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Tn THE WORKING CLASSES.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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MtDmi RBra » ,-Xaflui * giw . «• Mf so ^ cUpleasurcaswking foryou . Tlusweeklara 5 search of a suitable spot where some ot your order J * y find refuge from the oppressors . The more I toowofyou , andthe Bioi « Iseeandhear ofthose ^ o Se and gOTem YOU , the mere am 1 coimnced of the Z of expecting anytlung for you from them ; Selcometo the ^ elusion , that Caterer is to r ^ u st bedone by youKelve ,. I shall now ^ tTfor you brfcflv what I have been doing since ££ * £ XsaturdaylleftLondonto in ^ ct fteland to be sold at Bawtry , eoHcermng * h lch I nave before written . I shall despatch , tlus portion of mr subject tcry briefly . Yesterday I spent fully in
th ree hours in traversing the land question . I had a man with me with a spade . As I was on the spot , 1 went t hrough the ceremony of trying the quality of the land , bat had it been the tas I should not hare purc hased it ; and for this simple reason , because it is too fer from any market for span tatour , or for produce in a retail or profitable shape . It is tea miles from Doncaster , the nearest market , andvfiry , very bleak . With the tenant rights , the purchase would be about £ 8 , 300 , and I would not take it for our purpose at a gift ; so no more of that . 1 aia now on my way to Carlisle , to inspect 16 i acres of land of great promise , which is to be had a bargain ; about this land more in my next . I will not purchase it if I cannot make a good bargain . It is now nearly twelve o ' clock . I have been in company
with Martin Jude , gaining useful knowledge from him for two hours , otherwise I should hare written a longer letter . In my next I shall speak very fully ef our prospects and my recent tour , from which I nave learned much . Cobden ' s few remarks upon the coquettiug of Sir Robert Feel , tells me that we must be prepared for action . Believe me , that the League will spring up again during the Easter recess ; and , thank God , Manchester and the manufacturing districts will be occupied during that time by the whole army of observation . Cobden , O'Connell , and Russell arc now scheming how to oust Peel , and get posses
sion of the government ; and for the one-hundredth , time I tell you , that I would rather submit to the \ rorst military despotism than to the rule of Cobden , O ' Connell , and Russell . The ball is now up , and we must kick it ; we must not allow the oppressor to nave it all his own way . AVhen we are all at Manchester next week , we must lay the foundation-stone of more than one building—we must try to lay the foundation of the working man ' s future happiness . I assure you I anticipate more from this oar Land project , than I can possibly explain to you in the limits of a letter . . Next Saturday I shall address tou at considerable length , and till then ,
Believe me your faithful Friend and Servant , FtAKGUS O'CoXXOR . P . S . —While my thoughts are directed to the great question of national regeneration , I cannot divest my mind of individual suffering . Now , Ibelitve Dixon to be as good a man as any in our movement ; and as I am too poor to assist him myself , or from niy own purse , this is to give you notice , that on Saturday , April 11 th , I will lecture for his benefit at the Hall of Science , or anywhere that his friends wish—the whole proceeds to go to him . Subject , " Ireland—her grievances and remedies ; the Irishtheir oppressors and hopes . " Admission , to the body of the hall and gallery 2 d ., platform 4 d . ; and if my countrymen intend to fight instead of hearing , they we requested to give me ta # fours' notice . Newcastle , Tuesday Sight . F . O'C .
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TO THE IMPERIAL CHARTISTS . My Deah Fheesds , —I am just about to start-with our friend J . Arthur to inspect 164 acres of freehold property , to be sold , I am told , in a most splendid part of the country , and then I propose taking a trip to Cheshire , on the borders of Lancashire , where some good land is advertised for sale . I am induced to visit this Cumberland property from the information I have received of its suitableness for our purposes , and to keep it for a second ballot shortly , gating a purchase in Lancashire , or on the borders , for immediate use . Now , allow me to direct your attention to a subject of even more importance to us , as a political party , than the Land itself—I mean the proposed measure of : COERCION , offered as a boos to Ireland . One of the great impediments In our way has ever been the cry that the English Chartists were either enemies to , or indifferent about , the sufferings of my countrymen . Now an opportunity presents itself of giving a flat aad nnmutakeable denial to this foul and malicious assertion , so industriously propagated . THREE OR FOUR MILLIONS OF CHARTIST SIGNATURES , to a manly remonstrance against the BLOODY ISILL , would speak home to the Irish heart , and would be an answer to our revilers . We can get that number np during the Easter recess , and if Mr . O'Connell were able to meet the SAXON
PARLIAMENT on the second reading of this TREASONABLE BILL , with four millions of English petitioners remonstrating against the measure , how could the press or our enemies withhold this great FACT from our Irish brethren . I would recommend every single petition to be sent direct to Mr . O'Connell himself , and he will take care to chronicle the numbers . Already has J . Arthur undertaken to pledge for Carlisle and neighbourhood Can you read ^ of the inhnman murders perpetrated by the destroying Gerrards , without raising your voices against such wholesale butchery ; and can yon reconcile to yourselves the injustice of making it a
transportable offence for a man to be out of his house an hoar before sun-set ? We have long la * boured to convince the Irish people that the Chartists were their best friends ; we have now a golden opportunity , and shall we allow it to pass without improving it ? Never mind our difference with Mr . O'Connell , or his abuse of the English Chartistswe havenocauseof difference with the Irish People . Let us convince them of that fact . On Saturday , April 11 th , I shall be prepared to submit a remonstrance ta the people of Manchester , which will be published in the Star of that day . Let signatures be procured in the meantime ; and if tho Irish in
England do their duty , as I have reason to believe the English Chartists wiil do theirs , the remonstrance should be carried to the door ef the House as the giant petition was , escorted by hundreds of thousands of Englishmen and Irishmen—I will make one . Do not be led astray by the maudling cry of the Puesertatiox of Life . I tell you , that for every life this bill ia meant to preserve , thousands npon thousands are murdered by those whose safety is always the especial care of our government . If you have read the article in last week's Star upon Ireland , and if you have read the limes of Tuesday , you will find that the picture I drew has been heightened by
EVEN that journal . Are famishing Irishmen to be sacrificed , while a party professing the highest feelings of justice looks tamely on ? No ; justice , nature , andnature ' s God , forbid it ! Let us up , then , like one man , and trample vpos the kferxii mo . vsier . Believe me , we can do it ; and thus unite the Irish people to us by the strongest ties of affection . J . Arthur has just sent the dram and fife to beat up for a meeting to-night upon Ireland and the Land , and a remonstrance ; so that we are the first to move ,
all England and Scotlaxd will follow . Get 3 , 000 , 000 of signatures , and a glorious procession to the House , and England and Ibelasd are ior ever exited ! We meet for Poland , wire sot for Irelasd ? We meet for England , wnr xor fob Ireland ? We crushed tho MASTERS' COERCION BILL for English labour , why not crush the TYRANTS ' COERCION BILL for Ireland ? Believe me , if we lose the opportunity we shall receive the reward of our indifference in increased hostility . LET US UP AND DO IT I Ever your faithful Servant , Feabocs O'Coxsor . Carlisle , Wednesday
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ChaBACTEB OF THE PaRSOSS BT THE " TlME 8 "Many recent cases have unhappily shown us that members of the clerical profession can be depraved and infamous ; but the action tried on the Home Circuit on Monday proves that they can also be mean , roguish , and contemptible . From the sravest enormities to the pettiest frauds—from the hi ghest crime to the lowest cunning—from incest , adultery , and cruelty , to avjirice , chicanery , and slander , we find the ministers of the Church affording the worst aud most flagrant instances of the rices we have rawed . —Thursday , A ^ ril 2 .
