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itatgn ifelouemttits*.ifblXUni dftrlflllflHTllteL
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PllBSENT FROM MkHEMF.T AM TO HER M.UK3TT.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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" And I win war , at least in words , ( As 3— -should my chance bo happen—deeds , ) With all who war with Thoughtl " " I think I hear a little bird , irho sings The people by and by will be the stronger . "—Biboh . EASTERN EUROPE AND TEE EMPEROR
NICHOLAS . so . Tin . The sixth eliapter of tiie 1 st volume of tills work , co ntains an account of the "Polish Emigration , " describing the various parties into which the emigration is divided , and the chiefs or leading characters of those parties , &c » The succeeding chapter describes the two heroic but unfortunate "Attempts of the Emigrants in 1833 and 1836 . " These two chapters are themostiaterasting in the volume , nevertheless ve pass Uiem over for the present , preferring to notice them when bringing our miew to a close , we come to examine the prospects of the Polish cause and estimate the strength of the partizans of that cause . The last chapter of the firstvolume , contaitfs a brief account of the so-called .
EEPUBLICOF CHACOW . Whea thelastpardtion of Poland took place , Russia Prussia , and Austria having divMedamongst them twenty Millions of its population , generously guaranteed the independence of the re mainder—about a hundred and thirty thousa nd—at the Congress of Vienna , ay establishing the free republic of Cracow in 1815 . This pstty state , consisting of the city of that name , with its surrounding territory , situatea at the foot of the Carpathian mountains , and containing the tombs of King John Sohieski , Koseiusko , and Poniatowski , is all that now remains of Poland wearing even a semblance of nationality or independence .
Prince Adam Czartoryski , then the friend and confident of the Emperor Alexander , prepared for this miniature republic a literal constitution ; bat the three protective courts , under various pretexts , soon rendered it a dead letter . let us cite what Marmier , who gathered his information on the spot , i n 1842 , says upon this subject . "Thecommission ( appointedby the three powers , to see the constitution , put in force } spent three years in its task , and at the end of it the chamber of representatives found itself dispossessed of the right of investigating the conduct of the senate , without obtaining the consent of the senate thereunto ;—deprived of the power of discussing the question of supplies , or of impeaching any public ionctionarieg .
" The article relative to free trade was partly omitted , partly evaded . Cracow no longer enjoyed the franchise accorded to its notue produce ( by the treaty ofTieuna , ) and oppressive duties were placed on all articles which the citj imported from Austria . "The anirermitf , endowed by the muaiEcence of the Polish kings withpitparty to the amount of £ 200 , 000 per annum , was deprived of the greatest part of its wealth . The Russian and Austrian governments forbade their subjects to study in its university . " In 1828 the legislat ive assembly having refused tha candidate for the presidency protected by the three powers , their resident commissioners annulled the election ; ana suspending the deliberations of the diet , vested all thepotveis of the state in the hands of the senate , till it should have made snch changes in the national in-• titutious aB experience pointed out to be expedient . ¦
" In 1333 , its constitution was againremodelled so that nothing but ite former skeleton remained . And in 1856 , the three' residents declaring that the city had become a flue of refuge for democrats affiliated to secret societies , fram which it was necessary to clear it , its territory was suddenlyinvaded by the Austrian troops , who sntering the houses of the citizens , occupied them as if it had been an enemy ' s country . "Apermanent militia , composed of Aastrians , was organised in the city , and an Austrian commissary named director cf police . Then followed the falst denunciations , and the inquisitions of these sbirri . The whole state was submitted to an incessant and terrific system of espionage . Each day the privacy of its citizens is -violated , they are incarcerated or condemned to rile .
"The judges of the tribunals are dispossessed , to make way for others more complaisant , and torture is used as a means of persaasion at the interrogatories . . "It would be in Tain that one would now seek for any traces of the constitution promulgated - by these sovereigns and sanctioned bv the European congress . It is crashed , buried , and if it survives in a . few paragraphs , these arean empty formula , wMeh the residents of Russia , Austria , and Prussia use as a veil to give an appearance of legality to their arbitrary acts . The republic of Cracow is now quite submissive to the will of these three ministers . The legislative and judical powers , the armed force , ths £ nancei and police—are all in their absolute dependence ; andwoe to the hapless citizen wno dares to raiseius voice against this shameful violation « rf a solemn compact .
" These inflexible diplomatists can reaace lum to silence z thousand ways , and make him repent of his temerity . If a public functionary , he is immediately dismissed , if a trader , he is stopped in all his speculations hjr a thousand vexations formalities . If a proprietor , he is more highly taxed , and a passport is refused him even to go from the city to bis conntry house . Have we not seen the house of a citizen whs dared to ' protest against the illegal incarceration of a student , brokeninto , p l undered , and devastated by a troop of Russians , and occupied for four months after by the military 1 Have we not seen an Austrian general burst open the doors of x public prison , and take out of it for the purpose of punishing , a prisoner just shut up by the authorities for insulting a ceiitinel !
