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KiCttAliDZQN, MANUFACTURING CUTLER,
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THE NORTHERN STAR. SATUEDAY, SBPTEMBEr., G, 1845.
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HARE ON SPINAL DISEASE.
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
Untitled Ad
ESTABLISHED l ^ h , Kear tic Church , Kensington . - GAR DEXSIJS' fruiting , Grafting , aa . 1 BudainjrKuives i : i S&witli , Is . Cd . each : shut mlto , 3 s . each . " These knives are made of i ! kj fo ; Et materials : I al-¦» ravs * . ; sc them . "—FwfcUie Jate Wm . Cobbett in Ids Jiag Jiis Gardener . Uakcs , lloes , ana Gardenim : Tools of ftvery coscriFtion . Bust made Razors , Blacl-: T 7 andl « s , Cs . the case , or 3 s ta » U ; mounted in Ivory :: nd Silver ditto , 10 f . tlie case , or 5 s . each ; Good Black Handled Knives jinrt Porlts , ^ 2 s . per D <* 7 . en ; Ivory H : m ;! icd Ditto equally reasonable . JiicnAEDJux ' s X £ tM . i"JSivrs ! r . Ei > Ksife Uoaisds , warranted io keep knives wiili a jroo < i edge and clean , ant , also to tave the ioflis a Sue r . o 1 isb between the prongs . ^ Three-fool Uoatvls , cased with Leather ami Cutlers * Composition , 5 s . fill , ' -acli ; Gardeners' Ditto , 2 s . By enclosing a Post-office order promjii attention may be relied ou . Goods sent to snr j-ss-t of tlie world , 3 S \ IS . Wholesale and lltlaiL
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COALS . PROVIDE FOR WINTER . FROT 1 DEXT PAMIL 1 ES , stiLserlblng Is . pa- week to tJie Metropolitan Coal Compainr '; Shilling Club , can obtain four half tons annually , without further charge , fines , ic . The Company ' s price current is , Best Screened XVallsend , 25 s . ult full ton ; Seconds , 21 s ., 22 s ., ami 23 s ; Coke , 17 s . Cd . Oifiee . 273 , Hi g h Ilolboni .
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CHEAP , 3 i-SGA 2 ST , AND EXPEDITIOUS PXIHTIKS . / COMMITTEES , Managers of Exhibitions , Conccrt-% * J rooms , Theatres , B « nc-ntSoeieties , and public bodies geaerallv , vriil ficd it much to tlicir advantage to jrivs their orders to T . STUTTEH , 3 and 4 , Church-row , Betlmal-green , London . Cards , Is . per hundred ; Jlaudlalls , by taking twentv thousand , 2 s . per thousand ; 1 ' ost-3 » g-tn !! s , 5 s . per hundred . Orders from tlie country , conlainiiv . ! a remittance , promiiUy attended to . Goods ^ cKrerc-jl irllhin five miles of London . € ire yonr orders to T . Stutter , 3 and 4 , Church-row , Betiinal-grcen , and save at least fifty per cent .
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LIGHT , VENTILATING , FLEXIBLE VELVET HATS , 13 s . TD ERRIXC'S Patent Ventilating , Flexible Hats maybe JT obtained in Beaver , Silk , and Trivet , from 8 s . Cd . to 21 s ., in upirards of one hundred different sba ]> es , to suit contour . Also the liest Livery Hats at I Gs . ; Youths' Gentlemen ' s Hats and Caps of erery description . —CECIL HOCSE , So , Strand , and 2-51 , Regent-street . fgf- Copy the address ^ and buy where you can Le well ased .
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GENUINE TEAS AND COFFEES FOR . THE MILLION . The cheapest place in London for Teas and Cofiees is at tlie "Warehouse , 24 and 25 , Itegeut Street , 'Westminster , near tlie Vaushall Bridge Road . T HE Proprietor , E . WARMIXGTOX , takes this opportunity t « i return thanks for the liberal support lie lias TcceiTeil since lie opened the ausvrc premises ; and to those wlio liavt not y et favoured iiim with theirpatronage , E . W . most strongly solicits a trial , feeling assured that the articles so : d at the warehouse , both in price and quality , trill give universal satisfaction . Goods in any quantity sent free io all parts of London and the suburbs ; and persons i « the country , by remitting a Post-office order , ¦ BUI trad their instructions foifiifuny attended to . LIST OP PRICES . Ulackl Teas . E . 9 . s . d . Common Congou 3 0 to S 2 Good ordinary , rather strong 3 4 to S 6 Strong Blackish Leaf 3 8 to 3 10 Ditto , or Pekoe Tlavour , recommended to Economists , and not to be equalled at the price ., 4 0 Souchong ; 'Fine . 4 4 to 4 C Thelisstjjlack Tea 4 8 to S 0 JJehig recommended from tlie best shipments , i' Green Teas . Tvankay 3 C Better djjtto . 3 S to 3 10 Hyson Twankay i 0 to 4 4 Tine Young Hyson 4 "S to 5 0 Hyson 5 0 to 5 4 Ditto , Fine Flavoured 5 8 to G 0 fine Pearl Gunpowder 5 8 to 6 0 Hired Teas . To drinkcrsof Mixed Teas we say , try our i 0 OroursplendiflmixtureofallTineTeas 5 0 CojFczs . Ordinary Ceylon ; . 1 0 to 1 2 Tha People ' s Coffee 1 4 Old Java 1 6 Fine Mocha , Jamaica , or any other fine Cofle ? , strongly recommended 1 8 IT . 15 . Grocers , Cofllo-sliop Keepers , Co-opa ' . itive Stores , andall large consumers supplied on themost liberal terms .
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WEST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE . jfdjoununait of ilia JBdsummer Sessions for lJic Trial of Felons , &c . "J 1 TOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEX , that the Midsummer i \ General Quarter Sessions of the Peace , for the West Biding of the County of York , will be holden by adjournment , at AVakefidd , on Wednesday , the Tenth day of September nest , at Ten o ' clock in the Forenoon , and by nrtiier adjournment from thence will be liolden at Sheffield , on Friday , the Twelfth day of the same month Of September next , at Half-past Ten o ' clock in the Forenoon , for the Trial of Felons and Persons indicted for Misdemeanors , when all Jurors , Suitors , Persons who Stand npo : i Recoguizam-e , and others having business at the said Sessions , arc required to attend the Court . Prosecutors and "Witnesses in cases of Felony and Misdemeanor from the AVapontakes of Staineliffe anu Ewcross , Claro , Ainsty , Agbrijg and Morley , Skyrack and Barkston : isb , mast attend the Sessions at Wak ' - field ; and those from the Yfnpontakcs of Strafforth and TicWrill , Osgoldcross ana Staineross , being tbe remuiiiher of tlie "West Ridiug , must attend the Sessions at Sheffield . C . H . Elslet , Clerk of the Peace . Clerk of the Peace ' s Office , Wakefield , ISth Ausast , 1 S 43 .
