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§primfatt* *!& larttraltuit
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§Primfatt* *!& Larttraltuit
§ primfatt * *! & larttraltuit
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FIELU ^ JARDES OPERATIONS . Jbr Ha Week commencing Monday , Sept . 2 olh , 1 S 43 . iFv WtcdfrciiifliMAniof Actual Oaantimum fire ^ Eastbonnn-, in Sussex ; and on several model fanr-son tin estates oi tuc Jiarl ot Dartmcaih at SiaitlnvaHc , in Yorkshire , pnbndicu by Mr . ivowcil , of Fanncv Tyns , near ihuMtrs-fceid , m order to guide other possessor * of f . eid gardens , by shewing them what labours ought t « bo un-lcrtakcn en their own lands . TJie fcnns selected as models arc—First . Two school farms at "WiiiiiHidon and Eastdean , of
five seres caeli , conducted by ( r . Crutienden aud John lianis . Seeoi ; d . Two private farms , of five cr six acres : one worked by Jes-ss l'iper , the other bj " voiin Dsi&brcll—the fonnvr at Eastdean , the latter at Jevingtan—s . l of tlssm within a few miles el ; Lr . st liOKi-Ee . Third . An industrial school fanu at Siaith-Traite . Fourth . Si veral private model farms near the sanje piaet :. "i ' iie consecutive operations in xliese reports will enable the curious reader to csmpurc the d ' mislc and airIc :: ] iuKii value of the soaC . lt with the no ; tii cf En . uknd . The Duuvis aide' ] by "Notes and OUservaiiosis" from the pen of i's . Xowell , calculated for the time and season , which we subjoin .
" "The Trisest mes—the greatest jtftticsopliers—after in rain seeking for haziness iu tverv = rariety 01 x : arsuit , lave found it in die cultivation of tlic-ground . " Sctk . —Tic sdiool farms art culik-atcd hy loyt , wit * in return for U'trci hours teaching hi the mondny give three ' hoars cf thnr 7 c ?«« r in the afternoon for ' tlii master ' s bivijit , triic / t renders tlte schools sasesti'roKiixc . H ' t' Icthve thai at Tandy Tyas sivccifiU / is of Uic prodv . ee <>/ -ihe school farm will 6 e asii'inultoihe totit , anJoiic < svenLkto tie master , who vn ' d receive tke usual scltO'A Jtss , help the boys to cvltivate tltdr land , < xid Ua-eh tJidn , in addition to rccdin < j , writing , < fco , ts convert their produce into iacon , hy altauUn-j to * z- } -l : ccping , which at Christmas may le divided , -eftfr paying rent and levy , tanon-jft lie s * in jrroi ^ rtion to their services , and lc made &usin < tsreei ! y 3 o reach ilieirjysraiisiii a u-cy tJve most grateful to iizir fedinys , \
SUSSEX . ^ SosDJLT—WilH simhH ^ ScJtoo ! . BoyscfSTyingouiliquid manure for tares , raid making dung lieap . £ astde'M Edwol . Twelve boys digging up potatoes , oatlicriui ; the haulm , and c !« s-iag the ground . J'iivr . I ) i £ gii } £ « p potatoes . Szmlvcll . . Mowing stubble , thrashing wheat , carrying dung . TuEsa . iT—Vrdiiti ' jd ' jn School . Hoys cleaning clover ley for wheat . Eon-lean Sa-iool . Beys digging grouad for wheat , digging up wheat stubble for rye . -Piper . -I'repai-ii . g dang luixcn . Dixmbrcll Mowing stabule , digging isp oats stubbSs for ryCt "Wjebxesdat— Wtilitigdon Sskool . Boys cleaning clover Icy for wheat . E-ssideun Sciiosl . Carryisg tiic ccnteats of the tanks and privy tubs to the ^ hcat stubble . 1 ' iper . ri «» ariug dung heap .
Lumirctt . Jlowiag stubuie , dqrging . ^ . ' kcksdat—Vi ' iitingdon School . Boys cleaning clover Jey for wheat . ' £ aside < in School . Digging up potatoes , and healing up for winter , pi pkin ? weeds from t ' ue cum « el wuraij . Piper . Biggir . g potatoes . DuuJ > reiL Vviunowiug wliejii ; , rakii-. g " stubbie . TniDAT— WdlhiQilon Hthrol . Boys hoeing wl'ite turiiips sown after cafo . * Eastdean School . Boys sowing rye for green food , mowing stubble , and manuring , riper , j . ^ ging up potatoes , liun&rdl Digging up ¦ wh eat siubble ibi-ryc . SATcrtDAV—WHlingOmi -School . Boys sowing rye . and di-css-flg the ground . £ a $ ttivan iithool . Boys cniptying the privy pails , aud ciauiing the school room . T # er . At indoor noik , the weather bei « -g wet . Bdinhrdl . Digging .
C 0 \ V-T £ Sl > 13 G . maittgdon School . Cows living on ciorcr and white turnips , with . chsiF . DumlrcU ' s . One cow grazed in tbe day , stall-fed morn and even with mangel vrurzel leaves . Ona cow and heifer staii-feu with tares till lu-itlay , the remainder of theweck staked out on yoaug clover , and fed morn and even with tares . Yvheat Sowikg JIpsth . —Prepare for wheat- sowing . Change your seeds if possible , and bring them from a poorer , colder soil . Let them be free frcm smut , and seed ? , ami weeds . Also remember , that the produce of wheat sown in spring acquires the Iiabit of-ripenins earlier . If , therefore , you now select your wheat lor spring so . ving , let it be the produce of that which was before sown in spring .
Pic-kix foe ' iVheat . —Ibere is none peraaps better ¦ Hum this : — -Dissolve connuou salt in urine , ill a good Jargc vessel , till the soluiloa is strong euougU tc cam ' an egg ti : j « n i * . s susiaee . Then take a hand Iwsket partly iiiled with wheat , which plunge beneath iheiiai-1 , a « d siir the vrLeas for tea minutes , not j aore ; the bad seeds win rise to the top , and may Tjc sldnnned oil . Withdraw the basket , and let the dluid drain back again into the vessel . Mix the steeped seed with liiac to make it part , or what , perlaps would be totter , with gypsum , which will not « spel the aiainonui froiu the urine . Sow imme-• diately : md iianvjw In , or sjire . iil it evenly on a Tmrded floor , or its vltalitv jastv be destroyed .
rntCAviioss is Sowisg Wheat . —Sow first your clover ley . cr rye , or tare stubble ground . Always let your ground be fn-sli . Turn it over in the morniag , and sow ia the afternoon , but uever in wet "weather . The trite remark of the good old poetfarmer , ' iViio sowetlj ia rain Hath weed for his pain , ' ¦ & 31 be found generally true . Tie wheat sowing after potatoes or fm-nips will come Jaiest , to ailow time for those crops ! o k-efiiae matured . Iiut again the auVice of Tusser is soui ? d : — "If weather will suffer , this counsel I give , Leave off solving wheat before Hallowmas evi-. "f 3 n fte north of jSngjaud this can rarely be accomplished , especially aiitr a late harvest . * But let not a moment be Jest in preparing the ground andsowiig wheat , not on tare or other stubbies alone , but after vour root crops generally .
