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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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" Ana I will war , at least in words , ( And—should my chance so happen—deecb ) , Wh all who war with Thought ]" " I think I hear a little Irird , who sings The pe » iile by and hy will he tha stronger . "—Btnos .
ITALY , AUSTRIA , AND THE POPE . * SO . YII . We cannot quit Mr . Mazzixi ' s excellent work without extracting some further illustrations of the damnable character of the Austrian despotism . Itis a sacred duty we owe to our l-eaders to impart to fliem all tlie information we may acquire as to the workings and deeds of the institutions and rulers of other countries , that so they may be tooycu to sympathise with and aid the oppressed of all nations , and become inspired with a holy hatred of despotism and determination to fraternise with all true patriots in purging the earth of tyranny in every shape and form . To this end wo give the following extracts , showing the way political prosecutions are conducted wherever Austria has rule or influence : —
In 1 S 2 « , Count Frederic Confalonien was condemned to death ; which seateace , as an act of high clemency , was commuted into the carcere duro for life . The only thing proved against him was a letter written to the General-iUuister of War , Santa Rosa , at the period of the Piedmontese insurrection , and when the revolutionary troops , encamped on the Ticiao , were preparing to pour into the plains of Lombaruy . Here is the letter : — " General—If I ever possessed any influence with you , let tMs \ ms flic occasion for erineing it I jilead our old friendship—I plead the good opinion you formerly honoured me with , to beg of you not to pass the Ticino . lombardy is not prepared to receive you . Your advance would only compromise those who should declare for you , who would have no force to support you . Spare this pro-Tince the evils of a contest in whii'li von could not lc
• victorious . This letter , written to a revolutionary General , was held to be a crime against the State t . Ciro Henotti , a young and ricli baiiker of Modena , was at the head of those who in 1831 'orgauised an insurrectionary movement in that city . . Attacked in his palazzo before the hour fixed on for the outburst , after a contest heroically sustained for a whole nig ht by thirty young men who happened to be -with him , lie fell wounded into the bauds of the Dulce . Shortly after , when the insurgents were successful , theDulje took to flight , and carried with him his prisoner , bound , into die Austrian territory ; into the territory tilUS spoken of in an Imperial anil Koyal order of the 14 th September , ISiM— " Every slave is free from the moment he sets foot on Austrian territory
or even on board an Austiian vessel . " Jlenotti was thrown into a prison at Jlaiitua . A deputation from Slodena made ineffectual claims for his liberty . The new state of tliiugs having been suhverled hy an Austrian annr , the Dalce rccouveyetl Ms prisoner to Mouiiia , and tliero hanged him on the Sflth August . It may be that , as au Italian , I exaggerate the importance Of this fact ; but 1 know , if I were an Englishman , I should feel my cheeks redden at the mere thought that the correspondence of an Italian patri-jt has been covert-Jy violated for =. period of five months , by a Secretary of State for England , to gratify the Ambassador of a government on whose territory a foreign Prince was allowed to drag after him one of his subjects , in fetters , and to deposit him in prison as a reserve for the
scaffold . Some months afterwards the Austrian Executive gave the following answer to a petition from Celeste 31 enotti | , ihe victim's brother . Celeste had been himself captured at sea with other patriots on board the Isotta , the vessel ¦ before mentioned ; and the petition claimed his liberty , for though a Alsileiiese subject , he was then in au Austrian prison at Venice . The answer is , in my opinion , a cltej tTtaicre of immorality : — "Bis Imperial und Itoyal Majesty , far from wishing to pronounce judgment against Celeste Menotti , recognizes an obligation towards his Royal Highness the Duke of Jlodena to give up the sul . jcet of that Sovereign to the competent authorities . Uut the petitioner being in custody of the Imperial and Royal authority of Austria ,
and his Majesty being desirous to afford him an opportunity of serving the eause of public tranquillity , it his is sovereign pleasure that the petitioner should be prevailed on to declare all that he knows cf political events and revolutionary plots , and particularly of the origin and carrying out of the late revolution in Italy , and other Objects rdfltiujj thereto ; his Jlajesty deciding on his treatmeat according to the conduct the petitioner may adopt in this aflair . Consequently , if the revelations of the dderni are recognized as true , his Majesty is disposed to hold wuttohim the promise not to hand him over to the Moienese Government , end , moreover , to set him at liberty , if he merits It ; adding , that in easelns declarations should he of such a nature as to be considered important , the petitioner would acquire a peculiar claim on his Majesty ' s consideration /'
I ueed not say , that the invitation to torn traitor met with the contempt it deserved . The al » re is horrible enough , but read the following , ihou-iuif how they manage these tilings in the unhappy province governed by that Wood-gorged monsicr , that wholesale murderer , the Duke of lklo : ? cua : — Giulio " festal , a ci-devant Cartenara , hut then a director of police discharging his functions with the full persecuting energy of an apostate , was pouiarded in the street on the evening of the I-5 ih May . 1622 . Arrests took place on the same night ; a commission of stpte was appointed by the Duke ; and , as if hinting , you must liud me the guilty among those prisoners , a decree ( published after-Wards , at the close of the sentence , but with this date )
was signed , firing the place where those capital punishments should be carriediuto efiect which would be aivaided by the Commissioners to the authors of the crime . Gioachiuo Zanoli and Pietro Zoccoli were among those chi-ciiy inculpated . After two months aud a half of investigation , the commission , composed of the Advocate-1 ' resideat Alessan-irini , the Judges Zcrbini and Martinelli , the Advocate Fiscal Angiolini , and the Chancellor Cremonini , acquitted them both . They were , however , retained in prison , at the disposal of the police , till the middle —will it believed S—of JS-7 . Forayearaud ahalf Zauoli was confined successively in two wretched prisons willed Jba IJaxlocana and JJ QrVa : from thence he was transferred to the Camerone , a j'rison with hare apertures for windows . The air , the cold , and the damp lodged in his joints , and he pined iu sickness , isolated and unattended , for more than eighteen , months . At length the surgeon of the prison , Giovanni Gauzerli , made a report to the
Government , declaring that hs could no lougi-r answer for the life of his prisoner if they did not reinoi c him to another prison : Tlie reply was , they did not know where to put him . The surgeon was soon afterwards dismissed . Zoccoli , shut up in solitary confinement , sometimes in 1 st Mantotana , sometimes iu a prison known as la Ciifbonara , received £ o much ill-treatment , that iu despair he resolved to die of starvation ; but his keepers lirevtnteiuun , by placing an uisirmnentin his mouth to liold it open , and than administering nourishment . On the 15 th of July , 1 S 20 , a new Commission of State was appointed , and a fresh investigation commenced . The examinations , almost entirely hy night , began in September , anil concluded in April , 1 S 27 , by a decree ordering the Tesiurauon of the accused to liberty . This was at length carried into effect ; but accompanied as to Zoccolij pur-SD 3 ZH to decision of the Supreme Council of Justice , by ihe surveillance of the police .
With the two I have been speaking of , there was arrested , on tlie night of Desiui ' s death , another . Modencse , named Gaetauo l ' onzoui . When pressed on lis uenth-K-J . Uerfai i > a < j sai « i that if any imiividual could , be suspecivd it was ronzoni , whom , four months before , he Lad caused to be deprived of an ofriee under the Congregation of Oiiarity . The Marquis Coccapani , a creature of the Duke n » i \ Governor oi" Modena , ordered the CaiiceUKa ' t : Solnii , who was receiving- the deposition of the thing man , to suppress « 11 that nas nitre suspicion , and ion- rite that Beaui had indicated l'onzoui as tlie mur deror . Si-lmi refused , and the day after he was dismissed . Arraigned before the State Commission , no
conviction could be procured agaiust tlie accused . One ofthejudjres . Zertiiui , ga ve judgment for deutii ; another , -Alessandriiii , the gaiieys fur life ; tlie third , Martinelli , an arijullial : this last , also , was soon after dismissed . I ' uDzoni remained in prison , at the disposal of tlie Government , till ig *( i . Then , brought before another lompibsiMi , hu was condemned to iniprisoumtnt foi life—an lln l'ris-jument aggravated wUhovfcsy severity bytlieGo-T -Tini ! wi t officers : iu 1 S 39 , he was transferred to a prison atth-j batkf . f which were cells full of inephitic e . \ hala tiocs , tenanted by those condemned for crimes on the fc shwaj •_ aij , ^ tj ,,. ,,-j aj , erture for light was boarded up . 3 , ftt insurrection restored him to liberty .