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TO THE WORKING CLASHES . IMPORTANT TESTIMONIAL . * TTe are always gratified in noticing the laudable exerfioiis of the industrious and proyidtnt among our fellow-labourers in the social vineyard , to avert from themselves and lamiiies , as far as human fort-sight way do , the calamities attendant upon an old ajre of destitution , or a period of wearisome inactivity and useltss-BCSS . xlir-juslisickncssoraccWent ; and we will venture lo say , tliat up to i ! ie extreme limit of what is called the uuddic class of society , there is no method so likely to : ittain the object as the institution of securely based andjudiciously regulated Btneiit Societies . Ourattentiou was some tiaie since called to the suljjeet by the proceedings , "f one seeor « lai > t with our viKv . -s , enrosseil under tlie title of 'THE KOYAI , OAK BENEFIT SOCIETY , ' and esfciulisuwl at tlie llitre Tavern , St . Martin ' s-lan ? . The aurantages propose ! to : lic members apprar to he calculated upon a scale of libci-ility that requires and deserves extensive support . From Hie result of our examination of their rules , and the Sit&daetore expknaa . iiS » ive ; i as rtgnrds their practical operations , we do nut now hesUutv to recoisineml tUc society to every iii < 5 usiri < rt ; s and prudent n :: m as 5 agWv ucserviv . g attmuuu . whether Tit-wed -nhhieferesce tsi iis immediate or its prospective advantages . "W&Jfy Chronicle , March , ISiS . T ^ -ELLOMT 35 UETHI 1 EX , look to year own interests , Su aii'l hasten to join that well-regulated Benefit Soeist ? , THE ROYAL OAK , estabiisl . vd 1837 . The Ccmmisiee nieei at lisa Jliire Tavern . S-S , St . }! ari : n ' s-la : ie , everv Tuesday even :: ; : ; , " . t eight o ' clock , for tlie admission of Hanters whose aces Co not cscecn iliiTty-six years , i > tjH 5 in goo . l licaltli , u ; i « l ihcir income f . rising from their Snsiness or employment averaging i' 4 s . per week . The Society 5 s enrolled l ; y Aei of I ' ariiameni . and is conducted upon an economical and secure principle . All u-. incees-S 3 rv fines are aboiishca , and it allows tlie members to be-% a > : s to asiy otherseei-ilv , at thesamo lima Leing a isiemlwi ' of ii < e Roval Oai . It has paid every Jemaiid made upon Its fends , vliieh in ei ^ ht rears auoaass to £ 7 , W 0 , : md lias a Funded Capital of X'it'SO invested in tlie i 3 s « k of En :, - - Iand , the interest of which produces the Society upwards of XiflO ner annum . Tradesmen and mechanics , rtsidnig in ilie country , lionwsr iiistant are eligible for admission , williout yrrsraal arsemlauce , fcyfiUiisjj a printed form and transmitting it to the Secretary . Look around , and see the « u ' . nber of Societies 5 > reakin ; up , when most needed , in . consequence of tlie extra payments on a Quarterly Heetins being too heavy for a working man to meet on a sn £ ilcn demand . This Society boas ;? of the imicli wanted prrncijJi- oi" a Pised Quarterly Pr . yisem . there being no estras , as in most other ?; the Saravrijuion is is . per Calendar luraib , or payable Quarterly , aim no Tines ; so that tvvvy nvimliir , iWKever dis . tr . nt , is tn-. iKeC to send fey Post-oiSce Order tile full am-juntof hi ? Quarterly Subscription . The follosrisg are tlie DeiieSts of tlie Socfciv : — £ s . In Sickness , per week ... 0 IS Superannuation , ditto ... 0 4 Funeral f 5 ) eath of a Member 20 0 " ] Thesebenefits EiotK- y " ^ J > eath of Member's TVife 10 0 1 arsclianredss Wife's Lying-in 2 0 f cstrasin other Loss by Fire 35 GJ Socuties . Entrance Money only 3 s . Cd . under thirty-two y « irs of ajs—5 s . ender thirty-sis . Lose bo time in enrolling your names r . hL ' a in health = n * i -rigour ( we know not what a day m .- . y " br fnsr furlli ) . Thellults may bs . ecu ( sratis ) at th ? Society liou = e , or purchase-. ! , rrlee « J . each . Printed Forms and Prospeetnwa sta * !„ .- „ ,,- part of Hk country , free , hy fcnelorfu" a posta « - s-tamji to the ^ reSary , H . IIiluVi ; , 17 , CiTcilcourL St . jlai-au ' s-Lmc , LonCer ..
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AMERICAN EMIGRATION OFFICE , 86 , Waterloo-road , Liverpool . fTUTE Subscribers continue , to despatch first-class JL Packets to NEW YORK , I 5 OSTON . QUEBEC , MOXTiiEAL , PHILADELPHIA , KEW OHLEANS , and ST JOnX'S , X . B . They are also Agents for the Xew Line of New York Packets , comprising the following magnificent ships : — Tons . To Sail . HoTTiXGUEn 1150 Gtli September . Liverpool 1130 6 th October . Who have also , For Sew York St . Patrick 1150 tons . » ,. ltspuWic 1100 „ „ Empire 1200 „ „ „ Sheffield 1000 „ „ Boston JLnuia 1000 „ „ PiiUiiilejjiiifa ,,,,,, Oc-tnrins .....,.., 300 „ „ 5 tw Orleans Geo . Stevens 800 „ „ , Thus . U . Perkins ... 1000 „ Passengers going to the Western States and Canada can knew the actual outlay to reach any important point on the Lakes and Rivers by obtaining one of Tapseott's Emigrant ' s Travelling Guides , which can be had by sending pustasje stamps for the same to George Sippard and Son , and William Tapscolt , as above .
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NOT 1 GE TO EMIGRANTS . rwwSK « RpscrtiiiJjS 23 fc £ ii-S ^ g- ^ l rriHE Undersigned continue to enirage Passengers for 1 ? irst-Ciass Fast-Sailing AMERICAN PACKET SHIPS , which average from 1000 to 1500 Tons , for the following Ports , viz . : — * XS"A YOKK , BOSTON , PHILADELPHIA , XEW OKLEAXS , BALTI 2 UOKE , BKITISH AMERICA , &c . Kmigrants in ihe country car engage passage by letter addressed as underneath ; in wh-sh t-nse they need not be in Lives-pool until the day before the Ship is to sail ; and ; fecy will thereby avoid detention and other expenses , kesiilcs securing a simper passage , and having the Lest births allotted to them previous to their arrival . For further particulars applv , post-paid , to / A . MES BECKETT & SON . Ifortli JBnd Prince's Dock , Liverpool .
Untitled Ad
EMIGRATION TO TIIE CAPE OF GOOD " HOPE . ii -HEE PASSAGE ; under the sanction of Government . The undersigned are authorised by her Majesty ' s Colonial Laud and Emigration Commissioners to grant a free passage to the above eminently healthy and prosperous Colony to married Agricultural Labourers , Shepherds , Male and Female Domestic and Farm Servants , Bricklayers , Carpe : ittrs , Jiasons , and Smiths , of sober and industrious character . The demand for labour at the Cape is urgent , a : i < 3 is well remunerated in wages , provisions , clothing , and lodging . All particulars will be furnished on application , personally , or by letter , to John Marshall and Co .- . 2 G , Birchiii-lane , Comhill , London ; or 79 , Hijjh-street , Southampton .