The palace of the Piasts and Jagellous is now an Austrian barrack . The university , one of the most ancient , and not many years ago one of the richest , in Eur ope , can now scarcely boast of seventy students . The city of Cracow , whose population formerly amounted to a hundred thousand , now hardly numbers more tu » n thirty !" Of conrse no Englishman or Frenchman can read tie aboye account without feeling bitter indignation towards the three tyrant-spoliators who thus trample upon a defenceless state , and ontrage the last relic of Polish nationality ; but how much more indignant ought Englishmen and Frenchmen to feel towards
tae Governments of their respective countries tor basely allowing these gross -violations of solemn treaties . The national independence and constitutional liberties of the republic of Cracow was guaranteed by the Congress of Vienna ; to this guarantee England wa 3 a party . "When the constitution was rendered a nullity , when the university was despoiled , when the legislative assembly was coerced , when the republic's territory was invaded by Austria , when the admini-tration of public justice wa 3 forcibly abused , ¦ ffien a foreign armed force was imposed upon the republic , when these gross violations of the compact of 1815 took place , why did not the Engli-h go . Tdrnment interfere ? When recently the territory
of the republic was invaded by the armed forces of Russia , Austria , and Prussia , why then did not the -English government interfere ? Rumours are rife that even the nominal existence of the " republic" is abont to terminate ; it is said that the three spoliators have determined that it shall henceforth form part ef the Austaian empire , yet the British government makes no sign of opposing this crowning infamy . The final abolition of this phantom of independence can matter but little to the Polish people , but to England it matters much . If England allows that independence and freedom she guaranteed to be
openly , audaciously , and completely destroyed , her honour is stained , and her fair name defiled , and her vaunted power becomes but a mockery in the eyes of natioES . Strange to say , net even one of onr legislators has the sense and courage to demand explanations from the government , and thereby vindicate the character of our country . This must be remedied ; tho public mind must be enlightened ; and public opinion must force legislators and Ministers to vindicate the honour of England , and as . sert the rights of nations committed to England ' s guardianship .
The chapter from which we Live quoted the above extract , contains an episode of startling and dramatic interest , describing the death of a Russian spy . Patoofsei , which was the name of this wretch , was one of the most dangerous of the Russian agents . United to considerable tact , he possessed a degree of effrontery and assurance which enabled him to command the confidence of many of the Peles . He appears to have been for a considerable tame employed in spying out the secrets of the exiles , and had so far acquired their confidence as at length to be entrusted with & mission from the National Committee
to proceed as an agent lor the emigration to the " Kingdom of Poland . " The man who subseqnenOy slew this miscreant was applied to to furnish Patcotsec with the proper signals or credentials to such persona as could facilatatehia entrance to the country , Ms egress from it , or his concealment ; the person applied to having , however , already had his suspicions strongly excited , refused this application . TxmjOFBin , notwithstanding , succeeded in getting tbjinecessary credentials and departed ; heimmedi-? ieiy commenced entrapping victims before eren entering Poland . In the capital of Saxony he in-£ u ; ed » professor and some of the professor ' s friend *
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to . commit themselves by procuring , for him , a false pasport . No sooner had these been obtained than the traitor denounced them to the Russian Minister , who , pointing out all concerned in the business to the court of Saxony , demanded their punishment . " They were all arrested ; the professor ruined as well as his fcimily , was still imprisoned several years afterwards . Pawlofski , before his treachery could get wind , then traversed Prussia , profiting in a like manner by the recommendations given him , to convict those guilty of favouring tho Poles . Inconsideratisnof his services , be received an order from the king of Prussia , and another , with the rant of major , from the Emperor of Russia , to . commit themselves by procurinir . for hhn . afah .
Proceeding to the republic of Craco < v , he hastened to make the best use of his credentials from the emigration , for the purposeofdiscovering the retreat of such refugees as were concealed in that city , and of tempting as many as he coma , of tire natives of the neighbouring wrritQiies of AustriaRand Russian Poland , to compromise themselves , by engaging to join in a proximate insurrection , which he represented himself as sent to announce . The part he was playing-was therefore not only tfiat of the bloodhound , but of what in the French police was formerly called agent provocatuer ; that is to say , the man who tempts victims to do that which he denounces when done at his own instigation .
We shall now quote , without abbreviation , from the words of the patriot who performed this aetoi righteous retribution , the accouut supplied by him to the author of " Eastern Europe" of the
DEATH OF THE Stt l'AWMWSKT . "It happened that at this time I had myself taken refuge in the city of Cracow . A price had been set upon my head by the Russians ; and if discovered , the nominal republic had no choice but to give me up . "Ihadjuat been made acquainted with Pawlofskifs treachery , when I recognised him seated at table in the inn where I was living , and of which the host , a freemason , was devoted to me . " I made no observation on the subject ; but a few minutes after , the inn-keeper returned iu pale as death , and informed me that ' the stranger had named me by my real name , saying I had nothing to fear from him . - "After re-assuring-him , and reflecting on what was best to be done , I desired to be led straight into the presence of the new guest .