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THE POLISH INSURRECTION . The following extracts are from a letter written by a lad y of rank in Pssen , and addressed to a friend in this country : — Fosen , March 9 . . My Dsab , —Sinee I wrote last we have suffered much and severel y , and are still uncertain what may await us . You nave probably learned from the public papers that our anxious anticipations of a revolution were continually augmenting . The government was as much awake to the symptoms as ourselves , and at three different periods innumerable arrests have taken place , each serving to
exasperate jet more the youthful portion of our population , who believed that their turn to revolt was come , for more than fifteen years cannot pass without a new generation ' s renewing the attempts in which their parents have hitherto failed . Our youth have been always the first to rise , and now , more than ever , it has been the verj young who have insisted on making the attempt . In vain the rational refused to take part with them , sajing , "It is impossible—this is not the moment—let us wait , " —they could not understand this language , and their plans were arranged , extending to every part of ancient Poland : it is even said ( and it is the enemy who say it ) that their measures were well concerted . But the
Russian police got scent of these plaas , and revealed the whole to the Prussian government , in consequence of which , such enormous numbers were arreated that no movement took place here . But it had been arranged that the revolution sheuld commence everywhere on tha same . day—at Cracow , where the government had n ' ot been forewarned as it was here , the Austrians on duty in the town were driven out—everything was done in the most admirable order , and with extreme mildness . Excepting that the Russian and Austrian eagles werejbroken and trampled in the dirt , no land of violence was committed , nor any spirit of revenge shown , though God knows , the provocation of long years of oppression was not wanting . Those who desired to leave Cracow were at liberty to do so , and a guard even was given to the Prussian Consul who remained in the town . The provisional government was formed of respectable and moderate persons , and not a drop of blood was shed , for the Austrians , as usual , fled as soon as they perceived the probability of danger .
In Gallicia things have taken a most melancholy turn . During the fifty year * that GaUicia has belonged to the Austrians , they have dene all in their power to persuade the people that it had always formed a part of Austriathat Polaad had obtained possession of it for some years , and that those yean had been very unhappy for the country— that the Poles were their enemies , and always treated them as a conquered people , and that since Austria had repossessed herself of GaUicia , the inhabitants were far more happy , and ought to bless their adorable sovereign and his government . Tou , who have so long resided there , know-how adorabla they . are , and how happy the people ; but it is not difficult to persuade those who have no means of knowing better , that things are much worse elsewhere . When th « revolutioa of
Cracow broke out , the gorernment in Gallicia took the alarm , and formed guards of safety , composed of the peasants , to whom arms were given , and on the first indication uf revolt ( same horses being taken by force from a postmaster ) , a reward of ten florins good money ( equivalent to £ 1 sterling ) , was promised for every insurgent , living or dead , who should be given up to the Austrian authorities . The spies and agents of the Austrian government then played their part , intoxicating thtpcasants , in order to produce in them the proper degree of excitement , and thus inducing them to massacre some individuals who attempted to defend themselves . The promised reward for these bodies having been paid , and the pillage of th « ir houses tolerated , the peasants attacked all they met in the streets , on the public roads , and even in the houses , and a horrible massacre took place .
The troops of the republic of Cracow had repaired to Gallida , intending to join the resolution which was to have begun simultaneously with that of Cracow ; but the ; were met by Austrian regiments far more numerous than themselves , and receiving no aid from the inhabitants , who had been already massacred , they were defeated , and mostly cut to pieces by the excited peasants , the Austrian authorities continuing to pay for every dead body brought in , and tho Austrian troops looking on , without endeavouring to prevent any of these horrors . I feel , while writing these details , that you will have difficulty in believing them , and that these to whom they are related must suppose them to be exaggerated , but my husband has just arrived from GaUicia , having performed a part of the journey in company with the Tice-President of that province ( indeed , it would have been impossible at that moment to have travelled otherwise ) , and the Tice-Presiuent told him that in the whole circle of Tarnow there were not more than three or four proprietors
who had escaped the massacre . You may imagine in what a state we have been . When my husband arrived here , advantage was taken of his name to spread the report that he had returned from GaUicia , where he had been to commence the revolution , that it had broken out everywhere , that it was quite time to begin it here , and that it was disgraceful that the government should have so easily succeeded in suppressing it at Posen . Many poor dupes believed this , and an attempted attack on Posen was the consequence ; but having neither chief nor plan , and with many spies among tbeir number , they naturally foiled—some ' were kiUed , many arrested , and among them several people in the employ of my husband , which led to the belief that he was concerned in it . Here , then , was fresh cause for anxiety—a prison awaited him , and fer some days we were every moment expecting him to be arrested ; this , however , tormented me less than the rest , for , as he positively had nothing to do with it , I had no doubt the truth would soon be evident , and it appears that it is so , for hehas not been moleBted .
