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Finn at the Giltspuu-Stkeet: , Compter. — On Monday evenmg between 7 and 8, an alarm wa«
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Axotiieb Coal-Mine Explosiox at Bilston, Staffordsuiuk. — On Monday morning a second exolosion
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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gggg = I ' -t-AMERICAN WORKING * MEN'S MOVEMENT . ' EMANCIPATION OF LABOUR AND TUE LAND . By late arrivals from the United States we have been put in possession of copies of Young America and the Allans Freeholder to the 21 st ult ., inclusive . These papers contain cheering intelligence of the progress of the Agrarian movement in the States . We are under the necessity of postponing extracts
until ournext , to make way for the most important , and most admirable speech of Senator Caluounon the Oregon question , given below , but our readers way expect a treat next week . We confine ourselves this week to reprinting the following summary of European news , aa published in Young America 01 March 21 st : — NEWS FROM THE LAND STEALING DESPOTISMS . The Tribune has received , by expre ss from Halifax , news by the steamer Hibernia twenty-two days later from Europe . Four Xorthern Stars have also come to hand .
The British troops in India have had a great battle with the Sikbe , in which aboutSO . OOO of the latter and 4 , 000 of the former were killed aud wounded !!! The names of the British officers are gazetted , andihe rest of the lacklanders destroyed are numbered by the lamp , as our corporation agents would number the loads of street manure dumped on board of a Jersey market boat . They are gone for eternity , as well as the 30 , 000 victims who were fighting for their own land ! Think of the thousands upon thousands of fathers , mothers , wives , sisters , and brothers , thus made mourners : This game will go on , as long as the Land-lords and Honey-lords of England have fire millions oilackUmders at their disposal . It would be the greatest peace measure ever adopted to maVe an American Republic of Britain , even if it cost a hundred thousand lives to effect it . The British Government are trying hard to recruit their army , and the democratic Chartists are making the cry of "Uo Vote ! So Musket !! " mound throughout the
island . The Land Reform is going on steadily , paving the way for the Revolution abead . The plundered l&cklanders of Ireland continue to kill their oppressors , and the govermnmi areproposing at the same time measures of relief and coercion , butno restoration of the soil . ¦» — ^
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sstim .-. tes . Even that , it is probable , would fall much shoit of the reality assuming the sum stated should be annually required . It would be difficult to obtain loans in Eu'ope ; for , owing to the conduct of some of the States in reference to repudiation , 'and other causes not necessary to state , the feeling of Europe would , I fear , be cenerally against ns , wliile our own resources would not ba sufficient to raise the sum required without a great depreciation of our credit , with a loss of 20 , 30 , or even 40 per cent , before the termination of the war , in contracting loans , or in consequence of the depreciation of our paper circulation . Including all , our public debt would , at the end of the struggle , be probably not less than C 6 (» , O 00 , 000 or 700 . 000 , 000 dollars . But this is not all .
« ' We would be plunged into the paper system as deeply as we were in the days of the revolution ; and would terminate the war with a mortgage of 600 , 000 , 000 dols . or 700 , 000 , 000 on the labour of our people—for on labour the whole must fall untimately , while a Iarg 3 portion of this vast amount would go into the pockets ot those who struck nota blow , nor lost a drop of Wood in the contest , and who acquired their gains by seizingupon the distress of the government to drive hard and usurious bargain * . In addition , we should have the difficult task to perform of restoring to a sound state a greatly depreciated paper circulation , or of extricating ourselves fi \ , tn it whatever way we might—a task which cannot be performed without great distress to the country and ruinous effect to that large and usually the enterprising portion of the community , the debtors . The effects of all this would be highly injurious to the social relations of the people . A powerful artificial class would be created on one side , and a poor and dependent one on the other .
"Nor would its effect on our political institutions be less disastrous . Such a war would obliterate the line of distinction in a great measure , between the Federal and the State governments , by conferring on the former vastly increased power and influence . We should hear uo more of state rights . TlwTedwalgo \ eTrm » e'utwou'M then become a great national consolidated government . Our very success would give a military impulse to the public mind and to the character of the government , which it would be hard , if possible , to overcome , and which would seek conquest after conquest until a spirit
would be engendered totally inconsistent with the genius of our system of government . It would then be in the straight and downward road , wMch leads where so manyfree states have terminated their career—a military despotism . In the mean time , we would have to provide for three or iour successful generals , who would soon be competing for the presidency ; and before the generation which waged the war would have passed away , they might possibly witness a contest between hostile generals for that supreme office—a contest between him who might conquer Mexico , and him who might conquer Canada , terminated by the sword .
"I appeal to the gentlemen who are the warm advocates for 'all of Oregon or none , ' regardless of this mighty hazard , and whose separation from us on this qnestion I regret , and solemnly put the question to them —is it for you—you , who assume to be democrats par excellence—you who are the enemies of the paper system , and of all artificial classes in society—it is for you to support a course of policy which might lead to such disastrous consequences ! " But I oppose war , not simply on the patriotic ground of a citizen looking to the freedom and prosperity of his own country , but on still broader grounds , as a friend of improvement , civilisation , and progress . Viewed in reference to them , at no period has it ever been so desirable to preserve the general peace which now blesses the world .
Never in its history has a period occurred so remarkable a * that which has elapsed since the termination of the great war in Europe , with the battle of Waterloo , for the greatadvancesmadeinalltheseparticulars . Chemical and mechanical discoveries and inventions have multiplied bi-yond all former example , adding with their advance to the comforts of life in a degree far greater and more universal than all that was ever known before . Civilisation has during the same period spread its influence far and wide , and the general progress in knowledge , and its diffusion through all ranks of society , has outstripped all that has ever gone before it . The two great agents of the physical world have become subject to the will of man , and made subservient to his wants and enjoyments ; I allude to steam and electricity , under whatever name the latter may be called . The former has overcome distance both on land and water , to an extent of which former gentrations had not the least conception to he possible . It has , in effect , reduced the Atlantic to half its former
width , while , at the same time , it has added threefold to the rapadity of intercourse by land . Withiu the same period , electricity , the greatest and most diffused of all known physical agents , has been made the instrument for the transmission of thoughts , I will not say with the rapidity of lightning but by lightning itself . Magic wires are stretching themselves in all directions over the earth , and when their mystic meshes shall have been united and perfected , our globe itself will become endowed with sensitiveness , so that whatever touches on any one point , will be instantly felt on every other . All these improt « raents all this increasing civilisation — all the progress now making , would be in a great measure arrested by a war between us and Great Britain . As great as it is , isbut the commencement , the dawn of a new civilisation , more refined , more elevated , more intellectual , more moral , than the present and all preceding it . Shall it be us who shall incur the high reBposibilitv of retaining its advance , and by such a war as this would be «
" I am , in this connexion , opposed to war between the Uuited States and Great Britain . They are the two countries the furthest in advance in this great career of improvement and amelioration of the condition of our race . They are , besides , the two most commercial , and are diffusing , by their widely extended commerce , their blessings over the whole globe . We have been raised up by Providence for these great and noble purposes , and I trust we shall not fail to fulfil our high destiuj . I am , besides , especiall y opposed to war with England at this time ; because I hold that it is now to be decided whether we are to exist in future as friends or enemies . War at this time , and for this cause , would decide supremacy , we shall hereafter stand in that of enemies . It would give birth to a struggle in which one or the other would hare to succumb before it terminated , and which in the end might prove ruinous to both . Ou the contrary , if war can be avoided , powerful causes are now ia operation ,
calculated to cement and secure a lasting—I hope a perpetual—peace between the two countries , by breaking down the barriers which impede their commerce , and thereby uniting them more closely by a vastly enlarged commercial intercourse , equally beueficial to both . If we should now succeed in setting the example of free trade between us , . it would force all other civilised countries to folio w it in the end . The consequence would be to diffuse a prosperity greater and more universal than can be well conceived , and to unite , by bouds of mutual interest , the people of all countries . But , in advocating the cause of free trade , I am actuated not less by the political consequences likely to flow from it , than the advantages to be derived from it in an economical point of view . I regard it in the dispensation of Providence as one of the great means of ushering in the happy period foretold by inspired prophets and poets , when war should be ne more .
