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' ' PARENTAL INHUMANITY.
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itnoi j Koach Died at his residence, in Manchester, on Monday the
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ssiruet lnntedby DOIjGALM'GOWAA 1 , of 16, Ore.it Windmill
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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{ Continual from Ac First Page . ] toerial Parliament of Great Britain and Ireland . It then incorporated a certain number of Irisli members vHh the" British House of Commons , and these bec : me iable to all the responsibilities imposed on members of the British Parliament before the Union . Even though such a power had not been conferred by the Act of Union , it was inherent in the Hwreeo 1 Commons . The orders of the Louse must be . oWi 8 £ torv on all its members , for if they were n .. t there must be a stop to all public business and toau nt . lity as a representative assemby : U ^ S ^ m Mr O'Connell had complained tl' ^^^ T . ^ into the Committee of Selection w « " £ K vUiom gent ; it might be so , bat the J »^' ^ it ha d lad given the committee these P ° . ' poWCrs been considered that un «* the *^ stnn were committed *>*> . *» * %£ op ° on it- Mr . > tlic increased load of doty « f , / t jj e jurisdiction O'SriennM refused obcd ^« ^ Jbl ia n au ( lj in . which he had himself helped t > ^ ^ . stead of excusing him ** toj » Wg djSvlD ( . dicncc . respondent , and had griea ^ ^ 5-, ^ i e ^ ve "& . t re—ndedbyjfr . coujsu j" lis auLiiuiib
w » --- h coud not allow ) } 'tTLTn thisTanni and must vindicate it , 10 to * 1 fS . 1 t werVSelled to resort to those ex-SSSwP ^^ V - O'Mea '"* mUSl f 0 l C SSfSSST&SJLld be necessary tointroducea resolution of this kind at the present moment ; for he forest thatthe ultimate result or It would be to compel those Irish members who a « reed in the propriety of Mr . O'Brien ' s course to take measures which would impede the ordinary
business ot Parliament . He regretted it the more , besause , if the-resolution were persevered in , there -would arise in the minds of th » people of Ireland , -who did not understand the technicalities of the house , an impression that there was a system of persecution about to be enforced against Mr . S . O'Brien on account of the course which be deemed it t » be his dutv to pursue in Ireland . By keeping Mr . S . O'Brien away from the digcussion of the Coercion Bill , the house would exasperate to the utmost the people of Ireland .
Mr . W-&BBURTOX observed that , if the present molion involved nothing more than the highest disapprobation of the conduct of Mr . 5 . O'Brien , he should most gladly concur in it ; but the next question which the house would have to consider , after assenting to this motion , would be— " Shall we send Mr S * O'Brien to the Tower ? " He did not see any force in Mr . O'Gopneil ' 8 argument . lie admitted that the House of Commons had the power to commit Mr . O'Brien ; but he doubted the wisdom of exercising it , fer he did not know how many
other foolish members might court the veryuneviable notoriety of being committed to the Tower , lie concluded bj reoving as an amendment that Mr . S . O'Brien , having stated special groundson which he wished to be exempted from attending on private committees , should in future be exempted from such attendance , and that it be an instruction to the Committee of Selection to report to the house the names of all members in future claiming to bo exempt from such attendance , and the groundson which they claimed such exemption .
Mr . Broihebtox seconded the amendment . Upoa the amendment being read by the Speaker , Mr . J . O'Coxsell said , that he begged to differ -with the Hon . Gentleman who had used the epithet foolish , with regard to the conduct of the hon- member for Limerick . He thought that instead of acting foolish . ' v , it wonld be found that the Irish people considered him to have been acting with a view to do his duty to Ireland . It was his misfortune to be a member of a committee , for the last three weeks , and probably for two months to come . ( Hear , hear . ) He thought he might take credit to himself for having endeavoured to attend punctually to the business . ( Hear , hear . ) But he did not
consider that the House had any right to require him to serve on that committee . The reason for his not offering any apposition to that order was , that he should be unabie to give his aid in opposing the pass ing of the Goercion Bill while in the custody of the Sergeant-at-Anns . ( Laughter . ) It was for that reason alone that he regretted the honourable member for Limerickacting as he had done . He thought the honourable member for Limerick wns entitled to some consideration , when it was considered that he teas acting from strong convictions . ^ The House could not do better , in his opinion , than adopt the suggestioa of the honourable gentleman who had moved the amendment .
Mr . BnoxaERT-jx observed that Mr . S . O'Brien wanted to be made a martyr of , and he was not digposed to elevate him ia that honour . After an observation from Mr . O'Connell to the effect that , if Mr . S . O'Brien had gone to Ireland , the bouse would not have found it very safe to bring him to England on this quarrel , and a few words from Sir G . Grey in support of the original motian , SJrR . Peel said he was very much surprised to hear anv individual assert that the original resolu tion arose cut oi a spirit of hostility against Mr . S . O'Brien . He In-lieved that it was a matter of general regret that this point had been raised , but with the precedent established l = st session in the case of Mr . JB . Escotfc , whose objections to serving on a committee on a private bill had been overruled by the house , he did not see how the mooting of it could be avoided , or how it could be imputed to
hostility to Mr . S . O'Briea . lie did not see any other course which the house could adopt save that of . affirming the resolution of Mr . Estcourt . He could not assent to the amendment of Mr . Warburton , for it was a way of evading the difficulty of the ease , if there was a difficulty , hardly worthy of his Ion ? experience in parliament . In all questions of this kiud he only sought to maintain the character of the house as the popular branch of the Legislature . He then enforced the argument < -f the Attorney-General in support of the power of the House of Commons t > commit Irish members for contempt , and insisted that though not given by the Act of Union it wa- inherent in the house from its very composition . It- might be that Mr . S . O'Brien wi s hed to be a martyr , and had therefore challenged the existence of this power ; but as he had challenged it , the house mustvindieate it , and he should therefore support the original resolution .
Mr . II . Gramas and Mr . C . Powell defended the course adopted by Mr . O'Brien . Mr . Home condemned it , and advised Mr . O'Brien to submit . Sir J . Wilde in a lengthy speech controverted the ¦ views of Mr . O'Connell as to the Act of Union . There wr . s one common feeling- of regret that the louse had been obliged to embark in this Question , and that feeling was aggravated , because it was connected with an Irish member , and might therefore be misrepresented . The power of the house over Irish-members was as complete as the interests of Irelssd required that it should he , and as Parliamentary law could render it . Mr . S . O'Brien might bid for popularity against Mr . O'Connell by seeking to be made a martyr of ; but it appeared to him that nothing but a morbid love of notoriety could have induced him to take his present course . The house oagiit not to shrink from asserting its authority in a case where it had been so flagrantly denied .