" Pawlofski had been shown into a room , where he had come by appointment t » meet several men , more or less compromised ; he changed countenance on seeing me advance towards him , but on my angrily denouncing his infamy to the company , he replied with so much assurance that several of those present-were staggered . We were interrupted , and obliged to separate , in the midst of his protestations of innocence . Satisfied with having unmasked him , and thus deprived him of his chief power of doing injury , I at first regarded his presence in Cracow , merely as a peril which known might be avoided ; but on making subsequent inquiry , I discovered , that as su agent of the emigration , he had seduced a large number of fami lies into a conspiracy , with tiie object of denouncing them to the vengeance of the Russian government . - .
"WhilstI was regretting that we had not ensured their safery , by putting him to death , his inconceivable assurance placed him in our power . Imagining . from the fact of my having let him escape so easily the first rime , that I was not quite certain of his treachery , he fancied that he could still impose upon me , or at least upon my companions ; and he determined not to draw close the net till ha had amply filled it . Relating himself my denunciation of him , he lamented that I should be of a temper so hasty and suspicious , repulsed my accusation as an odious calumny of which I was the dupe and he the victim , and requesting an interview , declared that he could clear up every allegation made against him . The proofs of his infamy were , however , of a nature which he little suspected , and the extent of the mischief he meditated was so appalling , thattaving unanimously condemned Mm , it wag resolved that at any cost he must dl » .
" Filled as Cracow was by Russian and Austrian spies and agents , and utterly at their beck and call as the authorities of the republic were , it appeared probable that whoever should attempt to carry the sentence of this new Wehmgericht into execution , . could only do bo < at the sacrifics of his life . I was'then disappointed and desperate . I had lost , as you know , eighteen of my relatives , and amongst them those nearest and dearest to me , —in the field , or on the scaffold , against the Russians ; and I had just volunteered tor this sanguinary office , when I received a message from Pawlofski , urgently requesting an interview in a spot at some distance without the walls of the city .
"I was at the same time made acquainted , through a channel which he could never suspect would be open to me , that , mistrusting his persuasive powers , he had laid a snare to arrest me in this solitary place , where he COUtd Keep the circumstance concealed for a few days , so as not to scare the remainder of his anticipated victims . If I had not been already chosen as the instrument to punish his perfidy , this singular fact would have appeared to point me out as the mest fitting individual to measure out to him the meed of retribution . I resolved to waylay aim , and confess . that this circumstance "flVB & dramatic interest to the deed I was about to undertake , which cancelled much of the horror I should have felt as the mere executioner of a . sentence .
" I chose ¦ ¦ ' , my relative , to aid me in my enterprise . Habiting him in the costume of a driver who plied for hire , I procured a sledge and horses . Stationed fer several hours before Pawlofski ' s door , at the moment ho appeared the sledge was to move slowly on , and I trusted that be would unsuspectingly hire it . I feared that if he took another the driver would in £ erfcre to save him ; but against this there was no remedy . Formyown part , I proceeded along the road , armed only with a dagger , —for I would not trust to fire-arms . At a considerable distance from the place of rendezvous , where
his measures had been taken to entrap me , I sat down on the snow , and concealed myself in a ditch , overshadowed by . the boughs of some fir trees . I never wavered in my resolution . I considered the deed I was about to commit not only justifiable , but meretorious My only apprehension was that I should not spring suddenly enough upon him , —that he might shoot me before I could drag him from his sledg » , ' or that he might have takes a strange coachman , who would interfere in thuS to stay my arm . My dread was that he would escape my dagger ; for I thought of the ruin and dessolation his denunciation would draw upon so many families .
" At length the sledge approached : —I sprang worn my hiding place , —I dragged him from his seat , —we rolled together in the snow , he seized me by the hair ; and as I plunged my weapon repeatedly into his body till he wa * dead , he tore out a handful of it by the roots . "Meanwhile the driver , who was ray relative , looked on . . 1 searched the body , and took from it the papers , leaving the arms of the dead man , and his money by his side . Then dragging the corpse out into the middle of the road , that all might see that it was not the deed of a robber , I took his place in the slidge , and ; was driven back to the ciiy . Though the sledge and horses were noticed at the gate , and known , tlriVcircumstanee furnished no clue in the subsequent investigation which followed , because the driver had gone out with one passenger , and apparently returned with the same . " With the death of Pawlofski ceased all danger of his revelations ; lor he had been too jealous to entrust his discoveries to any of his colleagues . -
Let the " moral philosophers" who declaim against taking away human life " under any circumstances" test their theory by this ease ot Pawlofski ' s . Under such circumstances if they would carry out their theory , these - ' moral" men would allow a Paw £ ofshi to entrap scores of victims and cause the misery of hundreds , rather than saire the many by sacrificing the oae . " Human life is sacred" say these " philosophers ; " granted—and , being so , when we fenew . that , any -way , life is doomed to be sacrificed , iait not asnered duty for us to save the many Tather than the one , to save the innocent rather than the guilty , the betrayed rather than the betrayer . In the case above narrated there was no safety for the victims but in the traitor ' s death , and against all the " moral philosophers" in the world we will maintain that the act of putting him to death was a moral , just , and noble act , entitling the performer thereof to the gratitude and thanks of every true man in every land .