"I am , finally , opposed to war , because peace—peace is pre-eminently our policy . There may be nations , restricted to small territories , hemmed in on all sides , so situated that war may be necessary to their greatness . Such is not our case . Providence has given us an inher itance stretching across the entire contiuent from east to west , from ocean tooeean , and from north to south , covering by far the greater and better part of its temperate zone . It comprises a region not only of vast extent , but abuudantin all resources ; excellent inclimate ; fertile and exuberant iu soil ; capable of sustaining in the plentiful enjoyment of all the necessaries of life a population of ten times our present number . Our great mission , as a people is to eccupy this vast domain ; to replenish it with an intelligent , virtuous , and industrious population : to
convert the forests into cultivated fields ; to drain the the swamps and morasses , and cover them with rich harvests ; to build up cities , towns , aHd villages in every direction , and to unite the whole by the most rapid intercourse between all the parts . War would but impede th ° fulfilment of this high mission , by absorbing the means and diverting the energies which would be devoted to this purpose . On the contrary , secure peace , and ti me , under the guidance of a sagacious and cautious policy , ' a wise and masterly inactivity' will speedily accomplish the whole . I ventured to say 'a wise and masterly inactivity , 'in despite of the attempt to cast ridicule upon the expression . Those who have made the attempt would seem to confound such inactivity with mere inaction . Nothing can be more unlike . They arc as wide apart as
the poles . The one is the offspring of indolence , or ignorance , or indifference . The other is the result of the profouudest sagacity and wisdom—a sagacity which looks into the operations of the great causes in the physical , moral , andpolitical world , which , by their incessant ope ration , are ever changing the condition of nations for good or evil ; and wisdom , which knows how to use and direct them when acting favourably by slight touches to facilitate their progress , and by removing impediments which might thwart or impede their course , and , not least , to wait patiently for the fruits of their operation . He who does not understand the difference between such inactivity and mere inaction , the doing of nothing , is still in the horn book of politics , without a glimpse of tliO 3 e higher elements of statesmanship by which a country is
elevated to greatness aud prosperity . Time is operating in our favour , with a power never before exerted in favour of any other people . It is our great friand , and under the guidance of such a policy it will accomplish all that we can desire . Our population is now increasing , at the rate of about 600 , 000 annually and is progressing , witb increased rapidity , every year . It will average , if not impeded , nearly a million during the next twenty-five years , at the end of which our population ought to reach to upwards of 40 , 000 , 000 . With this rast increase it is rolling westwardly , with a strong and deep current , and will , by the end of that period , have spread from « ccan to ocean . Its course is irresistible . The coast of the
Pacine will then be probably as densely populated , and as thickly studded with towMS and villages , iu proportion to its capacity to sustain population , as that of the Atlantic uow is . At the same rate we shall have increased to upwards of 8 , 000 . 000 of people at the cud of another twenty-five years ; when , with one foot on the Atlantic aud the other en the Pacific , and occupying a position between the eastern and western coast of the old continent , we shall be in a position better calculated to control the commerce of both oceans , and to exert an influence over both ^ continents than any other country in the world . If we avoid war and adhere to peace all this will be effected—effected , I trust , without the loss of our free popular institutions . I am aware how difficult is the task
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to preserve free institutions over so Wide a space and so immense a population ; but we are . blessed with a cons titution rdmirably calculated to accomplish it , Its elastic power is unequalled ^ which is to be attributed to its federal character . The hope of success depends on preserving that feature in its full perfectton , and adhering to peace as our policy . Wars may make us great , but let it never be forgotten that peace only ean make us both great and free . "
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DEATH OF AN AMERICAN CULPRIT . ( From the New York Journal ) The Pittsburgh Commercial Journal mentions the deatli of Dr . Braddee , the notorious mail robber , who died last week in his cell in the Penitentiary of that city . The journal adds : — He was convicted of robbing the mails , and imprisoned , it will be remembered , in 1841 , pursuant to sentence by Judge Baldwin , for ten years . Shortly after his incarceration , he conceived the idea of procuring his liberation by simulating a decline of health . For this purpose he would prick his gums with the awls , which were
supplied to him in the vocation he had chosen , that ot a shoemaker , and having saturated his towel with blood , was always prepared for the stated visit of a physician or chaplain , with this evidence of a dangerous hemorrhage from the lungs , to which he was always careful to add a difficult and painful respiration . His physician was nble , sometimes , to engago the suffering doctor in conversations , in which lie would become sufficiently animated to forget bis painful breathing , but on the instant that he would recollect himself , the difficulty would return . These practices , it is believed , brought on the disease which terminated hi 3 life , and he died at last of a pulmonary affection .
Until two weeks before his death his disease had not assumed a formidable type , but then he began to sink rapidly . Up to this period he had steadily and vehemently asserted his innocence of the crimes imputed to him , but bo soon as he became convinced that his recovery was impossible , he confessed his guilt , and although we are restrained by prudential considerations from further allusion t 9 this point , wo may venture to add , that in his confession he lias implicated several persons who had not been suspected of participating in his crimes . It is worthy of remark , also , that the doctor , who had gained an astonishing reputation as a physician , determining , or pretending to determine ! the precise symptoms in any case of disease by an examination of the patient ' s urinary discharges , felt constfuined by approaching death to confess that his system was nothing but a humbug . His success in this humbug is another evidence of his remarkable shrewdness of character . The vast income lie derived from his dupes is well known .
It is known that Braddee ' s wife , who clung to him during his trial , aud suggested by her presence and the signs of affliction that beautiful apostrophe to lovo in anguish , with which Mr . Diddle , in Braddee ' s defence , electrified the auditory , had been unfaithful to her vows , and married another during Braddee ' s imprisonment . He was not made acquainted with the fact , and for the five years he was in confinement , he was foxd of an opportunity of talking about " his wife and children . " He spoke ot them in terms of warm affection ; and undoubtedly his desire to recover his liberty was stiumlnted by attachment to them . Even after he became aware
that he must soon die , he desired to be at liberty , even if it were to die in a barn , to the end that he might not die a prisoner . But so soon as he learned the conduct of his wife , he instantly ceased to wish for freedom . It was the final blow tothepoor cenvict , the unexpected thrust , like that which extorted the memorable el tu Brute commanding surrender ; and , poor fellow , he gave up at once . He never after mentioned wife or child , or desired to move beyond the limits of Iris cell . The name of his wife was avoided with an iron will , although for the previous years of his confinement it had been a pleasant and hopeful theme .