Mr . D'Isbaeli argued that as Mr . O'Brien had not , strictlv speaking , a formal notice of the motion made on Monday . for his attendance in the committee , and as he might possibly petition the house to be allowed to be heard by counsel as thebar , it would Ire well to pause before doing anything unjust , or thatffiigiit be impugned on the ground of informality . This compulsory attendance on railway comjnittees was a viohtion of ths rules of the house , adopted upon an apprehension of circumstances that had not turned out to be well-founded , and it was novel in principle ; therefore it would be well to postpone the question in order to allow Mr . O'Brien to reconsider his position , and to obviate the necessity of any expression of opinion by the house on the subject . Several other members Laving spoken oa the sabject , the House divided on the amendment .
For Mr . Warburton s amendment ... lo Against it ... ... ... ... l'JO Majority against the amendment 121 The House imniedintely divided on the original jEnotion—For Mr . Estcourt ' s motion ... 133 Against it 13 Majority for the motion ... ... 120 Mr Estcocrt then moved that Mr . O'Brien be Committed tO the custody of the Sergeant-at-Anus . Colonel Rawdon suggested to the house the propriety of allowing Mr . S . O'Brien 24 hours to decide whether he would not retrace the steps which he had unfortunately taken . He could not refrain from remarking , that so far as Ireland was concerned , the conduct of Mr . S . O'Brien contrasted most disad-Tantazeously with that of Mr . O'Connell , and his son . who had both served on private committees .
Mr . J . O'Conskll could not accept any compliment at tnc expense of his friend ilr . S . O'Brien . He , too , expressed a hope that the house would pause before it exercised its extreme powers upon Mr . S . O'Br ien . Lord Mokpeth having joined in the two last votes , with the majority , and being prepared to concur , if need should be , in the further Tote proposed « jy AIr - Estcourt , put it to the house whether it would not Btand more right in the eyes of the public , if it gave time to Mr . S . O'Brien to decide whether he would Bot bow to its clearly ascertained opinion . , Mr . Esicoukt considered himself acting officially as the organ of the Committee of Selection j and as : all the precedents were against delay , he felt that it j would be highly unbecoming in him , if he did not j Jake the same course as had always been taken by j iis predecessors . He should therefore persist in his ivfr Waud recommended Mr . Esteonrt to make a
precedent on behalf of mercy . .,,.,,. Mr . O'Connell thought it possible , that if this motion were suspended , Mr . S . O'Brien might come to a different conclusion on this subject . He spoke entirely from his own suggestions , for Mr . S . O'JBrien
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. ... .. ' — - ,. , Sing for himself on all w *< perirc : ly capable of deciaij , ,, , , ^ : questwns . - -Mm ! in tbe propriety ot inis Sir E . ftp * ^ Jon ensued on t&e desh-aWity course , « 4 T ? £$£ * which stood-for Thursday ,, f pos tuon . ngjhe nq « cc tunity f ^ j w _ night , in on ^ JJJE ; jn the midst of which Mr . p ^ al of this q" <* Hgfc m ouse in ratner a hurried nwn ? er ^' cturned after aa al ) seBCe of m % mK * ft * ijSSd Mr . Esicourt advanced to the table from opposite sides of the house-the latter caught the Speaker ' s eye , and was called upon to Mr . Roche rose , and waving his hand to the Hon . Gentleman to resume bis seat , said that in all probability he would spare him ( Mr . Estcourt ) the trouble of addressing the house . It is my painful duty , said the Hon . Member , to make an announcement which will Brobablv terminate the present discussion .
The Hob . Member for Limerick has made a communication to me . He feels so strongly on this subject , that he thinks it unnecessary that further delay ( should be interposed between the present stage of the proceedings and the final decision of this house . ( Laughter . ) I hope Hon . Members will see that I am not performing an agreeable duty-jHear , hear ) —and nothing but a feeling of respect for my Hon . Friend would induce me to undertake it , more especially as the house has shown such anxiety to be moderate and forbearing . But my Hon . Friend is so decided and so coavineed of the rectitude of the course lie is pursuing , that seeing no prospect of changing his opinion he thinks it expedient to hare the matter put an end to as soon as possible .
When the hon . member sat down there was a p a ise : after which , , ., „ L - ^ Sir R . Peel again rose and said—Sir , notwithstanding what the hen . member has stated , I must say thatl still think it betterf or us to take our own course . ( Loud cheers from the Opposition . ) The debate was accordingly adjourned to Thursday next and the matter wa 3 no sooner agreed upon , than Mr . S . O'Brien walked up the floor of the House and took Ms usual seat on the left of the Speaker , and contiguous to the chair .
RELIEF OF THE POOR . Mr P . Borthwick , who was not distinctly heard , was understood to give notice that he would upon an early day in the ensuing month , move for a select committee to inquire into the operation of the laws affecting the relief of the poor in England and Wales . PUNISHMENT OF DEATH . Mr . Ewabt gave notice tliat he would , on the 3 d of May , move for a total repeal of the punishment of death .
WASTE LANDS ( IRELAND . ) Mr . P . Scrope moved for leare to bring in a Bill for promoting the reclamation of waste lands m Ireland . The honourable membeB was proceeding to explain the grounds on which he made this motion , when Mr . Smith O'Brien was observed going over to the Speaker ' s chair , and after a few words had passed in private between Mm and the Speaker , returning to his seat . . , . Thereupon the Speaker motioned to the non . member for Stroud to sit down , which having been complied with , the right hon . gentleman in the chair said—I perceive that the hon . member for Limerick has taken Ms seat , and I have to acquaint him
that such a course under such circumstances is unusual . The more usual course is for the ^ hon . member to retire , and not to resume his seat until the question concerning himself be disposed of . . Mr . S . O'Brien then rose and said—Sir , I bow with the utmost deference to your authority and to the authority of the House . At the same time , 1 should not feel myself justified i « withdrawing voluntarily , for I have a motion on the paper for tonight of very great importance , and which it had heen my intention to bring forward . However , Sir , I bow to your opinion , and will not , of course , remain . The honourable member then bowed to the chair and witbirew .