Wo are men of peace , we earnestly desire to see an end to all wars , fighting , and blood-3 hedding ; and will give all the help and aid we can to the men who rationally advocate brotherhood and abstinence from war . But we warn the true friends of peace and humanity that their cause is in jeopardy . Teetotal fanaticism has fatally prevented the progress of the temperance principle , and a like fanaticism bids fair to cause the retrogression instead of the advance of the " peace principle . " When men are told that any state of slavery and suffering is to be endured , rather than be put an end to by an appeal to the sword ; that a man should allow himself , or even bra wife and child , to be murdered , rather than
kill the intentional murderer , such doctrines excite disgust , and must repel converts rather than attract them . There are evils greater than war or death . The system which enslaves and tortures one hundred millions of the Slavonic race , is " a greater evil than any warcouldbe , which would overthrow that system . A war with America for the Oregon territory would be one of the most absurd and detestable of crimes , but a " ceuside" against the tyrants and tyrannical systems of North-Eastern Europe , £ would be an act worthy of the nineteenth century . Such " cbcsade " should be preached and propagated , not by priests and pilgrims , but by every man who has pen er voice capable of stirring the hearts of his fellow men . /
The second volume of this work is chiefly devoted to a review of Polish , Russian , and Finnish Literature , —very Interesting but not demanding immediate c omment . The third volume is full of most important information concerning " Nicholas and hi '
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advisers ; " the state of the Jewish population of Poland ; " the "Kingdom of Prussia , and conduct of the Prussian government towards tho Poles . " A brief account of the mysteries and iniquities of " the Austrian Empire , " < fcc . &c . All these subjects we purpose to review , but not immediately . This work , " Eastern Europe and the Emperor Mcholas , " may be considered as the sequel to the "Revelations of Russia , " by the same author , and being so we have felt all along that we were " putting the cart before the horse" in reviewing this work a , ^; o ^ . » , „ „„„»• * u . r _ :... _ . _ ... _ ., _< . *
first . Having now the "Revelations" in our possession , we purpose to suspend for the present our notices of the Eastern Europe , " and commence in our next number a review of the Revelations of Russia . The author of Uieseworlva is about to immediately publish llevelations of Austria , and very likely when we have disposed of the Revelations of Russia we may proceed to review those - of Austria . Finally , we purpose to return to the work before us and give a second and concluding series of "Eastern Kurope and the Emperor Nicholas . "
In the meantime we earnestly and heartily recommend these volumes to all our friends . We do not agree with , the author in all things , and when we come to our second series of notices we shall be compelled to express ourdissem from the author ' s views respecting Louis Phimjpe , Prince Czartoryski , and the people of Germany ; but , taking the work as a whole , we regard it as a most valuable offering to the cause of freedom and progression , the contents ol ' which every friend to Poland and mankind should labour to disseminate as one of the best means of serving the cause of the oppressed , and hastening the downfall of oppression . . . .. , -. -. .,
With the author ' s kind leave we hope to turn his works to good account in preparing the minds of thousands of our countrymen , who may in their turn influence * thousands more , to take that part in the coming movement , which duty , interest , and honour , unite to command . We have set ourselves to a task and will not slacken in its performance , we have " set oar hands to the plough and will not turn back . " Though the weapons of our warfare be but words , " Words are things : and a small drop of ink , Falling like dew upon a thought produces That which makes thousands , perhaps millions think . "
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' ¦ * ' . MOSQUITIA . This territory lias along the coast of the Can ibean Sea , from Cape Camaron , in the Bay , of Honduras , to the Lagoon of Chiriqui , and is separated from the United Provinces of Central America by a boundary not very accurately defiaed , but extending , in some places , 500 miles inland . It is supposed to contain about 40 , 000 square miles . : ] It was in this district that the Aborigines collected when the Spaniards had driven them iirom the other parts of their country , which they were more desirous of occupying , and they have ever , since enjoyed , and still continue to possess the independent holding of the soil . Most of these tribes of native Indians acknowledge the king of Mosquitia as their sovereign , and he is usually crowned at Belize , an adjoin * ing British colony , where the coronation of the kin ; took place two years ago , in the presence of the Super intendent , who was deputed by the British Government to make certain presents to the king on that occasion !
