil , yet it is from the air that this great accumulation of matter is- principally : derived . Thus we find that
trees grow in and derive subsistence from , that which supports animals also . We find that the leaves ot vegetables are , in fact , aerial roots , as it were , continually taking up substances from the atmosphere to contribute to the vegetable ' s nourishment and growth , —substances which . if , they wore not so abstracted , would exterminate animals by their accumulation . 5 . Now , when the atmosphere performs this very important part inthe growthof the vegetable bodies , —when the vegetable bodies aro essential to the nourishment of the graminivorous tribes , —and when these , in their turn , arc essential to the carnivorous animals , it will be an interesting matter of inquiryland a gveafc deal of attention lias been lately paid to it)—what are the substances in the atmosphere that
can be so nutritive ?—and how are they arranged ? . C . Of course , therefore , an accurate knowledge of the composition of the atmosphere as an essential and pleasing branch of organic chemistry ; and , in order to form just notions of the parts performed bythe soil and the air respectively , we must look carefully into the composition of plants themselves , and see what substances and what elements belougto the air , what belong to . the soil , and what are common to both . By looking in this way into the composition 01 vegetables , we shall be able to draw some very curious conclusions . There are certain elements absolutely essential to the culture and growth of vegetables generally , and there are others which are essential to particular vegetables only , and thev mav
be called accidental or occasional . For instancecarbon , hydrogen , nitrogen , and oxygen , are essential to vegetables generally ; but in certain vegetables , in addition to these four elements , we find sulphur . Nowit is a curious fact , that in the common mustardplant , sulphur isan essential element , and without it the mustard cannot live . We find that in wheat , phosphorus isan essential . element , and without it wheat cannot be . cultivated . Then again we find wheat , or clover , or barley , or oats , growing in particular soils , will occasionally take up particular substances ; these may not be essential , but still we nnd , in some particular ., cases , that there may be some accidental ingredient , that appears to contribute very materially , to the production * and arowth of the
plant . There is one point always to be kept in remembrance—and that is , that there is no life or vitality in matter which is dry , or deprived of water : that water ) ( therefore , is . an essential part of organic matter . Then , again , as has already been stated , there is no organic body wliich does not yield carbon ' hydrogen , or oxygen , and , superadded to these , is nitrogen , . which is as necessary to vegetables as to animals , —without which , in fact , as active plants , vegetables could not exist .. The bark of vegetables may contain starch , sugaiy or gum , and . we find that these substances , do . not contain nitrogen ; still we find nitrogen when we take a vegetable as it is growing , with all its juices in perfection . Another substance which may also be called essential to
vegetables ,,. is silica . f Many of them contain it essentially and necessarily , and cannot live without it . i he grasses , reeds , rushes , canes , and bamboos , all contain it . essentially . Take , for instance , the straw or stalk of wheat , barley , or ryc ,-in all these substances a certain quantity of silica is as essential as the carbonate of . lime , is to the egg-shell . The stems of these vegetables are rendered straight , hard , and durable , and are unaffected by the moisture which surrounds them , by the small quantity of silica which is built up along with the true organic ' matter ; and the strength' of the stem may fairly be said to depend principally upon the silica contained in it .
