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'JT.Bi.KGnAF-.uic Communication Uxbbk the Ska. — The British government by the Lords Commissioners
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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" Audi will war , at Jwutinwerdi , ( And—should my chance to happen—deeds , ) With an who war with Thought J " * « I flunk I hew a little ter& Trlio rings - * S Tiie people tyana by wffllw the stronger . "—BIMK . EASTERN EUROPE AM ) THE EMPEROR
NICHOLAS . * No . I . The recent insurrectionary outbreaks in Poland , and the fearful peasant war yst raging in a portion of that unhappy country , have excited the liveliest sensation throughout Europe . The roar of the popular cannon at Cracow , thonfh heard but fop * moment , caused a vibration from St . Peteraburghto Pan * from Vienna to London , -aJuKng the tettering thrones of easting dynasties , and moving the hearts of the people with hopeful anticipation of that coming time when mankind shall burst their fetters and trample down the hideous tyrannies which tare too long cursed and desecrated society .
The ill-disguised terror of the several governments proved that there wa 3 " something rotten" in their present imposing organizations ; something that ^ rould n ot allow them to withstand the revolutionary hurricane if once fairly blowing . Throughout Germany great excitement was manifested , the best proof of which was seen in the calumnies invented bj the slave-press of that country against the Poles Kith the-new of counteracting the formation and expression of German sympathy : thus was invented the detestable calumny that it was one of the principal objects of the Polish " conspiracy" to murder all the Germans ; which calumny was completely
disproved by the manner in which the Germans were treated daring the whole time of the insurrection at Cracow . The calumnies of the German press obtained , however , bntlittlecredence amongstthe Germ ans themselves , as was proved by the proceedings is the Saxsn chamber , by the popular cries of the excited masses in all the principal cities , and by the generous sympathy manifested by the Germans residing in Paris and London . From the pietist poltroon , Fbedebick William of Prussia , dawn to oar ewn dearly beloied Cuoifor-tftc-fand of Hanover , 4 he whole tribe of German princes trembled in their shoes , knowing that their own doom was sealed if the white eagle was again victorious .
And France was moved ; not immediately , for the corrupt rale of the usurers' king has . done not a little to weaken public opinion . Prance did , how * . ever , respond to Poland ' s cry , and could the combat have been prolonged on the banks of the Vistula , the Seine might have beheld events which would have eaused the privileged ones of the earth to turn pale . It is not for us to enlighten the Times and the . rest of the English profitBongering journals as to the actual stateof France ; theymay hug themselves , ifthey will , tfitu the belief in tae"loyalty" and " order" which apparently reign id that country , oneday—perhaps sot very distant—the / will awoke to a knowledge of the reality . We promise their doped readers this , that there is a generation of men now living in
France who will not pass away without uprooting the present villainous system . Prance sadly seeds a purification , no nation more so ; the throne occupied by a greedy usurer ; the chambers filled with mushroom aristocrats and government enqilogse ' , the laws created avowedly for the purpose of extending the usurpations of property and rendering labour more and more degraded and enslaved ; the great mass of the people deprived of all political . rights and social freedom ; pnblic morals debauched by profligate writers ; money and luxury exalted , and poverty and iononr crashed beneath contempt ; oourgeoia rule has created the mo 3 t vicious state of society that has existed in Franee since the time of Louis XV . Happily the purifiers exist and France will be saved .
Even in this " nation of shopkeepers" the Polish movement excited n » little interest in spite of the feet , that nearly the whole of the journals , daily and weekly , did their best to prevent the creation of sympathy for the Poles . The Crown and Anchor meeting was a " great feet , " important in more respects thaapn its relation to thePolishmorement . and file future will show that Chartism was " benefitteJ , " and was «<« " injured "by that meeting . The principles enunciated by the several speakers , proclaimed by the resolutions and ratified by the Hnanimonsly
expressed approval of the assembly , will cause that meeting to be looked back upon as the commencement of a new era in the Chartist agitation . The proceedings of that meeting were published throughout Europe , wefcnotu with the best results for the Chartist as well as the Polish cause . One thing friends and foes may rest satisfied of , that the men who got up that meeting are not the vendors of " clap-traps , " they are in earnest , they have faith in fheir principles and will attest their faith by their works .
When the people of this country hear ' of insurrections in Poland , they are aot " generally aware that the Poles are but one section of a family of nations , all belonging to one race , all oppressed by the same tyrants , and consequently all having a common interest in overthrowing the order of thing 3 at present established . It may startle some of our readers to hear that this family of nations , known as theSlavo-TOnian racis , nearly equals in number , perhaps even exceeds , the whole of the inhabitants of Great Britain ,
France , and Germany combined . The state of go large a portion of the human race must clearly be of interest to the people of westers Europe , more especially when it is considered that the civilization of the western nations may be said to exist merely by sufferance , so long as the ninety millions of Slavonians are held in serfdom , instruments of aggression and barbarism , mere brute masses , obeying the will of one or two men called Emperors , who are the sworn enemies of progression , the irreclaimable foes of freedom .
The Slavonian races are variously estimated at from eighty-five to one hundred millions ; their principal divisions are Poles , Muscovites , Ruthenians , Hungarians , Bohemians , Servians , Moldavians , Bulgarians , and WaUachians . A glance at the map will show the enormous extent of territory occupied by these races , while their numbers sufficiently attest their overwhelming physical force . Were the Slavonians united by a common instinct of aggression and devoted to their chiefs , it is evident that the wildest
dreams of ambition might be realised , and the free stations of the west be swept before the mighty flood of Slavonian force . This , however , happily for mankind—happily for taa Slavonians themselves , is but a dream ; the force exists , but is disjointed . True , the re-union ef these divided masses has commenced ; the object of that union , however , can be no cause of alarm to Western Europe , but the reverse . That object is not aggression towards other races , but internal freedom—an object that must command our warmest sympathy .