The Indians are said to be a peaceable , but indolent race ,- and who , from having mixed so much with the English , desire to be under the protection of England , For that purpose the sovereignty of their country was offered by their late king to Great Britain , but declined . ... _ . * Recent travellers , in speaking of this part of the world , sav that . the whole of Central America is situated betwen thetropics , but as the surface of not less than one-fourth rises to a great elevation above the sea ( 4 , 961 feet ) , forming a tableland , the climate varies very much . A person who at daybreak leaves a district where the thermometer ranges from 28 deg . to 30 deg ., may , by noon , arrive at another where the usual temperature varies from 80 deg . to 86 deg . No portion even of the table land can be
called cold . It freezes during the night , in November , December , and January , but only very slightly . The rainy season lasts nine months in the neighbourhood of the table land , but near the coast of the Carribean Sea they have refreshing rains during all parts of the year ; the rains are generally not heavy , and contribute greatly to render these , countries extremely fertile . . Theclimate of Central America being so various , the productions are equally diversified . On the higher part of the table land , the grains ( especially the wheat and barley ) , the fruits , and the vegetables of Europe are grown . In the lower and warmer districts , the common grain is Indianjcorn , which yields annually two or three very abundant crops ; there are also found here the sugar cane and the plants
producing indigo , cochineal , tobacco , cocoa , and cotton . Cecbineal is chiefly gathered in the Spanish portion of the table land ; it is here and ! at Oaxaoa , in Mexico , that this insect is gathered in such large quantities . The forests , which cover a vast portion of the lower districts , produce mahogany , pimento , and Brazilwood ; in the upper districts the oak grows . Cattle is the principal wealth of some extensive places within the Spanish territory , where there are estates that feed from 20 , 000 to 30 , 000 head ; and sheep are numerous in their portion of the table land . Gold , silver , iron , lead , and mercury are known to exist in Central America ; but no mines are worked except gold ; silver , or iron . The most important mines of gold and silver are in Costarica , at the southern extremity of Mosquitia , and in Honduras ,
its northern extremity , consequently , it is not un reasenable to 3 uppose that they may be worked in Mosqaitia likewise . , The present king of this country is a minor , and it appears by a proclamation recently issued by him , has for his guardians several English gentlemen , who were appointed under his father ' s will . It appears from this proclamation that this fertile , but ntherto almost unknown , country is attracting the attention of British colonists ; but , although under judicious management such a colony-might be eminently successful , we nevertheless think it our duty to caution the public , and to tell them this region is
still almost in a state of nature , that the number of Europeans within it is extremely small , and that there are no towns or villages where houses or the necessaries of life can be procured on their first arrival , all settlers must therefore provide themselves with both shelter and a store of provisions ; for it will be some time before they can locate themselves to their satisfaction , ; build houses , and produce a crop of provisions . Many years ago . two attempts were made by Englishmen to settle in this country , they had neglected to take these necessary precautions , and the results were most calamitous—without any shelter , and without proper food , they fell victims to the climate .
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- ^ w THE NEW POPE , PIUS IX . . " The French Government received on Saturday , " says the Bebats , " a telegraphic despatch , announcing the election of the Pope . The new Sovereign Pontiff is the Cardinal Jean Marie Mastai , of the family of the Counts Mastai Femtti , and was born at Sinigaglia , in the States of the Church , on the 13 th of May , 1792 . lie became Bishop of Iraola , and was named . Cardinal in petto , on the 23 rd of December . 1839 , and proclaimed on the 14 th of December , 1840 . He was Cardinal of the order of priests . The conclave of the Sacred College lasted only two days , opening on the 14 th , and terminating on thelGth of June . Rarely has a conclave been so short : it is said that the political situation of the States of the Church , and the
necessity for putting an end to expectations that might be changed into an alarming agitation , hastened the decision of the Cardinals . The new Popehas the reputation of being endowed with a liberal and conciliatory mind ; his appointment has , in general , been well received . Ike Cardinal Mastai Ferretti , on ascending the throne of St . Peter , takes the title of Pius IX . Being only hi years old . he is one of the youngest popes that have been elected : this fact should be viewed as a favourable omen , The Cardinals have often been reproached for choosing popes amongst men whose age could not permit them to be very active . On this occasion the customary precedents have happily been departed from . There exists in
Italy a proverb , which says of the Popes , —Konv ' idebis ahu nos PelH . ('' Thou wilt not see so many years as Peter" ) St . Peter , as is known , occupied tbe Papal see for 25 years . This proverb , not being an article of faith , one may hope , without being : accused of heresy , that it will not be realized . Trusting that Pope Pius IX . will devote the influence which his high position gives him to maintain the spiritual peace of the Catholic n-orld , and bestow on the states under his temporal government the ameliorations which they stand so much in need of , we desire sincerely that he may see the years of St . Feter , and his relga be prolonged for the good of the Church of which he is the head , and the welfare of the people he is the sovereign of .