Mr . Scrope resumed his speech . After giving a history of the manner in which the subject of waste lands had occupied the attention of Parliament for a long series of years , and of the advantages to be derived from reclaiming them , he stated that the object of his bill waste obtain the means not only of "iving employment to additional labourers , but also of locating large bodies of them , who could not now obtain farms , on land at present uncultivated . He should thus create a large body of proprietary occupiers , who * would be certain to cultivate their holdings withruntiring industry . The great benefit he expected from this proposal was , that it would be in the power of the State to employ the waste landsJna manner most beneficial to the country ; not only as
employing labour , but in locating upon those lands a large number of that unfortunate class who from various causes are at present unable to obtain land . Itwould be in the power of the State to grant to these persons such leases as would give these persons thatpermanentinterest in laud which was only te be found in a durable tenure . In proof of this position , he referred to the farmers af Belgium , Switzerland , and France , where persons cultivated their small properties with untiring industry . This would be of great importance in Ireland , where the class of middle men was nowexpiring , and there would shortly be no middle class unless they ereated in the way he proposed a class of- proprietary tenantry , who would form a body of yeomen with the certainty of enjoying the fruits of their industry . His proposal , therefore , would be this—that aboard should be constituted , under the authority of the board of . Works , in Ireland ,
empowered to purchase lands in quantities of not less than 1 , 000 acres . He would suggest that this board be allowed to open up these lands , drain , and divide into occupations of 100 acres each : and also that these farms should be let or Bold with a fee simple title , lie should also wish to recommend that the board should follow the plans of the Waste Land Association . A measure of this comprehensive kind could not be long delayed ; and he thought it would add to the comfort of the people if the government allowed a yearly graut for the purpose of following out these suggestions . The Unions would , also , have an opportunity of sending unemployed poor upon the waste lands , locating them for the purpose of improvement . This proposal would be opened to others than such as possessed capital—allowing persons to occupy under the patronage of public associations , A million and a half of money might be well laid out in the manner he proposeed ; and the plan would soon repay its
expenses . Mr . S . Cbawford seconded the motion . _ Sir J . Graham did not offer any opposition to the introduction of this bill , and when it was brought in he should give it his best attention , and facilitate U 8 progress ; and he hoped that in its passage through the houseit would receive such amendments as would give it a more perfect character . He begged to offer his tribute to the intelligence and industry which the hon . member for Stroud had brought to this subjeC Mr E B . Roche considered that the strictness of the law of entaili in Ireland was a great bar in the
way of improving waste lands , and prevented the employment of English capital for that purpose m Ireland The house ought to understand , that if any good at all waa to be done in the manner proposed , they must spend agreat deal of money , and carry out the proposal in a bold , generous manner . If they entertained the measure at all , they ougho to carry it into execution in a comprehensive and earnest manner , and , by means of new machinery , quite independent of the old . jog-trot machinery that had so long been established in Ireland .
Mr . Wise considered that there must be seme new arrangements to meet the growing tide of calamity with which Ireland was oppressed . Complaints of over-population were futile , because a country must be considered to be over-populated or not , according to its natural means of supporting a population . In Ireland there were 20 r 000 , 000 of acres ; of these 6 , 000 , 000 were waste , and of the 6 , 000 , 000 there were 5 , 000 , 000 cultivable . Much , therefore , remained to be done before it could be said that the resources of the country were exhausted by its population . The law ought to interfere to enable landlords to regulate the disposition of their property so as to cut entails , which would give them the means
of reclaiming waste lands . There was no other means in Ireland , there being no manufactures there , of employing the Burplus population . Government might take into their own hands and reclaim such lands as the landlords would not or could not reclaim for themselves . No inconveuience could arise from a properlv digested-measure for that object . They ought also to encourage agriculture by establishing schools and model farms . The boBfc results had followed from what had been done in that way already , and the most important results might be expected from pursuing the beginning that had been made . He entreated the right hon . baronet ( Sir J Graham ) to give Ma earnest attention to the
subject . Leave was then given to bring in the bill . RAILWAY BILLS-. Mr . Hudson obtained leave to bying in a bill for enabling or facilitating the winding up of the affairs of joint-stock companies for making railways which had been formed subsequent to the oo . mmcncement of the last session of Parliament , and fi-r which acts of incorporation should not bo obtained' during the present session . The other orders of the day were then deposed of , and the house adjourued at a Quarter to one . HOUSE OF COMMONS , Wednesday , Ai \ aiL 29 . - The house met at 12 o ' clock .
TEN HOURS BILL . Petitions in favour of a Ten Honrs Factory . Bill , to the amount of nearly 400 , w « re presented by various members . These ( petitions came from various parts of the whole of the manufacturing districts of Yorkshire , Lancashire , and Scotland , and they proceeded from millowners , milloecuuiers , operatives , clergymen , medical men , and , in short , persons of al ' classes , uniting in one prayer—that the house would bo pleased to pass the Ten Hours' Bill . Man } 'of them
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were numerously and others most iniluentially signed .
STATE OF PUBLIC BUSINESS . On the question , that the order of the day bo now read for the second reading of the Factories 13111 , . Mr . Hone rose to appeal both to the Government and the hon . member for Oldhara ( Mr . Fielden . ) No question connected with the industry and welfare of this country was of moi-e importance than that of freedom of labour in every stage ; it was as importantas the freedom of capital ia its application to all the purposes of commerce , and he therefore begged to suggest , that , as it was really ' of national importance , it should not come on at a morning sitting in a thin house , it would be much better , In order _ to a full and fair discussion of the merits of this bill , that Monday or Friday , or some evening sitting , should be given to the consideration of the subject . Sir R . Tesl could not promise ' an /* eyening whieh the Government had reserved for their own
mea-KIiPHS ' Mr * . Hume thought that after the passing of the Corn Bill the present measure might then be taken on a Government day . . Mr . G . Bankks asked , if , when the Corn Bill had passed , Mr . Hume would vote for this ? [ Mr . Hume , " I shall oppose itin . every stage . " Then what were the friends of the measure to gain by delay ? Wednesday was now the only day on which any public business was transacted ( hear , hear ); and he ( Mr . G . Buikes ) must entreat the hon . member for Oldham to persevere . When applied to some time since by
some of the delegates from the manufacturing districts for his adrice , his ( Mr . Gi Bankes ' s ) answer was , that the sooner the bill was brought in the better ; for he well recollected the mischievous effect of delay on a former occasion ( hear , hear ) , when this bill , after being approved by a decided majority in the house , was ultimately lost by an unfortunate consent to a short adjournment , which produced the unhappy result , not only of defeating the measure , but of bringing a certain degree of discredit on the house from which it had not yet recovered . _ .. ' .