A question was a long time existing whether Braddee could read or write . In his last illsness it was satisfactorily ascertained that he could do neither , although every effort in the earlier part of his imprisonment to determine the question was unsuccessful .
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BANKRUPTS . . . { From Tutsday't Gazette , April 21 , 1846 J Samuel Metcalfe Latham , Dover , banker —• Robert Stephenson , Southwiek-street , Hyde-park , apothecary-Thomas Elislm Deacon , Comer-hall , Hertford , tanner—Richard Brailsford , Enfield , common-brewer — John Biggs , Houndsditch , undertaker—John Burgh Cramptrn , Wharf . road , City-road , coal-merchant—John Pace and Henry Pace , St . Michael ' s-alloy , Cornhill , merchants—JoBeph Salmon , Beaumont , Essex , carpenter and builder — James Clarkson , Barnsley , Yorkshire plumber and glazier — James Walker and Benjamin Wilkinson , Leeds , share brokers — William Crots , Weyraouth , Dorsetshire , ship owner — Thomas Taylor , Newcastle-upon-Tyne , grocer and tea dealer — Thomas Allen , Ltttleworth , Staffordshire , hotel-keeper . —
—James Topham , Breivood , Staffordshire , road-contrac tor . —Daniel Antrobus , Audley , Staffordshire , apothecary . —William Bennett , Wriverhampton , Staffordshire , tinplate-worker . —Wm . Belshaw , Manchester , licensed victualler . —Benjamin Dawson , BuersiU ; Lancashire , woollen-manufacturer . —Christopher Stepheuson , Colne , Lancashire , worsted-manufacturer . — Henry Fowke ? , Manchester , sharebroker . —David Johnstone , Chorltonupon-Medlock , Manchester , joiner . —Henry Lambert Fitzjames , 'Waleot , Bath , furrier . —Henry Hutchinson , Liverpool , merchant . —William Kelly , Chester , brewer . —Jas . Robins Croft , Liverpool , commission merohant . —Griffith Jonvs Hughes , Liverpool , commission merchant .
BANKRUPTCY . ANNULLED . April 20 , Charles Goldsmith , Bristol , saddler and liar ness maker .
DIVIDENDS . William Attwater , Devonshire-street , Queen-square , dyer , May 12—Joseph Johns , Grosvenor-street West , Pimlico , cook , May 12—John Hamilton , King-street , St . James ' s , wine merchant , May 12—Moira Maclean , Basinghall-street , cloth factor , May 19—George How Green and George Courthorpe Green , Barge-yard , Bucklersbury , wholesale stationers , May 12—George Perry , Stroud , Gloucesterahire , coach builder , May 19—William Tomlinson , Jun ., Nantwich , Cheshire , money scrivener , May 12—John Clarke , Richard Mitchell , Joseph Philips , and Thomas Smith , Leicester , bankers , May 12 . Certificates to b » granted , unless cause be shown tu the contrary , at the place of meeting . ¦
Joseph Henry Nock , nigh-street , Poplur , outfitter , May 14—Samuel Stocker , sen ., Seukford-street , ClerkenwcH , hydraulic engineer , May 14—Peter Owen , Liverpool , miller , May 14—George Perry , Stroud , coach builder , May 18—George Dardier , Liverpool , merchant , May 14—Joseph Walton , Liverpool , coal merchant , May 12—John JA'Gibbon , Liverpool , boot maker , May 12—John Audley , Horace Jee , Liverpool , insurance broker , May 12 Issachar Roberts , Mold , Flintshire , grocer , May 12—John Hill , Digbeth , Birmingham , currier , May 15—Samuel Rhodes , Bradford , worsted spinner . May 11 . Certificates to be granted , unless cause be shown to the contrary , on or before May 12 . James Sykes , Doncaster hosier—John Joplin , Bishopwearmouth , Durham , draper—William Davies , Strangeways , Manchester , plasterer—Robert Edwards Walker , Liverpool , ship broker—Charles Rose , Joseph Hopton , Edwin Pcnisten , and James Peuisteu , Leeds , dye merchants .
PARTNERSHIPS DISSOLVED . Robert Hearn and Thomas Daniel Blackburn , Taunton , Sonursetshire , linen-drapers—John V . Coulstring and David Cohen Isaacs , Bristol , wire-workers — Edward Balman and Henry Pabfox Geroua Sparks , Liverpool , commission merchants — James Miller and and Charles Miller , Manchester , calico-printers — Samuel Hill and Henry Owens , Bolton-le-Moore , Lancashire , boiler-makers — John Greenwood and Abrahum Denny , Bury , Lancashire , builders — George William Francis CooH and Edward Humphreys , St . Swithin ' s-laue , City , attorneys—Gilbert Northey and Samuel Lang Northey , Taviatoek , Devonshire , coal-merchants Francis Blake and George Tamplin , King ' sroad , Bedford-row , attorneys—Charles Jefferys and
Sidney Nelson , Soho-squnre , music-sellers—William Baylcy and Wm . Crawford Newby , Stockton , Durham , attorneys —Joseph Bliss and William Blis » , Thrupp Grounds , Northamptonshire , farmers and graziers—Thomas Lowdon and Christopher Wcightinan , Edgware-road , furnishing warehousemen—George Corless , Henry Casson , Samuel Dalby , Win . CorK-ss , and James ltiley , Bradford , Yorkshire , worsted-spinners ; so far as regards George Corless—Thomas Watson and Joseph Osborne , Leeds , woolstaplers—James Bent Summers and Thomas Summers , Low Newton , Durham , farmers — Charles Henry Smith and James Hinks , Birmingham , die-sinkers —Charles Cottoa , and George Sayle , King ' s Lynn , Norfolk , surgeons—Philip Vaughan and George Recs , Bevun , Brecon , attorneys—Alexander Kent and John PerroM , Bissow , Cornwall , soda manufacturers—John Wellington Adams and Thomas Hill , Manchester , stockbrokers . — ltichard Stones and Thomas Hod gson , Kingaton-upon-Hull , brass-founders — John llailton Greaves , James
M'Nicol , and John Laurie , Liverpool ; so far as regards John Laurie—John Penberthy Magor , Stephen Davey , William Davey , and Richard Davey , ltodrutli , Cornwall , comraon . brewers ; so far as regarns William Davey—William Morley and Edward Sorrell , Bread-street , Cheapside , Manchester warehousemen—Duncan Campbell and George Greaves , Liverpool , carmen—William Lambert and Thomas Lambert , New Brentford , curriers—Thomas Dixon and James Hall , Preston , Lancashire , surgeons . — Thomas Dewhirst and Samuel Hewitt , Bradford , Yorkshire , sawyers . —Edward Legh and Alexander Bellamy , Rfgeut-street , wine merchants . —llicliard Green well , B . Sacker , and R . James Brown , Sutherland , coal fittei' 3 . John Asbcroft , Archibald Fraser McKay , and Daniel Mo Kay , Liverpool . —William Carr and Danitl Goodilll , Glasshouse-street , Regent-street , trimming sellers — Thomas Sney , and Jesse Hill , Hanky , Staffordshire earthenware manufacturers . —Richard lWosts D-miel Starbuck , and James Sheppan ] , jun , Cadoxton-juxta . Neath , Glamorganshire , colliers
SCOTCH 8 EQCESTIUTION 3 David Weir , Glasgow , innkeeper , A pril 25 , aud May 9 at twelve , at Deans' Tavern , Glasgow . Thomas Lennox , Perth , grocer , April 29 . and May 20 at twelve , at Mr . Clark ' s office , Perth . y
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• . * DUNGOMBE TESTIMONIAL . The people ' s parliamentary champ ion haying appointed Saturday evening . April the 18 th , nathetime lor receiving that splendid memento of working class gratitude , a deputation from the Central Testimonial Committee , consisting of Messrs . J . Syme ( General Secretary ) , Stallwood , Hornby , Dowling , Barratt , Mitchell , Bushby , Young , Papworth , and Conolly , waited on the honourable member ior Finsbury , at his chambers in the Albany , and having been received with that kind feeling which is a distinguishing characteristic of the honourable gentleman , Mr . Stjie rose and said—Sir , we have been appointed by the Testimonial Central Committee , to transfer to you the result of their grateful efforts , and as they havepre . pared and furnished us with an address to be presented to you on the occasion , I think that any piellminavy observations of mine will be quite unmeessary , I will therefore proceed to read that address as follows : —
" TO T . 8 . DDNCOHBE , ESQ ., M . P ., " Esteemed Sir , —We have been deputed by very many of our brethren of the working closes of Great Britain to present you with . this piece of plate , in testimony of their high esteem for you personally , and of their gratitude for jour generous denunciation of the manifold wiongs endured by them , also for your copsistent advocacy of thelr . righ ts and interests , and for your indefatigable efforts to ensure their eomplete emancipation from that social , political and moral degradation to which they have so long been subjected .