The Univers states that the new Popo , having been visited , at the age of 20 , with a serious malady , had implored the protection of the blessed Virgin , and , believing that he owed his recovery to her intercession , he felt so grateful that he entered holy orders , " Shortly after the ordination , ' says the Vnivers , " he assumed the direction of the asylum Tata Giovanni , which had been founded for the maintenance arid Christian instruction of poor orphans by an old man , a mason by profession , destitute of all resources , but rich in the treasures : of charity . The young clergyman , moved by his devotedness , joined him . in the charitable undertaking , and . devoted all Ms time , labour , and fortune , to that work of
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piety and mercy . Pope Pius IX . thus comment- dins ministry amidst indigent labourers and orphans . Under the PonUficate of Pius VII ., Monsignor Muzi , the present atshop ( ft ata dl CasitUo , having been sent as Vicar Ap » stoiical to Chili , the Abbati Mastai I ' trretti accompiuied T t " ditor ( councillor or theologian . ) Differences wh " har ° se between the vicar Apostolical and the ruler ot thili , soon obliged him to quit the country , and , on his return , Pope Leo XI ,, appointedhim prelate and president of the great hospital , of St . Michael , the largest m . tabushment of the Mud in Koine . la 1827 Leo XII . named him first pastor of Spoleto , his native town , which lie erected into an archbishopric . He occupied that se « until the 17 ih of December , UW ^ wlien Gregory XVI , transferred Win to latola , tvJiicliJ btiiifi one of the most important episcopal posts , required ^ prelate both firm aud prudent . Tiie bishop responded to the expectation of Gregory XVI ., and soon giiined the veneration and af-, „
fection of the entire diocese . Reserved in pelto at the Consistory of the 23 rd December , 1889 , he was proclaimed Carding on the Hth of December , 1810 . His reputation tor talent and piety was general throughout the States of the Church , and at Rome the people used to say when ho appeared in public , " Bekold tho successor of Gregory XVI . "
. .. THE PAPAL STATES . .- ' , , . The States of the Church , the temporal states of the Holy See , have remained much about as" tbev were settled 31 years ago , by article 103 of the Congress of Vicuna . This article restored to tho Holy See , the Marshes , with Oiitnarino and their dependencies , as also tho duchy of Benevento and tiie principality of Ponte forv . In virtue of the same article , the Holy Sec retook possession ot ' tholegatioi s of Kavenna , Bologna , and Ferrara , savins , however , that part ot Ferrara , situated on the left bank of the Po , winch Austria got given to herself- as well as the nght ot garrisoning the places of Ferrara and Coraacnio . lneprotestmadeby the Pontifimal Govern , mentin favour of its ancient possessions has hitherto
remained a dead letter . The territory of the church , as thus restored , exlcnds over a surface of 2 , 250 square leagues , with , according to the last statistical accounts , a ' population of 2 , 903 , 215 inhabitants . The revenue is about 50 , 000 , 000 of francs / or £ 2 , 000 , 000 sterling . The States of the . Church ate divided into three military divisions , those of Rome , Bologna , and Ancoua . The army consisted in ( 1810 ot 9 , 300 infantry , of which' 6 , 000 are natives , and 3 , 300 are Swiss ; 640 Dragoons , 100 mounted Chasseurs , 800 Artillerymen . 1 , 700 Gendarmes , 300 Arquebusjers , 1 , 200 custom-house officers , 80 men of the A oble Guard , in all 14 , 000 men , not including a reserve of 6 , 000 men and 3 , 000 National Guards . for Rome and Bologna . The annual expense of keeping up this force is 1 , 750 , 029 Roman scudi , or about
£ 380 , 000 . . > ,.... - ... . ... The territory of the States of the Church is divided into 20 provinces , under the appellations of comarca , legations and delegations , . as . follows : —First , the province of Rome or . " comarca " and the commissariat of Loretto . Second , the six legations of Bologna , Ferrara , Ravenna , ForJi ,. Urbino and Pesaro , and Velletri . Third , the 13 legations of Ancona , Ascoli , Benevento , Camerino , Civita-Veccuia , Fermo , Frosino , Macerata , Orvietto . Perugia , Rioti , Spoleto , and Viterbo .., These provinces are administered by a legate , assisted in-the six legations by councillors taken from the more influential , inhabitants . In these legations the legate is always to be selected from among the cardinals . Such ,: in short , is constitution of the States of the Church , of which Cardinal Mastai Forretti has just been proclaimed the head . To make our information complete , we here mention the diplomatic body at Rome , which plays so great a part in the election of the Pope ; but we have not any recent documents . .. ; .-..
We take from the Almanac of Gofcha , for 1 S 40 , the list of the principal members of that body : —For Austria , . Count Rodolphos Lutzow , Ambassador ; for Naples ; Count J . 0 . ueLudoli ^ Minister Plenipotentiary ; for Spain , Don Castilloy . Ayense . ; ror France . Count Rossi , Ambassador ; for , ' . Russia , the Privy Councillor Boutenieff , Envoy'Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary ; for Sardinia , Count F . Broglio di Mombellp , Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary , &c .
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THE- AUSTRALIAN EXPLORING EXPEDITION . ( From the Adelaide Observer of the 17 th January . ) In the second edition of the South Australian , Re-( lister of Wednesday last it was announced that despatches had been received from Captain Start , stating the probable arrival of himself and party at Moorunde this day , Mr . Brown , the bearer of ; the packet , having left them at Lake Victoria , and himself arriving at Mr . Nation ' s Station on the I 2 tli instant . We are happy to be able to assure our readers ot ' ., the safety of the gallant band of explorers , although they have passed through the many difficulties and dangers so well described in the subjoined letter , with which the kindness and attention of the Hon . J . Monihett has favoured us .