There has been lately published a most important -work , from the pen of the author of " Revelations ef Russia , " entitled , " Eastern Europe and the Emperor Nicholas / ' The author ' s avowed object is , « to point out distinctly the frightful nature ef the most extensive slavery in the world , and the direct guilty participation of the Russian Cabinet in it ; secondly , to show by recent instances , both in Russia and Poland , that the fearful state of things which ha 3 been recently made public , is nota matter of past history , but of present and hourly occurrence ; and , thirdly , to call attention to the vast political changes which at no distant day threaten to convulse the whole of Eastern Europe . "
Such a work as this demands our attention , and claims the consideration of our readers . If the public mind had been sufficiently enlightened to comprehend the great Slavonian question of which the Polish question is but a part , the public would not nave been left at the mercy of the interested journalists who so recently devoted their pens to mystify the tenth and uphold the wrong . The Poles are not the only people aggrieved by the systems at present established in Eastern Europe . All the nations above named , suffer more or less the wrongs inflicted on the Poles , and not one yields a hearty support to Hie existing despotisms . Even the thirty-five millions of Muscovites—the most passive and humble f all the Slavonian races—have no love for their
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tyrant and his minions . ; terror , not respect , prolongs their sabmission .: All the other sections of the Slavonic family are dissatisfied , turbulent , and ready to revolt ; the attainment of her' liberty by Poland would be the signal far general insurrection , which would in all probability end in the dissolution of the Prussian , Austrian , Russian , and Turkish empires , as at present constituted . We shall , hereafter . show the heterogeneous and unstable composition of the Russian empire ; as regards the other three , a few words will suffice to show tho rottenness of their organisation . The thirty-seven millions of Austria ' s empire certainly , at the first
glance , present a very formidable appearance , but the appearance is all . Of the pure Austrians , i . e . Germans , there are not more than six millions ; the remaining thirty-one millions being composed of " restless Italians , warlike Magyars , and discontented Slavonians , " all ready to plot against the empire of which they are supposed to form an integral part . The death of Metternich , a successful insurrection in Poland , or a new revolution in Prance , may , alany moment , dissolve this decrepid empire . Prussia cannot suffer to the same extent , but it is evident to all thinking men that the East tern provinces of that kin gdom cannot be long retained . Of the fourteen millions of Prussia ' s population not more than eight millions are Germans , the rest are disaffected Poles , anxious to resume their
nationality and sever frem Prussia ; and this will certainly take place . But the destiny of Pruasia may not be ' annihilation , on the contrary , relieved from the task of playing the contemptible part of " jailor and jackal to the Tsar , '' Prussia may gather under its ascendancy all the German race , finally merging its own and all other state distinctions in the title of one great Germany . The Servian , Moldavian , Wallachian , and ether contiguous sections of the Slavonic family , nominally belonging to the Turkish empire , do not comprise in their millions of population more at the utmost than one million of Turks . It is not unlikely that these states may form themselves into a federative union , perhaps , for some time to come , under the nominal government of the Ottoman Porte : and this is a
consummation to be desired . One thing is certain , that the present despotic structures are undermined , and must fall . Hitherto the despotisms have maintained their power by the trick of employing nativea of one country to keep the others in slavery . Thus the provinces torn from ancient Poland by Prussia , have been garrisoned by German soldiers . Austria has employed German soldiers in Italy , and Italian and German troops in Poland , to keep . down her disaffected subjects ; and the same policy has been acted on : n Hungary , Bohemia , &c . Russia has employed the Rutbenians to coerce the Muscovites , "the Muscovites to keep down the Poles , and forced the Poles
to fight against the Circassians . But this system . of fraud is becoming daily of less service . The Prussian soldiers are themselves drawn from the ranks of a people thoroughly dissatisfied with the Prussian government , caring nothing for foreign conquests , but caring all for that liberty so long promised them —but of which they have been so foully cheated . The fraternization « f Prussian soldiers with Polish "insurgents , " is aa event not at all unlikely . It was lately seen tbat the Italian regiments in . the service of Austria melted like snow when wanted to
march against the Poles , and enough has been said to show that the trosps of Slavonic origin cannot for a moment be depended upon for the protection of their masters . The Rutnenians , the principal military support of Russia , are themselves fast becoming innsculated with Polish ideas ; and , as we shall hereafter show , the thirty-five millions of Muscovites averse to war , having no national ] pride , and discontented with their own degraded state , are powerless to maintain the Russian despotism , which , rotten to the core , will perish before the first blast of the revolutionary hurricane .
In our next we shall proceed to review the work , the title of which we have repeatedly quoted , giving such extracts as may . be necessary te ^ illustrate the author ' s statements , and elucidate his arguments . We desire that our readers may not infer that all the ideas expressed in this article are in accordance with those of the author of " Eastern Europe" In justice to him we must remark , that he is rather a progressionist thaa a revolutionist . We respect his ideas , but of course we must express our own . To him we are mainly indebted for the facts now ia our possession , of the state of millions of our fellow-men , and itisofgreatimportar . ee that these facts should be
made widely known . Great events must ere long happen , which will probably entirely change the present state of more than . the half of Europe , and greatly affect the state of the other half . It , therefore is very essential that the British public should be able to distinguish between the Slavonic races and the usurping despotisms which at present rule them , so that when the press may teem with accounts of Austria dissolving under the assaults of Italians on the one side , and Slavonians on the other ; when Poland is in arms , and Russia abandoned to internal revolt , they ( the British people ) may kno « v which party has claims on their sympathy , and whose cause they are bound by interest and honour to support
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THE BATTLE OF S 0 BEA 01 T . ( Extract from a private Letter , } Camp , before Lahore , Army of the Sutlej , Feb . 26 . Being one of those who were fortunate enough to escape with a sound head at the battle of Sobraon , on the 10 th instant , I take tbis opportunity of writing- you a few lines . Ton mil probably see tbe Commander-in-CbiePs despatch in the papers before this reaches you . We were in the thickofit—in Brigadier Stacey ' s brigade , Sir B . Dick ' s division . The latter , poor fellow , was shot through the stomach t owards the close of the action ; we were almost crying when we saw him taken to the rear . His onlj regret was , he said , that he could not lire to write his own despatch and to do justice to his dirision . Oar
artillery began to fire about sunrise on the mormog of the 10 th .. We had all got into position before daybreak . The first hear and a half was purely aa artillery fight , but our artillery did not in any way appear to silence the enemy ' s guns , and about nine o'clock the Commander-in . Chief sent orders for Sir K . Diekjs division to advance and storm ( while the cannonade was going , Stacey's brigade was partly concealed in the dry bed of a river , so that the enemy ' s cannon-shot , with one or tiro exceptions , passed over us ); Staeey ' i brigade deployed into line—10 th Foot on the right flank , 53 d Foot on the left , and 43 d . and 59 th regiments of Native Infantry in tbe centre , andjoff we went towards a place pointed out by an engineer officer , where we were to storm . The line had aot advanced far when the enemy had got sur range , and the men began to fall in all directions ; a little farther