3 kai . un .-G " Wheat . —Prill all yon can , for there arc few soils where tbe drill cannot be easily employed . There are two modes of drilling ; the lirst by using alj and drill , like John Uiimbrell , whieh opens the < IriiJ , and pnts the seed in at the same time ; atid like him you may invent , and make such a drill , for jour ensuing ¦ winter evening's amusement . The second reode is to efen the drills with , a hoe , at six ifiches distance from each other , and two and a-hali inches deep , while a . Iwy conies after and drops the * ced , walking in the drill line in going back , after ¦ which a harrow is drawn over it at night . About iisc or sis bushels of mould v manure per rod is put iqjon the scud . To estimate manure by the bushel , itraisDa smile , may remind us of China , where they know its value , and sell it bv the pint .
BraBLixG Wheat . —Dibble , also , all you can ; it cjadoys poor neighbours , and their children , and it itfDeiieved that the * avins in seed is neariy equal to Ike additional expense . It is becoming common to < lo so , even on large f : » rms . The present practice is to place the fceeds at a distance of six inches every tray from each other , and two or two aud a-half inches in depth . They tiller amazingly , and the ears -znJ grain acquire jnvaier bulk . It' has been calculated that an imperial bathe ! of new red wheat , which weighed 63 Jt-s ., contained 635 , 448 grains , a quantity sufficient to plsnt on this principle , 2 $ a . lr . lp . of land , being after the rate of one peek aud nine-i-ixtcenllis of a whit ^ cr aero .
JfnE PoTito Disease . —The DumulortJ Gazette states that a farmer Jiving on one of the estates of tlie Duke d'Artaaberg ; near Dasseldorf ; has discc--vered a mode of preventing tlse rottiag of potatoes , j » d even of enriug it when It has ah'eady commenced . &"Lc method is vovy siinpkj it consists in merely Ian-owing deeply the earth in which the tubercles are planted , so as to produce an evaporation , which 3 ; 11 diminish the ferinentaticn caused by humidity . * Siis plan Las proved completely successful .
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after o ^ S 2 «?^ - ? onje people will say , "these : ££ ' £ * m £ ? £ J ? £ r a * ' * s £ * " ^ pensive for cwpandTo ^^^ JP ^^ w to hareagood SMiebetter wa ^ Sy * " * ^ «* W ? to sh w you tofyonrlaniif ^ f ° * manur ^ ttan by double c / op-11 st KoTcmber .
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tility , contain unequal qualities of these elements ; or that a fert ! jo soil contains them in a different form or state * cota another , which is less fertile . If the elements are contained in the soil in sufficient quantities , it produces a rich crop ; if it be defective even in one of them only , this is shown very soon , by the impossibility of growing on it certain kinds of plants . Moreover , it has proved with certainty what relations these elements of the soil bear to the deveiojicr >; orit of the plants . Chemical analysts has demonstrated that a cci tain class of these elements is contained in tbe seeds ; others , in different proportions , in the leaves , roots , tubers , stalks . They arc mineral substances , and , as such , are indestructible by lire , and consequently remain as ashes after the
incineration of the plants or of their parts . Many ot these plants arc soluble in pure water , others only in water containing carbonic acid , as rain water ; all were absorbed from the soil by the roots of the plants in a dissolved condition . It has been shown that it in a fit Id those ^ clcmcnts whieh remain after the incineration of the grain , or seeds , are not present in a suiKcient qsautity , no wheat , no bariev , no peas—in a word , none of those plants can be cultivated on that field whieh are grown on account of their seeds . The plants whieh grow on such a field produce stalks and leaves ; they blossom , but do not bear fruit . The same has been observed regarding the development of leaves , roots , and tubers , aud the mineral elements which they leave behind after their ircineration . H \
in a soil in which turnips or potatoes are to be cultivated , the elements of the ashes of these roots are wantiug , the plants bring forth leaves , stalks , blossoms , and seeds , bat the roots and tubercles are imperfect . Every one of the elements winch the soii gives up to the " plants is in a direct quantitative proportion to the production of the separate dements of the . plants . Two fields which , under otherwise equal circumstances , are unequally rich in mineral elements of the grain , produce unequal crop 3 . One containing them i : > larger quantity produces more than another containing them in less . In the saino manner , the capacity of a soil to produce tuberculous plants , or snch as have many leaves , depends upon its amount of those elements " which are found iu the ashes oi
such plants . Itrrcsults from this with certainty , that the mineral substances which are furnished by the soil , and which are found again in the ashes of f be plants , are their true food ; that they are the conditions oi vegetable life . It Is evident , that from a field in which different plants arc cultivated , we remove with the crop a certain quantity of these elements ; in the seeds those mineral parts which the soil had to provide for their dcvelopcmcnt , aud in the roots , tubercles ,-stalks and leaves , those elements which are necessary for their production .
According to the unequal quantity in Tvhicb the mineral elements cf grain , tubcrejcs , " root 5 , seeds , and leaves are contained ins soil , or according to the proportions in which they have been mnovcv in tlie crop , the land may have ceased to be fertile for roots and tubercles , bufit may yet produce § 00 ( 1 crops of wheat . Another may not produce wheat , but potatoes and turnips may thrive well in it . The mineral substances contained in a fertile soil and serving as fuod to the plants , are taken up by them with , tbe water , in which they arc soluble . In a fertile field they ;; ve contained in a state which allows of their being absorbed by the plant and taken up by tlie roots . There are fields which are rich in these elements , without being fertile in an equal proportion ; in fho latter ease they are united with other eh-ments into chemical compounds which counteract tlie dissolving power of water . By the contemporaneous action of
water aud air—of the oxygen and carbonic acid cf the arjnospkere—these compounds are decomposed , and those of their constituent elements , which are soluble in water , but which had been insoluble by the chemical afiinity of other mineral substances , re-obtain the property of being absorbed by the roots of i . hc plants . The duration of the fertility of a field depends on the amount of the mineral aliments of plants contained iu it , and its productive power for a given time being in a direct proportion to that part oi'its composition which possesses the capacity of being taken up by the plant . A number of the most important agricultural operations , especially the mechanical , exercise an influence on the fertility of the fields only thus far , that they remove the impediments which arc opposed to the assimilation of the mineral food into the vegetable organism . By ploughing , for instance , the surface of the fields is made accessible to air and moisture . The nutritions clementseontiiincd
in the soil ma latent state , acquire by these operations the properties necessary for their transmission into the plants . It is easy to conceive the useful influence wliich in this respect is exercised on the produce of the fields by the care and industry of the farmer . But all these labours and efforts do not increase the amount of mineral elements in tlie field ; in rendering soluble in a given time a larger quantity of the iasoluble substances , and obtaining by these means a richer crop , the time is merely hastened in which the soil becomes exhausted .