The students of the college here being suspected , orders were given to four of the masters to visit their homes , and search for arms and othsr proofs . This , which is the business ofthea « ents of police , the masters very properly refused to do , therefore the college has been closed , it is said for six weeks , but some think altogether . A secoad college at Tzemasvne is also closed , because suspicions have been awakened as to the fidelity of the pupils to the principles there inculcated . This is a great calamity . The government is no w pursuing a system of petty prosecutions , with demonstrations of hatred and
revenge towards the entire province , and even towards individuals in no way connected with the late movements , which appear to me very dangerous and ill-advised , for they tend to exasperate those who are most disposed to remain quiet It is said that the people in the kingdom ( Russian Poland ) are beginning to rise ; but we have no positive news , all are intercepted . God knows how it will end . You may conceive that , in such a state of things , it is difficult to find time for letter . writing . Oar habitual occupations are not diminished ; many new duties added ; and , as you may suppose , our condition , both soul and body , is deplorable .
The children do write , but sometimes their young imaginations lead them to represent things in a manner that makes it impossible to send their letters , the impressions of the mom * nt ( often terrible ) inducing them to form judgments which I should be sorry to transmit to England . Sometimes their letters are not of a nature to be sent to the post , and the difficulties I make about sending their letters discourage them from writing . Some have only waited a word of explanation from me , which I have HOtfounda moment toadd , and others have been despatched , but I perceive have never reached you . Do not be uneasy about our persons — nothing will happen to them-,. The town is fortified and guarded by such an immense number of troops , that it would be
madness to attack it . The failure of the first attempt has discouraged the most enterprising . If further efforts are made , it wUl be anywhere rather than Posen , so that we are exposed to no risk ; but as to our poor country entreat of God to have pi ty on us , for we are very wretched . We have this moment read in the Gazette of Warsaw , that the Russians have sent to Cracow their most barbarous troops , Cos 6 acks , Mussulmans , and Circassians to exterminate the insurgent . In GaUicia , the peasants will scarcely have completed their massacres , when they will in their turn be punished by death for what they are now paid to do . We are most unfortunate ! Our governments say openly , "We thought we had crushed you long ago , but since you still live , we will soon find means to exterminate you !"
What can I add to this sa 4 letter !—that , thank God , we still live » —it is even difficult to say , thank God , while we live only to witness such horrors . Adieu , pray for us ! I add yet a word to teU you the last news from Berlin . The province of Posen is regarded as in a state of war , and the town as in a state of siege—nearly unlimited power is given to the military authorities , with the right of condemning to death without reference to the King . The quantity of troops that have arrived is inconceivable , and they are to be maintained at the cost ot Uiose who are under arrest , their entire property will net suffice , for though some are rich , there are many who have nothing . A third college at Ostrow is to be closed to-morrow . Our misfor tuues increase every hour . The Jews are the most zealous allies of the Prussians ; it is they who denounce the Poles , and wh » guide the Prussians in their researches , rejoicing openly in our misfortunes .
ihe following circular has been addressed by Prince Paskciwitsch to the Russian Ministers accredited to foreign Courts , under date the 18 th of March 1810 : —• HUXajesty the Emperor having been infermed of the armed attempt committed at Siediec , and of the revolts that had broken out at Cracow , in Gallicia , and Poanauia , has addressed an nnperial ukase the directing Senate declanng the k . ngdom of Poland and th . Governments of \ olh vnia and Podoha m a state of siege Ou the other hand , no movem « ut l . ks occurred in the HTV e «¦ J > alc " l liad theh ~ uf ad - o . css . n to joa . Gall , ™ bem ( J ^ .
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attack directedagainst Posen , order has not been materially disturbed in the grand duchy . I have thought proper , sir , to forward to you this information , to enable you to contradict the erroneous accounts circulated by foreign journals . Thetbree assasiins tf Siedlechave suffered capital punishment The penalty of two of the instigators of the revolt , who , however , shed no blood , has been commuted into transportation and hard labour in the mines . May these instances of the speed y punishment of crime prevent the renewal of attempts calculated to compromise the fate of entire populations .
The country people , that is , the mass of the inhabitants , proved themselves everywhere faithful to the government , and resisted the seductions held out tothcm . The peasants , guided b y their good sense , apprehended and conducted to the authorities all strangeis who presented themselves to them without passports or regular papers , and were guUty of no excesses towards them . The Prince of Wabsaw . Frontiers of Gallicia . —There is a report current that on the 13 th March , at seven a . m ., the two principal emissaries of the Polish propaganda , Theophilus Wiszniowsk y ( called also Zagorky ) and Edward Denibrowski ( or Borkowski ) were conducted under strong escort to Lemberg . The latter headed the insurgents in the skirmish with the Hussars on the
21 st of tebraary , near Nardiow , iri * the district of Brzezneza . The government had offered a reward of 1 . 000 florins ( £ 100 ) for the arrest of either of them . Wiszniowsky was arrested by two peasants of Manaiow , who discovered the fugitive in a hay-loft , lie was in the disguise of a priest ; had shaved off his beard and made a tonsure on his head . He gave his name as Lipinski , saying he had fled from Russia on account of religious persecution . It is hoped that some light will be thrown npon the conspiracy by the arrest of these persons . The old caatle of John Sobiesky has heen converted into a prison . The Archduke Ferdinand has proceeded from Lemberg to Tarnow . He is endeavouring to suppress the ardour of the peasantry . The chiefs ot the
different districts are doing all they can to put a stop to the tragic scenes which are still continued , but it is difficult to place the bit in the mouth of an unbridled populace . The government has named different provisional delegates in the district of Tarnow to manage the political affairs . In one district where the most dreadful social disorganisation reigned , searcely eight gentlemen were left alive . The number of murders committed exceeds 300 . The castles are burnt , and the lands laid waste . The number ot persons arrested is immense . Martial law is established all through GaUicia . Troops arrive from all quarters . Posbn , March 17 . —The town is quiet . The sentences of the prisoners will be pronounced in eight
or ten days . Any persons attempting a new outbreak will be brought before a council of war , and sentence pronounced within twenty-four hours . Persons condemned to death may appeal to the royal clemency . The Gallician peasants repaired to Cracow to sell the jewels and othervaluable objects they had robbed , with the sanction of tke Austrian authorities . Count Dsikow , with seventeen of hia dependents , had valiantly defended himself in his chateau during three days and three nights , aud ultimately forced the peasants to raise the siege . The following proclamations , signed by the Emperor Ferdinand , have been published at Vienna . The first is a letter addressed to the Archduke , Governor of the Province : —
Mx beak Cousin , —During the last disturbances of Gallicia my loyal functionaries and servants in that country distinguished themselves by their presence of mind and their fidelity to accomplish their duties . They have acquired thereby rights to my satisfaction , which I acknowledge by the present . PiiDiHAND . Vienna , March 12 , 1846 . Mi Faithiol Gaiuciahs ,- —We have had t « undergo severe trials during the l << st few weeks . A conspiracy , which was got up abroad by the enemies of order and public tranquillity , has penetrated into my kingdom of GaUicia . Tou have succeeded in discovering some of the guilty parties who nourished the absurd hop * of entangling jou in their criminal projects . For the purpose of seducing you they resorted to all kinds of artifices , to promises of every d « scriptien , and they did not even hesitate to tall to their aid the most sacred sentiments .