Jri-n : e r . « -s were given , besides , against some forty inihviiluajs — :: ; - , lcatj , j t ] le rcst ! - or rarious terms of MBy risojuiicij :. of the nine condemned to death , eight , fo yuittau-ly , made their escape : one alone suffereduitt ^ i p , . Andrtoii , an ecclesiastic , who ascended the SrahuUl with the calmness and resignation of a s-aint , fliai A-fef heaven aloud lhat he was the only one to die . Xotr , listois l JSuccuH , Xan ^ . ii , 1 ' unzoni , —all the men m : iv . '; .-rt-j ilurins these lung years , were completely inuoc « it ; they die ! not even knoiv the murderer of Uesiui . A young student it was , who , revolting at the cruelties esorcised by a man that had once hvlongcd to the national janr , took upon himself , without suggestion , without
accomplice , fc , strike the bloiv . This person , living to * M- * day , lisa ' left Italy . I > uriiig the trial of Punzoni , he « nt fromloudon to the ilodenese authoiities a declanilion , backed by proofs , and legally authenticated accordw ^ to Eiiglislj funns . But tlie duke , irritated that the i'Ulitv individual was out of his power , determined at ** an to make flle re = j > onsibih " ry of the act fall on the wiiole party . The judges , selected by him , knew this : tuty knew , were it only by tlie dismissals I have recorded , '" at they had been appointed to condemn . Had not the " ' iC' , their master , chosen the place of execution on the Tll night of the murder ? Had he not replied to an obfwralion that Ponzoni was evidently innocent : " Well , Kl Km 1 A& inprison till flic reA ailvrlt he found . '"
"fcen aIexoiii was hnns , there perished with him on the scaffold , one Bohelli , a notaiy . Be had never meddled with any plots ; he had never bejoiigsd activelv to the national party : but he had ween called on ' iu Ms quality of notary , by the Prottsio naJ Gorcvunicnt of JS 31 , who would have sent a ale of ^ endanncs for him if he had refused , to cer-JJ * y the sij-natures of those individuals who drew up tue act anuoAUieiug the Puke ' s deposition .
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Equally , nay , more innocent , as the sequel has proved , was the Cavalier Ricci , executed in 1831 , on the charge of conspiring against the life of the Duke of Moder-a . . This unfortunate man was condemned on thj declaration of two wretches named Tosi and Moutasaui ; the former , aged fifty-eight , had passed thirty years of his lite in tlia prisons of M ; ii : tua and Modena , Ibr thefts of various kinds : Moutanahi , aucd thirtv-seven , the son of a criminal , had passed six years in confinement for theft ; no sooner was that punishment complete than lie was implicated in a case of assassination , and had only been released at the end of two years' detention by a verdict Imrdlv
amounting to not proved . Both had been some time in prison for stealing cheese , when Ricci was ar - rested ; and here they concocted their evidence . lliL- Commission never confronted the accused with their accusers , never examined them , never saw them : they came to a decision on the written process , based , according to the language of the sentence itself , " on special indications furnished by the Government . " ^ Hicci was condemned to death : his family threw themselves at the feet of the Duke to implore his favour , and the ducal assassin made a display of sovereign clemency by ordering the condemned man to be shot , in place of bcin ^ awftZ . ' is
Here something still ms . re horriulc than anything we have yet detailed . The miscreant Besixi , who was so justly yoniarded , hut whoso death caused the persecution of so many innocent men ; this devil m human form—the worthy agent of his hellish employer , the Duke of Modexa—used to cause the infusiou of beliau . on . ua ( atropos belladonna ) into fhe aliment destined for certain detenus , so as by weakening the nervous system , to obtain revelations from titan I Among the unhappy patriots to whom this potion was administered , Mr . Mazzisi names Giovax . vi Maxzoiti , Secretary of the Commune of St . ilario ; the advocate Axtoxio IIampahi , of Montccchio ; Doctor J . B . Cavaxdolt , of Canossa ; and the Jew Latis , of Modena , The dread of this accursed potion among the detenus was such that the Gas ierc Toscur starved himself to death in prison .
These horrible doinjrs arc not confined to the Duchy of Modena . The Duke of that state is matched by the infamous Marquis del Carretto , Minister of Police , of ivaples . The deeds committed by this miscreant in 1 S 28 , in the province of Salerno , at Catania in Sicily in 1837 , the Aquila proceedings in 1842 , and the other debaucheries and cruelties of the Neapolitan Government , rival the infamies above narrated . For this week we close this list of horrors with the following extract on the riedmoiiteso trials of 1833 : —
in 1333 , the general discontent had reached the Piedmontise army : vague rumours were in circulation announcing an insurrection at hand ; and whatever might have been the extent of preparation , I doubt not that if ihe initiative had risen promptly from the boson of the middle classes , at Genoa , Turin , or elsewhere , a great portion of tlie troops would have acceded . Through unforeseen circumstances , the moment was lost . The Government , regaining courage , seized the opportunity in its turn , aud determined on striking decisive blows . Numerous arrests took place both among the army and civilians , at all the important points iu the kingdom . Searches were made , with the object , it was saifi , of discovering depots of arms , or something which might briii : ; to light the existence and the ramifications of the
conspiracy . So far the Government was acting on the right of defence : but in proportion as danger disappeared they commenced the attack , and by frightful means . To calm the fermentation , and to deprive the arrested of iiubiic sympath y , the authorities did not hesitate to publish a proclamation affirming that the plan of the conspirators had been discovered , and that it consisted in blowing up by mines tho various barracks , situated in populous quarters , as the commencement of manifold horror . Every species of terror and seduction was set at Work in tlie prisons , not to confirm this shameless statement—that was not attempted—but to justify as far as possible the acts of vengeance meditated . To some they promised life , to others gold ; whilst on young men of lively and susceptible imagination , they brought into
play all tlie resources of a system of moral torture Often more stringent than physical . The search had been entirely ineffectual : but they found informers in the prisons . The trials and death sentences had no other groundwork . At Genoa , of . which I am now particularly speaking , as in other cities , a court-martial , or Military Commission , was appointed to try both soldiers and civilians . These latter protested . A representation , addressed to the Monarch by five Genoese advocates unconnected with the proceedings , appeared on the 17 th July , to back this protest , and to demand that civilians should be remitted to the ordinary tribunals : this was aaswered negatively on the 25 th . It was demanded that at least the civilians might choose their advocate for the defence : this also was refused . The informers , who
were promised a pardon , contradicted each other in their depositions . On the 12 th Hay , two were lodged in the same prison ; oil the 23 rd , three ; and on the 30 th , the whole four were thrown together . Xow they agreed as they could ; and the public heard , for example , one sergeant Tuiff declare , in confirmation of the evidence of another soldier , Tiacenza , that he h : id himself given to the association the detail as to the artillery , though he had never made mention of this important circumstance in seven preceding examinations , that had exhausted all he pretended to know . As ( o the time fixed for the insurreetiou , tho heails of the conspiracy , ami the object aimed at , the contradictions recorded in their separate examinations remained iueftaceable , completely destroying the identity of the fact they laboured to establish . One of
the lour went so far as to declare that he had been affiliated to ihe association ( Giovine Italia ) in 1 S 30 , when it was not yet in existence . "Well , it was fdkly on the assertions of these men , to whom immunity had been promised—on the contradictory denunciations of persons who had been told , Tlicve is no way of saving your life hut by bceymbig mforraers against your brethren , — and on a pencil note addressed to one of them , which I insert below , to show its insignificance , !) that the military tribunal declared the existence of a conspiracy to bu established ; awarded I know not how many sentences of imprisonment for five , ten , or twelve years ; and on the 15 th May sent to death Pranccsco Jligho , ? sergeant of Sappers , Giueseppo Eiglia , sergeant of the Guards , and Antonio Gavotti , fencing-master . Similar occurrences