lhe silica , is very small in quantity , but when a haystack is burned a hard stony body is found as the result of combustion , —and this , in fact , is glass , which is a . compound of . the silica with . the alkaline matter of the grass .-. In wheat we have phosphate of lime , or bom earth ; there ., is a . considerable quantity of this in the grain of wheat ; showingthat phosphorus isan essential ingredient ., If vegetables are burned , we have what are called ashes , and these ashes contain potash * ; not that this ' alkalino matter existed assucli in the vegetables ,, but it existed as a salt , and , by burning , that salt is . decomposed . Kelp and barilla —( from which soda . is extracted by the action of
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water)—are formed by burning vegetables ; and many vegetables are burned expressly for their ashes . Then we come to chlorine and iron : —iiihfact , all the elements that we find in the blood and in the ilesh of graminivorous animals , must , of course , have hecu derived from vegetables . . , V . 1 . Thus , we find , one kind of vegetable production contains silica , another contains phosphorus , another contains sulphur , and so on ; and though the qualities of these substances so contained are very small , yet
they are principally derived from the soil : hence the necessity of giving . to the soil those inorganic constituents which particular crops require . The matters , therefore , about which we have been talking , begin to assume an aspect of considerable importance ; for , by attending to the matters contained in particular crops , —by ascertaining how lar these are essential to them , how far they exist in the soil , and how far they do not exist , or can be added economically and profitably to the soil , a groat door is open . to agricultural improvement upon chemical principles . ( To be continued . )
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Loxpox Corn Exchange , Monday , Aug . 11 . Very little , if any , improvement has taken place in the weather since our last ; in the neighbourhood of the metropolis heavy showers have fallen from time to time , and a great quantity of rain appears also to have been experienced in different parts of the kingdom towards the close . of the week . The reports rcspectins the appearance of the out-standing crops have become increasingly unfavourable , and it is now very generally asserted , that however auspicious tho remaining part of the summer and autumn may prove for reaping and gathering in of the wheat , -the yield must fall short in quality , as well as in quantity , of that of *
average years . This opinion may , onthe whole , be well founded , but there arc many mitigating circumstances which greatly lessen the hazard of any serious scarcity of food being felt . Hitherto the crops of all kinds of corn , excepting wheat , promise a good , if not a large return ; that of wheat , though likely to be deficient per acre , may , from the groat breadth of land under this grain , after all yield nearly , if not quite , an average quantity ; and as the ianners seem still to hold plenty of old wheat , we do not apprehend very high prices , unless , indeed , the month should finish as unfavourably as it commenced . At Mark-lane to-day we hail an immense s « ° w of wheat , there being , in addition to the 10 , 000 qrs . reported , some -I 0 U 0 or . SOOOqrs . fresh up land * fr
by . carriage samples om the neighbouring counties . Soabundantasupply of home-grown wheat was hardly expected by the millers , and it had the effect of rendering buyers unusually cautious in their operations . In the early part of " the day factors refused to accept less money than on this day week , and though they afterwards consented to submit to an abatement of 2 s . per qr ., they only succeeded in placing a comparatively small proportion of the supply , by far the greater bulk remaining unsold at the close of business . The inquiry for free foreimi wheat was of quite a retail character , and to have made extensive sales a similar decline to that on En « lish must have been acceded to . Good Dantzic wheat m bond , continued to be firmly held at 50 s . per qr ., and other sorts at corresponding terms ; there was , however , much less inclination to enter into speculative investments than last week , and but very few bargains were closed . Town-matle flour could not
be bought below previous prices , but ship flour was , owing to tho liberal nature of the arrival , the turn cheaper . The few parcels of English barley exhibited were field at slightly enhanced terms ; so unimportant , however , was the demand , as to render it impossible to establish any advance on former rates . Malt was saleable in retail , and superior samples were scarcely obtainable on as easy terms as on Monday hist . With a very small supply of English and scotch oats , with less than usual from Ireland , and only a moderate quantity from abroad , factors resisted any decline from previous prices ; tho dealers were therefore very cautious in their operations , ami though really fine corn maintained its former value ordinary , sorts , such as Gal way and light foreign , were the turn cheaper . There was very little passing in beans and peas ; these articles were , nevertheless " fully as dear as at any period of last week . Canarvsccd was dearer , and caraway seed somewhat cheaper than on Monday last .