Untitled Ad
EVEHY MAS MAY IIAYB A DOUSE OF HIS OWN Second Slcbonheatli Provident Investment Association . TO ADVANCE MOSEY to MEMBERS to BUILD or PURCHASE PROPERTY upon the Security of the Property Purchased , the rent of which will aid in re-paying the amount advanced . TRUSTEES . J . E . Bromley , Esq ., 7 . Kodney-tcrracc , Bow . H . 15 . AValmesley , Esq ., 24 , Nuw-Toad , WhitechapDl . G . F . White , Esq ., 45 , Gloucester-terrace , Commercialroad . With twentv Directors ( who act gratnitouslv ) . FIFTH SUBSCRIPTION Payable at the GEORGE INN , Coininercial-road , Stepeny , ou FRIDAY , 3 rd October , 1 S 45 , at 7 p . m . The Entrance Fee will be 5 s ., at the meeting , and still further increased as the Society progresses . Xear 400 Shares Registered , and £ 780 awarded to Shareholders . Read the Uuk-s which have been greatly improved , and additional facilities given to Purchasers . Redemption Money ceases at the end of ten years . Members assisted to Buy at Auctions . The Widows or Children of Members may withdraw all the subscriptions paid in . £ i per cent , discount allowed on all Subscriptions paid in advance . Prospectuses ( gratis ) , by sending stamp for reply , to Mr . E . J . SOUTHWELL , SO , Jubilee-street , Stepney .
Untitled Ad
COLOSSEUM . TDATRONISED and visited by her Most Gracious JL MAJESTY and his Royal Highness Prince ALBERT . OPEN DAILY from Ten till Sis . Pronouueed by the Press , and confirmed by every visitor to be the most perfect triumph of Art in its various brandies , both by Day and Sight , that lias ever been achieved . Equal to six exhibitions . The Glyptotlieca , containing works of the first artists ; Mont Blanc and Mountain Torrents , Superb Conservatories , Gothic Aviary , Classic Ruins and Fountains , Panorama ol t ; ondon , rc-pnintcd by 7 > lr . Pan-is , etc , Admittance s 3 s . Children , half-price . The Stalactite Caverns , the most magnificent of all the temples which nature has built for herself in the regions of night , Is . extra , EVENING EXHIBITION , Open from Eight till Eleven , consists of an entirely new panorama of London by night , erected in front of the day picture , the largest in the world , comprising 46 , 000 square feet , projected and carried out by Mr , W . Bradirell , and painted by Mr . Danson and Mr . Telbin . The Caverns , Mont Blanc , and Torrent l » y night , the Glyptotheea and refreshment saloon , brilliantly illuminated , forming a promenade' perfectly unique . The whole exhibition designed by Mr . Bradwell . Admission at the doo * 5 s . each . Family tickets to admit four persons , at 4 s . each , to be had at the North Lodge , Colosseum , from Ten to Sis ; and at all the principal LibrarJ" i and Musicsellers .
Untitled Ad
A HINT TO THE ECONOMICAL . Thirty per cent , saved . ALL Persons who wish to savo their money , will purchase their HATS at DUNN'S MANUFACTORY , 82 , Chiswell-strcet , Finsbury , where there is only one profit from the maker ' s hand to the wearer's head . Silk Hats from 2 s . 9 d ., Beaver ditto from 3 s . Cd . All goods warranted to be made from the best materials .
Untitled Ad
JUST PUBLISHED , In one volume , foolscap Svo ., neat cloth , price 7 s . Gd ., THE PURGATORY OF SUICIDES A Prison Rhyme : in Ten Books : BY THOMAS COOPER TIIE CHARTIST . J . How , Publisher , 132 , Fleet-streei . % W Orders from the Country to be sent through the Booksellers .
Untitled Ad
CO-OPERATIVE LAND SOCIETY . I hereby direct that all monies payable tome , as treasurer to the Chartist Co-operative Land Fund , must be transmitted as follows : —Either by Bank order or Post-office ordsr , to tbe " care of Feargus O'Connor , Esq ., 340 8 ttf . au , London ; " & \\< L payable to me , "W . P . Roberts . " Tha * is , that my signature shall be required to . each order . This direction is plain . For instance , say that Edward Hobson , of Ashton , has £ 10 to transmit ; he is to transmit the same to Mr . O'Connor , by Bank letter or Post-office ordei , made payable to W . P . Soherts . That order I can sign when I go to London , or when a parcel of them are sent to me . The two only . things required to secure the triumph of Labour ' s battle are , union among the working classes , and undeviating honesty and punctuality on the part of those who have the management of their affairs . I therefore adopt this plan , that we may have upon each other as many salutary checks as possible . This is advisable , as much for our own mutual satisfaction , as for the satisfaction of the subscribers . I therefore request that these plain and simple instructions may be punctually attended to iu all cases . To save additional postage , each letter containing a money order , may also eontain a list of the respective sums , and all other information necessary for the general , secretary , Mr . Wheeler , to have ; ¦ which letter Mr . O'Connor will duly forward to him . This done , there can be no puzzle about the accounts . W . P . Roberts , T reasurer . AH orders should be made payable at ISO , Strand , London . —W . P . E . [ The above mods has been adopted at my suggestion , in consequence of the endless trouble I have had , owing to some parties sending me Post-office orders payable to my order ; and some to Sir . Roberts' order . Obseirance of the above very simple rule will insure uniformity , satisfaction , and protection . There is a difficulty at the branch Post-offices about getting monies , when the orders are not signed by the persons to whom they are made payable . Feabgus O'CoNNon . l
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rilHIS day is published , prico 2 s . Gd ., CASES and OBX SERVA'i'IONS illustrative of the beneficial results which maj r be obtained by close attention and perseverance in some of the most chronic and unpromising instances of spinal deformity ; wi h eighteen engravingB on wood . By Samuel Hake , M . R . C . S . London : John Churchill , Princes-street ; and may be had of all booksellers .