were taking place at Turin , Alexandria , and Chambery . Central Slonvi at Chambery , Governor Galatcri at Alexandria , added revolting cruelty in the punishment to the iuumity of the trials . At Alexandria , one Vochieri , condemned to death after having sintered the most brutal treatment from the Governor , entreated as a favour that they would not take him past the windows of the house where his wife , than in a state to create sympathy , and his family , were residing , He was refused : the mournful procession stopped before the dooi- oa its way to the place oi suffering . This was the reign of monarchical terror . In one town they shot their victims as assassins murder , almost iu the dark , at the very dawn of day : in another , the troops refusing tlie horrid service , convicts were set to slaughter honest men . ' Aud as if thescafl ' olJ did not satiate vengeance , they sought to slay the soul before assaulting the body . At Genoa , Jacopo Kuifini , a young surgeon , had resisted every temptation to lead him to dishonourable inculpations . One day the
"War-Auditor called him before him : "You arc , said he , " a noble but misled young man . You thought you wove proceeding with companions worthy of you to the achievement of n generous aim ; you refuse now to save your life by confessions , that , by the by , will teach the Government nothing : but I feel pity for you aud for your aged mother . See here , what the men are for whom you are braving martyrdom ! " Papers were placed before him : they were informations against himself ; anil at the bottom was the forged name of one of his most intimate companions . In such a moment the young man could make no very critical examination . Deceived , stnpiiScd , grief-stricken , he asked till the morrow morning to tnku his resolution . Uteonducted to prison , he tove out will ) his fingers a nail from tlie door of his cell , and opened whh it a vein in his throat . On the wall u-as found written in Wood , "Behold my answer . Iheqveath tltc ancngw-i to my brethren . " lie was my earliest and beat friend . Sever would he have forgotten me : neither will I ever forget him , or his last words .
And to crush such spirits—{ o uphold such governments anil such horrors , you . Sir James , have descended to arts so low that uot the pui-est purpose could justify them t To uphold such governments against the recognised will ofasuuoriiigpeoi > le , you sought to extenuate your first mistake by calumny ! To uphold such governments , falsehoods have been alleged , pei-haps for the first time in full Parliament , by persons charged with august duties To uphold such governments , you , Ministers of a free and constitutional nation , have extorted from a Parliamentary majority politically bound to you , the disgraceful declaration " that it did not resrret what had occurred . "
AVc sicken over tlioso hovviblo revolutions . 0 , heavens ! that this cur England should , blintlibldcu and befooled , have been led to be aparticipant in tke guilt of these abominations ! Had the Peel Governiiicnt been guilty of no other offence , in all other respects been worthy of the confidence and approbatii'ii of the people of England , this damning crime alone of aiding the upholding of the Italian despotisms by espionage , fraud , forgery , and the vilest treachery , would be sufficient to blast the name of that Government with eternal infamy . It mav be said that tlie murders and other abominations , above narrated , took place years ago , aud therefore that Gkaham , Feel , Wj- 'liinotox and Co ; , cannot in fairness be held responsible for those doings . But the assassins who committed those
horrors still rule , and are ready to enact ail their abominations over again rather than yield one jot to the claims of humanity and the demands ol justice . This Gkaium and Go . well know : and yet , knowing this , they hesitated not to be guilty of theft , forgery , and calumny , to serve these rascally tyrants , damaging their own country ' s name , and causing the blood of patriots to fio , r anew . Aud then our precious Parliament ! Mr . Mazzixi calls us " a free and constitutional nation" (!)—of course he speaks tho language of bitter satire , and we deserve it . But the Parliament—the House of Commons—what will the class who elect that house do with its present recreant members , tlie scoundrels who have disgraced our England ? AVe cannot go into this question now , but we will do so fully before we quit this subject .
% § - We have before commented on the criminal silence of the British press as regards Mr . Mazzixi ' s pamphlet . There have been a few , very few , exceptions : and amongst those honourable exceptions « s
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hare now to number our influential contemporary , t lp Leeds Mercury . In that paper of Saturday last , ¦ ' m a familiar letter to a friend abroad , " by a wrileV m that journal who ^ e articles are printed as "leaders , " there appeared the following : — Mazziki , the Italian , whose letters Sir James Graham opened , lias junt I-uMisia-a a :, eloquent and ' s lowing pamphlet , entitk-. i ' Italy , Austria , aud the Pope . " lie is a fine fellatv , aud it would do you good to read his exposure of the wretched misgovcrnment of Italy , —of the detestable tyranny maintained by Austria , the Vope , and the minor princes . Tlio only inconvenience would lu > , that a copy of liis pamphlet found in your possession , would incvitaiO y subject vou to carcere dwo . lie does " a tale unfold" that excites horror and disgust , and
compels . one to sympathise vviih the men who , throughout all Italy , from the Alps to Cape Iti'ffgio , are panting for the liberation of their fine country from Austrian and I ' npal despotism . He shows that Lombardy is , aud in the nature of things must be , held in military subjection , with all the rigour of it government that Knows itself to be detested , and that secies safety in chaining the mind of the people , and repressing every tendency towards improvement . Of the " organized anarchy" of ihe Papal territory , with the gross corruption , personal immorality , and rapacity of its priestly rulers , he speaks with unmeasured contempt . He declares that uoai-ly all the younff » nd educated Italians belong in heart to the party
of "Young Italy , " and seek the union of the entire peninsula under one native and constitutional government . The insurrections of 1820 , 1 S 21 , and 1831 , with the many partial outbreaks since , go far to bcav out Ms assertion , ilazzini himself avowedly and enthusiastically promotes the conspiracy to throw off the joke . II <; doos it on noble principles , and maintains that in spite of every obstacle , La Giovine Italia will realize its beautiful vision . The want of a dynasty or a constitution , —the influence of the priests , —the long habituation of the people to arbitrary government , —and the power of Austria , are formidable impediments . Yet his strong faith overleaps them all . lie addresses his pamphlet to Sir James Graham , whom he gibbets genteelly .
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* " Italy , Austria , and the Pope . A letter addressed to Sir James Graham , l < : ir £ . By Joseph Mazssini . " London : U . Albanesi , 8 , Queeu-street , Golden-square : Cleave , Shoe-lane ; irethoringtonjlulywell-strcut ; Watson , 1 ' aul ' snlley ; and Strange , i ' atei'nostev-vow . t After fourteen ui' fifteen yews' residence at Spielberg , Coiifaiouiei'i was amnestied .. { Now living at I ' liris . § At the Kubicra prosecutions in 1 S ? 1 , two of the members of the Tribunal , the advocates Bavetti and ilazzoli , refused to found their judgment on depositions drawn up hy the police : they V . ' ui'O suspended from the exercise of their profession . II This will pvove to you that we were ai the place of meeting ; not being able to wait lunger , wo acquaint you that we will talk to-morrow of all that you have hecn speaking about to Oi . Endeavour to be to morrow at the Cali ' e delle Quattro Stuggioni , where you shall have an answer . Ue sure to bring with you the note or list agreed oil . " Yours , Ni . Oi . " The names were interpreted to be those of Xoli and Oi'sini . IT Miglio made a will in favour of the indigent family of his fellow sufferer Gavotti .