"While thus gladly avowing our gratitude for the great services you have rendered us , we have too much self-respect to give that gratitude utterance in language of flattery . Hence you will perceive , Sir , that we have advisedly placed upon this testimonial no other inscription than that it is presented by the working classes ot the United Kingdom , in acknowledgement of the acts there enumerated , which have principally distinguished your career as a legulator , won for you the admiration of the best portion of your fellow-countrymen , and , as we believe , the respect of all . " Tliere'is , Sir , but one circumstance that can occasion us regret in thus addressing you , namely , that our testimonial is not far more worthy ( as regards its intrinsic value ) of your acceptance ; and consequently more honourable to those in whose behalf it is presented .
" But , Sir , we know that y « u will sympathise with us in lamenting the causes which have precluded us from presenting a more fitting proof of our esteem and gratitude : becauBe in those causes are to be found a Bure evidence that the industrious classes suffer " grievous wrong . " "Briefly , then ) we may intimate that when we first contemplated the design of presenting you with some testimonial of respect moro enduring than mere "votes of thanks , " we were mainly influenced to that desire by your indomitable , and , fortunately for us , successful opposition to the odious ' Master and Servants' Bill , ' But for you , Sir , that Bill would , unqestionably , have acquired the force of £ ato , aud cafital ( already wielding almost exclusively the vast productive power of the age ) would have been independent of the feeble remonstrances oi LABOUR .
" This great service alone , had you rendered us none other , would have made us anxious to offer you some enduring testimonial of our gratitude . " Unhappily , however , many thousands of the working classes were , at that time , so circumstanced as to render it utterly impossible for them to testify , as they desired , their feelings towards you . In proof of this assertion , we may state that several thousand miners were at the period in question enduring the horrors of unwilling and compulsory idleness . because they presumed to resist a proposed reduction in their already too scanty wages . These men , therefore , at that time were not merely deprived of their own resources , but the heavy burthen of maintaining them and their families , and of resisting the aggression of capital , was cast upon their employed brethren of other trades , thereby depriving many thousands of gratifying their wish to contribute to the ' Duncombe Testimonial . '
" But , Sir , we can assure you that these men are not less sensible of your services than thsse who have had the pleasure of contributing to our ' Testimonial ; ' and we doubt not that they will gladly avail themselves of some more favourable opportunity of testifying their feeling towards you , " It may be gratifying to you , Sir , to le * rn , that some of your own rank in society have so far sympathised with the working classes , and so far respected their friend and advocate , that they have also contributed to the testimonial now pro ented to you . " In conclusion , Sir , we beg to assure you that this ' testimonial' is presented by us in the truthful and manly spirit so beautifully expressed by a poet of ' our own order , '—Robert Nicoll : —
' An offering to the shrine of Power Our hands shall never bring—A garland on the car of Pomp , Our hands shall never fling ; Applauding in the conqueror ' s path . Our voices ne ' er shall be ; But we have hearts to honour those Who bade the world go free !' " Presented this 18 th day of April , 1846 . " Signed on behalf of the Central Committee , " James Gbassby , Chairman "James Syme , Secretary . "
" In conclusion . Sir , permit me to say , that we fuel much pleasure in transferring to you the result of the Committee ' s efforts , and deem it a privilege to be permitted 90 to do ; and I am sure that their and our united earnest desire is , that your life may be long spared and become increasingly useful ; that your legislative career may become brighter and brighter ; that your name may stand high among the illustrious statesmen of this country ; and that your life may continue to be , as it has been , a blessing to the community at large—and more especially to that class which we have the honour ou this occasion to represent , namely , the labouring class . Accept , then , these thauks , and humble tribute of gratitude . " The Addres 3 and Testimonial having been formally presented to , and accepted by , Mr .
Duncombe—The honourable member said : Mr . Syme and gentlemen , —It is impossible for me to accept this generous tribute of your uratitude without mixed feelings of pride and sorrow—pride , that my humble exertions on behnli of my industrious fellow countrymen should be deemed worthy of national approval , and sorrow , ' that exposure of wrong and assertion of right should be otherwise distinguished than as acts of justice , which the trustees of the unenfranchised people ai e solemnly bound to perform towards those for whom they hold the trust . Whatever thanks are due to me for the poor services which entitle me to your gratitude , the labouring classes fully und honourably participate in that reward , inasmuch as their co-operation cheerfully yielded , and without which my best exertion would have been vain and impotent , hai at all
tunes and upon till occasions nerved me for the struggle , and emboldened me to persevere in my resistance to the aggressions of their oppressors . Thu intrinsic value of your splendid testimonial consists in the deep and lasting impression which it is calculated to stump upon the minds of all thinking men—that Englishmen who arc grateful for acts of justice , are not likely to violate its laws , aud may be , therefore , safely entrusted with a fair participation in making and administering them ; and I sincerely trust that the day is not far distant when simple acts of justice to the labouring class will constitute the rule and not the exception ot' representation ; and none will move cheerfully huil the happy advent than ' myself , being convinced that the first step towards the perfect freedom of our country is the
recognition of the principle that those whose valour in arms , whose skill in manufactures , whose science in mechanics , whose calm endurance under great suffering and privation , whose success in the art of converting our national resources into wealth—in the enjoyment of which they have not , in my opinion , their fair and legitimate propor . tioit—may be safely and honourably entrusted with the power of milking laws for the further development « f those national resources , and with a view to their more equitable distribution . My friends , it is not improbable that your services may bo shortly courted by the two great parties nowcoutendingforpolitiealasoTOdancy . ' . vndwUttn , if still esteemed worthy of your confidence , I n : ny , as one of your representatives , be called upon to assume a position without reference to the speculative interest of either ; und if such couvso should subject us to a more severe trial and a more searching ordeal than in our previous struggles we have undergone , relying upon a continuance of your co-operation , be assured that I shall
not flinch from my share of the trouble , responsibility , or the danger , which the asssertion of your rights and the advocacy of your cause may impose . My friends , while I deplore the cause you assign for the inability of some of your order to participate in your flattering offering , I regret that you should have deemed any explanation necessary to enhance its value . This emblem of my countrymen ' s confidence , generosity , and gratitude , I recognise as the embodiment of the feeling of the industrious classes , and a testimonial of tliuir undivided approval of my conduct . As such I accept it ; and in accepting it atjyour hands , the fullness of expression is inadequate to communicate my thanks to the industrious donors , and in coinmemuration of whose confidence I shall pveservo it ; treasure it , and esteem it , as long as lifo remains ; and when I am no more , and when it shall have passed into other hnnds , I trust that it may inspire its future possessor with the same pride that I now feel in accepting it , as a token of my countrymen ' s confidence , affection , and generosity . The grateful labours of the deputation being completed , they rotirei !> much gratified .