Mr . T . Duscombe pressed the necessity of settling this question immediately . , Mr . Forster was not prepared to deny the importance of the Factories Bill ; ina commercial ^ country like this , so dependent on its manufacturing industry , few subjects were more important than the question of shortening the hours of labour ; but the house ought first to decide on the measures necessary to give the people food . ( Hear , hear . ) The hon . member then went into a long detail of the state of the inhabitants of the Shetland Isles , which , although it was tried to be put a stop to by Mr . Cowper and Mr . Duncombe , as being out of order , and condemned by the latter as an indirect way of defeating the T ? Aetorv Bill , was persevered in by Mr . Forster .
Sir R . Peel had come down to the house with the full understanding that they were to proceed with the Factory Bill ; and he did not think that , thoush Ministers had the right to propose that they should pass from the order of the day , they would be raising their character in the country by the exercise of that right . ( Hear , hear . ) He did think that they would stand better with the public , and at the same time greatly facilitate the businea ^' before the house , by at once proceeding to the consideration of the question which stood for discussion . They had still three hours and a-half before them , which they could devote to that object , and he hoped that discussion on any other point than that which they » 11
understood was to occupy their attention : , would not be longer continued . ( Hear . ) Notwithstahdingthis appeal , Mr . M . Gibson made another long speech about the Shetland Islands , in the course of which he attacked the motives of the members on the pr - - tectionist benches ; he said they came down pretending to take a deep interest in the Factory Bill ; lie rather thought , however , they came down animated by a feeling of hostility to Her Majesty ' s Government (" No , no" ) , and looking for an occasion of puttiugthe Government in a minority , rather than from any desire to carry the object proposed by the bill . ( "No . no . " ) This brought up ' .. - ¦ ,
Sir R . Ingwb , who said , the hon . member'who last spoke had permitted himself to impute motives to the gentlemen with whom he ( Sir . U . Inglis ) usually acted , and with whom he coincided on the present occasion . He had stated , first , that their object was to place Her Majesty ' s Ministers in a minority ; and , secondly , that they came down to the house with reference to this question of the Factory Bill for no real interest in the factory children , but for paltry political motives . Now , he would take the liberty to state what might have been far better stated by many of his friends around him , that they y ielded to none on either side ef the house in a deep
devotion to that cause , which was almost a sacred cause , that had brought them there that day ( hear , hear ) , and which had brought them together at a time—two years ago—when they were more closely united than they new were ( hear ) , and when it was still more painful for them to differ from those to whom they had been accustomed to look up with respect . ( Hear ) He would not believe for a moment that any of those who voted in the majority in favour of the Factory Bill were actuated by improper motives . He believed they entertained the views they did from a deep sense of their personal obligations , irrespective of any party considerations whatever . ( Hear , hear ) .
FACTORY BILL . Theorder of the day was at length read , and Mr . Fielde / v then rose to move the second reading of this bill . ( After stating his regret that the measure had fallen into his hands instead of being conducted to a successful termination by its originator Lord Ashley , the lion , member said—I will state to the house in the first place what is the present state of the law affecting persons employed in factories . It is this , —Children , from eight years of- age to thirteen , are allowed to work only six hours a day from 13 to 18 , twelve hours a day ; no female more than twelve hours a day ; and no person ( male or female ) under the age of 18 , to work in factories in the night . The bill I now propose to the house to read
a second time , will limit the hours of work of children between 13 and 18 , and females above 18 . to eleven hours a day , ( exclusive of time for meals ) for one year , beginning August , 1816 , and to ten hours a day , ( exclusive of time for meals ) , from August 1847 . This bill , then , is only intended to limit the hours of labour of children between 13 and 18 , and all females . Those two classes of persons have now to work twelve hours a day , which , with time spent in going to and from the factory and tlie time of meals , makes fourteen hours , occupation—a period of labour much too long , in my opinion , even for adults , but , if 14 hours' occupation be too loug for adults , who can deny that that length of daily labour is a shameful infliction upon children from 13 to 18 .
I must say that the Parliament has shown a total disregard of those between 13 and 18 years of age—a period of life well known to be the most critical , when more rest is required for the growing and weakened frame of a young person . He repaired from entering into details of the bodily Buffering , and social condition consequeut upon the long hours of work imposed upon theBe persons They had been frequently and mimitely stated , and were fully admitted even by Sir J . Graham himself . He contented himself with adducing some evidence from ministers and elders in Scotland as to the injurious effects of the present system with reference to education , and then proceeded to notice the cbjections usually made to the measure . "They are , "
said the hon . member , avowedly founded upon a supposed necessity for continuing the long hours of work in order to maintain our present eminence in manufacturesand commerce ; and Iarncalledjupon to shew that restriction of the hours of factory labour would not cause a diminution « f production and of manufacturers profits . My opinions on this point are principally formed from past experience , and I think that there would be no diminusion of production , no diminution of profits , and no reduction of wages attendant od the shortening of the hours of labour that ibis bill provides . 1 ^ have , with all my brothers , been all my life engaged in the cotton manufacture . I have been in the business ever since the first act for the regulating of factory labour was passed , and
extensively engaged in it too . I and my brothers are still engaged in it . We employ altogether Jaetween 2 , 000 an 3 3 , 000 hands . We are now increasing our works greatly , and I myself am bringing up all niv sons to the same business . I state these things by way of assurance to the house that I have experience in the business of which I am speaking , and a great and increasing interest in its prosperity . I am capable of speaking to the effects of past legislation ; and if the bill be so destructive as its opponents have represented , it is a bill to abolish the business of myself and my family . Let me remind the house that no t ' actoy bill was ever yet passed without the house being stunned with predictions of the ruin that would ensue to manufactures : and all these predictions
have been falsified by experiment . You put a stop to night work in all cases except by adult males of eighteen years and upwards , which has practically abolished night-working in mills . You reduced the labour of children between nine and thirteen years of age from fourteen hours a day to six hours a day . You reduced the labour of all females above thirteen years of age from fourteen hours a day to twelve hours , and thereby the labour of all working people in factories has been reduced to twelve hours the day . And > vhat have been the effects of these reductions of the hours of labour ? According to ( lie predictions of millowners and political economists ,
foreign competition ought to have destroyed our manufacturing and commercial system , our mills ought to have been standing ; still , our manufacturers ruined , and our workpeople starved ! Have any of these evils overtake , us ? No . I challenge anybody to show that wages for labour in factories generally were not as high in 1815 as ut any time since the act of 1819 for regulating factory labour was passed . As to the ruin by foreign competition , let me ask my brother manufactiiveis if they can say that the reduction of the hours of labour thafilias iili'eaiiy taken place has had the least tendency to injure them ? Nine nets of Parliament have been passed for regulating factories , beginning with 1802 , ami proceeding oa to
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1844 . Now / what effects have they h ' ad on diminishing our manufactures ! How have . th » y crippled the cotton trade ? The first act , except for apprenticeg wrs passed in 1819 , and , takin g the consumption Ot cotton in English manufactories for that year , and then the consumption for the years 1825 , 1881 , 1833 , and 1844 , all of theso being years in which a factory regulation act was passed , we shall see that the consumption of cotton goes on increasing greatly as tliese acts are passed . Thus , the consumption m ., lb .