and we began to feel their . ' grape-shot coming among us like hailstone * . When within about four hundred yards from the trenches we got tbe-ordec to double , the artillery in our rear ; and the Commander-in Chief and all the staff gare a . cheer , the regiment on the right of our line took it up and it went down the whole line , Sepoys and all cheering as loudly as they could , the whole line doubling all tbe time under a storm of grape and cannon shot such as you cannot possibly imagine . When their grape opened upon us I thought it certain death ; but , thank God , I did not get even a scratch . It was a mournful sight to see our poor fellows blown almost to pieces when we got close under the guns . Many were sent up into the air without the shot touching them , and the grape-sbotstrewed them by sizes and sevens . I lost nine men . lulled and wouuded , in tbe company which 1
commanded , and that is a small proportion compared to the lots among the Europeans ; they appear generally to draw a greater fire upon them . The fate of India almost depended upon m , and I think every one did his duty uobly . I felt sure that we were fightiBg in a just cause , and that I think tends to give one confidence . The slaughter was beyond any thing you can imagine . None were spared , for the men , Europeans particularly , were infuriated . I suppose there was sever heard such a roll of musketry as there was after we had gained the trenches . The enemy were driven in a mass headlong into the river . A rush was made for the bridge , and it gave way under the weight . The river seemed alive with grounded and drowning men , and in the meanwhile some horse artillery galloped up on the right and fired into the retiring masses . Their loss is stated at 10 , 000 . We have lost in killed and wounded 2 , 400 , 56 officers . The Akalees
are the most daring men I have ever seen . Many rusked out singly with nothing but a sword , and attacked large bodies of men . I saw them trying to make cuts with their iwords , with bayonets sticking in them . I think they must have been intoxicated . The Sikh artillerymen fought very bravely ; they were strewed in heaps at their guns ; and , indeed , so did all of them , except their cavalry ; they never made a stand . There were several European tents in the entrenchment , and furniture of different descriptions . I got a drink of water ou of a soup plate ; it was a great beon , for I could hardly speak at tbe time from thirst , and , having got a good portion of clay into my mouth whin doubling , and no breakfast , I felt rather exhausted . It was all over by about eleven o ' clock , when the Commander-in-Cbief and Governor . General and Staff roae in . The entrenchments then re . sounded with cheers , sai every one had his eyes fixed on
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tbe old chief ¦ frosty head , which was uncovered . General Moutonandthe SpaBieh engineer , who constructed , th « Sikh worki , were sent Into our romp two dayi agoi I b » liev « we can do nothing to them . The Sikhs used to talk of going to Calcutta , and then going and taking London;—wh at an idea ! You need not be afraid of the bearded gentlemen going all tbe way to London . We are , I hear , to be presented with a Star and Clasp , in honour of the battle of Sobraon ; but something more useful , » donation of twelve months' batta , is to be given to the troops ; a lieutenant ' s batta amounts to 1 , 400 rs . I hear we remain here until the final instalment of the
indemnification money is paid , about the middle of next month . One instalment came in yesterday . Gholab Singh , the newly-created minister ofDliuleep Singh ( a minor ) , will agree to anything-we choose to . impose ; and no doubt Sir H . Hardinge will make a very . stringent treaty , otherwise we shall have the same work next year . The 3 lst Foot and 16 th Lancers go to England immediately . , You will see Brigadier Stacey ' s brigade frequently mentiened in tbe Commander-iH-ChiePs despatch , and also my regiment . I feel very proud pf the manner in which the Sepoys babared , and devoutly thank Sod that 1 am safe out of the action .
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- AMERICAN WORKING-MEN'S ' MOVEMENT . EMANCIPATION OF LABOUR AND THE
LAND . It has been our painful duty at different times to bsar evidence to the melancholy fact , that , despite the political institutions of the United States guaranteeing , or professing to guarantee , equal freedom to all , social inequality is continually advancing and becoming a marked feature of American society . In the United States , as in this country , the rich rule because they are rich , and the poor are oppressed because they arc poor . From a late number of the New York Sun we learn that the Philadelphia weavers have been on strike , and after suffering some
weeks . of starvation had been compelled to succumfi to their ' employers , consenting to return to work at the old prices , The most shocking distress and degradation is proved to exist in New York , Philadelphia , and other large cities , almost rivalling the worst" mysteries " of London , Liverpool , Glasgow ; and Dublin . Contemporaneously with this state of things we find the utmost indifference manifested by the legislators of the country , towards the interests of the majority ; more than that , the rights of that majority are treated with brutal levity by their socalled representatives , as witness the following scene : — ;
Several gentlemen claimed the floor ; among them , Jlr . Mc CoNNfiLiwh © rose , he said , to fl privileged question . The Speakek —( Rapping with his hammer to call the House to order . ) The gentleman rises to a pririleged question . ¦ . - Mr , McCofNELi . —Yes , Mr . Speaker , I rise to a privileged question . I gave notice some time ago , of my intention to introduce a bill to give a homestead to evetj head of a family . ( Laughter . ) i A dozen voices in different parts of the hall— "Read the bill , read the bill . " Tbe Speakjb again called to order , and persevered until he had partially produced it . The Clerk proceeded to read the bill , and after he bad read the first two or three lines somv of tbe members appeared to be satisfied , and eried out , "that ' s enough , " and otheri , " oh , no , " " goon , " "let ' s hear it all , " followed by peals of laughter . -
Mr . McConnill , disregarding tbe diversity of opinion , moved that tbe bill be referred to the committee of the whole on the state of the Union , and be printed . The motion prevailed . „ This i 3 just the treatment we might expect from our precious legislators assembled in St . Stephens ' s , —neither better nor worse . This same House of Representatives refused-to print the Memorial of the National Reformers , on the subject of the Publie Lands . These mis-representatives be it remembered have expended hours , days , and weeks in frothy declamation on the Oregon question . The " patriots " who have raised the ?• whole or none " war-whoop , stoutly insisting that millions of dollars should be expended , thousands of lives sacrificed , and torrents of blood shed , rather than yield an inch of land to the "Britishers , " do themselves treat the American people with the most brutal contempt , when they require a reform of that system by which
American land is robbed from the American people . " What's in a name ? " Wherein do these so-called republican legislators differ from the avowed haughty aristocrats of Europe ? There is this difference , that the European aristocrats boldly avow themselves in their real characters , while the mushroom aristocrats of the American Congress disguise their tyranny and rapacity under the windy phrases , "liberty , " " great republic , " " extension of our glorious institutions" &c , < fcc . Let the American people instead of shedding their blood for the Oregon , which , if acquired , would only benefit a few landrobbers , Insist upon having their own land at home , and they will not only perform the best service for themselves , but will also confer a lasting benefit on the human race generally . These views , we are glad to see , are shared by not a few of our American brethren , as witness the following lesson , read to the war-mongers by the Editor ' of Young America;—'
These war-mongers appear to have imbibed the ridiculous notion tbat they could induce tbe locklandors of th present day . to fight for tbe aggrandizement of ambitiou * demagogues , as in ages past . Oregon belongs , ia reasonable sized farms and lots , to whoever will go and settle it , not because some man bobbing over the Pacific waves in a ship happened to see it first , or because some one sailed first a dozen miles up a liver , but because they are willing to live there by their own labour ; and the two piratical claims of England and the United States ought to be settled on 49 , because that is the nearest they have come to it . Some one in charity should inform the Hotspurs of the Senate , that tbe people are fast settling dowa upon thii determination : that they wriB never fight except to acquire and defend their own Inalienable Somesteads .