Untitled Ad
EXTRAORDINARY ECONOMY TO TEA DRINKERS . rjpnE DESIRE OF ENGLAND . —The PIQUA PLANT , JL now sold at 3 s . fid . per lb ., is three times the strengih of tea , and is also equal in flavour , more delicate in taste , infinitely more healthy , as is proved by physicians and chemists of high standing , also by persons in great numbers with the most delicate lungs and stomachs . It is most pleasant and invigorating , and is recommended to the debilitated for its invaluable qualities , to advanced age for its strengthening properties , and to the public generally for its moderate price and intrinsic excellence . The Test . —The proof of the efiicacy and healthful effect of the plant in preference to tea or coffue : —Let a nervous or dyspeptic patient use two or three cups of strong tea upon retiring to rest , and the effect will be night-mare , disturbed sleep , and other violent symptoms of indigestions , « fcc . TnE Peoof . —Let the most debilitated , dyspeptic , asthmatic , consumptive , and nervous patients use two , three , or more cups of a very strong infusion of the Piqua Plant , and in the morning they will awake refreshed with their repose . It is highly recommended by physicians to invalids and children as a most invigorating and pleasant beverage . The following are reasons why the Piqna Plant is superior to tea , viz .: — 1 st . Because it is beneficial to health . 2 nd . It does not injure the nerves . 3 rd . Children may use it with advantage to health . 4 th . It does not prevent sleep . ath . A quarter of a pound will go as far as three q \ iarters of a pound of the best gunpowder tea . Gth . It is strengthening and nutritious . 7 th . It is recommended by physicians , and tea is disapproved of by them . . It greatly improves the voice ; it is recommended to singers and public sjieakers . TESTIMONIALS . 50 , E < 3 geware-road , July lst , lS 43 . Sir , —The beverage under the name of Piqua Plant I have drank for tome time . It was first recommended lo my notice as a salntwy beverage by a friend , who is a great dyspeptic , ami 1 have since recommended it to sevei-. il patients suil ' ering from chronic affections of the digestive or ^ uns , heart , and lungs , with manifest advantn ^ e . —I inn , sir , yours , &c . To 3 Ir . "Win . Evaas . John Bryant , M . D . 1 ' , Lontiier-street , Whitehaven . i Sir , —I am nearly out of t : ie plant again . My sale has ) doubled since I sent the last order ; indeed , it is fast iinilin ? its way among some of the best families in the town , and is highly nj'provc-d of . Please send me 501 bs . immediately . —Yours , very respectfully , To Mr . " Win . Evans . J . BousiEaD . Dover-road , Sonthwark . Sir , —I am much pfcased with your Piqua Plant ; and I iind that : i portion ot' it mixed i : i tlie tea-pot with tea , is a very peat improvement to any tea , particularly green tea . —Tours , » t <\ , To ilr . "Vfm . Evans . O . B . Belvidci'G'place , Borough . rond , July 17 th , 181-3 . Sir . —I h :: vc great pleasure , and indeed I consider it an j imperative < 3 uty , in justice to you , and for the benefit of I others , to Scar t siimony to the excellent Qualities of tlie i Pigua Plant . It has wholly removed a constant painful nervous liability with which I was ailected , which pro-• 'luced rt-siless nights , and consequently overpowering I langour dining the day . Since the use of the infusion , the diitasy has entirely disappeared . I sleep soundly often £ > r six , seven , and c-Sglit hours together , and am better in health than I have been for many years ; and others , to wh-. nn 1 have recommended it , have experienced the sajne b !> : irfi (> :. il results . Yea are at liberty to use this trstlmonial , which I am ready to confirm in person any day you think proper . —I am , sir , jour obedient servant . To Jfr . AVm . Ev .-ins . G-. TAnoCKBiN . Numerous testimonials from physicians , and others , of undoubted authority , may be seen at Evans ' s depot . The plant is . patronised by many of the first families in the laud . The economy derived from tho use of the Piqua Plant , compared with tta , is : « follows : —lib . of the phut will go as far as lib . of tea . Sold wholesale and retail , at the proprietor ' s , Evans ' s jcp&t , Xo . 3 , Savoy-street , Strand , London , in quarterpound tinfoil pai&ages . Nor . e is genuine unless each package bears ; lie signature of Win . EVANS . $ Sr One Agent wanted in each town and village where 'hire is none . Any respectable trade approved of . No licence required .
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T HE variable state of the AVSATHER has produced the numerous cases of low fever and debility existing at present , and is a sure indication of habit ual costiveness , enuseil generally by want of care in attending to the state of the dig ^ tiva visceral ovgans . The only real remedy in such enscs is LOUD ELDON'S APERIENT PILLS , which have been the means of positive cure to many thousands ; they are peculiarly adapted for persons of both stxes who are of sedentary habits , they are patronised by the nobility and gentry , and are the mildest and most efficacious : nedicine extant . Sold in boxes at Is . lhl ..-2-t . fld ., and 4 s . Gd ., by Messrs . Barclay and Co ., 35 , Farriiigdon-strtvt ; Sutton and Co ., 10 . 13 ow Church-yard ; Xewlun-y , -15 . ami 5 jd «;; r « ls , 0-3 , St . Paul's ; Sangcr , 130 , Oxford-street ; arn : by ail respectable Druggists and Medicine Tenders in ihe 3 ; i : i ^; : " : on : ; and wholesale lit 13 , Great St . Tlioiaas Apostle , London . TESTIMONIAL TO LOHD EI / DOX ' S PILT . S . Sia , —1 have subjected to a careful chemical analysis ihe Pilis prepared by you , and find iliem to consist of eft ' echui but < afe aiieri'jnts'fviihout any mercurial preparation whatever . Tours , &c , A . URE , M . I ) ., F . Pi . S . 13 , Charlotte-street , Bedford-square , Loudoa .
Kicttalidzqn, Manufacturing Cutler,
KiCttAliDZQN , MANUFACTURING CUTLER ,
Untitled Article
IRELAND RUINED BY " SMALL FARMS . " HIE SECRET DISCLOSED : HOW TO GET TO " MYJ 3 COJIFOItTAULV AND WELL . " A week or two ago , in an article explanatory of the system of tenure that exists in the Island of Guernsey , and its beneficial effects in causing the whole Isle to be cultiviited like a garden , we combatted the objection with which [ the advocates for a similar use of the soil in . this country are constantly met by those whose interest it is to keep the manufacturing labourmarket over-stocked , that they may give to labour as small a " SHARE" of its own productions as an
active and unnatural competition of labourer with labourer for a crust of bread will enable them . That objection is : "Do you want to make a Ireland of England ? Is not Ireland the country of ' Small Farms V And what has the small farm system done for Ireland ? Is not the Iri 3 h the most miserable people on the face of the earth ? " That objection we met , on the occasion referred to , by adducing the case of Guernsey , where the Small Farm System entirely abounds ; where the average size of the farms is live acres ; where there are no large farms ; where there are no laws of primogeniture nor laws of entail ;
where the tesuhe is as SECURE to the holder and to his posterity , as if ilic fee simple was Ins own ; where every yard of ground in a farm is turned to good account ; where there is every inducement to farm high , and adopt every improvement in culture , because the benefit accrues to those who labour ; where plenty and substantiality everywhere abound ; where " machine-breaking , " and " rioting , " and "SWING " are unknown ; and where every one is happy and contented in his station , because he enjoys the fruits of his own industry : we say , we adduced this case of Guernsey , whore the small farm svstem is in i ' uli
operation , and where these things are THE RESULTS of that system founded on a just tenuhe ; we adduced this case in answer to those who point us "to Ireland" for " an exemplification of the system of small farms , " and contended that it w « is not the small farms in Ireland that had reduced , or tended to reduce her people to the awful condition they are found in , but the want of those bequjsitjjs to all successful farming , whether on a large or small scale—security of tenure and a fair rent . Since then our position has received a remarkable confirmation , with which we , on the present occasion , intend to make the reader aeq uainted .