iiic fabrication of a manure equal in its compositor and ci'icets to the solid and iluid excrements of animals aud men , seems to me one of the most essential demands of our time—more especially for a country like England , ia vrhkh , from various circumstances , a rational agriculture without supply of manure , in some shape or other , from withost , seems nearly impossible . Our reasoning will appear the more correct if we remember how different are the results which liavc been obtained by the numerous analyses of the difiercnt sorts of guano—how little the farmer can depend upon producing from a given quantity a certain effect , as the latter naturally varies according to the composition of the former . There are scarcely any two samples in the market with the same composition—nay , not even similar . The following salts may be regarded as the essential constituents of a powerful manure applicable to all descriptions of soil ;—
Eastht PnosniATES . —Thc most important of these is phosphate v , f lime , wliich occurs iii nature as amiueral called apatite . It is the principal component in bones , which , it may be observed , have been found most efficacious if calcined , consequently deprived oi : their animal matter . The rapidity of the effects of ' pkosphatcof lime on the growth of plants depends upon its greater or lesser solubility . Its amount of glue ( gelatine ) diminishes this so ! ubility if the soil is rich iu vegetable matters , which furnish carbcnicacid by their decomposition , and which acid is required for rendering the phosphate of lime soluble in water , and introducing it into the organism of the plants . In the calcined state the bor . es aet sufficiently quickly ; but in those soils in which this cause of
solubility is wanting their action is slower . In my work I had recommended the addition of a certain quantity of sulphuric acid , both in order to render the bones more soluble , and to change the neutral phosphate of the bones iuto gypsum , and into a phosphate which contains more acid—super phosphate of lime . 1 have been informed that this advice has been most extensively adopted , that the super-phosphate oflimo has been found to be a most eiiiwicious m . tnure , Mill that it forms already amost important article of commerce . A second earthy phosphate , not less important , is the phosphate of magnesia , which it is well known enters in a still larger proportion than the phosphate of lime into tkc composition of the grain The Alkaline Phosphate ? , although not originally found iu nature , arc important elements of the seeds
ot gram , ot peas , beans , &e . A rational farmer must provide them in sufficient quantities to those plants which require them for their development , from knowhigthat human excrements increase the produce of grain in a far greater proportion , because they contain alkaline phosphates , than tho auiinal excrements , in which they do not exist . The Alkalies—potash and soda—must be constituents of every rationally composed manure , becauso , by them the orijrinal fertile condition of the fields is preserved . A soil which contains the alkalies in too small a quantity is , perhaps , fertile for grain ; but is not necessarily so for turnips or potatoes , which require a great quantity of alkali . By supplying an alkaline manure , fallows , or the cultivation of those plaute which are grown during the time of fallowing Leeomcless neccssarv .
Sulphate oi Potash is a constituent of all plants , although m small quantity , as well as common salt and chloride of potassium , which are found in milk in rather a large proportion . The salts of lime , cspcciaLy gypsum , are important nourishment lor the leguminous plants . Silica is never wanting in all sorts of soils —it is a constituent of all rocks , by the decomposition of which all productive soils are formed , aid the cereaha find it everywhere in sufficient quantity , and in a form capable of being taken up by the plants , if the alkalies are provided wherever they are present in too small quantity .
fralts of Ammonia . —It may be regarded ascertain trfRt the nitrogen of the plants is derived either from the ammonia of the atmosphe re or from the manure which is provided in the shape of animal Iluid and solid excrements , and that nitrogenous compounds exercise an effect on the growth ot plants , only in so far as they gixe up their nitrogen in the form of ammonia during their decomposition and decay . IVe may , therefore , profitably replace all the nitrogenous substances with compounds of ammonia . Decaying vegetable matters , which contain carbon , are useful to the fields , in so far as they provide a source of carbonic acid ; but they are quite-dispensable in manure , if it be rationally combined , as the atmospheric air is an inexhaustible source of carbonic
acid , from which the plants derive their carbon—i . « ., if in the manure , the mineral substances are provide d ^ wliich are necessary for the assimilation of the carbonic acid . These are the substances which together give fertility to the soil ; but , although each ot them may , nnder certain circumstances—viz ., where the soil is defective , or where it is not indifferent to the j plant to take up one instead of the other , as , for instance , may be the case with soda instead of potash , —inci ^ ease the fertility , no one of them can be regarded as manure , according to the common meaning of tlw word , for the simple reason , that only all of them , ifl certain proportions , will fulfil the purpose I for which the common manure is applied . This pur- ' pose is the restoration , or an increase of the original fertility , and hj manure we must replace all the constituents of th ° plants which hare been taken away
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Anvi—¦—¦ - « . « afe ^«» " " ^ w- " * " * ' ™'' - * -1 " - ' - *^ ^ ''*' * . . lL ~ , ' 7 in the harvest , ov which are contained ir j } atlts which we are desirous to cultivate . What , then , are the constituents of the soil which we remove by the stir . v , Sce , i 9 i tuberculous roots , stalks , Ac , of our plants of culture ? It is obvious that \ ye must lf . no \ v these first , in order to restore then in sufficient Quantities . To this we answer , by giving the analysis of the ashes of plants and their seeds . Hundred weights of the ashes of the following plauts contain— Straw of xVslics of Beans . Peas , l ' otatos . Clever . Hay . Alkaline Carbonates .. i' 13 S 1 ' 2 . 4 ' i 4 . ' U 81 . G 3 S . O Carbonate of Lime .. .. Sy . SO 47 . 31 40 . 03 41 . GI t > . T > Phosphate of Lime .. .. G . 43 5 . 15 5 . 7 : J 1 . 1 S 0 40 . 8 Phosphate of Magnesia C . UG 4 . 37 7 . 82 0 . 91 Sulphate of Potash or
Soda .. .. 12 . 40 10 . 13 .. ' 2 . 23 8 . 8-1 Magnesia .. . •• •• •• 21 S Chloride or Soaium or Potassium .. 0 . 2 S 4 . G 3 2 . 8 2 . « 1 . 27 Phosphate of Iron \ -, 0-Phosphatsof Aluiaina / " " " " In these analyss esilica is not taken into atcount , ns it is found in all soils , aud need not be supplied . One hundred weight of the ashes of potatoes , and the seeds of the following plants , contain—Potatoes . Wheat . Boai ? . s ( Vicia tYoa Alkaline Phosphates .. 15 . 77 52 . yS C 3 . 5 !) Phosphate of Lime ami Majjnesia .. 0 . 00 33 . 03 JS . 4 G Phosphate oi' Iron .. 0 . 20 O . i '; 7 o . ua Suljimito of Potash .. 15 . 07 0 . 0 S l . tii Cavb . of Potash and So-Ja .. .. 51 . 70 0 . 00 O . OO
What is wanting in the 100 of the above analysis is sand , coal , or loss . From these researches it appears , that for stalks aud leaves we require other elements than fi .-r seeds . The former contain no alkaline phosphates , but they require for their development and growth a rich supply of alkaline carbonates aud sulphates . On the other hand , the carbonates are entirely wanting in tbo seeds , wliich , however , arc very rich in phosphates . It is sufficiently obvious that a ratiosal fanner must supply both , as well as all the others . It he supplies only phosphates , and does nor . restore the alkaline carbonates , his soil will become gradually barren—it will be exhausted in those necessary elements for the development of stalks and seeds , without which no formation of seed can be expected . If he supplies the' ' alkalies , lime , and
suiphatcs alone , in a given'time he will get no more grain . All constituents of the ' manure , if they arc supplied alone , have this , treat defect , that by them the -coil is impoverished in other equally important substances . No one of itself can maintain the fertility . Keeping this in view , we may easily judge of the comparative value of artificial and natural manures , and all the various arcana wliich have been praised as panaceas for exhausted soils . It is not less easy to understand why tho farmers have such different opinions on the relative value of the constituents of manures—why one , whose farm is rich in phosphates , produces an uncommon fertility by the application of nitrate of soda , or the supply of alkalies , while another does not see anv iavoumble
effect at all—why bones—phosphates of Jime—produce in many fields wonders , and are not of the slightest beneiit to others , which are deficient in alkalies or alkaline salts . From the composition of animal manures , it results with certainty , that by applying the latter—solid and fluid excrements of men and animals —we supply to the soil not one but all the elements whieh have been taken away in the harvest . Fertility is perfectly restored to the field by a corresponding supply of this manure , and it may be increased by it to a certain limit . This will be the more intelligible , if we compare the mineral elements of the urine of horses and cattle with the mineral elements ot herbs , straw , roots , &c , of our cultivated plants . It will be found that in their quality they are perfectly identical .