1810 was . ... 109 , 000 , 006 S 166 , 000 , 000 1831 '" . ' - 262 , 000 , 000 1833 ! : ... -. 287 , 000 , 000 1844 . » 490 , 000 , 000 1843 ... 532 , 000 , 000 In short , there has been a progressive increase in the consumption of cotton in this country concurrently with the restriction of the hours or factory labour . Now , this proves clearly that there has been no decrease of production . Then , hare the manufacturers decreased in wealth under this increase of
production ? I have no means of giving any comparative estimate of the wealth of the body to which 1 belong . But , if what I have read of speeches made by manufacturers at Anti-Corn Law meetings be true , both as t ® subscriptions raised by the League and as to their ability to buy out the whole aristocracy of the country , surely it will not become any member of that body to stand up in this house and deny to those young children , whose services they must own , that protection from excessive toil which common humanity calls For , and which protection the right hon . the Home Secretary announced at the beginning of the session would confer honour on our country . After showing by recent returns , that there has been a constant increase of mills since 1842 : Mr . Fielden
said , "No one need be scared by the cry , which is always set up when a Ten Hours' Factory Bill is asked for , that we shall be ruined by foreign competition . Iestimate that about feur-sevenths of the cotton-wool produced in all parts , except that for the supply of China ^ is consumed in Great Britain ; arid it is this command of supply of goods in the markets of the world that insures us our customers . lam convinced that , if the house will concede this bill , as I hope it will , we shall go on increasing our manufactures , and increasing in the employment of hands , quite as fast as we ever have done . The difference in the cost of the manufactured article to the consumer will be a mere trifle . Ofthoae articles used by the poor , it would notexceed a ' halfpenny for a
poor man s shirt , nor be more tnan one penny on a poor woman ' s dress , supposing wages to remain at what they now are , and the same sum be allowed ; to the manufacturer that he now has tor hia fixed capital . I say this aB a manufacturer , and Ifeel a strong conviction that I am correct in my estimate , tie himself advocated the bill because humanity required it , and had merely used the pounds , shillings , and pence arguments , tor Ihe purpose of eonvineing them that it would not suffer in consequence of the opposition which had always been given bv the manufacturers to any attempt to abridge the toil of their workpeople . In conclusion he called upon the house
to recollect that as manufactures go on increasing day by day , as assuredly they will do , this species of labour is becoming , hot merely the occupation of a class , but of a nation ; that the vast hives of industry in the north of England and in Scotland must become more and more vast ; that , with their increase , there will be necessarily an increase of the vices and miseries peculiar to them , and already abundantly proved ; and he urged on the house the necessity that there was for giving the young children whose labour he sought to shorten time for personal relaxation , time for education and religious instruction , time for observing the routine of domestic duties , without the knowledge of which it is vain to hope that they will be a creditable , or even a safe community . . .
The question that the bill be now read a second time having been put , , ; § Mr . AiNswoRTHsaid , having presented various petitions in favour of the bill from the borough he had the honour to represent , he felt that he could not give a silent vote oh this question , and , therefore , without any solicitation on the part of the hon . member for OMham , he had risen to second his motion ; the hon . member , in the course of an able speech , testified strongly to the feeling in favour of the bill which pervaded all classes of Society in the borough which he represented , and . in the district generally . He showed the injurious effect of _ protracted iabour on health , and the benefits in this re-SDeefc which had been alreadv derived by the workers
in Mr . Gardner ' s factory at Preston , in consequence of a reduction from 12 to 11 hours . It was of no use laying out money for parks for the benefit of the working classes unless there was some alteration of the hours of labour . As he had frequently been told by the operatives at public meetings , how was it possible that they could take advantage of the kindness and muni icence of hon . members who contributed to purchase parks for their comfort and recreation , seeing that . the ; were so fatigued after their hours of labour , that they were obliged to go to bed ?—( Hear , hear , ) Mr . Hpme moved as an amendment that the bill be read a second time that day six months . It was an interference with capital and labour , altogether opp 9 sed to sound principles . We should never be able to compete with foreign rivals if trammelled by such a bill . He warned ton . gentlemen opposite connected with the-agricultural interest to beware how they interfered , by legislation , to place
restrictions on trade and manufactures ; for every mill that was closed tended to increase pauperism , to raise poor-rates , and endanger the property of thecountry . No one deplored more than he did the long hours of the working classes ; no people in the world laboured so hard , or so long , as the English ; and if it was possible to devise any means of relieving them from a portion of their labour , and enabling them to devote some portion of their time to instruction in order to elevate themselves in the scale of society , he would be the first " to adopt them . But he was convinced the tendency of this measure was to lower the wages of labour , to throw many out of employment , and deteriorate the condition of the working classes . A halfpenny a yard was sufficient to turn the scale against us in foreign marketei He would not compromise his principles by any support to such a bill , and , therefore hoped the house would reject it . Sir G . Strickland supported the measure .
Sir James Graham said , it had been his duty to reconsider attentively the opinions which he had formerly entertained and avowed on this question , and after the most careful and anxious deliberation , he felt bound to declare that his opinions remained unchanged on this subject , and that , therefore , it would be his duty to join the honourable member for Mon . trose , and ' to vote against the second reading of the bill . He objected to the discussion of this measure by the present parliament so soon after the house had deliberated on and rejected the principle of a ten hours' limitation—for he denied that the house had ever decided in favour of a ten hours' limitation . He also objected to a discussion on it at this particular time , because the restriction on the importation of foreign corn was still continued , although the protection that cotton , woollen , and silk manufactures had lately enioved . was considerably reduced . After
describing the magnitude of the interests which would be affected by this measure , Sir James Graham contended that , if carried , this bill would be a tax on capital of 16 per cent ., which would ultimately fall on labour , and end in reducitig the wages of the operatives fully one sixth . The Home Secretary , on the part of himself and his colleagues , declared their determination to be fixed on this question . Mr . Mark Phillips opposed the bill , and lauded Sir J . Graham for "his sound , statesmanlike , and judicious speech . " Mr . G . Bankes moved the adjournment of the debate , and hoped that members who had notices of motion on the paper , and the government who had the Irish Protection of Life Bill , would acquiesce in giving it precedence this day , Mr . Hawes refused to give way ; but Sir R . Peel so far as he was concerned , made no objection . Ultimately the debate was adjourned to Wednesday week . HOUSE OF LOEDS—Thursday , Afkil 30 . The house met at five o ' clock . On the motion of Lord Brougham , a Bill to amend the Insolvent Debtors' Act was read a first time .