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AGRICULTURAL INSTRUCTION . LECTURE BY M 01-ESS 0 K JOHXSTOX . At the request of a number of the parochial schoolmasters of Scotland , Professor Johnston lately delivered a lecture in the High School Ball , on the introduction of agricultural instruction into elementary schools . There was a very full attendance oi schoolmasters and others interested in the matter . Mr . Ginin , of tho High School , on tlio motion of Mr . Bryden , was called to the chair . Professor Johnston rose and said—Mr . Chairman and Gentlemen , I -would nob have presumed to appear before you to-day to speak upon the subject even of agricultural eclucaiion to persons so much better acquainted with practical tuition than I myself can
pretend to be , had it not been that I have been requested by various parties , members of your own budy and others , to come before you on this occasion for the purpose of presenting to you a few observations on tho very important topic which is now engaging public attention , namely , the introduction of agricultural education into thcschools of Scotland , under tlie hope and expectation that 1 shall be able to present it Lu a liglit in \ vU \ cV » , to some of you , it may not have previously presented itself , the applicaeatior . s tovhich 1 particularly refer are a letter from Mr . Millie , . accompanied by another from tlie Lord Justice-General , a memorial from the schoolmasters iu a district of Scotland , a letter from Sir John Forbes to his lordship , altogether forming so large
and strong an expression of opinion on the subject , that-I think myself justified , and I hope you will consider me justified in appearing before you tkis day , ( Cheers . ) I have , besides , been encouraged by the result of a meeting jiekl a short time ago in Glasgow for the purpose of considering , first , whether or not it be possible to introduce into our elementary schools any kind of elementary scientific instruction , bearing upon agriculture , which is likely to bo useful to the children in after life ; and secondly , whether that could be done without interfering with their ordinary course of study . Iliad doubts before that meeting ; but in order to satisfy myself and those with whom . I co-operate , we had a number of boys brought over from the school of Larno , in Ireland ,
for the purpose of examination . Tltc result , was , that all of my scruples were at an end ; and had you beeii present yours would have been so also , ilad I not been satisliert , I should not have appeared before you this day ; but having this satisfaction and this invitation , I appear with the greatest pleasure . In any tiling I have to state to you , I express only what are my own present views . I do not appear as the officer of the Agricultural Chemistry Association , but simply as an individual in compliance with a requisition presented to me by otl \ ev huYiviuuals . As regards tlie importance of agricultural instruction in general , you will sec of how great consequence it is to all persons interested in agriculture that such instruction should be given , because at present the
population of the country is a-head of the productive powers of ttic land—because the land does not now produce enough of corn for tho people—and hecaust the land of the country could easily be made to maintain a much larger jjopidation : and i . v doi . no so , give moub l'Hora to Tins fahmeh . Scotland is as much advanced in the science of agriculture as any other country ; but in every other country tlie same opinion prevails , that even the best cultivated districts may be improved by the application of chemistry to the land . If you go to any great manufacturing town , you find that scarcely a day passes without an improvement in the art which is tlici'O practised . So
agriculture is capable , like other arts , of being brought to a higher state ; aud I do not think that we shall ever be able to speak of a time when agriculture shall have reached perfection . Not only in Europe but in America the conviction that agriculiiuvi must bo improved is s- reading ' . Such , indeed , is the general persuasion of its importance , that Agricultural Chemistry Colleges and Schools have been established at Petersburgh , at Moscow , in the \ Vest Indies , in England , and also in Ireland—in fact , agricultural schools arc springing up everywhere , in a yfny adapted to the circumstances of cadi country . If it be of importance for all to
acquire this kind of knowledge , how much more so is it for those who derive their education from tho parish schools ? Some farmers possessed of wealth are enabled to send their sons to other than tUe parish schools to receive education ; but it is otherwise with the small farmers in many districts , especially in Ayrshire , whose sons have no other education than they receive at these schools . I need not tellyouhowdiflicultit is for the fanncv to acquire new iiml additional information when engaged ill the cultivation of his farm ; therefore , it is of great importance , it ' the land is to be made more productive , that that kind of knowledge which would conduce to accomplish so desirable an eiu \ should be acquired while at school by those who are to succeed their fathers m the cultivation of the soil . Besides the tanners sons , these arc the sons of tlio labouring
classes from whom the grieves arc selected ; and when you consider how much the prosperity of the country depends on the knowledge of the labourers , and ot the overseers who rise from that class , you will see how important it is that the sons of the labouring classes should acquire that knowledge before they leave the school , thereby giving them the means ot raising and bettering their future condition in life . A very vide impression prevails , especially in the southern pavt of the island , that it is of importance to give not only to the labouring class connected with agriculture , but to tho labouring class connected with other arts , a portion of land to cultivate ; and it is a troll-founded belief that thereby their moral condition as well as their animal comforts must be greatly advanced ;—( cheers )—therefore , you will sec how important it is that those Classes should be nronerlv caucateil
, not only to promote the improvement of the countrv generally , but that they might be prepared for the cultivation of allotments , should they obtain tnem , _ and be fitted to become more useful members society than they have hitherto been . You all recollect the saying of Dean Swift , that the man is a great benefactor to his country who makes two blades ° JJ ! ff grow - 7 Ileve 0 Il | y '<»«> " grew before . What good , tlien , might be expected to flow from giving every man so much agricultural knowledge as would enable him m this sense to . become a . benefactor to his country , lcome now to what miist interest you niorj immediately , namely , what should be taught .