Loxdon Smitiifield Cattle Market , Monday , August 11 . —During the past week the imports of live stock from abroad for this market have been moderately extensive , though not to say large , they having amounted to 104 oxen and cows , together with H 0 sheep and 11 calves , from tho' William Jolliffe and Batavier steamers from Rotterdam . Comparatively speaking , these arrivals , though there have been some useful animals amongst them , have not been to say first-rate .- To-day we had on offer GO beasts and 50 sheep , all from Holland . At tho outports about 150 beasts—100 from Holland and 50 from Spain—have been landed and disposed of in tho several localities .. Fresh up to our market this morunig , we received a full average number of beasts from our various grazing districts , and in which a slight improvement in quality was noticed . Owing to the prevailing changeable weather , and the thin attendance of buyers , the beef trade was in a very sluscish
state , and in some instances the quotations had a downward tendency . However , the primest Scots were disposed of at 4 s id per 81 b ., yet a total clearance was not effected . From Norfolk , Suffolk , Essex , and Cambridgeshire , we received S 00 Scots , homebreds , and shorthorns , from the northern districts 400 shorthorns , from the western and midland counties TOO of various breeds , from other parts of England 300 Hcrefords , runts , Dcvons , fee .- ; ami from Scotland , 310 horned and polled Scots . Although we had an increased number ofahcep on offer , it was by no means large for the present season . Prime old Downs moved off steadily , at lull prices ; but all otlicv breeds wove a slow inquiry at late rates . The arrival of lambs from Leicestershire being on the increase , the lamb trade was dull at a reduction in value of 2 d per Sib . L ' or calves we had a slow demand ! , yet the quotations were supported . The pork trade was dull , at last week ' s currencies .
By the quantities of 81 b ., sinking the offal . T „ s . d . s . d . Inferior coarso beasts . . . 3 0 3 4 Sooond quality ... . 3 fi 3 8 Prime largo oxen . . . . 3 10 4 0 Prune Scots , &c , . , , , 4 2 4 4 Coarse inferior sheep . . , 3 G 3 10 Second quality . . . . 4 o 4 4 Prime coarse woollcd . . . 4 C 4 8 Prime Southdown ... 4 10 5 0 Lambs . . . . . . 5 0 6 0 large coarse calves . . . . 3 0 4 \ Prime small 4 C 4 10 Suckling calves , each . . . 18 0 30 0 Large hogs -.. , ¦ . . ... 3 0 3 8 Neat small porkers . . . 3 10 4 2 Quarter-old store pigs , each . . 16 . 0 20 Q HEAD OP fiATTI . E ON SAT . E .
( From the Books of the Clerk of the Market . ) Beasts , 3 , 01 C—Sheep and Lambs , 23 , 870—Calves , 104-Pigs , 320 . IticiiMOXD Cortx Mahkist , August 9 . —Wo only had a thin supply of grain in our market to-day , and the prices were rather higher than last week . Wheat sold from 7 s . Cd . to Ss . Cd . ; oats , 3 s . to 4 s . ; barley , 4 s . to 4 s . 3 d . ; beans , os . to 5 s . 3 d . per bushel .
Manchester Corn Market , Saturday , Aug . 9 . — In the early part of the week the weather . was very showery and unseasonable , but on Thursday and yesterday it was of a more favourable description . Influenced by the languid accounts from London and other leading markets , the demand for cither wheat or Hour since this day week has not by any means been of so lively a . character as previously noted ; but , in the transactions which have occurred , no change in prices was observable . Both oats and batmeal , on the contrary , being in moderate supply only .
commanded more attention , and for each' rather higher rates were realized . At the market this '• norning the business passing iu wheat was on a limited scale , and the . turn of prices was generally in favour of the buyer . For flour a moderate demand was experienced , without variation from the currency of this day se ' nnight . Oats continued to meet a ready sale , and must be quoted 2 d . per -ISlbs . dearer . Oatmeal was likewise in steady request , at an advance of fvrily Is . per load . There was a considerable fall of rain prior to and during market hours .