Your fidelity , your uprightness , have rendered their attempts of non-sffect . When the conspiracy broke out , when the insurgents , ' withunprudent boldness , unfolded the revolutionary flag , they wera at once disheartened by the bold resistance which they met with on all sides . My heart longs to thank my well-beloved Gallicians for their loyalty and unshaken fidelity to th « ir sovereij-n . Your devotedness , your desire to maintain public order inviolate , hava led you to pursue this course ; and now that tha projects of the enemies of public order have ended in their own ruin , you will return to your ordinary occupations , you will prove , in short , by the rigid perfsrmance of your duty as subjects , that if you kuow how to fight for the maintenance of the laws , you likewise know how to respect them by your obedience and submission to them . ¦ Febdihand . Vienna , March 12 , 1846 . The following is an extract from a letter from Lemberg , dated the 17 th March : —
In the district of Tarnow only six landowners escaped tht general massacre ; being well acquainted with M . Breinal , the chief magistrate of the district , they were warned , and songht refuge with their families in the town of Tarnow , under the protection of the Austrian troops . The fine lands of Gorky and Glluy , belonging to the Princess de ligne , wife ef the Belgian ambassador at Paris , Princess Lubomirska by birth , have been entirely laid waste ; nearly aU her servants have been murdwred . The castle of the Prince , which is within cannon-shet of Tarnow , escaped owing to its being occupied by Austrian troops . The castle of Baranow , on the borders of the Vistula , the property of Count Karasicki , rich in histori . cal events , and dear to the memory of every Pole was
sacked , as well as the castles of Dubiecko and Meadrzychow . ¦ The last , one of the finest in Gallicia , is the property of Countess Arthur Potocka . On certain occasions the peasants acted in a manner which seemed to imply that they blindly obeyed some high and unrelenting command , When they surrouuded the castle of Count Kotanki , the count , who had always acted as a father towards them , wished to persuade them to abstain from their horrible conduct . They h ' stened to him , and answered him coldly that he must prepare to die . He entreated them to allow him time to die as a good Christian ; they consented , and even gent themselves for the village priests . As soon as this worthy citizen , who was belovad by the whole provinee , had made his confession to the prittt , they dispatched him with their daggers .
At the present moment , armed bands of peasants scour the country and burn and pillage . The government will , no doubt , take measures to stop these atrocities ; but , as yet , none of the peasants have baen arrested . The daring of the peasants if increased , as they think that they will be rewarded by the government . Cracow , 22 » nMarch . —Sincethe 21 st , no women are allowed to go from Podgorze to Cracow without a permission from the police , with the exception of the market-women . All the peasants who enter are searched . These latter have changed a quantity of notes , from 10 to 100 florins ( £ 1 to £ 10 ) , ignorant of their value . They state that they have received the rates from the Austrian authorities as payment for the heads of the nobles , but it is equally probable that they have been stolen . The news from Gallicia is still anything but satisfactory . Excitement has not subsided at Lemberg . It is reported that Miroslowski has escaped from prison .
Poses . —It is difficult to express the feeling which pervades at Posen , owing to the executions which took place in Poland . The Poles are furious at the manner of deatb inflicted by hanging . It is said that Panteleon Potocki , who was sentenced to death , has been poisoned in his prison . Otherexecutiens are expected to follow . The Russian government , now that banishment is so common an occurrence , do not deem it efficient enough for striking terror into the public mind . At Posen great excitement prevails . The number of prisoners amounts to 500 . An officer in the Belgian service has been arrested . The persons who were arrested on the 14 th have been sent to Solembourg , near Kustrin . Count Dzialynski has been set at liberty .
f he following is a list of the persons of rank ar-. rested at Posen : —The Counts Constants and Ignatz »?» n ? " ? dlslas Lonslt '» Sevcrin Miclsynski ; MM . 1 ' ius Arnold , Alphonse de Bealkowsky , de Bialos Ivorski , retired lieutenant in the Prussian service , StaniBlas dc Biesiekierski , formerly colonel in the Polish service , Bribrowioz , Alex , de Brudzcwski , Arthur Berewmski , author ( these two latter were arrested in Austria ) , Bronislau de Uombrowski , dc Gonsiorowski ( physician ) , Alex , de Gutray , the brothers Andreas Valentin and Stanislas tie Jc-Iowiezki , Jaukowski , and Wadislas de Kosinski , retired lieutenant in the Prussian service . The ecclesiastics belonging to the arcbi-episconal seminary have been released . Svr
, ? ^ "hssmww M A T , IY by the Gekmass J . t r ^? - - ^ Icam from the German Pilot , published in 1 ans . that the sum of 5420 francs has been subscribed by 3700 German friend 3 of Poland , in aid ot the brave people of that country . " According to one of the Germln ' newJSpeS ' ifc would , appear , says the National , " that the three powers are going to address a uote to the French Cabinet respecting the right of asylum Thev have taken in earnest tkelamous expression of M . Guizot ,
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' France ought not to become the den of conspirators . ' They will consequently demand that hospitality be refused to those Poles who are proud of the name of insurgents—proud of their endeavours to excite their countrymen to exertion-proud of their glorious attempt to throw off the yoke of the oppressor—and who would again rebel to-morrow if the moment appeared propitious to them . There is , however , one little misfortune attending this note of the three powers . It is that the whole of France participates in the hopes of Poland ; that both Chambers have , for the lastfifteenyeavs , proclaimed Polish nationality to be imperishable ; that with another government those declarations would not prove sterile ; and that
the country would hail with transport anything which might be done by a determined and intelligent power to re-establish in , its rights that friendly people whose courage is the theme of universal praise . The re-establishment of Poland as a nation is , moreover , a matter of the deepest moment . The whole of Europe is interested in it , for barbarism is hovering over the unhappy kingdom . Its resurrection would prove a bulwark against invasion . " Fjienck Demonstration in Favour op the Polhs . —In several parts of France demonstrations of gympathy with the Poles were daily taking place , accompanied by cries of " Down with the King I" " Down > with Guuot I "