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Ktyen mm tue tfiltsimr-street Comptcr was on lire y the tune the engines had arrived , the tloorin" of the laundry belonging to the prison was found tS be m llames . A number of the inmates had been pre-S y . sefc , work under the direction of Mr . " UlUlill »' t > Uc governor , and they had fortunntdv succeeded in keeping ( he fire at buy until the arrival "t the firemen . By their exertions , the fire was extinguished without setting the engines to work , out not before a quantity of wearing appurr ] , hanging ou the lines diying , was consumed , a portiou ' of thf flooring destroyed , and the ceiling bunioil away , as well as the walls being extensively injured by the action of the ilaincs . The cause of the lire , it is supposed , was owiug to the overheating of a close stove .
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THE TENURE OF LAND IN IRELAND . J beg you to publish the following queries and suggestive notices on this subject . I would ask those of your readers who have seats in the Houses of Lord 3 or Commons , and others , who , though not legislators themselves , ean influence legislation : —Would it not be easy to disembarrass land-dealing of much of its costliness , insecurity , and difficulty ; and if so , would not free trade in land , wholesale and retail , be an acquisition of the highest value ? If thtre was in each province in Ireland a land office , such as those in some of the colonies of England , prepared ft . r the ready transfer of land , what a trade would at once set in for " the acres , " that rudiment of all other manufactures ! Every one knows the agonised struggle of the peasantry for laud , sometimes
attended by a convulsive ferocity of grasp , indicating that to possess ground to caltivats , is a question of life or death . And yet many of our landlords are encumbered by their unmanaged lands ; possessors of much territory in name and little in reality , they . are in poverty and their tenants are ready for rebellion . And how is this ? Because landlords can only let , often , too , for short terms Of years ; and if by lease , which is Kew * aHy a boon , it is a compact so full of restrictions and penalties , tkat it only invites the attorney and tie absentee ' s agent t o use the readiest instrument of oppression , " the broken cove , nam , " to torture the tenant ; but even if contested elec . tions , and " reasons plenty as blackberries" were net here to induce affronted agents and angry landlords to " put tLe tongs" upon contumacious tenants at will , as ,
despite bits of parchment , Irish tenants mostly are , in three of the provinces , the complaint uow is against the system of hiring land at all . My object would be to have much greater facility for buying small portions of land lor cash down—" arijjith sheese , " as we say iu our euphonious language . I would enable a man to buy ten acres out ami out ; it would be better far than renting 200 ; lie could stock ten and work it properly , while with the same capital , the hired 200 acres must starve . If a man could not work ten acres to his liking and advantage , let him sell and put money in his purse , for at the proposed land-offices an acre ought to be able to change hands at a moderate cost for transfer , and with an unimpeachable title . But as in duty bound we must inquire , liow would these facilities serve the landowner ?—no
great elementary change ought to be partial or one-sir !« d . First , then , what is the territorial and financial Iiis : ory ofour gentry ! ' Many of them possess large tracts of country , the arable parts not half worked , and of its reclaimable bog and mountain , mile 3 of both are much in the state that the old " Fir . Bolgs" left them . If this is true , why is it 1 Because the possessors have often but a life-interest in the estate , and they will not sink csipital on so short n tenure , and on mere possibility of return ; l > esidesl . iniinori 8 of our gentry-owned acres are " out at pawn , " , and as their owners can encumber , but cannot sell , they cannot redeem the "dead-pledge , " the mortgaged estate : " The estate runs out and mortgages are made , Tlwir fortunes ruined , and their fame betray'd . "
Could landlords sell on the land-exchange without notoriety or discredit , their territories might diminish , but their wealth would increase ; they would begin to enjoy the sweets of independence in themselves , aud a happy and secure vicinity to a steady and improving yeoman race—their neighbours . Sueh a change as this would be very valuable in Great Britain , but it is become of peremptory necessity In Ireland . The fluctuations in manufacturing trade and commercial relations during ihe war , the closing of some markets b y blockade or forcing the flow of gocls in an untimel y manner into others , were , with other causes which I do not discuss in your journal , ruinous to the small manufacturing capital of Ireland ; and no wonder , when these violent changes grievously oppressed the giant powers of Great
Britain herself ; consequently , our agricultural workers are in undue over-balance of numbers—they are all scramblers for existence ; a race , in general , bound adscripta gUha :, and well described by Swift , as " Slaves and beggars whom the landlord calls his tenants . " All " borrowers of land" are in a greater or less degree slaves to him who lends it ; but even though the " temporary proprietor , " the landlord under an entail , may get usurious interest on his loan , a general war is being levied uguinsthim and all his tribe , and either fiscally or physically , he is ever iu a way to be victimised . I ask your intelligent readers—are those statements of facts' ! and also , will they examine , would a free trade , a cash trade , a wholesale und retail trade in land , bo a remedy ? would not compel land to be subdivided as in France ;
no , I would let naen accumulate if they chose , but 1 would facilitate distribution , 1 would do away with laws which make a false mind for a intestate , and accumu late where the deceased omitted to do so . The law for land should be distributive , when not otherwise devised , hot perfect liberty "to do what they would with their own , " would keep plenty of land-trading going on in the community . But how would this affect the tenantry if they became small proprietors instead of large renters , if " every rood of ground maintained its man I" Should we not have settlers at home instead of in Canada or the States of America ? The best of our peasantry now emigrate ; they want a real home , and it is away from home they must go to seek it . If industry , economy , intelligence , and total abstinence from drink , enable a peasant
to serape together fifty or twenty sovereigns , he is ofF to America ; he takes his money and his moral ca , ital abroad , while the incapable and the miserable are tied to the soil . If a tenant-farmer lets his farm be but half worked , he and his family must be always indigent , and of the " parra-sashtha" kind ; if he improves it , he is like a Turkish merchant , in danger of the bashaw , because he seems too rich . If his tenure is nearly out , he dare not sink capital or labour in his farm—he would have , in nine cases out of ten , to buy it back ; and if he is thus obliged to abuse and misapply forethought , and run down his farm , he runs himself down with it . I say nothing now of ejectments from deficient title , broken covenant * , or of wholesale " clearances" made for nonpayment of rent or arrears ; but I shortly point out the advantage ownership would be to the peasantry .