LivEitrooij Cattle Market , Monday , Auo . 11 . — We have had a larger supply of cattle at market today than of late ; a great portion of second-rate quality . Any thing good met with ready sale at last week ' s prices ; inferior quality met with dull sale at a little decline in price . Cattle imported into Liverpool from the 4 th to the 11 th of August -. —Cows 2159 ; Calves 113 ; Sheep 9920 ; Lambs 899 ; Tigs 3786 ; Horses 79 . Liverpool Cons Market , Monday , August 11 . — There has been a good supply , of wheatand flour from Ireland , but small of other articles . Since last Tuesday the weather has been cold and ynfavourablc for the crops coming to maturity , anc ' , ' pn Saturday we had incessant and heaVy rain , ; wltih ' « 6 ntinued up to the following morning ; the appearance .: ? now raoro settled , with a warmer temperature . The
transactions in wheat and Hour during the week have been less extensive , the millers and dealers observing scr ^ e caution in their purchases , and on . Friday both " articles were sold on rather easier terms . A very good demand has been experienced for . other descrip . tions of grain and pulse for transit into , the interior . Irish oats have been sold at 3 s . 2 d . to 3 s . ; 3 d . per 45 ibs . Grinding barley 3 s . Gd . to 3 s . 8 d . per 601 bs . Canadian peas 35 s . to 30 s . perSO-ilbs . Indian corn 23 s , to 30 s . per 480 lbs ., and Egyptian beans at 34 s . to 35 s . per 480 lbs ., which isan improvement of Is . to . 2 s . perquarter , inr each . Oatmeal has brought an . adr vance of Is . Cd . per load , and some quantity has been , taken on , speculation . The operations in . bonded articles , . on speculation , have been to . ' a moderate extent . . Stettin and Rostock red wheat , has , brought os . lOd . to , 6 s ., and fine Dantzic 7 s . per , 70 lbs . United States flour has been sold at 23 s . Cd . to 24 s . per barrel , and not much on sale .
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« And I will war , at least in words , ( And—should my chance so happen—deeos ) , ^ Tith all who war with Thought ! ? « I think I hear a little bird , tvho sings The people by and by will be the stronger . "—Byeos
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* " Organic Chemistry signifies the chemical history of the various firoximateprinciples which have been observed in the animal and vegetable kingdoms , aud which . are there associated together , so as to produce a peculiar structure , termed organic , such as is never seen in any of the : products of , the mineral kingdom . Gum , sugar , starch , woody fibre , - albumen , fibrine , ; -gelatine , "and all those numerous substances of which plants nnd the bodies of-animals iare ; composed , ' constitute . those proximate principles which are the products : of animated nature . "Pr . JD . rB . SeUl .. .. ; .. ¦ .-;; . ; :,: ¦ : ¦ < /" ¦"; , /;; : : \;; ; . v ; " - ¦ . ' ^ Silica— or , sUex—constitutes r the principal .-ingredient bf : flint ,. of tlie . Band of the sea , and of the desert ,. and \ of raanyrdclss . aridminerals . ' Quartz is composed of-silica nearly pure . 'SHica , in combination with ' thcfixed ' alkalies —potash ' or soda—foims the basis of thntinestimable m-oduct of nrt , glass .
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FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS . For the Weck fommzncing Monday , Aug . 2 ht , 1843 . [ Extracted from a Duavof Actual Operations on five small farms on the estates of the late Mrs . D . Gilbert , near . Eastbourne , in . Sussex ; and on several model tarms on the estates of the Earl otM ) artmouth at Slaithwaite , in . Yorkshire , published by . Mr . Nowell , ot iumiley , l ya 3 ) near Hudderefield , in order to guide other possessors of-field gardens , byshowing them what labours . ought to beuudcrtaken . on tkeir own lands . ; - lhe . farms selected as models are—First . lwo school farms , at ¦ : . Willinirdon : and ; Enstdnnn- nf
hve acreseach , conducted by G . Cruttenden and John Hams . Second . Two , private farms , of five or six acres : one worked by Jesse Piper , the other by John Dunibrcll—the ; former at Eastdean , the latter at Jcvington—all of them within a . few miles of Eastbourne . , Third . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaite . Fourth . Several private model farms near the same place . The consecutive operations in these reports will . enable the curious reader to compare the climate and agricultural value of the south with the north ol England . The Diary is aided , by ; "iNotcs and Observations from the . pen of , Mr . Js ' owell , calculated foi the time and season , which . we subjoin .