Tiie letter from Captain Slurb is dated the J 2 M of December lat . t . On the preceding day he had reached the Barling , after a most perilous journey from the depot , a distance of 270 miles . He effected his retreat with great difficulty , the first water being 115 miles from the depot . He was absolutely forced to make the attempt , for the only other . alternative was to remain and " rot at the old post . " The heat was perfectly horrible ; and had they not been providentially visited with a change of « a wind and a shower of rain , which cooled the air and ground , they would have perished . They did not , as it turned out , lose even a sheep . After this account of the retreat , Captain Sturt proceeds to detail ; the transactions from the time when he was last heard of . It may be remembered that it was his intention to proceed to the north-west , in the hope of finding an inland sea . Hesays
I wentfrom the old depot to lake Torrens , hoping to find a country affording a practicable route to the north , but was disappointed . I returned to the depot to make a more extensive excursion to the north-west . On the 14 th of August I left the camp with Mr , Brown and three men , taking 15 weeks' provisions , but after penetrating to lat . 24 . de . 30 mi ,, and long . 133 dc , I was obliged to return from the failure of both grass and water . Dr . Brown also suffered greatly from scurvy , but was too highniinded to complain . He is , indeed , an inestimable young man , and has been as a brother to me . We passed over a coun try of alternate sandhills aud flats , until I struck upon a Creole , boyond which the country was moro open and more subject to floods ; wtt crossed over extensive plains , subject to deep inundations , but soon again got on sandhills . From ihem we descended to a stony plain of boundless extent , on which the horses left no track and where no object was visible on the horizon from which to take bearings . Crossing these we descended to flats , like a ploughed field , on which
water had subsided , stretching to the north-east and south-west , further than the range of vision , and without a blade of vegetation ] Pom this we again ascended sand ridges , of a most formidable description , and found the ' country to the west so bad , where we attempted to penetrate in that direction , and surface water so scarce , that wewere obliged to turn to the north at 50 miles , with only two small puddles to depend on . I struck a creek which I traced up CO miles , when I got on a : country of salt ' formation , covered with samphire , and other salsolaceous productions , with numbers of dry beds of lagoons all white us snow , with salt . ; Passing this ne once more found ourselves among sand ridges , perfectly insurmountable , so close that the base of one touched the base of another—the whole country sand . The sand hills were of a fiery red , and thoy . r . in fov miles and miles , iu parallel rows , in points like tbe vanishing points of au avenue . Bat there was neither grass nor water to be found ; and after trying all points of the compass t gave it up and returned to the depot , after an absence of seven weeks , and a ride of 924 miles .
" The men were all knocked up , and the hoi'ges com . pletel ; leg-weary ; but I was dissatisfied with this journey , and there was little tinie for hesitation . There fore , after giving the animals six days' rest , I left the camp with Mr . Stewart , leaving Mr . Brown in charged the camp , whose readiness to do anything I wished lightened my labours . I took two men , and nine weeks ' provisions , my object being to try to enter the tropics , to ascertain if there was any witter between me and tll 6 north coast , or if the desert extends to the very tropics . I went due north , and struck a most splendid creek at 123 miles from the depot . Here I had a thunder storm that lusted half an hour , and left some surface water , dependent on which I crossed it , and ran out 170 miles without finding a single channel for conveyance of water . I dug five wells , but had little hope of benefiting from them . I was at length brought up by a stony desert , that stretched before us in absolute boundlessness .
where there were sandhills in it before , the sandhills were now covered with stone , similar to the plan itself . I was in the centre of a dark and adamantine sea , without any object by which to steer my course . I was 41 miles advanced in this gloomy region , and 5 i ! from water . My horses had already been one day without water , and I could not hope to reach the other water under a day and a half , including part of the night ; yet I hesitated to turn back . It was an irresistible influence that drove me back , certainly con trary to my onn inclinations . I was well nigh too late . I lost three horses , but that was of no consequence on such an occasion . I got back to the creek , after having reached latitude ' 25 deg . 45 min . and longitude 139 deg . 13 min .
"From the creek on which I was , I had seenbigh and broken ranges to the north-east , and I now determined on examining them and the creek . I therefore went up the latter 120 miles , but I found that it was leading mo away from the ranges , and 1 ultimately got to its termination , or rather head , in some extensive plains . The creek was as large as the Darling , and was flanked by a box-tree forest , in grassy land , to a considerable distance from its banks . Here I fell in with a numerous population , passing three or four small tribes every day ; but the nows of our kind treatment of them had spread through tho country , and they evinced no alarm , but did all they could to serve us .
" On tbe 3 rd of October I was at the head of the creek , and all at once found myself in presence of about 270 or 280 natives , encamped on a rising piece of ground , under a large sandhill I had descended . On seeing us they set up a great shout , but wheu . I rode slowly down
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the hill there was a dead silence : then I dismounted , unit , giving my liorseto one of tlie ' meu , walked over t o the natives ; who received me very kindly , brought mo troughs of water and biikea seeds , andiiuitcdme to sleep atone of their fires ; but , observing a small clump oi trees about SO yards away from the native camp , I told them that I weuld sleep there , to which they gave a ready assunt , and carried over firewood for our use , which was very scarcei These people were the finest I have seen in Australia . Many stood six , uereral more than six feet high . ¦ They were well made , and had not tbe pot bellies of the natives in general . They wera frank and merry people , and . told me all they could . They assured nfif thera was no water to the east or north , and werequitidistressed when I persisted next rJar jn going <» d " eastward . The women were engaged to a lute hour in bruising seed for cukes , and the noise they made was like the working of looma _ tit a manufacturing town . At 10 O ' clock all'WHS Imbed , and , for the remainder of the night , no one would have known that there' were eo many human beings near .