That ' s the doctrine , friend Evans , we " go the whole hog" for that same on this side of the water . While on this subject , we may give the following sensible article from Young America : —
NO LAND , NO RIFLE ! ThcfolloiThg from an article by Albert Gallatin , wi . l help to show landless men tbe folly of being enlisted in a war for Oregon till they have secured their right to the soil here where they were born . If landless men fight at all , it should be for the land for every mother's son , and nothing less . ¦ ¦ " It iB equally untrue to assert that the poorer class of people , by which must be meant all the labourers , or generally those who live on their wages , have nothing to loss by the war .
" In this , and in other large cities , for every thousand merchant ; or men of capital who may be injured or thrown out of business , there are ten thousand living on wages whose employment depends directly or indirectly on the commerce of those cities . The number of common labourers is proportionately in the purely agricultural districts . But it is evident tbat in both a considerable number must be thrown eut of employment , either bjr tbe destruction of commerce or in consequence of the lessened value and quantity of the agricultural products . And it seems impossible tbat this should take place without affecting tbe rate of wages , than which a more afflicting evil could not fall on community . There is no man of pure andelevatsd feelings who does not ardently wish that means could be dsvised to ameliorate tbe state of society in that re 3 pect , so as that those who live bj manual labour should receive a more just portion of the profits which are now very unequally divided between them and their employers . '
" But , even if the rate of wages was not materially affected , yet , when it Is said that the poov have nothing to lose by the war , it must tie because their lives are counted for nothing . ' "Whether militia , regulars , or sailors , the privates , the mfen who actually fight the battles , are exclusively taken from the poorer classes of society . Officers arc uniformly selected from the class which has some property or influence * - They indeed risk gallantly their lives , but with the hopes of promotion , and of acquiring renown and consideration . According to tbe present system , at least of the regular army , it is extremely rare ,
almost impossible , that a private soldier should ever rise to the rank of an officer . In the course of a war thousands are killed , more die of disease , and tne residue , when disbanded , return home with habits unfavourable to the pursuits of industry . And yet is asserted that they are predisposed for war , because they have nothing to lose . " Is not this sufficient , aside from the still more important moral considerations involved in the case , to induce tbe people of tbe United States to pause and reflect before rushing into a bloody contest for a paltry striji of land , which can be of little more use to them than tbe same qunntit } ' of territory in the moon 1 "
" No vote , no musket ! " the cry in England" No land , no rifle ! " the cry in America—will soon teach the rulers of both countries that the people have too much sense to engage in mutual throatcutting for the benefit and " glory" of the worthless classes who alone could profit by a war . The people of both countries have a nobler mission . " Wait a little longer , " and that mission will be seen . Up to March 21 st , meetings in support of the free soil principle were held in New York nightly . We have the pleasure of announcing the important fact , that THE GERMAN COMMUNISTS of New York have united with
TIIE DEMOCRATIC LAND REFORMERS en masse . The principal speakers at the New York meetings are Mr . George H . Evans , editor of Young America ; Mr . ' T . O ' Connor , editor of the Irish Volunteer ; . and Mr . KniEaz , editor of Tie Tribune of the People ( German Communist journal ) . Totbese we must acid , Messrs . Bovay , Manning , Wikdt . West , and Commkutord ; besides several oiher ardent workers in the good cause . Speaking of the progress of the movement , the Irish Volunteer says : —
The Natiosat ^ Rekjrk Movement is progressing , as we anticipated ( with , gigantic strides . Kc » vspapcrs are starting all ov er & «¦ s < wiatrj to advocate it , and some of
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the most respectable papers in the Union are lending a hand in diacusaiHg it > merits . Scarcely a lection of the weitem country that does not exhibit a desire - . for . information upon the subject . ¦¦; Here in-New York meetings are held almost ni ghtly upon the subject ^ all crowded with attentive auditors , who are captivated with the sublime simplicity of its remedy for th * thousand ills that are grinding down the labouring classes . In Brooklyn , we find tbat tlie honeBt Democracy have unfurled tho flag of Reform , determined to vote for no man that it not for freeing the publie lands in limited quantities for actual settlers . ¦ ,
The movement is making progress in Pennsylvania . In Pittsburgh ( the Ameriean Birmingham ) , the Free Soil cause is the leading topic of discussion among all classes . Large meetings are holdcn , and the word is "Onward . " Mr . Rvckmani ' s lecturing . through tho western counties of the State of New York , and everywhere enrolling converts under the Land banner . The period for electing the principal officers of the city of New York drawing nigh , the Reformers were bestirring themselves to obtain the election of men pledged to their principles . A sincere reformer named Ransom Smith had been put in nomination for mayor and the following queries were addressed to him by the association : — New York , March 9 th , 18 i 6 .
Sir , —At the last meeting of the National Reform Asgociatfoni you wera unanimously nominated for the office of May or of this city , and , as the Association appointed no committee to communicate with you on the . subject , I consider »* S duty as Secretary to address you in accordance wit h tne organization of the Association and its recent ac *' on >^ ° obtaiH an expression of your views , and therefore propound to you the following queries : —; 1 st , Will you , if elected , use all the influence of your station to limit the quantity of land tbat any individual , company , or corporation shall hereafter acquire , so that gradually the soil shall be restored to the people , until every family shall have a Home of which fraud or force can never deprive them ?
2 nd . AVill you , if elected , uge your official influence to provide all the destitute of the city , who are unjustly deprived of their right to the soil , with good and sufficient / ooa , clotbins , and shelter , and an education for their children befitting republicans , until they can , through the action of our State and National Government , have a chance to obtain these by tbeirown exertions , on their own HomoBteads ; so tbat Republican Citizens may no longer be disgraced by street beggine , disease , intemperance , and crime arising from deprivation of the means of useful employment ? 3 rd . Will you appropriate all the income of your office under the laws , over a thousand dollars , to the National Reform Association , to carry forward the Free . Soil Movement , and use yourinfluence to regulate all sa ' aries of public offices according to actual duty performed , and to what similar labours would acquire in industrial occupations ?