' Can you keep a pig ? You will find a pig the best save . au-that you usm have about a garden ; and lie « ill pay you-well for his keep . »_ The ito . B . w . Kyle ' s Lecture .. : : \ :. ; ' - ;" : ; . ¦ < ..-. . . . . . : ¦ . : . J - Note .-The school farms are cultivated lyloys , wfo tn return for three . hours ' , teaching in the ™» ' nma , give three hours of their labour in the afternoon for the master s benefit ,, iuhkh renders the schools selfsurroimso ., 11 ^ believe that at Famly Tyas sixseventlis of thejmdu ^ of ; the school farm will be . ^ i 9 m !? th f ooys , ando ) ie-scventkto the master who will receive the usual school fees , help the boys to cultivate their'land , and teach them , ' in addition to reading , writing , die , to convert their produce into bacon , by attending to pi g-keeping , which at Chmtmamnay be divided , after paying rent and levy amongst , them in proportion to their services and bemadethusindirectly toreach their parents in aivav the most grateful to tlieirfeelings . ] '
: . ¦ :: ¦ ,:. - ¦¦ ¦ : - ;¦ ^ " ¦ . " . SUSSEX , - Monday— Willingdon- School . Boys carrying wheat and oats ; Eastdean School , llolyihy for the boys , master reaping wheat , hoeing turnips . * 1 'ipcr . Carrying-wheat .- Dumbrcll . Reaping wheat . Tuesday— If'illingdon School . Reaping wheat . Eastdean School . Boys thrashing peas , turning barley , and planting ; cabbages for tlie winter . Piper Thrashing wheat . \ Dumbrell . Heaping wheat . f Wednesday— IVillingdon School . Boys reaping red wheat . Eastdccm Sc / iool . Boys cleaning the school , the ¦
pigstyes , ¦ emptying the - tunic- I'iper . Thrashing . wheat . ; Uumbrdl . llainy day , attending the COWS , &C .: . . ¦ . - :.. TnuRSDAY— Willingdon School . Boys reaping red wheat . Eastdean School . Boys emptying the portable privy tubs , carrying contents to the land , and the tauk . ot the pigstyes . Piper : Thrashing wheat , and mending lucerne with cow liquid . Fbiday— Willimidon School . Boys reaping red wheat , , Easukan School . Boys reaping wheat , turning it . to dry , and tying , it-up .- : Piper ,. Cleauiug wheat , and reaping barley . Dumb-ell . Mowing barley and oats , reaping wheat . . ¦ ¦ _ -., ; Saturday— Willingdon- School . Boys reaping red wheat s and carrying liquid manure to the rye , about , to be . sown ou stubble .- Easklcan School . Boys emptying the portable privy pails , and tanks . Piper . Reaping ; barley . Dumbrell . Mowing seed tares , and reaping wheat .
, cow-fjseuixg . Ditmlrrtl . , Ono cow grazed in the day , and fed in the stall at morn and even with 401 bs . of cabbages till Iriday , the remainder of the week with mangel wunel leaves . Another cow and heifer entirely stall-fed on lGilbs . of tares per day during tho week . .:. ¦• ¦; - ¦ ¦ ' Willingdon School . Cows fed upon tho second . cut of clover and white turnip . Piper . Cows fed upon white turni ps and lucerne .
Untitled Article
J ^ -- 1845 - TOE NORTH ^ W-STAiB . „ .. _ JU '
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Aug. 16, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1328/page/7/
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