During the last two years we have often had to point to the Jaet—the cheat pact—that the Condilion-of-En-jland question has forced itself on the attention of all classes in society ; and more cspeckdly on thoie who live without producing . The day of rampant authority and supercilious bull-frogism has gone by ; and the cry of the hungry is no longer met with the insulting toast : "the land we live in ; those that do not like , damn ' em , let ' em leave it . " There is now a sober earnestness exhibited in the bearing and conduct of a great portion of the " upper " and " middle" classes ; and the toil-worn comphiiners are not now met on every hand with the unjust designation of "disaffected ragged valble ; " muck less ; have we gasging-bills , and powcr-of-imprisonment
bills , and SIX ACTS , brought in , and hastily passed , to put down the efforts of labour to make its wrongs known . On the contrary , there is an evident disposition on many hands to listen to the talo of woe that the producers have to relate , and to turn the e . ve of searching inquiry into such a channel , that the actual condition of the labourer shall be manifest to all . Of tills fact , the numerous efforts to improve the sanatory condition of our large cities and towns is a proof . The inquiries that have been instituted on this head have brought wealth in actual contact with squalid poverty , and [ caused it to stand aghast at the horrid realiiies it found in existence . The facts it thus became acquainted with it published for the information of others . Those / acts were of sostartl ; n ? nmlalarming a nature , thaiaroey arrested much of pubiic attention , —meaning liv the phrase
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" public" in this case , those who are well-to-do . It is true that a fear of Hie consequences to themselves from the awful state of things disclosed , was a great prompting cause to sympathy and action , ; for fevers and ep idemics are not confined to the quarters of the poor when they break out with violence : but still that anything would arrest the attention of these classes , and cause them to ascertain something of the condition of the workers , with a view to melioration , is proof of a better feeling than that which obstinately met all complaint with insolent denial , and all effort to better a miserable condition with the dungeon and the hangman ' s halter . Of this fact , too , the conduct of the tress affords conclusive proof . Lot
any one but contrast the tone and tendency of the Times NOW with the "bloody old Times" of 181 ? - 18-19 : and the Times even of 1 S 30-34 . In the difference between the two , they will see n wvrld of progress ! In 1 S 1 ? the Times was the abettor , the constant inciter of gagging Acts and suspensions of the Habeas Corpus Act . It was the constant bawler for coercion ; and it acquired its characteristic cognomen , "Old Bloody , " from the ferocity with which it constantly sought the blood of the Reformers , who were then doing what so many parties are now obtaining credit for doing , —turning attention to the wrongs and woes of the labouring many , and seeking to secure for them n cheater " SHARE "
of the good things they cause to be . There wns this difference between the efforts of the Reformers then and the efforts of the new-born converts now ; that had the advice of the Reformers been followed at the latter end of the war and on the occasion or peace , many of the evils that have since scourged us as a nation would have been unknown ; and instead of the middle and upper classes awaking to-day to he humiliating conviction that poverty and its attendant misery is the lot of those who produce all the wealth , and that our "high state of civilization " is but a volcano , which may any day burst forth and bury the whole social fabric in ruin , they would have been a portion of a happy , powerful , and
contented people . In 1 S 30 , the Times was still the " bloody old Times" to the . agricultural labourers of Hampshire and Wiltshire , when poor Cook , of Milcheldever , tvtxs HANGED for striking at Eingiiam Baring , without doing him any harm . ' and when scores of fathers and sons , whom wast had driven to desperation , were transported across the seas . Again , in 1 S 34 . the Times was true to its " old scent of blood " when it called for bludgeons and brickbats to put down the procession of Labour ' s sons to the Minister , to obtain the release of the poor illegally persecuted and transported Dorchester labourers ! But now , how changed ! Now the Condition-of-England question is " the great , cat'd" o f the Times—its
distinguishing characteristic . Ever since the passing of the Poor Law Amendment Act , it has sot its face against the hard-hearted Malthusian doctrine of which that detestable measure was an embodiment . The necessity that the Times was thus under to meet the sophistries of the " foelosophieal" school , rendered it incumbent on its conductors to make themselves acquainted with facts ; and particularly with the facts as' to the condition of those for whom the "tender mercies" of the New Poor Law wore intended . Hence we have had the Times sending its
" own correspondent" into disturbed portions of the country , to inquire on the spot , not only into the immediate moving causes of the particular disturbances , but also into the actual condition of the different classes in the neighbourhood ; and how far the social oppressions inflicted by the rich and endured by the poor had led to the outbreaks which made property insecure . Hence , we had the Timcs ' s correspondent in Wales , . attending on the efforts of Rehecca to make the wrongs , of the Welsh farmers known to the world ; and he so far aided Rebecca as to make the world familiar with a
case of gross oppression that excited general astonishment . Hence also we had tho same " correspondent" in Norfolk and Suffolk , when SWING at the beginning of this year seemed inclined to renew the times of 1 S 30 , when fires blazed nightly in every county in England—fires raised by a maddened " peasantry "—maddened by having to take with them to the harvest-field " cold potatoes in a bag , " and by the prospect before them of having to entirely subsist on Irish diet ! Hence we have since then had that same " correspondent" in the Highlands of Scotland , pointing out the beauties in the " management" of the Duke of Sutherland—the mode of " clearing estates "—and the consequences to the
sweeped-off poor , and to the nation at large . And hence we have now , this same " correspondent , "dignified with the title of "Commissioner , "—in derision of the' circumscribed inquiries that Government now and then institute , —travelling through Ireland , and giving to the world the results of his observations on the condition of that most oppressed , most trodden-down people—laying bare the sources of that oppression—and indicating means that must alone be adopted to remedy a state of things which arc awful to think of and dangerous to continue . It is from the inquiries of this " Commissioner" that we derive the confirmation of our position , regarding Ireland and the small f arm system , spoken of in a preceding paragraph .
That confirmation wg shall now give . Wo have to premise that it was in the county of Gavan , where Molly Maouire has been somewhat busy , that " Oun Commissioner" commenced his observations and it is to that county in particular that the following extract refers : — It is tlie object of my present letter to endeavour to prove by evidence , which it will be difficult to dispute , that the source of nil mischief in Ireland—tho real origin of svevy disturbance , and of almost vveYy crime , is the ivant of employment . The commissioners recently appointed to inquire into the occupation of land in Ireland , in their report , page 11 ,
state" Whatever difference of opinion may be put forward or entertained upon other points , the testimony given is unfortunately too uniform in representing the unimproved state of extensive districts , the want of employment , and the consequent poverty and hardships under which a large portion of the agricultural population continually labour . " The obvious remedy for this state of things is to provide remunerative employment , which may at once increase tho productive powers of the country and improve the condition of the people , " Let us , however , examine , and endeavour to prove to plain reason that this is an incontcstiblc fact , and depends on no opinion . It is necessary , first , to see what is the field of occupation which the people have?—what is the scope for their industry ?—what the outlet for their natural increase ?