Urine of a Horse . Of Another . Of Oxen . Carbonate of Lime .. 12 . 50 81 . 00 1 . 07 Do . or Magnesia .. ' JAG 13 . 07 ( i . 03 Do . of Potash .. lG . fi . i \ . „„„ , ~ .. o Sulphate of Potash .. 18 . 34 9 . 02 13 . S 0 Chloride of 5 ouiuii ) .. 0 . 55 0 . 30 Tiicsc salts in the urine of horses amount to nearly i percent .: in that of oxen to 2 g percent , of their weights . If we compare the composition of these different sortsjof urine with the composition of the straw of peas , beans , and potatoes , of clover and hay , it will at once be obvious , that iu stable dung we replace by the urine the alkaline carbonates which we have removed in harvest . What in this urine is wanting in phosphates and carbonate of lime and phosphate cf
magnesia , lonus tho principal constituents of the solid excrements of animals ; both together—solid excrements and urine—restore to the field its original composition , and thus a new generation of cultivated plants meet with the mineral ingredients necessary for their development . If wo further compare the { ruano and the faces of men with the composition of the animal urine , the analysis shows ( see my book ou Agriculture ) that both arc entirely defective in alkaline carbonates—they contain phosphates and sulphates as well as chloride of sodium , but no free alkali—they contain phosphate of lime and phosphate o f magnesia , in short , their elements arc in quality identical with the important mineral elements of the seedsof wheat , peas , and beans ( sec the analysis . ) The urine of swine is in its composition intermediate between the urine of man and horses .
Analysis of the trine of Swiue . Carbonate of Potash 12 . 11 Phosphate of Soda .. 19 . 0 Chloride of Sodium .. \ „ . The soUtl excrements of Do . of Potassium .. / o 0 > " Swine contain principally Phosphate of Lime .. ) 0 a fnhosphate of Lime . Do . of Magnesia .. j 88 Traces of Iron .. | What the practical results of a knowledge of the composition of these manures arc , is clear . If it were possible to provide our fields with the dung of swine in siifiicient quantity , we would replace by it , in a soil which contains silica and lime , all the remaining clement of tho plants—the field might be mado fertile for all kinds of plants—we have in it not only alkaline pliO 3 nhates , the principal elements
oi the seeds , but also alkaline carbonates , which arc required by the leaves , stalks , and roots . This purpose cannot bo attained , however , by manuring « r human excrements alone , but perfectly so by stable manure , from its containing alkaline carbonates . If I have said that stable manure contains the mineral elements of the nature of the plauts , exactly in a state and condition in which they are furnished by nature—that a field manured b y it resembles the primitive state of America and Hungary , this assertion will not be found exaggerated . It is certain that stablo dung contains no alkaline phosphates , but nature does not furnish these to the plants even in tlie most fertile soil , although we find them in large quantity in all the seeds of wild plants . It is obvious , that , notwithstanding their absence from the
soil , the phosphates are formed in tho organism of the plants , and they are produced from the phosphate of lime and magnesia and the supplied alkalies , by an exchange of the elements of each . Tlio alkalies are necessary for forming alkaline phosphates , which cannot originate in the phosphate of lime alone . Both together are present in stable dung . In human cxerempnts , and in guano , the alkaline carbonates arc entirely wanting . The practice of tho farmer , in somo places , of supplying to the field not pure guano , but a mixture of it with gypsum , shows clearly that the phosphates of alkaline liases are really formed in the organism of the phosphate of lime and magnesia , because this mixture ( guano and gypsum ) contains less phosphate of potash or soda than the guano itself ; or , in certain proportions of cvDsum .
no alkaline phosphates at all ; the soluble phosphates in the guano decomposing the pypsum iuto phosphate of lime and magnesia , and into sulphate of potash . I am far from asserting that we should not provide the fields with alkaline phosphates ; the excellent effect of the guano , and of the human excrements , is too well known to question it , and we perceive , iron this fact , that plants are in this respect like domestic animals which , with a normal food , are healthy and strong , but do not fatten . On the contrary , we know that if we prepare the food of these animals artificially , so as to render it more easily digested and assimilated , they arc enabled to consume in a given time , a greater quantity of it , h y which all their parts meiease in weight . The same happens with plants-if we give them their nourishment in a state most appropriated for assimilation , their capability to attract the gaseous elements from the atmosphere increases , and their development is accelerated if recollect
, we that the favourable efiecfc of the guano upon our fields dapends on its amount of ammoniacal . salts , of alkaline phosphates and the other mineral constituents of the seeds butthat it ^ isdeficient in alkalies , the principal constituents of the herbs , straw , and roots , it is easily understood why the opinions of fanners , on the value of guano , as a manure , are so veiy different . On a soil , which is defective in alkalies , its effect is small ; on a soil , rich in them , it increases the produce m a remarkable degree ; but , as I have already ooserved , the continued application of guano must gradually diminish the fertility of our fields for a number of plants , because the elements of those organs , as the leaves , stalks , roots , &c ., without which the plants cannot be developed and cannot produce seeds , are taken off in the harvest without any restoration of them . I think it , therefore , certain , that the stable dung can replace the guano to a certain degree , but uot vice versa . A rational agriculturist , in lisinof oiintin . nnnnnf . i ]! mm . » ...: * i .
'stable dung . During my excursions in England I have repeatedly directed the attention of the agriculturists , as Messrs . Pusey and Miles will , perhaps , recollect to the necessity of supplying the alkalies , and not merely tho phosphate * and other salts ; bv a nartiil imnlv the equilibrium of fertility is Dot restored Ind f / we supply guano alono , we do not act wise y becausa we consume our capital b y rich interestl , i 3 ffif ! to our children an exhausted 6 oil . ' And now , th » principles above-mentioned must If their 8 ™ ^ ft TO f an ar « fi « al iS ; If they are neglected-if the artificial manure is defective m one or two of the necessary ingredients -the farmer , in making use of it , wji £ a veiy
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short time , discover the fact , by the injury he will have sustained . In the manufacture of an artificial manure , it must be kept in view , that the application of stable dung , of human excrements , and of guano , is attended with great loss , in conswiuence of the too great solubility of their most efficacious constituents ; and tins must be prevented by- artificial means . This is evident , if we remember those countries whence guano is derived . It is known that the collection and preservation of the excrements on the African islands , and the coasts of Tern and Chili , depend upon the scarcity of rain in those countries . The best sorts of guano contain , in fact , move than
one half of their weight of soluble salts , which , it exposed to the rain , arc in exactly the same condition , as under similar conditions , a heap of salt . They dissolve in waicr , and are removed . _ Some months of rain would deprive those countries of all their riches . The remainder would have lost the greater part of its fertilizing power . Such , effects , however , take place upon the guano with which our fields are manured . Only a small portion of its efficacious salts produce the beneficial effect they arc eapablool doing , the greater pare being carried off by tho rain . The stable dung is , in this respect , in ike same condition as guano ; indeed , its principal compounds are already in a dissolved state , and , therefore , are carried off move easilv than those of guano .