4 th . If Congress ' should declare war about Oregon before mnkinjr the Public lands free , wi / 1 yoa use your ofiSci 1 influence to put an end to the war as sonn as possible , and to prevent any landless man from being forced into it » The Republicans of Enpland have raised the banner ef "So Tote , no Musket ! " Will you ueconfl their exertions by raising the banner "No Land , no Musket" ! . ; ; Many other important questions oceur to me , connected with the high station you hare been nominated to fill , and . with the interests of . tbe 400 . 000 human beings crowded so unnaturally on this Island ; but , as the above are all that lam aware of respecting which the Association have expressed tneir views , I do not feel authorized to ask further questions in their name , ' Respectfully . Geoboe H . Evans . Ransom Smith .
We have given the above letter because the queries cinnot fail to interest our readers . It will be seen that the " No Vote , No , Musket" cry , in this country is responded to by our brethren . Mr . Smith ' s reply is too lengthy to extract entire , but we may state that , although he declines the nomination , he heartily responds to the several queries . The following is the concluding portion of his reply : — The great principle of freeingtbe land and limiting the quantity is destined to become the great topic of the age . It is the centre round which revolves our rights and our liberties . The people having discovered land , and been led to see their nautral right to it , their voices will be heard , their just demands cannot be stayed . "Their redemption drawetb nigh . " They have the \ iower in their own hands and they will use it .
The people shouIdftoWthe appointing power , and never delegate it to Executive bands , for this makes bad government , andtoo much of it ; creates State Debts without ' the consent of the people ; and is Anti-Republican and dangerous to our liberties and natural rights . The greatest achievement ever jet obtained by the spirit of Liberty over the adverse Spirit of Tyranny , is our near approach to Universal Suffrage . This great and inestimable boon , ' which constitutes the bulwark of our liberties , must not be lost sight of . till all are entitled to one vote ; for it is only by tbe united efforts of a majority « f the voters , that the land measure can be carried . When Universal Suffrage has wrought this groat and mighty work for us , may wo not look for the promised period , when all war and the paraphernalia of war will become extinct , and the wilderness and solitary place bleom and blos ? om as the rose ; when we may sit under our own vine and fig-tree , with none to molest or make us
afraid ; when universal education , happiness and brotherhood , snail no longer be a mere name and phantom to deceive the people ? We were never made to live without aright to the earth to live upon , and there is no moral human power for one part of the human family to deprive the other of this Divine Might . We have been and are educated to look upon the Bar and the Bench frith great respect and a sort of holy reverence ; but it is not glory enough for me to march in the footsteps of such illustrious predecessors and heroes a 9 our past ? nd present imperfect institutions have famished . Let us learn to reverence and respect the crow bar and the work bench , and consider the "Divinity of Lalour . " Labourers must respect themselves and each other , and remember that in their union is their strength , before they can expect the high , the lofty and the aristocratic to respect them aa equals ; and , "they that would be free , themselves must strike the blow . "
A large open-air meeting in the Park was to be held on Monday the 6 th ef April , the day preceding the election . Further extracts next week .
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SOCIAL ^ REFORM . Under this head we propose to notice all efforts beinpjmade . or that may be made , to improve the social condition of the people . It is our own conviction tbat the shortest road to social reform would be to invest the ' people with their political rights , and thus enable them to obtain justice for themselves ; still if . only partial amelioration is obtainable Junder the present system , even that partial amendment will be welcomed by us . ' Foremost amongst the various social amendments suggested we must notice the efforts now being made to improve the dwellings of the poor . A society calling itself the " Health o f Towns' Association , " has been in existence for some time past , having for its object the promotion of
SANATORY REFORM . The association is under the presidency of the Makquib of Normas'by , and comprises in its committee a number of leading public characters in and out of parliament ; the following are the objects of the society .: — I . To diffuse among the people tbe valuable informa . tion elicited by recent inquiries , and tho advancement of science , as to the physical and moral evils that result from tbe present defective sewerage , drainage , supply of water , air , and light , and construction of dwelling . holMes . . '
II . To correct misconception as t » the exponae of the requisite measures , and to remove groundletB apprehensions as to interference with existing pecuniary interests . III . To devise and to endeavour to obtain some better means than at present exut , for the investigation of the causes of mortality in any locality , and fer the more effectual protection of tha public by the prompt removal of those noxious causes which are proved to be removable . IV . To facilitate legislative enactments and thtrir application , by the diffusion of sanitory information bearing on the several points . And , V . To encourage the establishment of Branch or Auxiliary Associations , not ^ nierely with a view to the local benefit that must thence arise , but also as the means of obtaining a larger amount of funfls , and a more extended field of usefulness .
Since its establishment this society has done raucli towards carrying out the first of the above objects . By the courtesy of Henry Austih , Esq ., lhesecretary , we have been put hi possession of several reports of lectures , Ac , published by the association , containing much valuable information , which it is essential should be diffused as widely as possible . With this view we propose ( with the committee ' s sanction ) to extract largely from the society ' s publications in future numbers of this paper . This week we give the following extract from a new monthly periodieal , entitled ' * Our Own Times , " which certainly shows the pressing necessity for a sweeping sanatory change . The place described is "Jacob ' s Island , " a locality in the neighbourhood of Dockhead . Bermomlsev , known to tho readers of . ' Oliver Twist " aa the place where the ruflian Sykes made his exit .
It is an extraordinary scene , reminding one of an old Flemish street . Imagine first a stagnant canal—its contents rather watery mud than muddy water—u noisome place , encrusted with layers of soot which float motionless on the thick waters , their aspect made still more hideous by the hairy morsels of decomposition wslr ivliich they are thickly studded ., and which were onr : l dogs and cats . Imagine this pestilential ditch bound' d and its reeking banks ormed , by a long succession of pic turesque wooden dwellings , old , crassy , crumbltur , j , some places leaning heavily over the mud , in » other ! settling down bodily Into it . Imagine their odd , whim sical outline—their high pwiked garrets—their j > dtcliei cumbered masses of woodwork—jutting into nil' manm . offantastic outworks , 'abounding in odd angles . _ forming callories ani \ projecting stories , and ru ^ e balcop ; eS wnic ] overhung the stagnaat iutttl , the whole irre » -uii ) r mas
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black ^ ittf ' suMef age , and dirt . r Imagine two rows of such , tenements forming a narrow ; water-street archea ! over by numerous wooden briagesVesarse clumsy erections once , and now crumbling : wi th age and rot , the eye in its onward progress ever and anon intercepted by oars ana poleg protruding from tbe houses on either siao , ana fluttering with linen so stained and streaked , that it seems to have been washed in the ditch beneath for years , and so frowsy and . mildewy that it can never be got thoroughly dried . Imagine all this—imag ine many of the houses tenantlegs ; imagine many of the props ivbicb support them over the dead waters soaked through by
the . green slime , awd long since given way under the superincumbent weight , leaving portions of the dwelling , Masses of dnrk ruins ; imagine under those which still remain elevated upon their piles , planks and boards sticking downwards , thu remains ol wliat have once been floors ; picture thl » desolation and poverty , tbe fetid ditch , the decayed dwellings , and you have an idea of the western and most picturesque frontier of Jacob ' s Island . We have said that many of these houses are unoccupied . Were you to set foot on their decayed floors , you would go down with a crash through the rotten wood , as through a trap-door , into the slime beneath .