RELIGIOUS OPINIONS RELIEF BILL . The Lord Chancellor moved the second reading of the Religious Opinions Relief Bill , which he said formed that portion of the Bill prepared by the Criminal Law Commissioners , which related to the disabilities under which Dissenters laboured . It affected more than thirty Acts of Parliament or parts of Acts , which imposed penalties on different classes of religionists . It repealed the Acts of Henry III . and Edward I ., under whieh Jews were held incapable of holding lands ; and likewise the statute which prescribed certain badges to be worn by those professing Judaism . It abolished the penalties attached to the hearing in any place of worship ot ' any form of prayer except the Common Prayer , and of neglecting to attend divine service in the parish churchi It repealed the penal clause of the statute of Elizabeth , bv which all persons who should maintain the spiritual and ecclesiastical supremacy of the
see of Home should be guilty of forfeiture for the fu'st offence , of pramimirc for the second , and of high treason for the third . It also repealed the Acts imposing penalties on persons convicted of being Popish recusants , and those who neglected attending church on the anniversary of the Gunpowder Plot ; and it repealed the 13 tli of Elizabeth , which ioflictotl tho highest punishments on persons who imported bulls , rescripts , letters , ifes ., from the Pope of Komc . He denied that the repeal of the statute of Elizabeth would touch the supremacy of tho Crown , which rested upon no statute whatever , but which was part of the common law of the realm ; in order , however , to remove all objections on that point , be was willing to introduce a proviso that the repeal of the penalties should in no wise affecc the supremacy of the Sovereign of this country in ecclesiastical matters . The noble and learned Lord defended bis proposed repeal of the statute against the importers of bulls ,
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rescripts , and the like , on the ground that as wo permitted Roman Catholics to exercise their religion , and as they could : not . carry on their establishment , or conauot Us discipline , without having constant communication with the Pope , it was inconsistent and unjust to retain the penalties inflicted at the time when Pius had dared to excommunicate Elizabeth , and to pretend to release her subjects from their allegiance . Lord Brougham agreed in thinking the greater part of the acts in question a disgrace to the statute b 3 ok , particularly those relating to recusants , which , though dormant , still possessed a kind of pernicious vitality . He also agreed in what had been
Baid respecting the principle of the Sovereign ' s supremacy , but he could not go the length of sweeping away all penalties , and of opening the ports « f Englandto all the edicts of the Vatican . The Bishop of London , while professing his readiness to co-operate in the repeal of all laws imposing penalties on the free expression of religious belief , hoped to be excused if the repeal of the Act of Supremacy excited his apprehension . Lord pAMOYB suggested the propriety of including in the bill the act which prevented Roman Catholics from presenting to livings , and that portion of the Emancipation Act which forbade the use of the titles of Archbishop and Bishop , and various other enactments In the same statute .
The Bishop of Exbtbb made a furious speech against any further concession to the Catholics , after what he and other Lords considered a settlement of the questioH . After remarks from Lord Beaumokt , Lord Coi .-CHE 8 TER , and Lord Oahpsevl , the BiJl was read a second time . The Lord Chancellor concluded the discussion , as is his wont , with a joke . He said : — " It is suggested that the importation of bulls is a question for discussion under the new Tariff . " Lord Campbell— " And ought not to be discussed now , when the cross benches are empty . " The House then adjourned . , \ HOUSE OF COMMONS . —Thursday , April 30 .
FRIVILEGE .-MR . W .. S . O'BRIEN . Mr . Estcourt moved that the adjourned debate on the proceedings connected with the hon . member for Limerick be resumed . . . ¦ Mr .-E . B . Rochb said , that it would bein the recollection of the house , that at tho conclusion of the debate on the preceding evening , it had been his painful duty—to como a < mn tothat house , instead of his hon . friend , in order to make a certain statement to the house . The right hon . baronet opposite , acting as he ( Mr . Roche ) admitted he did , in the fairest and most amicable spirit possible —( cheers)—though * well-torgivft his hon . friendeight-and-fovty hours to consider his resolution . His hon . friend had considered what course he should pursue , but he
complained , and he ( Mr . Roche ) considered that in thai complaint he was justified , he complained that he had had no opportunity of explaining to the house the position in which he was placed , and the reasons which had actuated him in adopting the course he had followed under the circumstances . He did not know . what course his hon . friend would have pursued , but what he would suggest was , that the house , either by a positive motion , or in some other way , would allow his honourable friend to come to the bar and explain the reason for his adoption of the course he had pursued on this occasion . ( Hear , hear . ) He was sure that the house would see that , whatever might be the nature of the rules and regulations of the house , that , in justice and fairness , ' and with
their usual desire to see fair play administered , they would in their indulgence and kindness , grant the motion which he had risen to make . He had therefore simply to move as an amendment , "That Mr : William Smith O'Brien should be heard in Mb plree . * : Mr . O'Conkell seconded the motion , and said his honourable friend ( Mr . Smith O'Brien ) would no doubt be satisfied at the way in which the subject had been brought before the house , but he ( Mr . O ' Connpll ) did sot think his case had been put in a proper manner before the house . Sir R . Purl—Sir , it is my desire to'relax the strict rules of the House as far as possible . —( Hear , hear . ) But , at the same time , I do not think that , as far as my private inclinations are concerned , I
wish to act on that principle , but m the position in which I stand I owe a duty to the House-r- ( Cheers)—and therefore , it is of the utmost importance to consider whether it would be advisable to ebtablisli a precedent , by granting the amendment of the honourable member—we must consider what will be the effect of the relaxation of the House , I must remind the honourable member ( Mr . O'Connell ) that the hon . member for L'merick ( Mr . S . O'Brien ) had every opportunity offered to him to obey the order which the House made on the subject ; and I do distinctly recollect that , in speaking on the subject , he said that although he had such an opportunity , he did not think he should obey it , because his sentiments on the subject were already on record in the correspondence which had taken place on the
subject , and to which he said he must refer as the grounds for refusing to attend . I find , being in his place , having been called upon by the Speaker , he stated that he had already stated two reasons , that he had no further observation to offer upon the matter , and that he still held his determination . He then withdrew . Now , I apprehend , having declined to obey the orders of the house , he is in , what is technically called , contempt . Whether . or not there were precedents for acceding to the motion now made , I am not aware , but I beg that voh will have the goodness to state what are the rules of the house . If they are in favour of the extension , Iwill certainly be rejoiced , but if they are the reverse , I will feel in my painful duty to support the rules of the House . ¦• • ¦¦ ¦
The Speaker— I-must . state , with very great regret I remember no precedent which would justify this house in acceding to the amendment . ( Hear . ) The honourable gentleman had an opportunity of being heard in his place and that was the time to make any explanation he thought proper . The hon . member did not do that , and the house of Commons then resolved that he had been guilty of a contempt . I cannot call to Ms memory any precedent which would justify the house in . acceding to this motion . Mr . Roche ofcouirse bowed to the decision of the house , and he would now beg leave to ask whether there was any reason why the hon . member should not be heard at the bar of the house .