The Census Commissioners of 18 * 1 ( page 11 ) state the natural and uniform rate of increase of the fixed population to be 12 percent , in the ten years from 1 S 31 to lS-tl ; yet the positive returns show nn increase in the resident population of little more than 5 per cent .: arid they acconnt for the remaining increase of 7 per cent , by estimating the draughts from Ireland , driven out to seek employment elsewhere , at S 72 . 4 (! l ; and they thus compute this enormous number from their returns : — Prom 1 S 31 to 1 S 41 . Emigration to the colonies - 428 , 471 — Great Britain - - 104 , 811 Itccruits for the army - ... 34 , ( . !) 0 — East India Company 5 , 089
57-J . 4 G 4 : So that we not only have Great Britain finding employment annually for upwards of 57 , 000 harvest labourers , but also for an increase of 104 , 814 labourers , permanently settled in Great Britain in ten years ; and the whole num . her of persons of Irish birth dwelling in Great Britain , in June , 1 S 11 , is stated to have been 410 , 950 . ( Census , page 10 . ) So that a million of the population of Ireland of the present generation is permanently squeezed out of Ireland by -leant of employment , and driven to search for a liveli . hood in Great Britain and our colonies , over and above the annual swarm that migrates during the harvest time . As neither trade nor manufactures , nor agricultural labour , apart from , the ocviyw / . ioii of the land , can give work to increasing population , and to those out of employment ( ami with work of course the means of subsistence ) , and the amount of
as four-fifths of existing employment , or 7 !) per cent ., is derived from the occupation of land , for the most part in patches of from one to fifteen acres , it necessarily follows that the struggle of the majority of the increasing population will be for the occupation of such a patch of land . As land alsu does not increase , but the population does , anil the occupation of laud is nearly the only means of employment , and therefore of subsistence , which the country affords , it follows that as no pouuHtion will starve without desperate efforts , or emig rate without struggles against this desperate remedy nearly as intense , the obtaining and retainiu- possession of snt-ii a patch of land are objects winch enlist the strongest of human motives—tho struggle for existence . It is ' existence with a patch of land : it is starvation without it Every passion-evcry instinct of the human heart-is roused to obtain and rdum possession of the patch of land — the means of existence .
Mr . Nichols , the Poor-Law Commissioner , in his first report , in 18 * 38 , as to the propriety of establish ™? Poor Laws in Ireland , thus writes : — " " The subdivision of the land into small holdings having destroyed the regular demand for labour the only protection against actual want , the only means by which
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a man can procure food for his family , is by getting and retaining possession of a portion of land ; for this ho has struwrledifor this the peasantry have combined , and burst through all the restraints of law and humanity . # # # # Land to them is the great necess-irv of life . There is no hiring of servants . A man cannot obtain His living as a day labourer , lie must get possession of a plot of land , on which to raise potatoes , or starve . It need scarcely be said that » man will not starve so long as the means of sustaining life can be obtained by fovce or fraud ; and hence tho scenes of violence and bloodshed which have so frequently occurred in Ireland . " .. . .
In this town from which I write ( Cavan ) I am informed , on the best authority , and from several sources , that the labouring men of the neighbourhood—those without land —arcunemployed nine months in the year ; and that there is general employment for them only during the spring , and nt harvest time . I am told that , except during these periods , from thirty to fifty may be seen at the market cross every morning , unemployed , waiting for : i job , and that there is no demand for their work . During harvest their wages are Is . a-day . During the rest of the year the usual wages are 8 d . a-day , without food , or 4 s . a-week . They have to pay 25 s . to 30 s . rent for their cottages , and if they rent a patch of land manured , or con-acre , Jor potatoes , they pay £ 8 an acre for it I Tlie evidence before the Land Commission as to the county of Cavan shows this . Four shillings a-week for three months in the year for a man ami Ms family to subsist i ( j ; o ) i . '
Can we wonder at the desperate intensity of the struggle for hind—at the passions which . ire roused at being dispossessed , with this only resource of slow starvation , ot scarcely animal existence—as the horrible alternative ? From various motives , the propriety of which I will not now step aside to inquire into ; some from the conviction » f its absolute necessity ; some from a desire _ to consolidate farms and improve cultivation ; some , it is said , from motives of bigotry , in order to substitute tenants of one faith for those of another . ; some because they had a turbulent tenantry ; some because they could get no rent , landlords have continually ejected tenants without providing them a substitute for the means of existence which the patch of land afforded them . What I wish now to confine attention to is the bare fact of an
ejectment , and its consequence , without reference to am motive whatever which may have caused it . The Land Occupation Commissioners quote the evidence of Dr . Doyle before the select committee of 1830 , to inquire into the state of Ireland , as to the effect of t hese ejectments , from whatever cause they may proceed . It will be fuund quoted in p . U of the report of Lord Devon ' s commission : — " It would be impossible for language to convey an idea of the state of distress to which the ejected tenantry have " neen reduced , or of the disease , misery , and even vice
which they have propagated in the towns wherein they have settled ; so that , not only they who have been ejected have been rendered miserable , but they have earned with them , and propagated that misery . They have increased the stock of labour ; they have rendered tho habitations of those who received them more crowded ; they have given occasion to the dissemination of disease ; they have been obliged to resort to thet ' t , and all manner of vice and iniquity , to procure subsistence ; but , what is the most painful of all , a vast number of them have perished from want . " .. .
Need we travel into theolosical strife , or into political crotehets . about Repeal ; need we examine into the Catholic faith , or into questions about Protestant ftSCGlldlllieyinto the necessity of general endowments-in order to seek a : i elucidation of the cause of outrages in Ireland , with these facts before us ? . Ejected from his land , without other means of living , the Irish tenant is rendered desperati by the prospect of starvation . Turn whichever way he will , an impossibility of obtaining subsistence faces him . Need wu wonder that outrages and combinations to resist ejectment , even to death , grow up from such seed ? .... „ Now what is the " Molly Maguikeism" which has disturbed this county % It is the sanvj as " P . ibandism , " say tlie magistrates , in their placards ottering rewards ior the apprehension of " Molly Maguires . " Well , what is Ribandism ? " In the evidence taken before a committee of the House of Lords , upon the state of crime in Ireland , in 1839 , at
Question O 00 G . Major Biwn ( Commissioner of Dublin Police ) says , "' Ribundisin' is of the same nature as ' Whitifootism . "' 10 , 280 . Mr . Seed ( assistant of Mr . Geale , of the homo circuit ) says , "itis the same as ' Blackfuotisin . '" 14 , 448 , Mr , Kathbone ( stipendiary magistrate ) says , it is the same as * Terryaltism . '" 0 , 408 . Captain "Warburton ( stipendiary magistrate ) says , ' -it is the same as 'Rockiteisin . '" i 4 ,. ) 39 . Sir William Somcrvillesays , " that' Ribandism ' in Meath is a kind of 'Trades ' -union . '" 14 , 7 !) - ' . Mr . Ford ( attorney , of Meath ) gives evidence to tho same effect . 8 , 430 8 , 431 . Mr . BarriiiRton says , "' Itibandmcn' are the same its ' Whiteboys . '" 3 , ( 111 . Captain Yignoles says , " they are the same as ' l ' eep-o ' -duy-Boys , ' and that he has never been able to discover any distinction between the Riband Society and the others . "