But there are dwellings which boast of inhabitants , and their aspect is in many instances less squalid than would naturally be expected . Tho dwellers in Jacob ' s Island are poor , neglected people , striving to live amid the dismal stenches and filta of tne place ; for they h . ire no means of quitting it . Many are , of course , squalid , fever-stricken beings—dirt and rags the prevailing characteristic of their ¦ appearance ; but yon occasionally come upon symptoms of hard struggling decency , which the horrible features of the place scarcely led you to look for . Again , you aee slatternly drabs of women roalte their appearauce at the projecting galleries to stare at the stranger who appears to be invading their domains . Little unkerapt savages poke tht'ir furry heads out of
garret windows ; lean miserable dogs—chained up in starvation and stench , amid massos of mouldering woodwork and dismal lumber of broken chairs and tables , which have Been pushed out of doors , and huddled upon sinking platforms , gradually moving downwards to the mudraise themselves and howl dismally . But there are few other signs of life . Nothing , according to the vulgar phrase , is stirring but stagnation . With the exception of one or two petty shops upon the landward Ride , there Beem few wares to buy , few people to buy them , and Httlo money to buy them with . The buzz of a busy neighbourhood is around you , you hare just emerged from all the outward signs and symbols of commercial wealth , but here you are in a region of poverty , want , fevar , and
filth . Suddenly , perhaps , you mil 1 ) 8 startled by a splashing in tbe ditch A woman is leaning over the railings of one of the balconies , drawing by means of a bucket and rope , water from the conglomerated filth below . You observe that she has gat a knack of swishing the pail backwards and forwards , in order to procure the purest possible bucketful of the forbidding- fluid . After watchinu-a repetition of this process ut two or three other houses , we ventured to accost one of tbe drawers of tbisby courtesy—water'That must be terrible stuff to wash with . You-can clean nothing with that . '
Wash!—clean ! echoed the woman , hauling up a pailful , half mud and half watrr . ' What are you a talking about ? ' Why , we drinks it . ' Good heavens ! We losked again down into the slough . In some places it wai green from decomposition , moveless in its putrescence , consisting of cast away boots and shoes , and rusted bottomless rem . tins of tin utensils , it only wanted one more stage of rot to give us something like that hideous ocean'Where slimy things did crawl with legs Upon the slimy sea . ' Drinkit !' Why , Sir , ' continued our informant , ' we must drink tbat ' ere or none , ' ' Can ' you not go to the river ? 'tis not a hundred paces ?' ' The watermen say as they have privileges , and wo ' let us fetch it at their stairs '
' Are there no pumps ?' ' Yes , one , but it is kept locked , ' ' No water pipes in this part of the island of course ?' ' Lor ! no ! Water companies do ' nt come to pool 1 folks like we—in course not . ' . ; ' Well , doe 3 not thiB diich communicate with the river ? Does it not , at least , rise and fall with the tide semetimes ?' 'It did long ago—and there ' s still sluices by which they oan run the water into the river , and let in fresh . ' ' And , why , in heaven ' s name is not that done everyday . ' ' Why , you see—tho sluices is private property , and the man as owns them 'ill only open them when he likes —not when we like . The place whwo them sluices is , was a mill in the old times , and worked by tide—but it don't go now . ' 1 Then you have fever here often , have you not ?'
? The woman shook her head—her sunken eye and hollow cheeks bespoke for her of the pestilential atmosphere . And how could it be otherwise ? The filthy , choky dwellings are bathed in 'he reeking exhalations of the decaying mud . It ig bad enough amid the frosts of winter , but when a not sun pours down its powers upon the fermenting mass—when the broeze is lulltd , and the whole place sleeping in the glaring summer ' s a fternoon—every stifling volume of vapour which rises from the ditch is the very Breath of typhus ! There is snreJy good need of a " Health of Towns ' Association " when such places as " Jacob ' s Island " exist within the limits of the "great metropolis ;" but what a disgrace to the government and legislature is the existence of such places . They cannot plead ignorance , for both were fully informed of
these deplorable enls many years ago . So far back as May , 1838 , it was officially declared "that tho annual loss of life from filth and bad ventilation is greater than Jthe less from death or wounds in any wars in which the country has been engaged in modern times , " and yet nothing has been done to check this enormous waste of human life . Towards the close of the last session of Parliament there was laid on the table a measure known as the "Towns ' Drainage Bill , " which has laid there ever since , without progressing one atep towards adoption by the Commons . This delay is disgraceful to the government , and not less disgraceful to those persons , who , belonging to the Health of Towns' Commission , have in that capacity enforced the necessity of remedial
measures , and yet , as members of Parliament , quietly allow month after month , and year after year , to pass away without urging on the reforms they know to be so necessary . Well does ] the Times say , that , "if , instead of being Royal Commissioners , they had been railway directors , nnd if , instead of the welfare of the labouring population ,-their own dividends and salaries had depended on their recommendations being acted on , no one can doubt that their activity would have been somewhat greater than it has been . " We do not blame them for not boing as active as if their ' pecuniary interests had been at stake , or for not being QuixoteB in the cause of philanthropy ; but we do blame them for manifesting em utter indiffer . ence to the adoption of those measures which , tiking them at their word , they believe to be of great and pressing importance . "
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THE PEOPLE'S PROPERTY . ( From the Nation . ) Is the Irish Land tenuro question to be dealt with by legislation , with forethought , with due regard to existing interests , and upon any settled principle—er , is it to- be permitted to stand as it is until the social evils of this island shall havo become intolerable , and then allowed to find a solution for itself us it best can ? - To one or other » f these issues we are coming . A revolution in the whole system of holdisg land—either n rapid or a gradual one , either legislative or insurrectionary , either peaceful or bloody—is assuredly at h : » nd > and it behoves all men , and specially those men who have a potential voice in public affairs , audiwho have-the most at stake , to consider well which of these ways they , will choose . It is needless to talk o ' f the- " dtfh ' cvity " of this Land question—were it ten timta asdiftieult it absolutely must be met , must be grappled with , muit be dealt with decisively by law , and that soon > or the otha > - alternative comes in .