According to a letter from Dijon , of the 24 th , the mayor of the city gave permission for a representation fur the benefit of the Poles , to bs composed of the " Muette de Portici" and the " Espionne Russe , " concluding with the Yarsovicnne and Cracovienne . But it appears that the Counsellor of the Prefecture , acting as Prefect during the absence of that functionary , thinking that the permission \ yas unadvisedly given , made a telegraphic communication of it to the Minister of the Interior , who sent back an order . forbidding the representation . It had been announced for Friday , but when the public came they found the doors shut , and upon them placards signifying that the theatre was closed by order of superior authority . Upon this the populace became dissatisfied , and paraded the streets singing the " Marsellaise , " and uttering seditious cries . The crowd was soon dispersed , but assembled again en Saturday and Sunday , repeating their riotous proceedings . The
magistrates , however , haying taken the precaution of calling in some additional troops , several of the most outrageous were arrested , and , as it was fully believed on Monday , all further disturbance prevented . —Le Mans ( Sarthe ) was on Saturday the theatre of demonstrations in favour of tho Polish cruse , similar to those noticed in other places . Between eight and nine in the evening a great number of persons assembled in the Place de llalles , whence they proceeded through the different quarters of the town , sang the " Marsellaise , " the " Varsovienne , " and the " Guerre aux Tyrans , " but uttering no other cry than " Vive la Pologna ! " At ten they returned to the Place de Halles , when a man in the centre proclaimed with a loud voice , that it was to be the last night for the songs and other manifestations in honour of the Poles , upon which all dispersed in peace and silence . The next morning the mayoi issued an interdiction against such demonstrations .
. . ' Paris , Sunday . M . Guizot is endeavouring to do something to conciliate the popular feeling toward Poland , and with that view he has , it is confidently asserted , applied to Lord Aberdeen , proposing that French and English Consuls be immediately appointed at Cracow ( where such functionaries do not at present exist ) , and whose mission would have for its object to watch over the proceedings of the three powers , in order to oppose any defensive encroachment against the freedom awarded to that great city by the treaty of Vienna .
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of the people . ( Great checnni : ) . Another great principle ot the resolution was , that it declared the division of the people into classes was the cause of their miseries , and hence it proclaimed the abolition ot all privilege and class distinction . ( Hear hear ) Were not the people of England , too , cursed bv privileged orders ; did not the aristocracy seize upon the land—that land from whioh food and clothing sprun " and charged us upwards of fifty millions before they would allow us to taste of the blessings our labours produced ? ( Hear , hear . ) Then we had another class called profit-mongera—a class , of whose merits or rather demerits , you might hear of at meetings like this , but of which you seldom heard discussed elsewhere —( hear , hear)—although they were one of the
greatest curses that atiheted mankind —( loud cheers ) numbering , as they did , nearly three millions , and living wholly and solely on the labouring classes , never performing one single hour of productive labour , lhere was yet another class—the tax-eaters , who wring from the industrious millions of Britain some ntty millions per annum . Until this state of things was altered there was bo hope for the working classes . ( Uieers . ) Rent , profit , and taxes was the conduitpipe that took away the life ' s blood of the people ( Great cheering . ) The resolution condemned this state of things , and declared the desire of the Polish Insurrectionary Government to abolish them , and hence it had his entire concurrence and hearty
support . ( Hear , hear . ) Poland was at presen «| iportioncd off by three crowned robbers ( Cheers . ) Austria , who was spoken of with the greatest respect in the two houses , also by her Miijesty , had basely offered fifteen florins for a live Polish nobleman , and thirty for a dead one ! There was another tyranthe begged pardon , for he supposed he must not call the king of Prussia a tyrant ; as ke was godfather to the heir apparent to the British throne —( laughter)—he , too , had a share of the Rpoil , and was one of the gaolers and executioners of Poland . He cordially concurred with every sentiment in the resolution , and he was sure the meeting would carry it unanimously with enthusiasm . ( Great cheering . )
Mr . W . Towxsend seconded the resolution , and said—It was objected that " this was not the time . " What , was it not tha time for a man to have his dinner when he was hungry ? What , not the time to save a man when he was under the wheels of a waggon ? Poland was oppressed , and surely , being oppressed , it must be the time to relieve her from oppression . ( Great cheering . ) The resolution was carried unanimously . Me-srs . Keen and Stallwood having addressed the meeting ,
Mr . Julian Harney moved the adoption of the following resolution : — " That this meeting acknowledges with grateful pleasure the addresses of the Polish democrats published in the Nort hern Star of March 28 th ; and , heartily responding to the declaration of principles by our Polish brothers , we pledge them our fraternal aid in establishing the independence , freedom , and equality of the Polish people . " Mr . Harney spoke at some length in exposition of tho wrongs of Poland , and in denunciation of her oppressors . Mr . Pattendek seconded the motion , which was carried unanimously . A vote of thanks was given by acclamation to the chairman , and "three cheers for Poland and Liberty" closed the proceedings .
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State or Trade in Ubadfoiid . —The introduction of machinery to comb wool has had a deplorable cfttict on the operatives amployed iu that branch of industry , and the hope of the woolcomber , that ingenuity could not produce a machine capable of combing foreign wool , has been fallacious . Mnchines of u novel iiiul superior construction ar « now iu full operation , and have buen the cause of sending hundreds of industrious familie * to beg or starvo in the streets . A collection has been mude , amounting to £ 800 , to find employment for the able-bodied at ls . per day . This fund cannot last many days , and unless tnido alters speedily tho workmen in other brunches are likely to be in tho same condition as the woolcombvrs .