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Agriculture divides itself , strictly , into three branches—1 st , the culture and -improvement of the soil ; 2 nd , -the rearing and improvement of stock ; and , 3 rd ,-the use and improvement of ayrieultur . il implement * . These are all necessary ; but , . 'is you are aware , the main force of ' agricultural societies has been directed to the penintl hv . uu-. h , cmiwqutMHly the improvement of stock has { -one a-head of tlie improvement of tho land ; and this in face of the fact that the land is tlio more important of the two , as being the feeder not only of the . stock but of the people also . Indeed , I bold in my hand a letter from a most intelligent farmer . w ! io states that Die slock is too ( rood for the * land . There is . smno hind which is iitted to rear any kind of stock , but the remark was nevcrthejess true in general . The subject of a » riculturnl implements has been taken up with very creat vigour , especially by the English Agricultural Society , and great progress is now making in it . But as the cultivation of Ihe land is of the
greatestimportance , the other two branches bein ; : subsidiary to it , the force oi the schoolmasters would bo most usefully , as it would he most easily , directed to teaching in regard to the culture and improvement of tlie soil . Now , your teaching may be of two kinds—theoretical or practical , or both . " in elementary schools I think you may very easily and xcry completely inculcate and impress on the minds of those under your care the elenieul-. wy principles on which the culture ' oi' the soil ought to be ' based . These principles are theoretical in this sense , that they consist of a certain number of important deductions from ii lav <; e number of important facts . Of the different sciences mi which t !; ese principles depend , chemistry is the most important ; and ic is necessary , therefore , before you can instruct the pupii , ana impress those principles on his mind , that you should give a , knowledge of so much elementary chemistry as to make hmruudorstimd the words used W chemists . In cliemislrv a word is a fact . A worll
otten comprehends multitudes ot tacts . You must make him understand the meaning of those terms . It is not enough that he knows such names as soda and potash , he should know also the difierenco between them . But , yeutlemcn , I must guard you here—and It is a very important caution—that though you must teach so much chemistry as will familiarise tJie boys with the terms you use , you are not to teach chemistry or any other branch of science for its own sake . I have had opportunities of conversing with schoolmasters in many different districts oi' country . The term " Agricultural Chemistry" hna misled them into the belief Hint it is necessary for a muster to have attended a regular course ofinstruction in chemistry so as to enable him to give flic boys a . regular course in turn . That is not the case . In
order to jdve the young a . uneulturalist a knowledge of the principles by which his practice afterwards is to be regulated , it is not necessary to communicate more instruction in chemistry than lie raqiiii'es . to make him understand its application in reference to those principles ; it is necessary to give him so much instruction in chemistry as may enable him to understand twenty or thirty or forty words which you way require to use . Wore you to extend your instruction on this point , you would give the boy a groat number of facts which would only con / use liis mind , and which io is , therefore , better that he should never know at all . For instance , in this little Catechism which I published some timonuo , at tlie request of the Ayrshire schoolmasters , you will sec that only six pages are devoted to the cxphuiation of tllOSC terms
which it is necessary to use in order to explain tlie principles of Agricultural Chemistry . To explain th ' . 'meaning of those terms , it will be necessary to perform a certain number of experiments . They are very few . and very easy . Any man with ordinary dexterity oflmml will lia able to overcome the dlfiicu ! - ties . What more easy than such an experiment as this ? Here is a little * cummon limestone in one glass vessel , and here is a little soda in another—112 chemical language carbonate of lime and carbonate of soda . Ilcreis spirit of salt —( vinegar will do as well)—which I pom-on them ; the mixture boils up or efl ' ervcsces ; and you will explain the word effervescence by this example . It is caused by the escape of a particular kind of air or gas , which chemists call carbonic acid gas . Alighted taper introduced into
tins gas is extinguished . 1 oil will also perceive that the smoke of the extinguished taper flouts on the top of tlie gas , thereby showing how much is in the vessel . Then the gas is so heavy that it may be poured from one vessel into another . Yon are aware that it performs many important functions ; but it is not necessary to give the boy more infonaation than is requisite to fix in his mind the name and characteristic properties of the gas . Then , as to phosphoric acid—here is a piece of phosphorus , which you will observe , when I burn it under a g lass , sends up white fumes ; all we have to do , therefore , is to tell the boy that those whitc ^ fumes arc phosphoric acid ; thaitlicsameis in his bones , and in the food which he eats—and he will then easily reinerobei- what phosphoric acid is . You impress it on his mind not on ! v by
thcfiict , but by making ita living fact , when you refer to tlie constitution of things around him . It' you do not happen to have phosphorus , you may use lucifcr matches , which ave easily procured , and which , on friction being applied to them , send up the same sort of white vapour as the phosphorus whieh you have justscei ) burned . You can also connect cavboniu acid with the daily life of the pupil , by telling him that what is produced when charcoal is burned . is tho same with what he discharges from his lungs when he lias breathed . Tell him that this same substance which lie throws off from his lum : s is wDattho leaves of plants suck in from the air ; " that the carbonic acid I throw off is derived from the starch or sugar I cat ; and tell him that the plant sucks in this from the atmosphere , and with it , in the stem of
its own substance , or in tlio grain of corn , forms the starch y He will see how this is connected with a most important process . The plant sucks ill the carbonic acid and forms sugar or starch , which is eaten by man ; and he again converts it into carbonic acid . This is tiie rotation which is going on ; and you can take up and place the subject in such a relation to his own existence , that the boy will never forgot carbonic acid . I was told by a schoolmaster that he had shown an experiment with carbonic acid to a friend , and that he put a mouse into it to show how it extinguished life . Tucy met seme time after , when his friend asked him , " What was the kind of air that killed the mouse V But if the schoolmaster had explained the beautiful connexion between this gas and animal and vegetable life . I am sure liis friend
would never have forgotten it . It was the death of the mouse that made tho impression . Then let me give you another illustration . Ilerc is common havtehora . Its smell is ammonia , llarishorn is ammonia dissolved in water , which parts very readily with it ; and tlio ammonia floats above . One will understand what is ammonia from the effect on his own nostrils ; but you make it a Jiving fact if you connect it with the ordinary processes by which it is constantly produced around him . Ammonia exists in gas liquor , in liquid manure , &e . Apply it to plants , and you find itiucrcasc their bulk , darken their leaves , and raise the height of their Stems . Take next sal ammoniac . Mix it with slaked lime . An odour like ammonia is given off . Apply a feather or a rod of glass to the mouth of the bottle * in which it is contained , and a white fume is formed .
If you tell him to go into the stable , and lhat there you will show him the same—if you point uut to him that tho dung yields the same fumes—the name oi' , 'lililuoiuii ceases to puzzle him when you thus connect it with all that is going on around him , The more simply the teacher can make his experiments thehcttcryou should teach no more philosphythan is absolutely necessary ; but at the same time it must be strictly correct . I would advise you to confute yourselves to facts , not to announce principles—I lvoiiJd also press upon you , in endeavouring to fix facts upon the boy ' s mind , to call to aid all his senses , —lor instance , you should call in his sense of sight , as regards ' phosphorus and carbonic acid ; for nn . 'inonia , his sense of smell ; his sokso of tiistc will very often enable him to distinguish , as , for instance , in reference to soda , alum , salt . I attended an examination the other dnv sit n
country school , ihe boys were examined 011 a part of the fourth book of the Irish schools . In that book the teacher made them read a chapter of natural history , which contained an account of the diamond , of borax , &c . These words , however , they applied by an effort of memory . They might have an idea of the diamond ; but of borax they knew only the name , If , however , you call in the aid of all the senses , you make that dead knowledge living and intellectual knowledge . Tlicn touch will very often be of use . By breaking off a fragment , the nature of a substance may be tested . Another important method is the employment of such tables as you see there . These will keep the names before tho pupil , but they also teach him facts . [ The Professor then directed attention to a set of tables which ho recommended for the