Let it not be said that thu isa . thre . it . 1 b i& s 5 re > $ > ly a statement of the task that Hes > before ue < to- be doa-e , or , at our peril , to be left undone ^ Surely there is no- rational being in ail Ireland whois not convinced in hk heart that the relation of landlord suwl tenant caanot ,. and will not , stand long id its- present state . Bvku the Repeal sf the Union and eatinotion oSthe absentee-drain , though it would . initigate 2 tha disease , could only remove further off the , inevltab&a day whra . some decided step must be takeuto cure it . Well , then . it is full time that these who desire political and social changes to be- brought a tout jitmvefully , should take couascl toge&er , and devise some plan which may b e both practicable and just to- all parties .
In order ~ to come to tli Q ronsi&i : raUon ut the matter in hand with any chaace o £ success , ii is first necessary to get rid of all feeliuffs of irritation-, of obsolote animosities , and , above all , of < mnt . It is needful , on the onu side , to admit Htfat landtd proprlatttrB , a& a ulas& . ul'C not absolute demons * exultiug in . the groans of thuir victims , and Kloutinf ; over the-despair o-f homeless ¦ widows and famishing cbjjdren but are indeed men , often unfortunate , deeply mortgaged , and sorely persecuted wen , hunted by bai'iiff S | and much beset by sheriffs . On the other hand , it msi juij be well to have it admitted that there is no 3 a » ' , i , and Mdeous , anil uuivuvsal conspiracy of poor O JST linst rich , or the Catholic against tlic Protestnnt , or-S * . nised by Jesuits , and having for its object to make the I ops temporal ruler of Ireland , to hand over the revenues ' of the Established church to tho Propaganda College , and her Clergy and Communicants to thu Holy ullice . We absolutely require these to be taken 119 postulates . Another admission « n . Oioulil be inclintd to
Askfovthat the "rights of property" are applicable to tlie poor as well as to tho rich—that every man ' s labour is his own indefotsible birthright—and thnt , in any future arrangement to be marie , thu rights of property on both sides jiru to bi > religiously guardud and held sacred . T : ik : n {{ these things for granted—assuming that Ivish landlords are not evil demons and carnivorous Ghoulsthat tenants are not naturally foul conspirators and familiars of the Inquisition—that a proprietor has as abso lute right to the fair proceeds of his lands , and that a peasant may claim to eat bread ( noooitling to the curse )
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. n the sweat of . his brow , wedob lu-ve . thnt n rational and practical adjustment of the difficulty might beat tained .. At any rato the thinu is north a trittli One propos-al having for , it » object to solvo this Land question , is contained in a le'tev from Mr . Dowdtn , thtt late Mayor of Cork , which was read in tbe Repeal Association , and last week published at length in ' lhe A ' cttion . Mr . Dowdtn is a . Frotcstajit gentleman of . Ability And ex . perience . and of high charcttr ,. deeply respected . 1-v his fellow-eitizens , andcertuinly . no reekluSB revolutimiigt but he sees that the lime hao come . t « choose Wtwecn sound legislation and utter anarch y , and very wisely prefers the former . *
Jfr . Dawden would also give every reasonable security to lielders at will ami lessees , that they Rhould be compensatcd fur improvements . The transfers to lie effected through his lund-ofliccs would necessarily lie crurlual and in the meantime lie would afford the renters , or , as he phrases it , the borrower * , of land such protection as thuir defenceless state requires . * # * # * The ultimate end , however , which Mr , Dowdi-n desires to arrive at , is gradually to convert the . tenant-slaves of Ireland into fee-simple proprietors . # # * * * A second plan is put forward by a writer who lias published two or three letters in tlie Times newspaper , and sipns himself " D . L , " He Would hu'B a lltenl Llind Company established by Act of Parliament , consisting of Irish and English capitalists , who would use thu schciue
as an investment of money—with power to buy Irish estates in large masses , and to allot them in convenient proportions to tenants in fee for ever , charged with tho paymQut of a certain sufficient uurehascmoney to the Company by way of annu . 1 instalment , until all should be paid , when the tenant would hsive his liinil in feesimple for over . Tiie writer conceives that the annual instalment of the purchase-money , in order to remunerate the Company , need not be much , if at all greater , than what is now often charged ns yearly rent to ttihiilltaat-will . Of course the same Act whi-h shonld establish the Company would also enable proj > vii > tors to sell , notwithstanding family settlements or other claims , and would create a publie offlci' , whose business it should bo
so to distribute and apply tlie purchase-money as to preserve the int . rests of expectants , reversioners , and creditevB . The objection to this project is , that tlie expense of working a vast Company , with all its offices and officers , and , still more , the payment of dividends upon xhures , would absorb a large proportion of the capital with which the tenants are expected to make their purchases—would , in fact , be a heavy drain upon their industry , over anil above what would at any rate be required from a cottier , in ordc-r to convert himself into a proprietor in fee . And ano ^ hiT objection is , that the very idea of English speculators undertaking Irish lauds must be , from old associations , highly unpopular nnd suspicious . We hare had far tow much English land jobbing in Ifblatid already .
A third proposal has been made , which would get rid of both these objections . It is a simple enactment , that any occupier of land , under any tenure whatever , shall be entitled , from the moment his tenaucy begins , to pur-Chase out bti J «? i ( f ( ord '? interest—at certain rate ? , to be determined according to the circumstances , valuo of the land , & . C . —that is , a cottier may buy the whole interest of his own immediate landlord ( say , a middleman ) in bis holding , whether large or small—then , placing liiuuelf in the position of the middleman , he would be entitled to buy the entire interest from the next landlord , mid so < iscend to the proprietor in fee , until , at last , ho should bo the sole owner . of his own farm . This would go one stop further than cither of the firsrmentione-1 projects ; for whereas they would only permit , this would compel a proprietor to sell , on being tendered the suitable purchiise-money , by any tenant holding im mediately under him .