F £ e-simpi . e Estates for tue Millions !—What a grand idea of pacification ; proprietorship , with all its calm yet onward influences . Our little , but real landlords , would soon make this country the garden it should be . We have now scarcely any plantation shelter . How could we : —if a man wants to put down 200 trees in fences or elsewhere , he buys them for eighteenpence a hundred , but he must beware of covenants . Can he plant t—and supposing that he caw , he has no property in them except he registers in the Dublin Gazette at an expense of Ts . 7 d ,, besides getting an attorney , to do it tor him , aud fis . 3 d . additional . So much for cottier planting in Ireland . If the acre was his own , he could plant it , and improve it constantly ; the face of the country would be soon made cheerful ; brushuood loppings
would be plenty and cheap , and the severe laws about timber stealing mi ^ htbe reduced to a constitutional form . But farming generally would improve ; cottier farms would become the agriculturist ' s savings bank , economy would then have as sate aud u more profitable depository than it now has ( for full savings banks sometimes only indicate the difficulty of employing small sums of money } . But what thrift ownership iu land mould engender ; the wet days , half holidays , any spare hours of the cottier , and the leisure now wasted by their wives , and the youth of both sexes , and children , all for want of remunerative occupation , these properties would be turned into the " man ' s own farm , " and would pay good interest . I cannot hope but there must be always some so poor that they must borrow land on interest ; and any law to forbid
what is called " tenancy" would he oppressive , and would still permit usurious dealings in land to continue : free permission for usury in money too would be some economy to those desperate destitute , who will always gamble . Land-lenders , like money-lenders , however , ought to be put under the best legal guardianshi p ; those who trade in what is of indispensible necessity to the poorest have always the greatest facility for oppression ; pawnbrokers are well cared for , and their doings attended to by the law . Landlords who have pawned their own estates in mortgages , and pay the interests by giving the usance of them to po r ^ r borrowers again , are driven to
many painful extremities ; consequently , while I earnestly press free trade in land , und cash trade in land on the public , 1 would n > t despise any measure calculated to make borrowing the ground for usance as equitable an affair ? s possible . Lord Deton ' s commission has produced no law yet to mitigate agrarian suffering and warfare in Ireland . We have ferocities to deplore and be ashamed of , but it is desperate suffering which leads to desperate deeds . Irish peasants have no more natural nppeti'o for being harg . d or transported than other men . If land could be had at home , wholesale and retail , to buy , twenty years would alter and improve the whole rural population . —It . Dtmdtn , Iiathlee , Cork .
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Fur late Death of a Miser . —On Mondav * ft noon Mr . W . Baker resumed and concluded aI f ' journed inquest , at the King ' s Arms , Charlm « t a ^' City-road , respecting the death of Mr . Job j ^ aged 75 , some particulars of which appeared \ nr !' Duily News of Tuesday last ; from which it \ win recollected that the deceased had been UYin « ; e room at No . 6 , Powell ' s-place . in a very paraimoniH * manner from which he was removed to St I , [ , workhouse on the afternoon of last Sundnym . » l having been found in an exhausted and d ying st't induced by the want of the necessaries ^» f Jife , thouMi at the time he was possessed of Brazilian and Sp and ! bonds and securities to upwards of £ 9 , ( j 0 O , \ n , found , he was suffused with olive oi ) , Mliicii it » , thought ivas done for the purpose of allayin « ti ? cravings of hunger , but bread , butter , tea , £ 0 . ° ,, " , found in the room in profusion , but from their
pearance they had not bees touched for many dav s He told the policeman who found him that hjs bread and water was poisoned , and that lie bathed his bodv in olive oil to counteract its effects . In consequence of the report of the proceedings appearing in the public press , several of the relaiions had seen and identified the ' body . Yesterday Mr . Cole , solicitor ot Uiertsey , Surrey , was present to watch the pm " ceedings on behalf of the next of kin of the decease Mr . Jacob Jacob , a nephew of the deceased , residing at Winchester , «» examined , and from the evidenc it appeared that the deceased was formerly' a gent I man farmer , residing at Box Farm , near Andove " Hants , but for some years past he was an attendant
upon ine stoat Mchange , where he was well knoZ Irom his cautious speculations as well as from hu penurious habits . He had not been seen by anv a his relatives fora len « th of time past , and they wG » in entire ignorance of where he was until informed iv tbe newspapets . Mr . Courtney , the workhouse sur geon , stated that since the adjournment of the in ' . quest he bad made a post mortem examination of the deceased ' s body , and found the cause of death to h . iv e arisen from effusion into the pericardium , the result of inflammation ; there was also long standin « disease of the brain , kidneys , and gall bladder , which would account for his eccentricities . Verdict— " D . Y 1 from natural causes . " Shipwrecks i . v the Channel .- —Brighton ; , Aprh , 19 . —Only three weeks ago we reported the loss ol the Bee , from Gaole , which went down a short distance westward of this town . We have now to state that last night a vessel was run into about six miles &ff
iJeaeny-head , the result of which was that she al « o went down in about ten fathoms water . The crew and passengers were fortunately saved , and they landed here this morning shortly after daybreak in tn open boat . From the mate of the foundered ves ml we learned the following particulars -.- " She was fc h dy / alkland ' Yarmouth , Nova Scotland she left New York on the 11 th ' of March , wtha cargo of ogwood , worth about £ G 00 . She arrived off Beacb y-head about eleven o ' clock on Saturday night , the weather being pitch dark . Shortly afterwards the man at the look-out saw a vessel approaching , and immediately hoisted a light , and hallooed and shouted as loud as possible to give notice of their whereabouts . No notice , however , was taken , aHd the vessel was , in a few minutes run into , the stran « er f * " ? " Just abaft the fore-chains , cuttup the Lady Falkland down to the water ' s edge . An attempt was immediately made to stop the hole bv nlanin .
the lied clothes into the breach , but the well bin " plumbed and eight feet of water found in the hold five minutes after the collision , the crew and passengers took to their boats , without attempting to save an article , and made off for the stranger , which PJ ° y edtobe the Martha , of Guernsey . The captain ot the Martha remaingd to render every possible assistance ; and , on the Lady Falkland going to the bottom , which she did in about half an hour , sent the crew arid passengers ashore in his own boat . They arrived , as we have stated , at Brighton about daybreak . A singular tale was told by oae of the passengers , 'William Holmes , a native of Devonport . Since August last he had been wrecked no less than four times . Or the 16 th of August he sailed irom
Plymouth for Quebec in the bark Ann , and on the 3 rd ot November he was cast away at Deer ' s-eave Uiver St . Lawrence . All the crew were saved with ' the exception of we , -who was crushed against the mast . He next joined the Queen , bound to Liver-P °° >> W | tha carg o of timber . He sailed on the ICth ot November , and on the 3 rd of December the vessel went ashore on Dog ' s Island , St . Peter ' s , Newfoundland Having been sent to Halifax by the authorities , he took a passage on board the ' Catherine , of that port , laden with timber for Liverpool . He left Halifax on the 11 th of January , and on the 24 th the vessel was so much injured by heavy seas as to
render it necessary for the crew to be constantly at the pumps night and day . In this state they remained for two days , when they were relieved from their peril by a vessel who bore down to their aid on seein " signals of distress . The wreck of the Lady Falkland was the fourth and last of his hairbreadth escapes . ' Please God to send me safe home to Devonport , you will not catch me on salt water acain m a hurry , ' exclaimed Holmes , as he finislmfhis narration . Singularly enough , too , Whiting , the second mate of the ho Ay Falkland , was a sharer with Holmes in all his perils since August ; and William Cownes , another of the passengers of the Lady Falkland , was with him in three of the wrecks .