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THE CHARTER AND THE LAND . Placards having heen circulated announcing that Feargus O'Connor , Esq ., would deliver , i lecturo on the ubove subjects , at the Brunswick Hall , Hopumakers ' - flulds , Limtliouse , on Tuesday evening , March 31 st , long before the hour of meeting every nook and cranny of the building was densely and inconveniently crowded . Mr . Edmunb Stall'Wood was unanimously called to the chair , aud briefly stated t 6 : « s objuuts of the meeting , and read the following letter from Mr . O'Connor , who was detained at Manchester on the business of the Chartist Co-operative Land Society — " 54 , GreatMurlborough-stre « t , | "Tuesday Morning :, 31 st March , 18-ltf . Sir
" , —Mr . O'Connor having received the particulars of an estate for sale , was obliged to leave London at a moment ' s notice ; ne has therefore desired me to write to you , as chairman , for the purpose of apologising to the meeting , and to explain to them the cause of his absence ; and to assure you and them that nothing but the emergency of the case , and the desirability of placing as many members of the Land Society as there is any possibility of doing at its first location , would have induced him to be absent ou bo interesting an occasion , " I have the honour to be , sir , "Your v « y obedient servant , "William Hewitt . " The Chaibmak said , —Although Mr . O'Connor was absent—and being absent on such business would afford them as much pleasure us his presence ( outers ) they would find a very able substitute in Mr . JI'Gratli , whom he wonld now introduce to their notice .
Mr . Pniwp M'Gbath rose , loudly upplauded , and entered most lucidl y and ably into tho objects of the Chartist Co-operative Land Society , and adduced as a proof of the practicability of the scheme the treat mass of money accumulated by the Middle and upper classes by the construction of railways , < tc ., and asked what was to prevent the working classes from co-operating together , and obtaining the like advantages on the land , and thus retain the wealth thoy created for their own advantage , and prevent the awful scenes now nightly represented of the daughtars of industry walking the streets , victims to the cupidity and lust of those who , by their labour , they support in indolence , and their aged parents , in their day of adversity , driven to the Union Workhouse . Ia order . to carry on the operations of the society it would be
necessary t » buy and sell estates ; yet the members wouldhive every security by having their land aua cottageat a specified nominal rental on lease for 999 years . ( Cheers . ) Thus , he thought , it must be clear " that tha Chartist Co-operative Land Society was the very bust Building Socisty ever established . They were now recsiving at the rate of three hundredpounds per week as instalments on shares . In Mr . O'Connor ' s narrative of his travels in Belgium , they might see what advantages and happiness plots of land conferred ou the people of tlsat country . In Switzerland the natives nre , lor the same reason , pro . verbially light-hearted , contentment beaming iu their countenances , happiness flushing in each eye . ( Loud
cheers . ) In Jorsey the Small Farm system produced wealth in such abundance that the residents of that isle were continually exporting their produce to other countries ; while Mr . J . S . Buckingham , the great traveler , stated that the possession of the land and the suffrage had not only brought plenty around the door of every cottage in America , but that education and all the social virtues followed in their wake . Several questions ware asked , and answered to the satisfaction of the nuetiug , which was evinced by the loudest applause . A large number of rules was disposed of , and several shares ivere taken up . After a few words from Messrs . Frazer and John Shaw , a vote of thanks was given to the lecturer ; and a like compliment kaviug been paid the chairman , the meeting dissolved .
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Execution at Leicester . —The unfortunate man , VVilliam Jlubbard , expiated his offence of murJering his wife by the ignominious death of being hanged on the scaffold on Wednesday morning . The carpenters have been busily engaged for the last fe \ r days in preparing the scatFold formerly used at the gaol , which in this instance was erected in the open , space in front of th g General Infirmarr and County Bridewell . Since tue condemnation of llubbard he
lias manifested an ignorant and sullen disposition . Policemen have been in attendance upou him night and day . and the rev . chaplain used his endeavours to bring him to repentance , but in vain . He more than once used his exertions to inflict bodily injury on the police , until the governor ordered him to be ironed . The unhappy culprit , determined on pining himself to death , actually went without food two daj ; s . His friends and relations have been constantly
visiting him , but in most of the interviews he displayed the utmost indifterence of his position , telling the rev . chaplain and his friends " he wanted none of them . " On Tuesday evening he was removed from the Borough Gaol to the House of Correction , where he slept soundly till near six o ' clock . As early as two o ' clock the people began to assemble , and gradually kept on the increase until eight o ' clock , from all parts of the county , when there could not be less than 25 000 people present . At ten minutes ftttey eight o clock thu officers made their appearance on tho platform , followed b y the unhappy man and the executioner , an old man , upwards of seventy , with locks
grey , and ferocious appearance . The prisoner walked up the ladder with a firm step to the edge ot the drop , when he made a stand , apparently wah a view to say sumethin to the crowiS , but all he uttered wjs- " 1 have not had a fair trial or a just sentence . " He repeated this three times , when the executioner placed the fatal cord to the beam—a bystander on the platform pushing him en the dropthe bolt was then drawn , ami the unhappy man was launched into eternity . He once raised his left leg : i great height and let it fall . Alter a few twitchings ot the hands and body ho ceased to move ; and after haying hung the usual time he was taken down and
placed in a shell . No ministei-attenikd him on the scaffold , and Jack K (|^ i / 'draggeil ; ' th ^ - « ip over his face in a ruffianly kinoW 9 u » n * ner 4 ho'Wtt $ bnii $ ? d a » you would hang a dog . ' The liKht-fiiiatreiLgEhwy were present ftillowingJMir usnaKayijoftyi < vw W hen "'ill such brutalising / SCi nss . qc ' ase . ^ bo ; ui jijsjed ? Thev arc a disgrace um >( [ ety . — fom&oyt ' jpfy * > : -y p / * j fc r & : . ?¦ ¦ , v , v 4 ^ 50 < rA - " - " ¦ yn * ' " ¦" ' \ " V -i-u «^ ..
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o > LIBERTY FOR POLAND . A numerous and respectable public meeting , to sympathise aud assist heroic Poland , was held at the South London Chartist Hall , Blackfriar ' s-road , on Monday evening , March 30 th . Mr . John Gathard was unanimously called to the chair . A string of resolutions , similar to those passed at the Crown and Anchor Tavern , was submitted , and carried unanimously . Mr . T . Clark , in rising to move the first resolution , said . the object ef this meeting was to afford die men of South London an opportunity of expressing their opinion on the conduct of the governments of Russia , Austria , and Prussia . He conceived it our duty to sympathise with our oppressed brethren
of " ail nations . ( Hear , hear . ) Governments of all nations , without exception , appeared to treat the people as mere wealth-creating machines , to produce wealth for the aristocracy aad middle classes to consume . No doubt the English people possessed more liberty than Poland , although he denied that they had a country to fight for . He contended that Poland should hare the right of governing herself . He could not conceive what right the Emperor of Russia had to go and take upon himself the government of Poland ; were he to come here and conquer us by his military hordes , and set up a government , the people would look upon him as a usurper and a despotic tyrant . ( Hear , hear . ) Well , what was true here was equally true in Poland .