Nobody can doubt that , undar any of these three arrangements , money would soon bo forthcoming to buy large tracks of land , and create a numerous class of in . ¦ iependentfreeholdtrs . Even with all the present dis _ couragemonts to improvemonts , we see how much money can be occasionally amussed bt small farmers , who date not invest it in land not their own , and straightway cany it off to America , depriving their own country of so much labour , thrift , industry , mind , and money—and leaving behind them a state of society sinking even lower and lower downward , by a continual repetition of this
exhausting process . ^ If we h ad the return called for by Mr . Dowden . of the actual capital carried across the Atlantie for the last twenty years—and if we calculate how much the same industry which created it would have since increased it—and if wo consider the stimulus to exertion and improvement that the hope of bettering Jiis condition —of standing at last , even in his old age , a free man upon his own soil—ivouM give to tlie now down-trodden and hopeless Irish peasant , we may understand how soon the soil of Ireland might change hands , if land monopoly were once abolished .
Now , we say that in one or other of these three ways , oi'by some combination ofthuin , or in some other way ,, provision must speedily be made for revolutionising the - > hole social condition of this island , and gradually abolishing the " relation of landlord and tenant ; " or , that the matter will otherwise find its level , pii'bapsby veryiiugged and stormy ways . There is absolut « ly no third alternative Land for ourselves we much prefer the peaceful a : id lfgislatiro method . Wo » re Conservatives in this matter—Conservatives of social order , of law and justice , of "Life and Property . " The present system does not wort : it lias disorganised society , and created an abhoranee of Law and a sympathy with crime : it is productive of starvation , misery , revenge , extermination , exile , murder , disease and death . Shall society be
reorganised upon some better system , while it is yet time ; or must it go to utter wreck , and be born again out of the womb of chaos's [ In reply to the above , we have merely to observe , that , for years past we have been recommending the above policy to the Irish people ; we have been recommending tbe application to their funds to the above national purpose , while tlieii-ish press has been allowing a reckless expenditure of their pence . We have already established the Charter Society for more extensive purposes than those recommended by Mr . Dowden , whose letter we published in tho . £ *«»• oflast week . We , that in the Chartist Co-operative Land Association , are the Chartered company for the
purchase , sub-division , and conveyance of lai « d to the working classes , in such proportions as will suit tlie individual capacity of each . We agree with the Nation that attention will be directed from the shadow to the substance , and that what capital , op . pression , and thu law lias withheld from the labouring classes possession of the land can alone confer . Let the Nation then be the first in the field of this honourable compttition . Let the ' 83 club "doff " their cockatoo feathers and dress themselves in frizes as the national manufacture , and we pledge ourselves that their land meetings will give an impetus to the repeal question which all their rcgmarole and bombast has failed to communicate to it . We do not ask such Irish association to be circinnswibed bv
our rules , which limit occupation to i wo , three , or four acres , because the scheme must be in accordance with national requirements and , therefore , the allotments in Ireland may be from five to twenty acres , because the country is wholly agricultural and because the present scantiness of markets wwild not offer a sufficient remuneration , sufficient to enable the several occupants to purchase the fee of their several holdings . The monopoly of land led to the French
Revolution , thp . mnnnnnlv . of land , if not chucked , will lead to the dismemberment of the American Union , and iu spite of the best exertions of Feel , Russell , the free trader , and O'Connell , or all united by the monopoly . of land , if not checked , will le ; ul to a revolution in England and Ireland . Again , then , we invite the nation nnd all with Irh-li hearts to join us in an incessant crusade against a monopoly which subjecta the poor to periodical famine while the rich fuel none of its horrors or arc able to contend against its scTerity . —E » . H . S . ]
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ot tbe Admiralty , an « « ie irencli government by t&e Minister of the Interior , have granted peamisaion to two gentlemen tha projectors of the sub-marine telegraph , to lay it down from etast to coast . Thesite selected is from Cape Grisnez or from Cnpe Blaaefflez ,. on tbe Freneh side , tothe SoutbForeliind » on the English eoasi . The soundings between theseheadlands sire gradual , varying from seven fathoms near the shove on either side , to a masimum of 3 £ fathoms ia mid-channel . The Lords of thm Admiralty hare also granted permission to the saaae gentlemen . to lay down a sub-marine telegraph between Dublin and iiolyliead , which is to oh earned on fioiutlie
latter place to Liverpool and Lorn ; on . The submarine telegraph across the . English Channel will , however , te the one first laid dowss . The materials fop this are already imdergo'UK tlie . process of insulation , s \« d are in that state of forwardness which will enable the projectors to have tiem completed and placed in position , so tbat a telegraphic ccaimiinication can be transmitted across tie Channel nbuut the first week in June . Whon this is completed , an electric telegraph will be established from the co ; isi > to Paris , and thence to Marseilles , 'i'liis telegraph throughout " France will be immediately under the direction of tlie Fronch government , as , aoconlioj , ' tothe law of 1837 , all telegraphic communications through that country are under the absolute control and superintendence of the Minister of tho Interior . Upon the completion ot the sub-marina telegraph the
across English Channel , it is stated tiiaf , i similar one , on a most gigantic scale , ivill be attempted to be formed , under the immediate sanction and patronage of the French administration . This lsno less than that of connecting tiie shorts at' Africa with ttioae of Europe by the same instrumentality ; thus opening a direct and li ghting like communication between Marseilles and Alacria . Jt has been doubted by several scientific men whether this is practicable , and , indeed , whether even the project between the coasts of France and England can be accomjilislied ; but . it has been proved , by experiments , the most satisfactory in their rcsujtp , thfft ' not ' oiili can it he effected , but effected without any considet-A able difficulty . —The O / M . ?¦ ¦ ¦ ¦{ . ' "¦¦ ' ^ '" -jA I *> . __ J ¦ ¦ - ¦ . ;* . . fcif rR > * U is unnecessary to give tli « E xtracts-froin ^ Mr ^ J ^ I ^ DoiviIiMi ' s letter ijuutt-d in tliu JVat ! o » ,, as Jhe » W . hole . of .- *)>•;/? £ ^§ letter : ij > i )(; areil iii the Star of Saturday lj ? t »' ' ; V ' "'" ; ' - ? 5 ;» j » ft
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* "Eastern Europe and the Emperor Nicholas . " Bj * e Author of " Revelations of Russia . " londou : I . C . i ' Bwby , 73 , Mortimer Street , Cavendish Square .
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May . £ 7 J& 6 . . ^ g ^ , K- ^ jg ^ glMjrAE . ^ _ __ __ L ,
'Jt.Bi.Kgnaf-.Uic Communication Uxbbk The Ska. — The British Government By The Lords Commissioners
'JT . Bi . KGnAF-. uic Communication Uxbbk the Ska . — The British government by the Lords Commissioners
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), May 2, 1846, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1365/page/7/
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