Fatal Hailwat Accident . —An accident occurred on the Manchester and Leeds Railway , on the evening of Ihursdaj , near the Middleton Station , five miles ' from Manchester , attended with the loss of life of George William Molineaux agent for the company at the above station . The actual cause of the catastrophe seems to be matter of supposition , although little doubt exists but the unfortunate man was run over by some engine or other without the knowledge of the driver . The body was found on the line , quite dead , by the driver of the passenger train due at Manchester at a quarter past 9 , and which arrived at Middleton about 9 o ' clock . It was taken to the Ratcliffe Arms public-house , Middleton , to await a coroner ' s inquest , which was summoned for Saturday morning ; and after hearing a good deal of evidence , it was deemed advisable to adjourn the inquiry till Monday morning , when the jurv gave . verdict of " Accidental death , with a deodand of " 5 ! on the tender , and 251 . on the engine , "
Skuious Accident . —On Monday , a young man named Charles Kent , the engineer of the new pennv steam-boat the Cricket , went into the starboard paddle-box tor the purpose of doing something to the wheel and fastening the floats , while the vessel was moved alongside the pier , when the action of the tide and tbe swell of a passing steamer set the wheel 111 motion , and the poor fellow , who could not extricate himself , revolved with it . His shrieks and cries tor assistance brought several persons to his aid . Ihe motion of the wheel was stopped , and after cutting away the top of the paddle-box he was draped out of the wheel in an exhausted condition . llis collar bone was broken , and he received other contusions of a serious nature . He was conveyed to the Uianng-cross hospital , where his wounds were dressed . In the evening he was going ou favourably .
Suspected Murder os Me . Astiet , Brother to Lobd IUsTiNos . - ( Frora the Brussels Ga ; ette . ) -Qur lingluh readers will be much shocked to learn that it is now strongl y suspected that Mr . Astley , whose melancholy fate we communicated in a former number , did not meet with his death b y accident , as was then supposed , but that he had been foull y assassinated . Various ru . mours are in circulation on this sublet , but we believe the following are all the facts that have transpired . It appears that the unfortunate gentleman had dined with a found at his own house at Ilouton : after dinner they went together to a cabaret in the village , which he habitually frequented , and remained there till about eleven o ' clock . On leaving the house , Mr . Astley remained behind on the bridge for a necessary purpose , and his ccm . panion walked on ; but had not pioccedcd far when his name was calleO , not in a tone of urgency , or as if in any danger , but in his usur . l manner . He , howeviv , paid no
particular attention to this , and went on to the house , but tiiidiug , after a lapse of ten minutes , that llr . Asttey did not return he went back to the inn , and proeurin " a lantern , searched the bunks of the rivi-r , which was no ! more than two feet deep at the sides , accompanied bv tin landlord ' s son , without discovering any trace . This however , did not excite much alarm , as Mr A > tlev '' habits were very eccentric , and it was concluded that Ik uid gone away on some sudden wlum-a not very un usual circumstance . When the next mornnn ; arrived without Ins making his appearance , his fticnil becara . alarmed tor his safety , and sent men all over the countrj to search for him , and had boats out todragtlie viv « r But it was not until aftev the lapse of two days that tin body was found at a place about tltree leagues down th < Ourtue . It had a large wound , seemingly intlietod b ( some heavy blunt instrument , which had " broken in ai the evown 0 ? ihe slsuM , anil some slight contusions on tli legs . The sleeve of his coat was torn , a « d the kuees (
a pair ot heavy fishing boots he wore much abraded , j if he had been dragged along a stony road . These a ] penranccs led to the suspicion that murder had been eon mitted , and upon the examination before the tribunal 1 Mareltc , it came out t ! iat two men who had hsen drtnkin at a neighbouring cabaret , had left just about the tin when the aftair must have occurred . These nn-n wei carpenters , and it was stated that there esisteil a tuiarri of about tno years' standing between them and the d erased , relative to a disputed account . They avow * that they were both too much intoxicated to reeolle anything that hud happenrd ; and there not bein- ' su > ci * nt evidence to criminate them , they were liberated b null n-in » m umipr the iHu
« m-ot !»« e of the police An ' 0 man « ihnbib « a cut » a e near the bridge , - said tliV had heard e , ies for hel p , bat ou goin , out eo not p , tolwio bomi todo . as the watch , muuev . ri ,,,. * c . « n . deceased were , U found on the body ; a largo G , ru , 1 'ipe he earned , and hi * | 1 ; lt , being the oulj amcl , san »» S . 1 he officers of justice arc still engaged , in the vcstigation of this sad alVisir , but it remains up to t tune involved in impendi-alile mystery . Lord llastii came from England to be present at the examinat i on fore thc . % ; tl'Initmelion , and hns uouvoyod his uiihai brother ' s remains for interment iu tlvtt ^ i \\ v \ \ t '
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THE OREGON QUESTION . MOST IMPORTANT SP £ ECH BY MR . CALHOT 7 X . The following is token from Mr . Calhoun ' s speech in the Senats of the United States on the resolution for the abrogation of the Oregou Convention : — "Having been thus brought , bv the line of policy to Vfhicb . I was opposed , to choose between compromise and war , I without hesitation take the former . In making the choice , 1 am actuated by 110 unmanly fear of the consequences of war . I know that in the existing state of the world wars are necessary—that the most sacred regard for justice and equity , and the most cautious policy , cannot always prevent them . When war must come , I may appeal to my past history to prove that I shall not be found among thsse who ma ; falter ; but I shall take care never to contribute by mj acts to precipitate the country into a war when it can be fairly avoided . I am ,
on principle , opposed to war , and in favour of peace , because I regard peace as a positive good , and war as a positive evil . As a good , I shall ever cliug to peace , so long as it can be preserved consistently with the safety and honour of the country ; and as opposed to war , I shall ever resist it , so long as it may bj resisted consistently with the same considerations . I ata emphatically opposed to it in this case , because peace , iu my opinion , can btr preserved consistently with both , aud war avoided without sacrificing either . lam opposed to it for the additional reason , because it would be , iu my opinion , highly impolitic—a consideration never to be overlooked when a question of the kind is under consideration . I regard it as hi ^ hlj impoli tic in this case , because I believe that , should we resort to it , we would lose , instead of securing the two objects for which it would be avowedly declared , as I shall now proceed to show .
" The first is to secure what is claimed to be our rights to the whole of Oregon , under the cry of ' all of Oregon or none . ' Those who would go into it for that object irill , in my opinion , find in the end that' none' is much more probable thau ' all . ' In coming to this eonclusion . I concede to my countrymen the highest bravery , energy , patriotism , and intelligence which can be claimed for them . But these cannot overcome the great obstacles we should have to encounter , compared to what Great Britain would have in a contest for Oregon . As long as she has a large force in the East , and remains mistress in the Pacific , she will be able to place there a much more efficient force , and at far less expense , thau we possibly can at present , which would there decide the contest iu her favour .