That unfortunate nation was now trampled upon by a triple tyranny , and he thought the English government would be fully justified in interfering in her behalf . ( Loud cheers . ) In Poland the people had not the right to meet in public and express their opinions . In England popular rights might be obtained by moral force , and he trusted no other means would ever be employed . They had been abused for the expression of their sentiments at the Crown and Anchor by a portion of the press ; but the press generally was the organ of the landed and monied interest , and by their recent articles , left us to infer that the government was the representative » f the same interests , and , consequently , that no aid could bo expected from it in favour of any revolution ,
except it was a middle-class revolution . ( Hear , hear . ) He did not deny the right of the press to pass iheir strictures on any movement ; but allowing their right , he or any one else had an equal right so to do . ( Hear , hear . ) No country , Ireland excepted , had so much cause of complaint as Poland . The Times had admitted that , circumstances existed which would j ustify revolt , and at the same time took the unmanly part of condemning the insurrection . He had much pleasure in submitting the resolution . It was precisely similar to one submitted at the Crown and Anchor , which had been condemned by the press , in order to test their opinion as to whether kings had any more right to rob than private individuals . He would venture to affirm they held precisely the same
opinion as their brethren who met at tke Crown and Anchor . ( Great cheering . ) Mr . George White , of Bradford , seconded the resolution , and said ho was just come from Yorkshire , and he represented the sentiments of at least a million and a half of persons , when he said the people of that district deeply sympathised with Poland . ( Hear , hear . ) The cause of Poland was the cause ol humanity in general . He had learned from the rotten London papers , and they were all rotten except one , the Northern Star —( loud cheers , )—that the despots were hanging up the patriots by wholesale . ( Shame ! shame !) Had the reforming government of 1830 done their duty and been sincere ,
Poland would then have gained her rights and have been saved the miseries of tho present struggle . CUear , hear . ) He contended that the cause of Poland was . the cause of every man . Poland contended for the right of self-government , for the right to live andenjoy freedom , which was the right of all . There was not a more noble people on the face of the earth . The Cracow manifesto was a glorious one , and worthy of all imitation . ( Hear , hear . ) It did not demand a mere ten-pound vote , but pure democratic equality , and the right to the land for the benefit of afl . ( Loud cheers . ) Let them not be dismayed by any temporary defeat , but press onward , remember ing that
" Freedom ' s battle once bogun , Bequeathed by bleeding tire to son , Though baffled oft , is ever won . " —( Loud cheers . ) The resolution was cawied unanimously . Mr . P . M'Grath , in moving the second resolution , said , the recent articles in the public papers , in opposition to their present movement , adduced no arguments . ( Hear , hear . ) The resolution he had the honour to liiuve , was an epitome of the political creed of every honest man . ( Hear , hear . ) One of the principles there laid down had been enunciated by a previous speaker , viz , that tho laud belonged to universal man . ( Loud cheers . ) Had this meeting been convened for any inferior jjurposc , it would have been quite unworthy the attention of the democrats
of Briton —( hear , hear ); but Poland had not risen for mere nationality ; no , shcdeclarcd the soil to be the property of all , and desired to found a government based on the nure principle of democracy—( great cheering ); and hence she deserved the support of overy honest man . They had seen a revolution in Belgium , in which the Belgians broke the Dutch yoke with the aid of France ; but thatcrafty monarch , Louis Philippe , had , for motives of self-interest , caused a monarch—a creature of his own—to be placed on the throne , instead of the people establishing a government for themselves . France , too , had thrown off one despot to be only succeeded by auothcr . ( Hear , hear . ) Well , he trusted Poland would take a lessou from those tlriu » s , and , iu the true spirit of the Cracow manifesto , establish a true sovereignty
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¦ THE TEN HOURS' BTLL . £ ** -r F ¦———
» . " .. PUBLIC MEETING AT DUNDEE . ' On Monday evening a public meeting of male and feriiale'tactory-workers was held in Bail Sireot Hall , ¦ fortho ' purpone of petitioning Parliament in favour of ; Lord Ashley ' s Ten Hours' Bill , and of thanking ¦ the Free ; Church Presbytery "for the independent stand . thCTha je made on this question . " Tha hall was den 8 ely ^ r {) i # deci . Mr . DAvn ) 'Eii ( DSEY , tenter , having been called to the chair , expressed in a few words his conviction that ¦ the factory-system" was hurtful to tho health and to
tho moral and intellectual well-being of the operatives—that it was a system of slavery in opposition to the spirit of British liberty . He chen called on J . Graham , factory-starcher . who in a Jen , thy and argumentativespeech , proposed the first resolution : — That this meeting is of opinion that a legislative enactment restricting the continuance of factory labour to ten hours' per day it just and salutary in its nature , and a measure which it is the duty as ' well as the interest of the factory labourers to support by every legitimate means in their power .
James M'Queo , mill-foreman , seconded the resolution . He said he could bear the _ testimony of twenty-two years' experience that . the factory system was detrimental to the health . The resolution waa then put to the meeting and unanimously adopted . Richard Slater , mill-foreman , proposed the adoption of a petition founded on the foregoing resolution . Mr . Reid , mill-foremam , made a few remarks upon the advantages of shorter hours , and seconded the adoption of the petition .