A covering for those places in which stable dung is preserved , in order to shelter it from the effects oi tho rain , has been regarded in Germany as essential for preserving its manuring power . Inconsequence of the experience , that tho soluble elements of stable clung arc the most ellicactous , it has , in some eases , been drawn out with water , and it has been found advantageous to carry only this fluid to the fields . I need only refer to tlio foregoing analyses of the urine of animals , in order to see upon which elements of it this effect depends .
Tho reason why , in certain years , the influence of the host and most plentiful manuring is scarcely perceptible , is , that during thomoist and rainy springs and summers , the phosphates ami other salts with alkaline baaes , as also the soluble ainmnniacal salts , arc entirely or partly removed . A great amount of rain and moisture "einovcs , iu the greatest quantity , the very substances which are most indispensable to the plants tit th ' j time that they begin to form and mature sceils . The system ot" draining , v . -hioli the soluble alkalies are drawn off in consequence of the vain , and it ; must , therefore , become more deficient , in its soluble efficacious elements . Attentive farmers must have observed that after a certain time the quality of the grain on land laid dry according to this principle , deteriorates ; that the produce of th . o grain bears no due proportion to the produce of straw .
What is more evident , after these remarks , than th _ ac intelligent farmers must strive to give to the soil the manuring substances in such a state , as to render possible their acting favorably on the plants during the whole time of their growth ! Art must find out the means of reducing the solubility of the manuring substances to a certain limit , in a word , of bringing them into the same state in which they exist in a most fertile virgin soil , and in which they can be best assimilated by the virgin plants . The attention which I have paid to this subject
has been crowned with success . 1 have succccdcu in combining tho eflicaeious elements of manure in such a manner as that they will not be . vnshed away , and thus their efficacy will be doubled . Owing to this the injurious consequences of the present system of draining avo removed , agriculture is placed upon as certain principles as well arranged manufactories , and instead of the uncoriainty of mere empiricism , the operations of agriculture may be carried on with securiiy , and in place of waiting the results of our labours with anxiety and doubt , our minds will be filled with patience aud confidence .
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Dropsies Curable by IIollowav ' s Pius . - ^ - a j ordinary Case !—Mrs . Charlotte Diggle . res "' = _ one of the aim-houses at Chapel-street , Wcstn » ' » . was , by the watery dropsy , so dreadfully s " ' ° . . snaJ body and legs , as to bo increased to double n « nHre > size . Medical rcen had declared her past j »'' * , indeed her death was daily expected ; ycd . " ' cral extraordinary it may appear , she was rcduceu ^ . ^ inches in bulk , after taking only a few dosei " ^ above extraordinary medicine . Tins wonuci "' ^ medy may be considered as a perfect curei 11 ^ kind of dropsy , however long standing or . u » = the CtfS 3 may be .
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OPPOSITION TO THE NEW POOR LAW AT ROCHDALE . ( From the Times . ) On Saturday cvcninir < i public meeting of rate-Pavel's and inhabitants of Roclidalc took place in a large open space called " The Butts , " to hear from the late guardians , who had been prosecuted by the Poor Law Commissioners for refusing to aet under the new law , an account of their proceedings and the present position of the union with reference to that measure . The speakers spoke from a waggon . placed at the upper end of the vacant ground . Mr . J . Fielden , M . l ' ., was expected to have taken part in the proceedings , but could not attend in consequence of t- ' . io state of his health . At six o'clock ,
Mr . J . Whiiaker , chief constable of the borough , having been unanimously called to the chair , read the i \ quisition in pursuance of which the meeting had been called , and briefly stated its object—to enable those who had been denominated guardians of the poor , and as such prosecuted by the Poor Law Commissioners for refusing to introduce the Poor Law Amendment Act into that extensive parish , to explain to their fellow-townsmen the precise position in which the district now stood . He would not call it a union , for he maintained that a union hail sever been legally formed ; aud if the Poor Law Commissioners had had the manliness'to carry out the prosecution they had commenced against the guardians of that union , as they pleased to call it , they would
long ago have amply demonstrated the lact that the union had never been formed in a legal manner , or iu accordance with the act of Parliament . ( Cheers . ) Proceedings had been commenced in the Court of Queen ' s Bench in London , and they were then ' removed to tlio Liverpool assizes in Marck last , when it nominal verdict of Is . damages was taken for the Crown . The proceedings wore then removed back into the Court of Queen ' s Bench in London , where they still lay , and to tlie present hour nothing more had been heard of them ; but if the Poor Law Commissioners entertained a well-grounded opinion that their proceedings were strictly iu accordance with , the act of Parliament , would they have consented to forego tho great expenses thev had been put to in
that prosecution against those whom they designated the guardians of that union ? They chose , however , to pui'SUG quite au opposite course , and sent down fresh orders to the clerk of the union , directing that there should bo another election of guardians . Another nomination and appointment had consequently taken place , and it was certainly a great emisolatiqnto know that only three individuals could be found in the whole parish of Rochdale who would suffer themselves to be appointed guardians , with tho view of carrying out tho provisions of the New Poor Law in that district . ( Cheers . ) He would now call on Air . Livscy , one of those who had been prosecuted by the Poor Law Commissioners , to address the meeting . ( Cheers . )
Mr . T . Livsky commenced his speech by expressing the regret he felt that his fellow-townsmen should have had occasion to hold another meeting on this question , lie had hoped that when the Poor Law Commissioners thought proper to take those whom they denominated Poor Law guardians into the Court o f Queen's Bench , they would have had the fairness , receiving such largo salaries as they did , to conduct their business in a regular manner , and leavo it to that Court to decide whether or not their proccctlinp wore in conformity with the law . Instead of doing so , they had resorted to tho strong arm of power—having threatened the guardians , and coaxed the magistrates , they resorted to every means but what wove fair and honourable for the purpose of
forcing their obnoxious law upon that district . ( Cries of " We won ' t have it though . " ) Having been one of those who were prosecuted by tho Poor Law Commissioners , he appeared before them to explain the proceedings which had taken place during the struggle they had been engaged in ; but , before doing so , he would remind them of the position in whieh they stood previous to the interference of the commissioners , lie defied any one to point out a better system of administering relief to the poor than had p ' vcvailed in Rochdale thvough . the overseers , churchwardens , and vestrymen , elected by tho ratepayers themselves ; when , if the funds were squandered , or any harsh or tyrannical proceedings adopted , the gtiiltv parties might be sent adrift at the end of 12
months . But it was now sought to deprive tho ratepayers of all power over the levy and distribution ot { heir own money , and vesl it in flic hands of the commissioners at Somerset-house . This was only part of that system of centralization which the Government were , it seemed , determined to carry out , whatever opposition it might meet with on the part of the people . If it were not so , how could they account for the strange anomaly which had recently been presented in that very town ? After the whole district had been canvassed , every ratepayer having been waited on , 11 , 414 ratepayers declared themselves oppescd to the introduction of tho New Poor Law , while only 19 could be found in favour of it ! Surely this was sufficient to show that the Government did not