The Speakhr said that there was no precedent for an hon . member appearing at the bar of the house unless as a criminal . Mr . Roche—Of course I bow to the decision of the Speaker . " ,. The Speaker then put the question—that William Smith O'Brien , Esq ., having been guilty of a contempt , by neglecting to attend a railway Committee , during the present session , after having been summoned—Resolved that a warrant do issue against him , and thai the Sergeant-at-Arms do arrest him accordingly . . Mr . M . Milnes , amidst great impatience , said he rose humbly to submit to the attention tf the house whether itwould not be possible to avoid the
unpleasantness of agreeing to the course proposed . He believed it was perfsctly clear , that if the hon . member should continue to remain in a state of contempt he could not take his seat in the house , nor of course take part in the proceedings . If this debate' were adjourned till that day six months , he apprehended that the hon . member for Limerick would be able to take part in the deliberations of the house , and he did think that the best way of avoiding the unpleasantness that attended the course recommended by the hon . members that had made the original motion would be to agree to the adjournment of this debate till that day six months . —( Loud cries of "Divide , divide . " )
An Hon . Member having seconded this amend , menti , the hon . member said , that as it appeared not to meet the views of the house , he would withdraw iL- ^ Hear , hear . ) Strangers wero then ordered to withdraw . No division , however , took place in consequence of the motion being agreed to . It was then ordered that Mr . Smith O'Brien should be committed to the custody of the Sergeant-at-arms , and that Mr . Speaker be directed to issue his warrant accordingly . Shortly afterwards the Sergeant-at-Arms appeared at the bar , and being called upon by the Speaker , said 1 'Sir , I have to acquaint the House " that , in obedience to the orders of the House , and in " execution of the warrant , I have taken Mr . Wil"ham Smith O'Brien . " The Sergeant then retired from the bar .
DANISH CLAIMS . Mr . Hawes then moved that the house would , on Wednesday next , resolve itself into a committee to consider of an address to Her Majesty , praying that she would be graciously pleased to advance to the claimants for losses sustained by the seizure of British ships and cargoes of the Danish Government in 1807 , the amount of their respective losses as ascertained by the Commissioners appointed for the investigation of Danish claims , and reported upon the 12 th of
day May , 1840 , and assuring her Majesty that the house would make good the same . The lion , member , in advocating his motion , gave a narrative of the facts of the case , which has been repeatedly under the consideration of Parliament , and called upon thoso who had supported it on tour different occasions before to suppers it again on the present occasion . The question involved iu it was not a question of law , but a mixed question of law , equity and justice . Sir J . IIasmeu seconded the motion .
The Chancellor of the Exchequer opposed the motion , ou the ground that tho Government , could not make condensation for captions durin" a war A discussion of some length then took " place , ' in wnch Mr . Watson , Mr . Hume , Mr . M . Gibson . Mr . \\ AK . LEY , and Colonel Sibtiiorpe supported , aud Mr . Urotbli , and Mr . t \ Bahixo opposed the motion , fliconlynovel feature m the discussion was avemark ? , - ? i if' . , ollscl < ved that , as the Government had not obeyed tho recommendation of the house on this subject , it was in contempt , and the
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gentleman below eUir * ( Mr , S , O'Baus ) ought n * to be in solitary eonfihemekt . ' ' " ° * After a short reply from Mr . Hawes , the houw derided , when there appeared for the motion—Ayes 59 Noes 41 Majority againBt the Government 18 . Mr . 0 'Coi . nell then gave notice that he would on Friday move for the discharge of Mr . S . O'Briji , from the custody of the Sergeaut-at-Arms .
CONDITION OF RAILWAY LABOURERS . Mr . Boovbrik in a short " speech , which was alto , gether inaudible in the gallery , moved the appoint , ment of a eeUct committee to inquire into titQ condition of the labourers employed in tho construe , tion of railways and other public works , and into tho remedies which might be calculated to lessen the peculiar evils , if any , of that condition . Mr . Ewart , in seconding the motion , remarked that the inquiry was Btrongly called for by toe de . moralized condition of that , class of people ,
Sir J . Graham said , he would save the Speaker the trouble of putting the question , by at once stating that it was not his intention to oppose the inquiry . He was obliged to the hon . member for bringing the matter under tke consideration of the house , although lie did not anticipate that , anything rery important would result from the suggestions of a committee . He considered that railway companies did not sufficiently avail themselves of the powers with which they were vested , in keeping an efficient police force along their respective lines , and he thought that they should be compelled to do so . He must say , that in many dig tricts it was absolutely necessary that the payments should be made to the labourers in kind , and not in money . He knew , however , that the system was odcii
to great abuse ; he altogether condemned the principle of paying the people k » paper notes , and he hoped that something might be done to put ah end to it . He also admitted that the subject was " one of great importance , which it was worth inquiring into before a committee , and whatever suggestions they should make it would h * his duty to attend to . Mr . Huue condemned the "truck system , " but at the same time said , there were many adv&ilageg conferred upon labourers by large companies supply , ing them with the necessaries they required . He recollected visiting the very extensive works that were established at Lanark . There all the workpeople were supplied with every necessary at . 15 pet centcheaper than theycosld have purchased them
, elsewhere . , He again condemned any meddling bebetween employers and empl-yed . : A desultory dis . cussion followed , in the course of which . Mr . Waklet said he did not . know what was to be gained by the inquiry . It was notorious that ihe labourers preferred amusing themselves to going to eWeh on Sundays , and their inquiry could not altei that . The people themselves had not complained of their condition , and if they had , he would venture to say , their complaint would not have been attended to—as he knew that when the people petitioned the house for the redress of any grievance , their petitions were nerer taken notice of : but whea there was no
petition from the people themselves , > immediately the greatest alacrity was displayed in granting any motion made by an honourable member , whivb ap . peared to him ( Mr . Wakley ) to . be most extraordi nary . They had business enough before the home already , without superadding this discussion . If the people were ignorant it was the fault of the State , which did not provide sufficient education for them . He saw no . reason why the poor should be debarred from rational recreation upon Sunday , and thought any infringement on their humble sports by the pec pies' house would be most impolitic , as well as a most improper proceeding . Tliemotibn was agreed to .