u . ? o of elementary schools ; nue of them , to which he specially called the obsei vation of the meeting , was an exposition of the ash of the different kinds of grain , r . amely , potash , soda , lime , magnesia , oxide of iron , oxide of manganese , phosphoric acid , sulphuric acid , silica , and chlorine . ] Such a tablets this would tend much to fix the words used by chemists in the memory of the pupils , and also to impress principles upon their minds ; as , for instance , that in the ash of all the different * kinds of grain , there was move phosphoric acid than any other substance . As to the means of information for themselves , it is a great convenience in bringing the subject forward , both here and elsewhere , that I can refer to the Elements of Agricutlurnl Chemistrv , of which the Catechism is
only a digest ; and the lectures on Agricultural Chemistry contain the fullest exposition of principles . A few months ago , and I could not have told you where the knowledge you required could be obtained . As to the expense of making the experiments , it will not amount to more than five shillings a-year , as the materials can be procured at a very cheap rate . With regard to the apparatus , all that is necessary can be got for thirty shillings from Messrs . Griffin , of Glasgow , who have , at my request , prepared a set of apparatus . Then , as to the time it would occupy to teach the science ; why , that is a point on which some misapprehension might readily arise . The boys who attend school generally , do so for three or four years ; row all that I ask is one hour a-week—that is enough to learn all that is necessary to be taught on
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the subject ; butifyou c an give mo two houis ImouM like it the better , as thon fchcro would be tune to spare . Tho children , also , would learn much without tcoohine , from seeing the tables I have . aliudcd to , and also from the experiments you had shown to the older bovs before they were themselves old enough to bo instructed in one branch of education . I do not wish that this one hour a-week should interfere with the usual course ofinstruction , although it migliS not necessarily benetv or additional time to w . uat is now gh-en ' teaeliing . . In fact , I do not wish any of you to teach in » no particular way or another—1 leave that to yourselves , nieiclv talcing tlio liberty of giving my opinion in the matter . As to the practical teaching , of the science , that can be done in various ways . For instance , the teacher miglit on a Saturday
afternoon go with the boys to a farm in the neighbourhood , and iicsuribc the operations of the fanner . After telling them all about the rotutiou of crops—that a grct-ii crop followed after grain , and so forth , the teacher niiidit then say . " Let us go now and sue ' now the farmenvorks . " 'i'lii . * , I think , might "be of great benefit to tho scholars . As to school farms , tho system of attaching piecus of land to schools has l > ccn adopted in the Irish . National Schools ); it is also done i : i tiic schools wliidi have been established in EngUuuli and it lias been proposed to adopt a similar piviuiicc litre . But this I do not hold to be indispensable . If I were asked the question , should the schoolmasters have a five-acre irlebo ? 1 should say that , in no case of a parish school do I contemplate that the master should work 130 many hours-a-day iu his form , and superintend the labour of the boys . But I have no
crotchet in my head on this point—my mind is not made up on the subject ; and although I might afterwards recommend it , at-present my opinion , if asked , is , "nsa general rule . No , at least at first . " But , if you diiier from me , 1 leave you to do as you iikemaking only these t-vvo canOitions , namely , that you do not lower yourselves in station—that you neuleet none of the other important branches of education . There are two objections to the proposal . In the first place , there is a jealousy on tho part of the . school masters themselves that it will lower them in public estimation to cultivate laud at tho sump time that they are engaged in the cultivation of the youthful mind . 'J . 'iicji there is a jealousy on tho part of » , hoso interested in the proper teaching of the " scholars , lest the master , finding it profitable to cultivate the
land , should take more thai ? he could properly cultivate , and thus neglect other and more important lliaUei'S . liut no general rule cnii bo laid c / my / i in flu ' s respect , as all the schools arc differently circtimstnnml . The same mode will not suit for all , as the same necessity does not exist in every case for having pieces of land attached to the parish schools . As an inducement to you to pursue a course of agri . ultui'iil education , I may remark that you will have the satisfaction of contributing towards a groat , national good , and you will also maintain tho parish schools ii : that position and pre-eminence which it is desirable they should ever be in , and thus neutralise rivalry . Tho Government of the country take an interest in the subject—they have shown that they do so by declaring themselves in favour of a course cf agricultural
education , and establishing schools for Ihnt-pnrposc . Now , ' the parochial schoolmasters , many of whom 1 now address , arc at present , thi-hugh tlu .-ii- friend . *; , making an application to Parliament ' for an increase to their allowance , which is admitted 011 all li .-. mis to ho to © smal ' . ; s \ w \ I hold in my iittsul a letter front a gentleman ivlio fakos a gi-c . it interest in the matter , which , status that if the schoolmasters show an interest in promoting the fundamental welfare of the country , as , for instance , in tho improvement oi ' jicricuituro , the application of . their energies to the diiiWion of knowledge having that tendency , would hare groat weight with Parliament . Another point is , lliat , as individuals , they will have an opportunity of bringing
themselves into notice , and new means of rising presented to then ) . It will increase their consideration in the localities where they reside . For instance , a schoolmaster may go to a favmev and talk to hirii about Latin , which he will not care about , as he doe ' s not understand it : but if he can hold the plough , then he will think him a better man . As an illustration of this feeling , I may mention what the schoolmaster of liyemouth said the other day to a friend , of mine : " If 1 could teach fishing , the parents would take more interest in tho school ' . " ( Laughter . ) You will , I repeat , render yourselves of more importance in tlie district where you reside , and bethought more of by the farmers and others with whom von come in
contact , iou may find indifference , and may meet with opposition ; bntyoiirhaiidsniay be strengthened by the establishment of clubs ; and I would therefore recommend you to meet occasionally , and consult with one another regarding the mode . of teaching ; and by doing so , I have no doubt you will overcome many local difficulties . The way to gain over the old farmers to your views—to remove their prejudicesis not by opposing and railing at them , but by becoming in appearance their pupils ; not bv propounding hastily-formed and positive opinions , but by calmly and dispassionately coiwcvshiji with , tlicir . on tiic subject . In conclusion , the Professor said that if twenty of the , gentlemen present \ vouli \ Viketoliear an address on the science itself , in ovclcv that Uicy plight have an opportunity of understanding some of its niceties , he would b <; happy to meet them next forenoon in the same nlaeo .
rhc offer of Professor Johnston was at once ac ceptcd , and a committee named to make the necea sarv arrangements . [ We shall give tlie second Lecture next week . ]
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Ox THE VERGE OF THE GlSAVE : Oil , A MlKACUr . OUS Cuuk iir IIollowat ' s I ' n . LS . —James Allen , a ladies ' shoemaker ^ residing in Allen-street , GoswelJ-street , caught a violent cold about twelve months " since , which , being neglected , brought on a swelling ih'tJip legs and foot , pains in the side and shoulders ,. night sweats , with inability to keep food upon his stomieh ;' ir . deed , he was at last reduced to such a state of general weakness and debility , that jio ow- thought ho couk ! long survive ; but by the use of ilclloway ' s Pills , every dangerous symptom quickly disappeared , and he is now as halo und as hearty a man as ever lie was in his life .
lXTJiUJOEXT as most certainly the community jiotv are , comparatively with the state of society in former times , still there appears to have been one essential matter overlooked in the search for intclligcr . cn and happiness . IIow often do medical men recommend exercise to their patients for indigestion , liver complaints , eosliveiK-ss , si-: U henri-athes , < i'i ; . 1 ' imialeg leading an inactive life , and thousands of both sexes arc , through their sundry avocations , debarred from , that exercise in a pure atmosphere which is essential to health ; to all such , therefore , we would recommend the occasional use of that excellent family medicine , " Franipton ' s Pill of Health , " which , as a restorative ^ a gentle aperient , and a promoter of-ii healthy action of the system , stands luiequalleu . in public estimation . . ' J '
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JUXXHIjV'IS , ( From FrWcxfs Gazette , AivjuH 29 , l&iii . J "' : ' . George Clionucll , Capel , Surrey , carpenter ami builder —John " Guy , Uury-stveet , Westminster , ymuHslKT—Sninuel Oulliiiii litaniiirt * , Ifaverill ; SulKolk , straw ]> i : iit-ni ; imif '; i ( v tui-ev—Julni ltcdiktn , -Ci'onbrid xc , coacli-liuiliJw— -Kolie ' rt l-luK-liinson , Jewry-street , - "AkljTulc . loatliur-sollui '— . lolin . iopliii , ljisliopireaniioiiWJ , l ) ur ] iajii , ( lr ; ijicr—J / ico ( j / iicIiJird Owen , Manchester , stocU-broUor—AVillhiin Stopl '« - -vd 1 lavley , l'cnxancu , Cornwall , liiitfer—Joseph Curtis , Liskciiru , Cornwall , linen a \« l woollen-draper . UANKHUPTS . f f . From Hit Gazelle of Tvesdoy , Scpteutlw 2 . J Eihrnrd William ' Jenkins , iruiiiciii-liird-niiU'lait . wine- , nicrcliaiit— "Walter Smith , Abc-i-piivenny , iunkcojier—Gi .-oi'KO Stone Karon , 1 'fymuutli , niimoy . siM-hi . ner—Win , JHclcerton , Kiugston-iiiinii-llulJ , timber-merchant . nrviDKNos .