act in this case towards those they ruled in tho spirit of charity and good faith , but that they were determined , whatever might be the opposition of the people , to persevere in their despotic attempts to put down every vestige of popular freedom ; and if the examplc of Rochdale were not more generally followed , the Government would * soon be successful . Why should they persist in attempting still to thrust this obnoxious law on that district after the public declaration of the Ministers wIii ? passed it into a law , that such places as Rochdale , \\ liere the ratepayers managed their own affairg we'll—where tho system of relief administered to the poor had been conducted in a satisfactory manner—should not be interfered
with , but rather become exam pies to be followed in other districts ? Even their keen-scented clerk to the guardians , who was poking his nose into every corner doing all he could , had been unable to bring orward , _ during the last eeven or eight years since the passing of the law , a siagle ca so of misappropriation of funds or great hardship tc the poor in that extensive district . ( Cheers . ) Wh en they were entitled to take credit to themselves 4 ' ° r that etnte of things , why should such persevering efforts be made to introduce a new and hateful syst , '< m ? But their opponents would stand at nothing : \ ' hero were men base enough , for the sake of filthy i ' were , to lend theraserres to any cause , however despk "able it might be , The ratepayers as a body had sto id manfully
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forward io resist the introduction of the New Poor Law , and handsomely supported the guardians in relating the mandamus of the Poor Law Commissioners . The guardians had met them boldly and manfully ; they did not go round about the question ; they at least were sruilty of no shuillina : ; they boldly met and defied thu commissioners , declaring that they would not introduce the law . Gentlemen , were then found holding her Majesty ' s commission of the peace who lent their assistance to the guardians , and , m reply to tbe mandamus , stated that they did not think fit to act a ojjhcio . These they called '' gentlemen " in society , but the sooner that designation was dropped tho butter , when they found those who had declared that they would sooner throw up her
Majesty ' s commission altogether than become the means of introducing tiii » Saw , afterwards condescending to sit- at a board of guardians and issuing orders , with their names attached , to facilitate the introduction of the Mew Poor Law . ( Loud cheevs . ) The ratepayers , iit all events , might take credit to themselves for what they had done . They had acted consistently . They had said they would o ' ppose the law , and they liadiloueso . ( Cheers . ) Ho had to thank them for tlie funds ther had placed at tho disposal of the guardians to put them in a position to defend themselves against the commissioners , lie had just been told that there was a policeman present taking notes . Ho had no doubt he was a worthy tool of a bad cause . ( Groans . ) lh eared nothing for policemen ( shouts of execration)— he cared not for all they could do .
The policeman was welcome to put down all he paid . The Ciuunu . N invited the policeman , who was furtively taking notes at a corner of the hustings where ho could Jcasfc bo observed , to ascend tho waggon , and a s « ac with every convenience would bo alfbrdcd him at the reporters' table . ( Loud cries ot "No , no ,, " "Turn him out , " " No spies . " ) He hoped , whatever the people did , no violence would be shown . Anything of that sort would just suit ; those who placed that person there . ( Cheers . ) The crowd must keep order , and to tlie policeman he would again say , " Have the goodness to walk up ; we will give you every accommodation in our power . " ( Tlie amateur reporter amidst loud , but good-humoured , though somewhat tantalizing shouts of "Lift him up , " "Lifthim up , " dccliuod theproftered elevation , and , avo believe , soon fouud it convenient to shift his ground . )
Mr . Livsky resumed . —Nothing would please tlieiv enemies better than a breach of the peace . That man , in whatever guise , was an enemy to tho caisse who allowed himself to lose his temper . ( Cheers . ) All he requested offclic policeman was , that he would put down what he really did say . What did he care if he told the magistrates what he said of them ? lie had acted consistently ; the magistrates had not ( loud cheer *); and at thorn the finger of public reprobation would bu pointed for what they had done . ( Cheers . ) But to return to tiio question . They proved in court that tho commissioners had not acted in conformity wish tlio law . They proved thai tlie throe commissioners , who were receiving some 2 , 000 / . a vcar each , wore in iho habit of [ aimm London ,
and transacting business { separately in tlie country , which the aet rcquircd should be done conjointly nl a board . They proved , in fact , that the order calling on the pu . irdians of the Rochdale "Onion to assume the administration of relief , had only been signed by one of the co ! 7 inibsioi ; crs , one of the others being on the continent at the time , though still receiving his salary , while the third had actually gone-into the country to be married ! Only think of such a thing!—a Poor L : iw Commissioner getting niaiTicci —one who was in the habit of making regulations , with flic foi-ce of law , to separate husband IVoni wife , and children from parents ! How woald ha Jike to have such a rule applied to himself ! ( Cheers , and ; i cry " 'Twoiild serve them all right , —commissioners
and Sir James too . " ) These parties being absent from Somerset-house when the order was signed , rendered it illegal ; and thai was the reply the guardians made , they proved that the order , beiiig in this respect informal , was irleial and inoperative-But to eoiuo to another psint . Yvho were bast qualified to administer relief to the poor ? Those wlio knew them , who knew their cl aiacter and conduct , who regularly mixed with them , who had local knowledge affecting their circumstances and wants , to be sure . ( Cheers . ) But the lluchdale district , with its vestrymen , overseers , and guardians , to the number of 150 , was to have only 18 guardians in future . The means which had been resorted to to forco the New Poor Law on the district were most disgraceful to all
concerned ; but after every exertion , in a district with a population of 70 , 000 , and out of 33 individuals who had been named for tho olTico of guardians , only three individuals would allow themselves to become candidates ; and yet the law was to be forced upon them . Was this the way to make the people respect power ? It appeared as if everything which savoured of local liberty was to be put down by the strong arm of authority . Could they ever hope that much respect would bo paid to a law which had been introduced by such means ? Three persons had allowed themselves to be nominated as guardians for the purpose of introducing tho law ; but ho was happy to inform his fellow-townsmen , that he had that very morning mob one of the three nominated guardians ,
who had so felt tho compunctions of conscience that he had tendered his resignation . ( Cheers . ) Tins remaining two were James Holt and Samuel Brierly . ( Groans . ) lie hoped they would not lift up their ( infers against them , but their very names would becoirc terms of reproach , infamy , . and contempt . ( Cheer . . ) What was the intention of the New Poor Law ? It had been very ably exposed by Mr . Walter , the late member for Nottingham , when he dragged to light that infamous document in the House of Commons , which first shadowed out the intentions of the Government in preparing the measure : the object was to manage the system so that ultimately all relief should be denied to the poor . ( Cheers . ) And when they saw what was
daily coming to light under its harsh operation , when they became acquainted with the horrible conduct pursued in the workhouses , why , ho again asked , should they tacitly submit to such a law ? ( Cheers . ) The revelations within the last few days of the system carried on in the Andover Union we ' re sii'jh as to nu \ ko every ono with a spark of humanity shudder . ( Cheers . ) There were men coming forward to declare , and declaring on oath , that both they and their companions , pressed by hunger , had fought for bones which were in the bonetiouse for weeks , and gnawed tho foul gristle , and ate the stinking marrow . ( Cheers . ) Would they consent to hatitl over thcii poor neighbours , themselves , their wives and children perhaps , to the merciful treatment of such a system as this ? ( Cheers . ) It