Several returns were ordered , and Sir R . Peel on the authority of two precedents (!) moved that the Sergeant-at > Arms be ordered to permit Mr . O'Bries , in his custody , to attend to-morrow the committee of the House of Lords sitting on the operation of thft Irish Poor Law . The motion was agreed to . Tke house adjourned at Ten o ' clock . ¦ - ¦ - ' ¦ — . . — - i ... ¦¦¦— - ~ t
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On Thursday forenoon Mr . Wakley , M . P ., resumed and concluded an inquiry , on its third adjournment , in the vestry room of St . Thomas ' s Church , Bream ' s buildings , Chancery-lane , touching the deaths of James Hitchcock , aged 11 , and Elizabeth Hitchcock , aged 7 years . Each of the previous inquiries occapied several hours , and the case excited considerable interest in the neighbourheod , from the circumstance that there were at first strong assumptions that the deceased children had been either starved to dtath or slowly poisoned by their father , James Hitchcock , and by their aunt on the mother ' s side , Anne Ayling , with whom the former had cohabited subsequently at his wife's death , which took place five years since , in Brownlow-street , Drury-lane .
The evidence proved that the children died almost suddenly on the evening of the 4 th instant , at their father ' s residence , IV , Church-buildings , CUancwlaneJ The boy died at a quarter past four o'clock , and the girl at half . past nine , oa that evening . Tk father was not present when the boy died ; but when he came home , at eight o ' clock , he was told of the event , and of the dying state in which the girl was lying . He sent for no medical man or other aid , but immediately went for an undertaker , to measure the boy for a coffin , to whom ho mentioned the condition of his dying female child , saying he did not think she would be alive when they got to his house , lie told the undertaker that the immediate cause of the girl's illness and boy ' s death was their having eaten during the day some raw carrots . The undertaker having measured the body of the boy , proceeded to measure the girl , as the aunt , the paramour of her father , said , an hour before the child ' s death , lhat statement very much surprised the coroner and jury
but the undertaker contradicted it , swearing that when he measured the girl she was dead , and had just died . He did not judge of the alleged fact by touch , but by ocular inspection , which the coroner told him was a quite insufficient test . The childrea were both of most diminutive size and emaciated appearance , not having grown , it was stated , since their mother ' s death , five years age , during which period they had bten under the care of their aunt and their father . There was no direct evidence that the children had been starved or treated with fatal violence ; but there was evidence showing that they were always kept within doors , and not allowed to play in the court in which they lived with other children . Their emaciated and puny appearance ontrasted strongly with the healthy and robust exterior of a child their father had had since his wife's death by his sister-in-law , Anne Ayling . It was also proved that latterly , though the children were evidently labouring under disease , they had no medical aid .
Mr . Otley , surgeon , of Bedford-place , who , by direction of the coroner , had examined externally and internally the bodies of the children , was of opinion ( not a decided one , it should be obaervf d ) that they had died of congenital ^ . ebility . lie found in the lungs of each disease of long standing ; but he found no traces of pcison in the stomach or intestines of cither . In them , however , he feund the remains of food , animal and vegetable ; among which were portions of undigested raw carrot . The Coroner , in summing up , characterized the
case as one of the very worst that had ever come before him with respect to the degree of parental inhumanity , carelessness , and cruelty which-it exhibited . The testimony of the medical man would not warrant a verdict of "manslaughter , " but the jury in recording their finding might , if they thought proper , state their opinion of the conduct of the father and aunt of the children in a manner : which , if they had the slightest spark of human feeling in their composition , would be a far worse punishment to them than recording a verdict which would not stand in law .
The Jury deliberated for upwards of an hour , anu then recorded as follows : — "We find that the two children , James and Elizabeth Hitekcock , died from debility of body , but what was the cause of that debility we have not sufficient evidence before us to prove . In returning this verdict , the jury cannot refrain from expressing their strongly confirmed opinion , that James Hitchcock , the father of the said children , has grossly neglected the performance of the natural duties of a parent towards them , especially in not obtaining medical aid for his daughter Elizabeth , at a time when he admitted he knew her to be dying ; and further , that Anne Ayling ,. the aunt of the said children ( with whom their father was living in a state of tho most disgraceful concubinage ) , and who had taken upon herself the care of the said children in their father ' s absence , has been guilty of equally gross neglect in not seeking to procure for them that medical care and treatment which it must have been perfectly evident to her thoir melancholy condition required . "
1 he father and the aunt of the deceased children were , in their progress to and from the inquest room , surrounded by a body of poliee , who had some difficulty in preventing the crowd , chiefly composed of women , from executing summary vengeance upon hem .
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- ' April , ur . joim , a man that hus laboured for years in the Chartist cause , lit wus a kind aud affectionate husband , a warm-hearted friend , und uneoiniroraishu ? Chartist . His remains will be interred in Sr . Patrick ' s burial ground , ou Sunday the 3 rd of May . Tho CUartists of Alunehester , will meet in tho Carpenters Hall at two o ' clock , to follow his remains to theirrave .
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, uayniarket , in the City of wcstimiisti- > - it Jiie Office , in the siiine Street and Parish , Cor tln > iv > - Vrietor , FEAKGUS CVCO . N'XOU , Esq ., aud publislie '• by William Hjswitt , of No . IS , Gharlcs-street . Jirun ^ don-stveet , Walwovtii , in the L'arisli of St . Mavy , New ; ington , in tho County of Surrey , at the Otli'ju , Ko . b < , Great Windmill-street , HaymavUet , in t ' ku Ckj- J " AVestiuinster . . Saturday , May 2 , 1 SK J
' ' Parental Inhumanity.
' ' PARENTAL INHUMANITY .
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_ . ^ . ,,.. ^ : - r- - , - •• . _ J < mr M > *^ 6-
Itnoi J Koach Died At His Residence, In Manchester, On Monday The
itnoi j Koach Died at his residence , in Manchester , on Monday the
Ssiruet Lnntedby Doijgalm'gowaa 1 , Of 16, Ore.It Windmill
ssiruet lnntedby DOIjGALM'GOWAA , of 16 , Ore . it Windmill
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), May 2, 1846, page 8, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1365/page/8/
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