Sept . 20 , W . Hill , Woolwieli , Kent , builder— . Sept . 25 , J . Y ; ites , Voi-Jc-rond , T ^ unln .- ! " *) , slii " l > uiviier—Sept . -3 , . / . Cockburii . New liroad-sti'uot , City , nicvehnnt—Sept . - . ' 5 , J . ami 0 . JIardy , Wisbe .-ieh St . i ' otei- 's , Caiiiln-iiljjesliire , grocers—Sept . 25 , W . Jlulfc , TlievlleUl , Herifiji-ilsliirc , farmer—Pcpt , 25 , J . lirookcr , Sonllinmpton-row , ISl . ninisbnry , carver and gilder—Oct . II , K . Steadman : uul \\ . Aide , lVu-imnglitim , button-makers . CjsiiTiricA'fES to be granted , unless cause be shown to the contrary > m the utiyuf meeting . ' v' ' Sept . " 0 , \ V . Uubsu \ i , Clui > l ~> itig Usimot . gvoeov—Sept . 'i 3 , J , L : me , lii istol , liecnsed victualler—Ot . 3 , . 1 . and W . ( nigdcn " ,
Leeds , mai'Iiineinakers—Sept . 2 :-J , H . Huberts , I . ivei-f ' ibol , banker— Sept . i ! 3 , . 1 . 11 . and F , IJcnsmuu , Adelplii-nliarti Styaml , cuaUttevtlKvnls—Sept . 28 , 3 . 1 ) . VmeUlee , iviuderminster , Worcestershire , niurcer—Sept . ' - ¦ '> , Jl . mill W . Clicctliam , Smodley , Lancashire , pieciMlunlers—Sept . 23 , T . Viittevson , SlieiiiV-liiil , Durham , curtliuiiti'niv-iii . 'iiiulaeturer-Sept . 23 , W , K . Williamson , Dowgnto-liill , City , tobacconist—Sept . 2- " , J . W . Summers , Sunrfcrlmid , Durham , cokc-inaiiufiictiiror— Sept . ' 23 , 11 . Kipling , Wooct street , Cheapsido , warehouseman— Sept . 28 , T . Ko ' . isoW ; jlin ., Manchester , estate agent—Sejit . ' JS , J . Lmvtliin and 11 . Briuley , Xcweastle-u ] ion-Tyne , printers . PABTSEPSIlirs DISSOLVED ,
J ., V .. , and IT . W . 'i ' n ; ,-lov , Colchester , Ciioinct-inaKcrs as far as regards J . Taylor— \ V . Stevens , J . Wilkinson , and . 1 . Siitchell , Quccu-stvctt , ClwrnysMe , attrmwjs ; as far as regards J . Wilkinson—W . Lnwsuii and J . llorne Wellington-street , London Bridge , hat manufacturers—P . Wills and II . Guild , Cbichesler , mercers—W . X . Wilson and J . Uarton , I ' endleton , Lancashire , inoussclinedclaino printers—W . U . Heed and W . Baker , Uristol , builders—J " . Dixon and J , 'Neve , Wolverliampton , eoalmasters—0 . l ) cnnis and J , 3 ) . Quy , White ' s-grounds , Ijermondsey , size manufacturers—J . Taylor and W . DroiisfieUl , Koytoii , Laucaslm-c , cotton-sjimncvs —\ V . nnfl X . Bamfoi'd , Hellbar , ifa'tfardsltLCO , flil'l'iei-s—T . If . Irwin and J . Asjiinnll , Liverpool , Stockbrokers—E . Gi'unville and W . Warne ,-Clieapside , merchants—A . Jfarrison , J . Stevenson , J . and C . J . Tennant , G . lirown , W . Stevenson , and J . C . Williamson , South Shields , manufacturers nfnlltulios ; as far as regards A . Harrison—I . Wade , W . Ilnrgreavcs , and J ,
Wade , Bradford , Yorkshire , worstcil-sjiinners ; as tar as regards W . irargreaves—S . May aucU ' -Mottriuit , Shrew ? - . .-..-bury , drapers—E . Hunt and * C . T . Tyiulnle , Liverpoplj ; ..- ., ;' merchants—S . andS . Smith , Manchester , woollen-drapers . "; . ; . •¦ —II . Leaker and T . Tvudell , LeiulculuiU-stvcet , City , iron- ¦ ¦ " mongers—T . J . Kirton and J . Newman , Uaukside , South- •/ " wark , white lead manufacturers—F . W . Jlollcr and A . C . AVirsln ' g , Union-coui-t , Old Broad-stvcet . City , merchants—J . Amis , J . Hanoi ) , and S . Marshall , Uishopsgnte street .. Within , sllk-merccrs— * E . and M . "B ; irnett , Great l ' rescott * street , Goodman's-nckta , schoolmistresses—J . Hull and J , ii . Moreton , Leadeuliiill market , ment-salemen—J . and J ; Thorpe , Nottingham , curriers—J . Culvert and T . M'lntyrej Leeds , woollen-drapers — W . Stawpevt and 11 . 1 ' annett , Willington , Northumberland , grocers—J . M . and W . Car-. kcet , Plymouth , general merchants—R . Roy , J . Blunt , D . . ' : * G . Jolmstone , and C . Walton , Lothbury , City , attorneys ; as far as regards C . Walton-C . It . Meltzor and J . Wads ^ worth , Lcc-Ss , fias-inerclinnts . : ¦ - " ' ¦ ¦ ¦ .-. * „ ,:. ^
Tfmwx I Hqbenimt& _ _
tfmwx i HQbenimt& _ _
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FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS . For the- Week commencing Monday , Sept . llth , 1813 . [ Extracted from a Diary of victual Operations on five small farms on the estates of the late Mrs . 1 ) . Gilbert , near Eastbourne , 'in Sussex ; and on several model fiinns on the estates of tho Earl of Dartmouth at Skiithwiiitc , in Yorkshire , published by Mr . JNwell , of Farnlcy Tyas , near Uudilersiiehl , in order to guide other possessors of field gardens , by showing them what labours ought to be undertaken on t ' -: eir own lands . Tlio iarins selected as models arc—First . Two school farms at Willinsdon and Eastdean , of
live acres each , conducted by II . Cruttenden and John Harris . Second . Two private farms , of five or six acres : one worked by Jesse Piper , the other by John Dumbrell—the former at Eastdean , the latter at Jevington—all of them within a few miles of Eastbourne . Third . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaite . Fourth . Several private model farms near the saiueplaee . The consecutive operations in these reports will enable the . curious reader to compare the climate and agricultural value of the south with the north of England . The Diakt is aided by "Kotosand Observations " from the pen of Mr . Nowcll , calculated for the time and season , . which we subioin .
" The joys of these little ones shall be continually in the iKmed-t ' or success of their iabouvs ; their thoughts shall be turned away from what is evil to that which is good . " Note . —The school farms are cultivated ly toys ' , « ' /« p hi return for three hours' teaching in the morning , give three hours of their lalour in ihe afternoon for ' the master ' s benefit , which renders the schools sklfsurroim . NG . lie believe that at Family Tyas sixsevenths of the produce of the school farm will be assigned to the boys , and one-seventh to the master , u > ho v . 'ill receive the usual school fees , hety the boys to cultivate their land , and teach . them , in addition to readingt writing , tC-c , to convert iheiv jmxhice wto bacon , by attending to pig-keeping , which at Christmas may be divided , after paying rent and levy , amongst them in proportion to their services , and be made thus indirectly to reach their parents in a way the most grateful to their feelings . ]
SUSSEX . Monday—Willingdon School . Boys carrying red wheat , Eastdean School . Boys had holiday , master digging up potatoes , cleaning barley . " Viper . Preparing wheat . stubble for rye or tares . Dum-Irell . Mowing stubble , carrying dung with the heifer , thrashing tares and wheat . Tuesday—Willingdon School . Boys carrying barley , getting out liquid manure for rye . Eastdeak Scliool Digging tare ground , hoeing cabbages , cleaning school-room . Piper . Digging potatoes . Dumbrell . Mowing stubble , thrashing wheat , carrying out dung with the heifer . Wednesday— Willingdon School . Boys digging for rye as spring food . Eastdean School . Boys emptying the privy tubs , tank , and cleaning tares .
l' ' qw . Digging up potatoes . LumbrelL Mowing stubble , carrying dung with the heifer . Thursday—Willingdon School . Boys digging ( bv vye . Eastdean Scliool . Boys thrashing beans and wheat , and cleaning the pigstyes . Piper . Digging potatoes . Dmnhrell . Mowing stubble , carrying dung . Fiuday—Willingdon School . Boys digging for rye . Eastdean School . Cleaning school-room , Ac , taking off turnip leaves for tho cows , riper . Preparing dung heap , piimbrell . Mowing stubble , thrashing wheat , carrying dung with the heifer . Satcrday—Willingdon School . Boys digging for rye . Eandmn School . Boys cleaning sguooI-vooip , emptying the privy tubs , and gathering turnip leaves for the cows . Piper . Digging up potatoes . Dumbrell . Mowing and raking stubble , carrying manure with the hcifcr , thrashing wheat .