might be said , this would never be the case in the Roclidalc Union under the new law ; but it would ba so everywhere if the people would not leak alter themselves . Tho tendency of tho system was tho same in every case . Why , tho first thing the Poor Law Commissioners did was to . send down a dietary which the guardians might diminish , hut which they could not in any instance increase . In the present stuto of affairs they could not form a legal board of guardians . Whether thoy _ would resort to illegal measures for the purpose of carrying out this detestable measure , he did not know ; if they proceeded now , they must do so illegally , and , if so , lie relied on the energy and determination of the men of Rochdale to oppose and carry on another successful campaign against them . ( Loud cheers . )
Am » kosb Jlunsr , a young man from Oidham , next addiessod the meeting iu a speech of some energy and power . _ Mr . J . Wilkinson moved the following resolution : — " That having heard the statement of the late guardians relative to their conduct in maintaining the right of local government in opposition to the system of centralisation inculcated by the Sew Pooi 1 Law , aud their determined stand against the illegal persecution of them by the l ' oor Law Commissioners , this meeting is of opinion that the lato guardians are entitled to the
warmestpratituucot tueiv lellow-p « rishioni-rs . " ( Cheers . ) With respect to tho late guardians , he must say their conduct throughout the arduous struggle they had maintained so successfully had been distinguished by a vigour and a manly firmness which entitled them to the esteem and thanks of their fellow-townsmen ; and as to the atrocities of that system against which they had warred , they had often canvassed them together , aud publicly denouncc-d them in detail . They knew well the nature and the tendency of that law which most improperly had been called the Poor Law Amendment Act . It was intended to supersede everything in any way favourable to the interests and comforts of the unfortunate labourers of this country . It was designed not merely to mvnish
misfortune as a crime , but to destroy the last remnant of liberty possessed by the labouring classes in the local management of their own affairs ; it was intended not only to prevent them from exercising any control over the money they laboured hard to get , and which they subscribed towards the relief of their more necessitous brethren , but it placed them in a position of complete helplessness , exposed to all those " wicked and base attempts which were made to crush the labourers to the lowest possible degree of wretchedness , for it deprived them of the power to fall back on the land—the real constitutiopal relief and first principle of the social campact ; it disinherited them of all claim to relief from the land on which they were
born , and which they were still suffered to tread . And what then was their position ? They were completely helpless in the hands of the oppressor . It was a strange anomaly in the legislation of this country that everything should he done by way of givin <» additional securities to property , while every thin was done , on the other hand , to rob the labouring llian of his rights and immumtiea . The New Poor Law had done much to widen the chasm that already existed between the labourer and his employer * and he trusted , as a friend of justice and humanity , it would long be kept out of tliat district . ( Cheers ' ) Mr . Malalieu seconded the resolution , ffbicll was carried by acclamation .
The Rev . JonN Taylou moved the second resolution : — " That this meeting do tender their sincere and heartj thanks to the late guardians for their manly and patriotic opposition to the introduction of tho New Poor Law into this distf ict . "
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( Cheers . ) Ho congratulated that vast assembly on the unanimity and cordiality with which they had resisted the introduction ot tnat cruel measure ; bufc thev had been betrayed—betrayed oy their own townsmen , and they must now do what they could fop themselves . They must resist its full operation by every legal means ' in their power ; and they had such means still . Though betrayed , cruelly betrayed , tho power of public opinion was mighty on their side . The people of Rochdale had it yet in their hands to resist this law . They must make the administration of it as troublesome to th (> se who condescended to administer it as possible . Despots never liked to bo troubled ; but that was the very reason why { . | should be troubled . Because " they neither fear God
nor regard man , " therefore the people should never let them alone till they had their rights . ( Cheers . ) A groat deal had been said of lato on the dut y ot - instructing tho people and the host kinds and modes of instruction ; but in sowing the seed , they should consider not only of what sort it wa ? , but what soil it it was to be put in . So that instruction should 1 JO successful , it was not only noaess . iry that it should bo good and administered in the best niiinner—tiwio should be an aptitude for receiving it . U « t a people degraded and pauperized could not be properl y instructed . If a people was to be made jutsllcetiiiil they must first be fed and clothed ; the foundation must bo laid before the superstructure . 'J'hcir governors must not be < rin at the wrong cud , as it '
the people had no animal nature about them . Aecording to the doctrine now too generally propagated , they would make them into a kind of lantern , witlt a fi » ht inside and nothing scarcely wit limit . ( . { , laudi . ) The doctrine ho held was , lirsfc to . !>««! aiij clothe , then educate the people , or put them in n position to do it for themselves . ( Loud cheers . ) 1 [ q opposed the New Poor Law , because it was < .- \ k n . luted to take away from the people the noccwariog and comforts of life ; snd while that was the easo s . \[ attempts to educate tho people would be vain anil futile . Again , there must ho uot merely indiviMu a l
capacity for instruction , but a moral aptitude to receive it , and where could such a disposition be t ' ousul in a man wito know that his right had been taken from him—who knew th : i ! he had not what he osujhl ; to have—who , producing everything , scarcely had possession of anything . ( Cheers . ) This was truo even with regard to religious instruction , for , in tho language of tin : great aud good Hooker , " Before God required of Adam any religious service ho placed hiiu in a Paradise where he hail something to live upon . " ( Cheers . ) The resolution having been seconded was carried nnanhnously . A vote of thanks was then -riven to
Tlie Chaikmax , who declared it to ba his deliberate opinion , after the experience of sixteen years , during which he filled the oilices of churchwarden , overseer and vestryman , that the administration of rtiiet " under Sturges Uournt ' s Act was decidedly superior to that under the New Poor Law . Ho felt thorau » -iii y persuaded in his own mind , and that was one great rcivjun why he consented to pivsidc iifc such a moo ting , that the old law was much better adapted to the state of society now than the new law could ever lo made to be . ( Cheers . ) It had given him great [>\ v&-sure to see the whole proceedings of the meain :. ' so orderly aud unanimous , and ho hoped tiiev would
now quietly separate and go homo . ( Clu'cir-. ) Thu meeting , which at one period n ; : ui ! n : re ( I not less , we should think , than G . 000 or v Ufiy , { j ^ n peaceably dispersed . Shortly afterwards si Iw ' utl ot music paraded ilie principal stvests , lbiioweii by hp'o numbers of tho factory operatives . Pivpni-arioiis were made for burning in cSKgy the twoiiewiy elei-fnl guardians , but the design wasforiniialely abandoned , considerable apprehension being eutertai'icil itotH tuc ijreat idlux cf constabulary that a collision v . iih that force might take place . We are happy t ;> si : iia lime no breach of tlie public peace took place during t ! i 0 night . llecuDALK , TcEsnAY Monxixti .