"Cut , were it otherwise , from the nature of the contest , Oregon , though the cause of the war , would be speedily forgotten . The struggle , once begun , would soon cease to be for Oregon . Higher and far more powerful motives would soon guide the contest . It would speedily become a struggle for mastery between the greatest power in the world on one side , against th ^ : most growing on the other . Actuated by all the feelings belonging to such a straggle , both sides would put forth all then-vigour , energy , and resources , and , overlooking minor points , would aim to strike the most vulnerable , and where each might hare the greatest advantage , leaving Oregon to be won er lost as the contingencies of 50 mighty a contest might decide .
"The mxt object , as is alleged , is to protect our citizens in Oregon . What has just been said is enough to prove how utterly it must fail . Instead of protection , war would most certainly sacrifice them ; and that is a Btrong reason with me for opposing it . I feel our obligation to protect them as citizens , and brethren , and iiudred . We have encouraged them io emigrate , and I Trill not give a vote which in my opinion would ruin and abandon them . But what ^ war would fail to effect , would be certainly accomplished by compromise on the line offered by the President . There are none Of our citizens , if I am correctly informed , settled north of 49 deg . Establish that line , and we at once give our citizens in Oregon peace and security , aud with them full opportunity to realize their obiect iu emlgra .
"But passing from Oregon , I take broader ground , and oppose « ar for reasons lookiug to the whole . I see nothing to hope from war , be its result what it may . On the contrary , I believe that the most successful and triumphant war that could be waged—one in which all would be accomplished which its most extravagant advocate could dare hope for—iu which we should conquer the CanadasjUew Brunswick , and Sova Scotia—in which we should drive the British flag from the continent , and compel Great Britaia to yield the whole by treaty iu tbe short space of ten years , would be disastrous to us . I allude not to its ravages or devastations , or to tbe oceans sf blood that must Sow , and tbe manifold losses and miseries which would accompany the war , They are common to all wars ; but , however vividly painted , they
have but little effect in deterring a brave people froai a resort to it . So doubt tkese inflictions would be very great in a contest between two nations of such immense power , and so situate as to be able to do each other tbe greatest barm in war and the greatest good in peace . But as great at the devastation aud destruction of lift : would be in such a struggle , they are of a nature to be speedily repaired on our side . The indomitable industry and enterprise of our people , with the great resources of the country , would soon repair tbe former , . vhile our rapidly-increasing population would speedily repair the latter . War has far heavier calamities for a free people than these , though less visible—calamities iu their nature not easily remedied . I refer to permanent and dangerous social and political changes , which ofteu iollowiu its
tram , in the character of the people and their institutions . AwarbetweeuusandGreat Britain , such as has been described , in which every nerve and muscle on either side would be strained to the utmost , anil every dollar put in requisition which could be commanded , could not fail , under present circumstances , to work most disastrous , and I fear igcurable changes , in the social condition of our people , and in their political institutions . To realize theconseiiuencesin this respect which must follow , it is necessary to look at theimraense extent to which it would rage . It would , in all probability , prove a Mexican and aa Indian war , as well as a war with Great Britain , aud as suck would extend to every portion of our entire frontier , indudiag the Atlantic and the Pacific ; tbi inland and the exterior , constituting a circuit of probably not
less than 7 , 000 miles . It would require , iu order to conduct it with the energy necessary to bring it iu so short a time to the successful termination supposed , especially in war for mastery , immense exertions on laud and water . Two navies , one on the Atlantic , and the other on the Jakes—and six or seven armies , would be required for the purpose , even on the supposition that Oregon would be abandoned . One army would be required un the Mexican froutier ; aud let no one sneer at the mention of such a power . Feeble as it now is , when paid aud supported by British gold , and trained aud commanded by British officers , Mexico wonld prove a formidable enemy . See wliat British skill and training hare made the feeble Sepojs . The Mexicans are a braver and a hardier people , and , what js no small point , would constitute the cheapest of all armies . There must be , in addition , one to guard the Gulf frontier . ; another to guard the southern ; another the northern froutier on the Atlantic ; auother to assail the north easitrn froutier , on the side of Nova
Sconaand Sew Brunswick ; and auother to assail the Canadian ; and , finally , another to protect our widelyextended Indian frontier . All these , iu so mighty a struggle against the greatest of all powers , putting forth her utmost strength , would require a force , aud including the two navies , of not less , I would suppose , than 200 , 000 men continually in pay . The expenses would be enormous . One of the most venerable and experienced of our citizens . Mr . Gallatin , has estimated it at ( 53 , 000 , 000 or 70 , 000 , 000 dollars annually , if my memory serves me Hy impression is , that it fallsshort of the actual cost , and that 100 , 000 , 000 dollars would not be an ortr estimate . Supposing the sum of 50 , 000 , 000 dollars could be annually raised by taxati 6 n , a sum far greater than he estimates , and in my opinion much beyond nrhat could be effected , it would leave 50 , 000 , 000 dollars annually to be raised by loans or a forced paper circulation . Xtiw , allowing the war to continue for ten j-ears , there would be incurred a debt in the time of 500 , 000 , 000 dollars , according to these
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took place in the mine of Messrs . Benton and Pemberton , where the live men lost their lives last week . It appears that about six o ' clock this morning three men went down the pit , and that one of them , a man named Dyke , took the safety-lamp , and proceeded ill round the workings of the pit , when everything appeared safe . After some necessary preparations had been made for the purpose of forcing air into a part ot the mine which had been worked through the solid coal into a gate-road at the back , a man minimi
Roberts proceeded into the openin- for the purpose ot showing Dyke some work to be executed . The latter persuaded him not to go , but the former , assuring him all was safe , the two proceeded up the mine , Roberts carrying a naked caudle ; they lnu not proceeded many yards before an explosion took place , by which both were very seriously injured , so much so , that doubts arc entertained as to whether Roberts will recover . The purpose of the men going into the mine was to prepare ic for work , by forcing air into an excavation , in order that the coiubustiWo matter wight be driven out . llencu this second
catastrophe . The Money Markit . —The repeal funds are vory low . They have fallen again this week . The depression is so great that unless something desperate is done , and that quickly , a panic must inevitably ensiitt . Money was never known to be ' tighter' in Ireland . Defaulters increase every week . There was a call of £ 1 per share on Saturday , but very few paid up . The doings at Conciliation Hall still continue , but they are so small that they are not worth looting . Every one is looking forward with dread in the settling day , which cannot be far dislaut .-X Ml ' . 'fi t
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6 Be = ^____ THE NORTHERN STAR _ April 25 , 184 c
Finn At The Giltspuu-Stkeet: , Compter. — On Monday Evenmg Between 7 And 8, An Alarm Wa«
Finn at the Giltspuu-Stkeet : , Compter . — On Monday evenmg between 7 and 8 , an alarm wa «
Axotiieb Coal-Mine Explosiox At Bilston, Staffordsuiuk. — On Monday Morning A Second Exolosion
Axotiieb Coal-Mine Explosiox at Bilston , Staffordsuiuk . — On Monday morning a second exolosion
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), April 25, 1846, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1364/page/6/
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