" Molly Maguiiieism" then , is , in fact , but the embodiment of the spirit of discontent ; it is an old-existing malady with a new name . True ! most true . ! -Molly Maguireism is but " the embodiment of the spirit of discontent , " and can discontent be wondered at , under such a state of things as this writer has described ? Would not the people doomed to starve be very slaves in soul , if they were not "discontented : " and if discontent bo there , will not it naturally " embody itself" as naturally as that fire burns , or that water seeks a level ? Nay , is it not a wonder that discontent has not " embodied "
itself to more purpose than it has hitherto aimed at ? Not that it should be matter of surprise that human life should be disregarded under such circumstances as the Timers Commissioner details , and that "Estateclcarhig Landlords' should bo shot down in the streets like so many dogs , or the " takers" of " cleared" land burnt to death under the roof-tree of the house they so occupy : for bend the mind to a full consideration of the whole matter ; see whole families driven off the only liukl for existence they possess ; see them perishing on the road-side ; see all this , and see the landlord or agent within reach , and then the surprise will be , not that some one of these is occasionally sacrificed to the " wild justice of revenge , " but that one of the race is left to tell the tale , or that one of the " clearance-occupiers" appears above the sod he tills ! Yes ! Molly Maguireism
IS " the embodiment of the spirit of discontent ; " aii'l so was the cry for Reform in 1 S 17 , which made the Times , —wlio now is the means of uttering a bold and important truth relative to popular disquiet in its ivokst fokm , —call for the blood of tho Reformers ! So also were t ' -ie occurrences in Wales in 1 S 39-40 , as well as those in that country in 1 S 42 , though the Times ( lid its best to get the noose around the neck ofJonx Fbost , while it gave utterance to the wrongs of " a class" at the later period , and was instrumental to a change in their condition in relation to their then object of combination and attack . Tlie burnings of SWING in 3 . 930 and in 1 S 41-5 were also " embodiments of the spirit of discon . tent : " a discontent which is not allavcd , but
merely smouldering , ready to burst forth again , whenever some act of more than ordinary petty tyranny shall give the " wild justice of revenge " a direction . If our rulers are wise they will ponder well on ihe great political truth contained in tho above few words of " Ouu Commissioxer , " and apply that truth to practice , not only to the effectual " putting down" of Molly Maouiheism in Ireland , but also the destroying propensities of SWING in England . Such effectual " putting down" can only be by removing the CAUSE of the " discontent" of which these acts are tlie "embodiment : " in other words , by enabling the labaurer to enjoy his fair "SHARE" of the wealth his labour causes to abound ; or , in other words , still enabling him to be " FIRST partaker of tlie fruits . "
Before we depart with " Oun Commissioner" from the county of Cavan , where the labouring men are unemployed nine months in the year , lot us just see whether all the land in that county is fully occupied , either by small or large farmers . The writer says : — The field of agriculture is capable of extension , both by improvements and liy incrc .. sins the cultivated surtV . uo The Land Commissioners state in theiv report that there : ; re 72 , 1 ) 00 acres of unimproved land in the county ot Cavan ; that 2 o , 00 « aeres are capable of improvement for cultivation , and that VS , t > 00 misht be drained for pasture leaving 2- { , 0 > 0 acres on the summits of lofty hills , exoeedl ing 1000 feet in elevation , which may be considered as incapable of improvement ( page uflj . Jhit this improvement las yot to bo carried out , and the mere unemployed labourer is not the man who can carry it out . This source of employment depends on others—on those who h ; ive the lands and tho means , as also does that perhaps wider source of occupation which improvement in the system of agriculture would afford .
Leaving the facts here stated to be conned over by tlioso who nvapuzded what to do to find employment f the starving Irish , let us accompany "Our Commissioner" in his search after more f acts , and especially after those which bear upon our view of the smallfarm system—or rather no-system—of Ireland , From Cavan our writer went to the county of Leitrim ; and at BalHnainore , in that county he wrote as follows : — This county is in thocentre of the " Molly Maguire" dis hirbanccs . Numerous robberies of arms have taken place , tlireateninsr notices liavo boon common , and some very shocking assassinations have been committed in it In the early part of the year the stipendiary magistrate of the district , Captain M'Leod , was shot dead in his cue-lose to the lodge of a gentleman ' s house , where he had been dinmsr , near this town .
Well , now , hcrcXthc " Commissioner" i 3 ) j n the midst of the small farms : what has he to ' say rcspeeting them ? Hearken : — The general rule throughout the oountry—there . „•„ exceptions , but the ftenernl rule-is , not to give cither lenses or nsreements , whien , us a protection to both Ividlovd and tenant , are equivalent t . i leases . Sine * tho " ™ v political stragt'le previously to the passing of the Catlui ic Bniannimtion Act when the landlord ' s were tea ten throughout Ireland at the general duction , amlH-ehtenants polled almost to a nv . nx nK :. hwt them in favn v , f the advocates ot Cnthoho emancipation , the topic of that day , ( Ac landlords faw jwuwuty rrftawtf iMKfc But I eon-
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fine mvself now to this county , where this is the fact . For So i £ 4 t part , therefore , the'teuants are tenants at wUl lCilout any slovenliness to any tenant , ask him w v he does not keep his farm tidy , and try to improve it , M-1 wwwImmediate ! , is . " What U the use of improving %£ * M on .. It the rent-day andlemade to payj higher rent for Ui » It is customary here to burn the su - face of the soil of land intended to be cu Itivated . . This has the . effect of manuring for a year , but leaves the soil afterwards completely exhausted and barren . « «• * grow nothing for years afterwards but ragweed , till natural grass gradually creeps over it again . Ash a tenant why he does not collect manure through the muter t <» manure his land , instead of smoking : in Jiis mud jnit , ano burning his shins over his peat fire , doing nothing , ana he tells you , " What is the use of collecting manure to raise a good crop ? for if the agent sees it he says , ' Oh-, that ' s good land , voumust pay more rent for it , ' and the benefit of the manure otcs to the landlord , whilst I am as before , kept down
to my dry potaioc < md water . " Iti feet , he practically iietS up to the adage , that " it is better to play for nothing than to work for nothing . " I am informed by those who cannot be mistaken , that if a lease falls in here , the agents ( fur there are no resident landlords here ) , no matter how deserving the tenant may be , conceive they have but one dntv to perform—to get as much rent as they can for their M-iilciimls , Evciy-motive of self-interest impels them to Uiis , for according to the quantum of rent is the quantum of commission they receive . They immediately advertise for proposals , and the land is thus let by tender , generally to the highest bidder . Any stranger from the " blaclc north" ( as they call it here ) , or from the wilds of ConnaiMit , may come in and bid against the former tenant , ¦ iiid outbid " the man who made the land . The manviho has reclaimed a piece of red boa , or a barren Jail side , whose
sons and daughters hatie often carried blue gravel on their bacl-s to put on land not worth 2 s . an acre , and ichose industry has made it worth 20 s . cm rtei-e , gets sot a faiithisg ALLOWED III JI BY HIS LANDLORD FOIl THE IMl'KOVEMENTS EFFECTED on his faiui ; and , if he wishes to continue on the same land , he must pay the utmost farthing of rent for that which his industry alone has made worth anything , ana miUl BID MORE FOR IT THAN ANY 8 TBASOEH WHO CH 00 SE 3 to compete acaixst him . In this way more rent is often offered than the land can possibly pay . If you ask the man why he bid so much for his farm , and more than he knew ho could pay . his answer is , " What could I do 1 Where was I to go "? I know I cannot pay the rent , but what could I do "? Would you have mo go and beg ? " In this manner tlie utmost worth of the laud , beyond mero subsistence-I am assured beyond dry potatoes and water , —i * extracted from the tenants , and the tenants , seeing