The opposition to the introduction of this law into the borough of Rochdale continued unabated , and the cxciteineiitei-eatecl last week by the e . \ tiv . « riliii » ry attempt of the Commissioners to force it on tlu district has been increased , in consequence of the sum . uiary proceedings which have just been iuloiiied . Yesterday Messrs . S . Dcarden , J . Sc ! olfickl , and Vf Mallilieu , overseers of the township of Castlc ' on , were summoned before the magistrates to show rausu why they refused to pay over to the trc .-isun-i- oi' tho union t \ ie sum oi" £ 355 8 s ., the amount in -wiiicii ik-fc township was assessed . The case created c * msulcrablc interest , in this town , and the court was there / m-o
crowded by the ratepayers . The magistrates ou tho bench were Air . J . Taylor , of Todmunlen fa gentleman who distinguished himself by introdueiug the measure into that loealit " , and who , it is stated , had his house set on fire and his furniture broken by the mob on that occasion ); Mr . G . Ash worth , of Hol- ! : flale ; Mr . } Y . Chad wick , at whoso instance Use suminons was issued ; and Mr . Clement Royds , wiio acted as chairman—one of those gentlemen wiio recently dei-lijred from the bench that he would souv . it throw up his commission than become theiustnuiiciit of introducing the New Poor Law into the ilisirict . Mr . Twis . 'leton , the Assistant Poor Law Commissioner , was also on the bench .
Mr . Roberts , clerk to the union , appeared in support of the summons , and Mr . John Cobbctt , banister , for the overseers . When the ease was called Mr . Chadwick withdrew from the bench . Mr . Roberts put in the order from tho Poor Lnw Commissioners , directing the magistrates to form tlie union , dated July 2 ' 2 , 1 S-15 ; also tho minutes of a meeting of magistrates hsld on the 15 th of Aiiiriht , when sin order was mado on the three ovevsuiT- < for the sum of obol . 8 s . ; and proved that on bYuhy last , at a meeting of magistrates , when there were present Mr . Chadwick , Mr . Kelsall , and tlie Kcv . T . S . Milis , Mr . Chadwick was ordered to take out the summons which they wcrt then hearing . Mr . Koyds then said , Mr . Deanien , are you inclined to i ; ay tins inonev ?
Mr . Cobbatt . —Mr . Dearden has left his ease in my hands , and therefore I hope you will allow me to show cause why he should not be called upon lor this money . Mr . Royds . —I don't care about that . Doavtlen , will you pay the money ? Mr . Dearden . —1 shall when I get it , if 1 find 1 am compelled to pay . Not otherwise . Mr . lloyds . — " Scholfield , will you pay the money ? Mr . Scholfiold . —I shall leave the ' maittr iu tho hands of my legal adviser .
Air . Colrbctti . —I hope , sir , you will allow mo lo say a few words on behalf of my clients , 'i hey have in « trusted their case to me ; aud I think I canViiuw you that they ought not now to be called upon 10 jwv this money . After a short pause , Mr . Royds nedded assent , and Mr . Cobbett proceeded to address the bench , ilo did not mean to question the validity of the m : ion , nor the power of the board of guardians ; lie submitted , however , withrcfcvencc to the conduct cf tho Poor Lav / Commissioners , and the mctio in which they were attempting to enforce the law , tlial i'e »« - ing the decision of the Court of Queen ' s L ' encli the hearing of this case should not be proceeded witli . He insisted that the proceedings of the Couiitti- -: siouers were most irregular , and was proceeding 1 ° t ' . " ment on the peculiar position of the cause- " feina v . tlie Guardians of llochdalo "—in the court abuve , when ho was again interrupted bv the chairman .
Mr . Royds . —Mr . Cobbolt , we are aware of all tii . it ; it ' s no use to repeat it here ; you had better cwacto the noiufc at once , and we shall foci obliged . , Mr . Cobbctt . —1 assure you , sir , 1 am not £ « bs make a loi : g speech . Mr . Royi ! s .-I shall feel obliged if you will cos * to tho point at once . air . Cobbctt again proceeded . —Tho bcn cis ma aware that shortly after the original order «¦« issued by the Poor Law Commissioners , a qMs > ' ™ was raised as to its legality , and proceciiii' :- ., taken f or the purpose o f determining thai y » raJ * The cause was removed from the Queen ' s lJ cfie . i Liverpool assizes , where it was tried before in - ' 'I' - " tico Wightman in April last , and a nominal vcrti « . j taken for the Crown , with several points r < servw . the consideration of f ! : r > isidnns N ' nw . ii'it lui'iif "
out that the decision of the Court above shor . W i « against the Commissioners , even- act ot ,- ' guardians , and every payment made to the union , would be illegal ; aud as ' the decision of the . nwf would be given at the latest now within two jnositas he submitted the magistrates should suspu the adjudication of this matter till that tnw . If his clients were compelled now t 0 , v % , j money , and the union were declared by the - " ; above to be illegal , they might be sued lor tua recovery of what money they had paid to j « J treasurer of the union . Us did not mean to say - ' his clients refused to mv tl < o innnev on tins g ' 01 " "
alone ; on the contrary , he was instructed to sa > \ f they would resist the introduction of tlie law by ew . legal means in their power ; but while the Iegrt « F > . " the union was matter of dispute , pending the 'f ^' . of the Court above , he thought he was justilica « asking the bench to dismiss , or at least postpone hearing of the case . , ... nffB Mr . Ashworth said , that , on Mr . Cobbottsg showing , the magistrates had no choice but to cm " payment . . .... ^ i The Cbairman .-Mr . Roberts , arc you l ? f ^ i to press tbe case , and take out a warrant ot us * against the parties ? ,, n 1 ; j , Mr . Roberts .-Iam , sir . The money must to PJJJj The Chairman . —Then take out your Wi »; ra » > ^ executeitassoonaspossible—tlnsafternoon , ii . vtf , ' j , A warrant of distraint was then grante d , •"•' parties left the court .
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TBE PJUNCIPLES OF ARTIFICIAL AIASURIXG . ( JJX ritOJESSOR LIEEIG . ) tre compare the experience of farmers regarding the fertility of tlie soil jibJ the quantity of its productions , yre are surprised by aresu . twMchsurpasses ] . 'others in general application and uniformity . It has been observed that in eveiy part of the globe inhere agriculture is carried on , in all varieties of soil , and witli tlie most different plants and modes of aultivsfion , the produce of ailehl on which ihe same idi&Tcntplants havs been tultivated dutiag a eeriain number of yeans , decreases more or less in quan-Mty , and that it again obtains its fertility bv asupplv
of excrements of inan and animals , which " generaliv are called manure ; the produce of the fields can b ' e increased by the same matters , aedthat the quantity © ithe crop is in direct proportion to the quantity of Ifcemanure . Guided by experience , which is the fundamental sis of all inductive science , and which teaches us fliat for every effect there is a cause—that ererv quality , as , foriustance , the fertility of a field , tlfe nourishing quality of a . vegetable , or the effect of a jnanure , is intimately connected with and occasioned tysomething which can be ascertained by weight and measure ; modern science has succeeded in en-. fightenlng ns on the cause of the fertility of the fields and on the effects which are exercised on them
bymanure . Chemistry hassliown that these properties are pro duced by the composition of the fields ; that their fitness for producing wheat or any other kind of plant » ears a direct proportion to certain elements eonfcwred in the soil , whieh are absorbed by the plants . inas likewise shown that two fields , of unequal fer-
Untitled Article
6 " THE NORTHERN § TiS . Sl ! grEMBEIt 20 - 1845 -
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 20, 1845, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1333/page/6/
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