COW-FEEDIXG . Willingdon School . Cows living upon clover and white turnips . Dumbrell . One cow grazed in the day , led in the stall mom ami even with mangel wirae ! leaves . One cow and heifer stall-fed entirely , with lOiibs . of clover for six days , and one day upon tares . Piper ' s . Cows living upon white turnips and lucerne , in the stall . N . B . Be sure to keep your cows within doors at nights , for now is the time they will get low iu eonditioa if you we not very careful . Let them , have a little extra food ; if you have any chaftj give them each about a gallon of it , mixed with a gallon of potatoes , twice a day . If they happen to have the yellows , a complaint caused by obstructed perspiration , the following is a good remedy iov it , viz . —3 o / . of soft soap , 3 oz . of caraway seeds , aud 3 pints of beer boiled well together .
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Ben ' eficial Effects of this- so ^ Y ^^ -c , a * d husiusdix-g ci » all Maxuhe . —At the annual meeting of the Bramham Agricultural Society , lately held , a communication was read from Mr . George Lane Fox , who was unable , from indisposition , to be present at the meeting . From that communication we extract the following , whiuli is deserving of great attention : — " You may recollect that last year 1 said a good deal on the subject of thin sowing . I can now only say that I continue to believe that thin sowing is of the greatest advantage to the farmer ; without taking into consideration the great saving- of seed by ( hin sowing , the increase of produce resulting from it is a matter of extreme importance ; the experiments I have tried in mv farm are few in number , and on
a comparatively small scale , and at this season of tae vear yon must be aware it is impossible to come to any decided conclusion as to the actual increase , but from what I have seen already , I have no doubt but that thev will be attended with the most satisfactory results . " ( Applause . ) Last autumn I got lrom Mr . Tmvbnry , in Oxfordshire , a machine Iov dibbling corn , —it was tried in the presence of Mr . Kell and Mr Garsed on a part of my farm , which is unfortunately rather wet land—this machine , I have no doubt , is capable of hein « : much improved , —the taiut that I find with it is , that instead of depositing one , two , or three seeds in each dibble-hole , it deposited fmm six to eifflit . This is a great fault , lor 1 find
that in the common method of dibbling hy liana two seeds are quite sufficient—and when they spring , I have generally found an advantage in taking one plant away—so certain is it that the thinner you sow , the greater the produce ; recollecting that tlie proper distance is from four to six inches in the row between each dibble-hole ; and what I consider of the very greatest importance is , that the roivs should beat least two feet apart . ( Hear , hear . ) Last year about a rood of barley was dibbled on this principle—the rows were two feet apart ; single seeds were dibbled three inches apart in the rows ; after they had come up they tillered to such a degree that it was found necessarv to thin the plants to six inches apart , i . e ., to take out every alternate one . You all know what a bad season it was for barley—it not only came up irreeularlv , butit ripened irreorularly : when one parr
was ripe and fit to cut , another pavt was m a green state , so that to save that which was dead ripe , it was necessary to reap the whole , —so it was with vay
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rood of ground , notwithstanding which' it produced at the rate of seven quarters anl ajj&lf jicr acre , and i- have no hesitation in saying " that * if it had Isecn a good average season it wi ' ul-j " have " produced tenquarters to the ACM ? .- ( Applause . ) I c . iniiot heljf takin-r tliifi opportunity of ' strongly voe ' ominendin / r ' i \ my tenants to carry out the same yvineiplcs of wnle sowing in turnips—sow in the row as thick as Jon may think requisite , but thin out at wide distances ; and depend upon it , if the rows be made one yard apart , and your plants in the row thinned out to form ten or twelve inches apart , barring accidents and bad seasons , you will have a much greater weight of tnrnips on tlie land , " ' tliaii bv cult / vatine on a move crowded system . Upon this principle ' Mr . Garccd sowed in hisgnrden last yc ; ir a few rows of turnips
of dill ' ercnt sorts , the produce of ' which averaged in weight from 10 to H ! bs . each turnip . I do not attribute this result exclusively to wide sowing and tliinnina ' . but in a , very great measure also to a compost which was made by Mr . Garsed for the growth oi turnips . I will take this oppovtiuuty of stating that Mr . Garsed lias this year applied his compost to five acres of turnips in my farm . These five acres were the last sown , and they arc now much more forward than other turnips sown a fortnight before them , and manured with a famous compost invented by tho celebrated Professor Justus Liovig . The idea will naturally suggest itself—Why was this experiment tried so late in the season ? 'flu ' s was caused by accidental circumstances , which it is not neceswirv to
mention . I hope at our next meeting to be able to give you the results of this experiment , and describe the component parts of tho manure . ( Applause . ) You will recollect last year I alluded to experiments which I had tried in setting potatoes in the autumn , instead of _ the spring , and at the distance of one set in every square yard , and planting tiiem deep in the ground " . I have found preat benefit from that method , and I liavc now about an acre and a half of land set with potatoes on this plan . They were set with different sorts of manure , and you will perhaps laugh when I tell you that some were set in marl , some in red wind , and some in road-scrapings , aud some with farm-yard manure ; the latter have decidedly the healthiest and most flourishing appearance . it pVosent ; the rest
1 shall not bo suvpviseu to find IVihircs . ( Loud laughter and applause . ) Of one thing I am quite cevlain , that jou may try as many experiments in different manures as you please , but you will never ¦ find any compost , generally speaking , to be compared to good farm-yard manure . ( Apphiuse . ) But allow me to observe , it frequently makes my heart ache to sco the waste of good manure in farin yards . You seldom pass a lane near n farm yard without seeing : a large heap of manure by the road side , generally covered with < i i ' ew ashes or a little soil , and the very essence of the manure draining away into a neighbouring ditch , in which you will sec growing the most luxuriant-grass—if farmers could only be persnaded to read Mi-. John Harrison ' s beautiful essay upon the waste of manures , and practice the remedies therein recommended , they would find themselves richly repaid—( aymlauscV-but a vevv simple
method of making the farm-yard manure rich and keeping it so , might easily be adopted—let every former have in the centre of his farm yard a liquid manure tank according to the size of ' his farm—let all the liquids from every sort of manure , cow-houses , pig styes , stables , and washings from his house , drain into this tank—let his dunghill bo formed round the grate of his tank , and whenever the heaps become ( 1 little dry , let tlio liquid innnure from the tank be ¦ pumped out \ ipon them till it is well soaked thrcii » h and returns again into the tank—in this way nothing is lost , your manure heap becomes a rich nWs . 'and it goes fresh out of your yard whenever your land is prepared'to receive it . Farmers are too npt to C 0 / 11-plain of the expense of n liquid manure tank , quite overlooking that the great increase of produce from such rich and fresh manure will speedily repay any money laid out in forming one . ( Applause . )
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j ™^^^ ' THE NORTHERN STAR . 7
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 6, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1331/page/7/
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