the inutility of productive labour , so tar as they are concerned , seeing that whether they work or play they get little beyond mere subsistence , settle down content with subsistence . The value of their labour is not secured to themselves : they have not the reward of labour ; they do not find their sto ' ck , over and above paying the rent and the cost of their own consumption , increase , no matter what efforts they make . Is it not human nature that those efforts , beyond obtaining mere subsistence , which they must and will have , will not , under such circumstances , be great ? I believe I state the opinion of the most intelligent resident magistracy , " that if something be not done ere long to raise the condition of the people and afford employment , the people cannot be kept
quiet , and that property in Ireland will be worth nothing . " But what can be done ? This is a social evil , and the remedy must bo a social one . TUo Government can do little to remedy it . If landlords will , no matter for what reason , thus act contrary to the plainest dictates of common sense , and , with perfect blindness to consequences , refuse to secure to men by fair leases or mutually protecting agreements the benefits of their own industry , and screw out of their tenants the utmost shilling beyond mere subsistence , a badly cultivated country and an impoverished and indifferent tenantry sire tha certain growing results , which , with population increasing , without general employment-giving wealth increasing , must inevitably end in disturbances , and in rendering " property in Ireland worth nothing . "
There , now : that is Ireland . But is that the small farm system ? Is that anything like the Guernsey mode ? There the "bit of land" is as secure to the occupier as if it was his own . Tiieke the rent is a fair one—not extortionate . There the occupier has every inducement to improve : for all he grows after payment of a iixed rent , is his own , to use and enjoy . In Ireland , however , it is the reverse of this ; and the pointers to the case of Ireland , as an instance of " what small farms will do for a country , " know this fact very well . They know that a secure tenure leads a man to exertion—spurs on io industry—acts as a powerful incentive : for independence is seen to be attainable . Want of tenure leads , as we have just seen , to the contrary of alj this ; creates a spiritless , s ulless , idle population , subsisting on the veriest garbage , and content with a mere subsistence of this mean kind ! The one is
the small farm system : the other is a state of perfect slavery in mind , body , and estate . One more extract from " Ock Com . missioxer , " and we have done with him for the present . He has now left Leitrim , and got into the county of Fermanagh . He dates his communication at Enuiskillen , and opens thus : — I address my present letter from one of the most Orange and Protestant districts in Ireland . The town is well built and clean , the population orderly and industrious ; the country in the neighbourhood tolerably cultivated , and extremely fertile and beautiful ; and the small farm houses as you approach the town from Leitrim neat and cleanly-looking ) generally whitewashed over , mid having a well-trimmed thatch . Inglis , in his Journey through Ireland , thus speaks of the town of Enniskillen : —
" 1 found it one of the most respuctable-looking towns I had seen in Ireland ; and its population by far the most respectable-looking that I had anywhere yet seen . I speak , of course , of the lower classes ; and I make no ex . ueption of either Dublin , or Cork , or Limerick , or any other place . I saw a population—the first I had yet seen—without rags ; I-saw scarcely a bare foot even among the girls ; there was a neat tidy look among the women , who had not , as in other places , their uncombed hair hanging about their ears ; and the men appeared to me to have a decent fanner-like appearance . " The same author , in describing the roads from liallmamore to this town , which route I came the other day , thus speaks of the country near Ballinamore , and thence to Eiiniskillen .
AtBallinamore" There is a poverty-Kok about everything . The country is but half cultivated ; and it supports a needy gentry , crushed farmers , and a miserable peasantry . After passing Swanlinbar , things improve . Improvement is visible in the asjiect of ? the country ; and a decided improvement in the appearance of the houses and their inhabitants . " To the general accuracy of this description I can fully bear testimony . Swanlinbar is on the borders of Ulster and Connaugiit ; on one side of it is the county of Leitrim , in Connaugiit ; on the other tho county of Fermanagh ,
in Ulster . Orangemen and Protestants in this country , with more zeal than observation , and very well meaning English 1 ' jotestants , but often reryiruak-niiiidcd men , on the platform of Exeter-hall , are in the habit of attributing this visible improvement in the province of Ulster to the effect of Orange polities and the 1 'rotestant religion . It so happens that in Ireland generally Orangcisin and Protestantism , and English or Scotch descent , may be used for synonymous terms , for they are usually embodied in the same individual—at any rate , this is so in the province of Ulster . If there he one characterislin which more than another distinguishes the loicer class of the Celtic population ,
IT IS THAT THEY AUE CONTENT TO LIVE IIAKBLT AND UPO . V little : fliid , if there is any oiitf 'inulily which dUlhtguiihes the lower class of the Saxon race more , lhan another , it is title , that however hard they may be content to work , they WIL 1 Ike comfortably and well . It is because the poor Celt is coiiieni to put up with bad fare , and worse clothing and shelter , that he is made to put up with tlioiu . It is because 11 k > man of Saxon descent WILL live comfortably and well , or if his exertions cannot accomplish this , make his grumblings heard and / ei / , that he does live comfortably and well . Let airman of observation travel through tho Celtic population
of thu county of Leitrim into the adjoining mixed population of the county of I ' ermnnngh , and I think he must be convinced that race has more to do with the distinguishing characteristics of Ulster than , either politics or religion . At any rate , until it is proved that Oranireism and Protcsianism will add six inches to the average Iiuk-ht : ind proportionate bulk to tlie men , and tall figures and g < od looks to the women , as well as a batter dress , I shall continue of opinion that these great differences in the appearance of the people themselves , as well as the dill " , rem-e which may be observed in their dress , ami is \ their houses and mode of living , must chiefly he attributed to tho characteristics of the race .
Now , there ' s philosophy ! There ' s a secret worth knowing ! That beats all the " useful knowledge " that Buouoiiam , witli his " best possible public instructor , " the l ' cnmj Magazine , has taught tho people , during all the years he has been dinning it into their cars that " divine Providence" msdo mn a lord , and ordained that they should maintain him The " race" that arc "CONTENT to put itpwitli bad fare and worse clothing and shelter , are WADE to put up with them ; " while those who WILL livo comfortably and well , or moke their grumblings heard and FELT , DO live comfortably and well . " Pray God that Molly Macuim-: may learn this truth ! and , O ! that it may be sounded in tlie ears of the seven shillings a-weck paid agricultural labourers of Knglnnd ! May both these belong to the " race" of grumblers ! and may they both make their grumblings heard and FELT !! if that alone will enable them to live coinfortably and well !
The Northern Star. Satueday, Sbptember., G, 1845.
THE NORTHERN STAR . SATUEDAY , SBPTEMBEr ., G , 1845 .
Untitled Article
Factohy Lakouk . —Ax Example worthy of Imitation . —Messrs . Norris , Sykes , and Fisher , luot very kindly reduced the hours of labour at uo i establishment , Newton-mill , Hudder encld , nom twelve to eleven hours » day . This arrnnsjcnunt will give the yonneer portion of tlieiv liaiH . s i ^ opportunity of attending an evening school , « ' « - thev will fee able to receive that instruction necc- J for after life . The most aisn will have the ! F ]] " ^ of enjoying move domestic onmi ' m't witH ^^ respective families s \ t home . Wo hope lii « l " ^ . ^ labours may in nn especial manner be c'' ° " '"J ; , j ; : y success , in return for this nohle ami l " " ' ,... ' - ' „ example , and that it will induce oilier mw . * . * auopHiie same sYStcia . —iecifs iJim « y ,
Untitled Article
4 _ - -V _ . THE . NORTHER STAR . •¦ . , ¦ , . ... __ S f ! MBBB _ 6 ^ 45 ^ .
Hare On Spinal Disease.
HARE ON SPINAL DISEASE .
Untitled Picture
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 6, 1845, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1331/page/4/
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