An individual in the hall here rose and said , he belonged to a body of 2000 canvas weavers , who also need a legislative enactment . The evils you speak about affect our class too . Wo can produce a deal of work , and if our hours were limited we would produce leas , and our wage 3 would be better . We have long hours ; and I hope you will talco us into your cognisance . The petition was adopted unanim > isly . The CiiAinMAN here called on Mr . Muuuald , starcher , to propose a vote of thanks to the Free Presbytery . The speaker moved :
lhat the thanks of this meeting are eminently due , utid are hereby given to the Presbytery . of the l ? ree Church of Dundeo , for ths manly and dignified expression of their opinions in favour of Lord Ashley ' s Ten Hours' Bill . Mr . Watson seconded the resolution , which was adopted unanimously . Dr . Gkey proceeded with his usual vigour to denounce the evils of the factory-system . He maintained that persons under fourteen years of age should be brought up in the country , and as much as possible in the open air where they could inhale the pure oxygen from the atmosphere . ( Cheers . ) He had raised his voice long ago against long hours , knowing the consequences to which they led , Twelve
years ago he addressed a letter signed " MedicuB to _ the Dundtt Advertiur , showing how the dust in mills effected the air-passages and produced phthisis . The hours of confinement should therefore be made as short as possible to lessen these terrible consequences . " Really this is just the meeting I ought to attend , " continued the doctor . " My whole heart and soul goes with you . I am delighted to see that you are taking the right way . The Chamber of Commerce are not the people to do it , although we are all friends working together in other matters . " After some remarks on the right of the legislature to interfere , the doctor sat down , ana was greeted with three hearty cheers for the part he had taken .
It was then proposed that the petition should be sent for presentation to Mr . Duncombe ; but it having been suggested that Mr . Fielden had now the charge of the bill , and had expressed a wish that the operatives should strengthen his hands , it was agreed to entrust it to that gentleman . The Com * mitteo was instructed accordingly . A vote of thanks having been then passed to the Chairman , and another to Dr . Grey , the meeting quietly separated .
Tn The Working Classes.
Tn THE WORKING CLASSES .
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TESTIMONIAL TO T . S . DUNCOMBE , ESQ .. _ There is on view at the Parthenium , ? 2 , St . Martin ' s-lane , one of the most beautifuland chaste specimens of exquisite workmanship it has ever been our lot to witness . , It is intended as a testimonial to Mr . Duncombe , on behalf of the working classes of Great Britain and Ireland , as a mark of their affection and regard . Few public men have earned for themselves the esteem and gratitude of their countrymen in such a degree as Mr . Duncombe ; few have battlod so vigorously or so manfully for the labouring classes , even against the prejudices of his " own order ; " and he has had his reward in possessing the confidence of a large portion of his
feliowsubjecta . Mr . Duncorabe entered public life at an early age , with all the preconceived notions incidental to his birth and rank ; he was himself one of the aristocracy—of the privileged order ; yet , up to the present hour—in times of great and imminent peril—he has continued the ardent and unflinching advocate of the working classes of this country . Through good report and through evil , report he clung to them ; in iheir fallen fortunes he never forsook them ; in their direst necessities he counselled , advised , and reproved them—preserving , threugh ^ very change , his firm and unshaken loyalty to the Crown and Constitution of England ; and his affectionate regard , esteem , and sympathy with those whose lot it is to earn their bread by daily and laborious toil . Few public men in England stand in a higher position than the hon . member for
Finsbury . He is the representative of the working classes—of the industry , and talent , and ingenuity of the British artisan ; he speaks their sentiments , and ably expeunds their wishes in the Imperial Parliament . As a member of the aristocracy , he is listened to with respect and attention in the most aristocratic assembly on this earth ; as an advocate of the poor man , he is unrivalled ; for the case of his numerous clients is put forward with an energy and skill which could not be surpassed if the wrongs were his own . Grateful , then , must it be to his feelincs to have his exertions and intentions appreciated by the working classes of the British nation ; and it confers the highest honour on the intelligence . ind worth of that class of our fellow-subjects , to witness the deep gratitude they entertain for their patriotic defender .
The design of this " piece of plate" about to be presented to Mr . Duncombe is exquisitely beautiful : it is the work ef Mr . Grant , by whom it was modelled , and executed in silver by Messrs . Garrard . It weighs 800 ounces , is mounted on ebonj ; measures in height three feet two inches , and cost the sum of £ 620 . On the top a figure , representing the spirit of British liberty , is seen rewarding the rights of her champion for defending the rights of her country from oppression and injustice ; and in two of the panels of the base are bassi rekivi representing
on one side a mechanic in prosperity , and on the other a mechanic in adversity . On the third panel is beautifully engraved the following inscription : — " Presented to Thomas Slingsby Duncombe , Esq ., M . P ., by many of the working classes of Great Britain and Ireland , as a mark of their affection and gratitude for his patriotic , manly , and consistent advocacy of the rights of the people . " On the angles of the plinths are groups of boys , emblematical of trade , commerce , and the fine arts , directing attention to the following patriotic votes and motions of the hon . member in the House of Commons .
" 1828 . Voted for the repeal of the Tests and Corporation Acts . " 1829 . Voted for Catholic Emancipation . " 1832 . Voted for the Reform Bill . " 1841 . Moved for an amnesty to all Political Prisoners ( which motion was lost only by tha casting vota of the Speakor ) . " 1812 . Presented the great National Petition , signed by 3 , 340 , 000 of the working classos , praying that the People ' s Charter might become the law ol the land , and moved that the petitioners be allowed to set forth their grievances at the bar of the House of Commons .
" 1842 . During the progress ot the Income and Property Tax Bill , established the right of the people to petition against a tax pending its discussion in Parliament , of which right they had been deprived upwards of 150 years . " 1843 . Moved for an inquiry into the judicial conduct of Lord Abinger , and certain magistrates , in reference to political and other prisoners . " 1844 . Moved the abolition of the Ecclesiastical Courts . " 1844 . Strangled the infamous Masters' and Servants ' Bill . " 1845 . Moved for an inquiry into the conduct of the Home Secietary , relative to the Post-office espionage . " Advocated the principles of Religious Liberty , Commercial Freedom , and Equality of Civil and Political Rights throughout tho British Empire . "
Of the whole proceedings we can only say . that it confers a high and deserved honour on a useful public man , and a reward of which the proudest and most distinguished of his cotemporaries might bo justly proud . Long may he continue to enjoy the esteem and gratitude of his fellow-countrymen , by the performance of acts which not only confer an honour on the assembly to which he belongs , but are calculated to advance tho liberties and promote the prosperity of the whole human family . —Morning Advertiser .
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VOL . X . NO . 438 * LONDON , SATURDAY , APRIL 4 , 1846 ^ TrtvBnHw * « . ' . .. FiTe Shilling * and Sixpence per Quarter
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AND NATIONAL TRADES' JOURNAL .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), April 4, 1846, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1361/page/1/
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