• From tliis point I turned wesiward , and , taking up a branch creek , went towards- the ranges ; but I got into n t »> rr 3 bl .- country , autl found that tbe effects of refraction had deceived me with regard tctbe ranges , nnd tVmtthey were nothing butaiasses of sand or rock , three hundred to five hundred feet bigh , I saw that 1 was getting near the scene of thegreatest turmoil , where the water passed over this dreary wasrte , and left tbe shivered fwgrnentsof mountains behind it . Here again' water and grass failed me , and I was forced ? o abandon this trying task , on fhe 9 th of November , beintt unable ta contend against ihe
season and country , I had done all 1 could do , and had again run the risk of beiag altogether cutoff ; indeed , so near . vas it , that 1 drainud the last drop of mud—for it it was not water—out of a pool that four wceko before was a hundred and fifty yarfsbroad , and two . hundred to three hundred Ion ? . I loss two horses-, and rejsretted them Tery much . I reached the depot ( which Mr , Brown had been obliged to move tfttriiig my absence , in consequence of the putridity of the water ) on th-e liith , having ridden eight hundred and forty-three miles iu five weeks , less three days ; :
I had been exposed for twelve weeks to an excessive heat , had had . insufficient food ' , had drunk loiithsome water , and at length my iron constitution , under disappointment , anxiety , and weakness , gave way . The day 1 made the camp I had been eighteen hours on horseback ; andwhetul dismounted , the spasmodic action of the muscles of my thighs was so vwleat us almost to throw me forward . I : had , in truth , ridden all day rn great psin . i . The . nejctday . thescurvy , latent in me forelvven months , seized me . The muscles of ray thighs contracted , and I was laid prostrate on my mattress . 1 am " still unable to walk or stand , but I am otherwise well in health ; and . I hope , that with all the . good things my friends have sent me , 1 shall get round . Another gentleman has favoured m with th&fo . " lowing note from the gallant captain , which'ibi-m ah appropriate peiidarit'to the foregoing cominuniea " tion : — ' ;; The Ana Branch of the Darlinp ; , Jan . 5 , 1846 .
I have , as you . will hear , done nothing but toil through a . dfcsert that I believe is unequalled in the world . My investigations , however , were geographical , not with any direct view otf finding good land ; and as fav as tbu geography of the interior goes , I think there will not bo mueh diflieulty , from the data I shall be enabled to furnish , ia making a pretty good guess as to what the greater portion of it is . Alllcansny is , that this has been one of . the most difficult and anxious tasks that could have fallen to the lot of any mun . ' For myself , thank God , I am gettingbetter . Six weeks are quite long enough to be deprived of the use of one ' s legs ; but I am yet thankful it is no worse .
I hope to be in Adelaide about th e end . of the month . I cannot at present ride , but shall be able to do so iu a week or ' ten dayt . ' . ' ¦ . :
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POLAND . Poor Poland is again inchairis ! Her patriotic BonB , in whose breasts burned thV brig ht flame of liberty , have arisen , resolved to strike ' down their oppressors . But , alas 1 they have again been vanquished by the legions of the Russian despot . Thousands of them have beeft maasacrod , and thousands banished their native soil . When classic Greece was trampled upon by the iion heel of Turkishidespotism , other nations interpfsed , and restored her to freedom . Even ourcountr ^ - acted no trivial part in procuring that restoration . But whfeu tho noble Poles are crushed to atoms , for endeavouring to regain what they'had lest , when Polish noblemen are either executed or shut up in jail « , to drag out their ineffably wretched existence—ivhere , we ask , is there an interposition similar to that afforded to the Greeks ? When do
our legislative halls resound with heart . thriihng and eloquent appeals in behalf of Poland ? ' When are exertions made to deliver from bondage that unhappy land ? Bead the records of American history , and you will find American battle-noWs gaturated with Polish Wopa ! Shade of Pulaski ! is it tliuB that the land of your nativity is remunerated 1 Poles aided us in revolutionary times ! When they need aid from us , shameful to tell , we are not among the first to render it ! What most disgraceful in-( , 'riltitude , unworthy the descendants of the fathers of the "Revolution ! Nations should hastily in terfere , put » » toj > to these bloody proceedings , restore Poland to bee rights , and thus earn the laudable character with postsrity , of having been humane and civilised . No nation , humane or civilized , should look i ( Hj / on when a sister nation is being goaded with'wrong , and trampled in the dust . — Pittsburgh Horning Chronicle .
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Dreapfui , Dbath by Scalding . —On Tuesday Mr . William Baker , deputy coroncv , held an inquest at the London Hospital , on Charles Amber , aged three years . It appeared by the evidence that the child , " Sunday last foil into a pan of water which was scalding hot , by which the lower parts of its person were severely scalded . It was conveyed to the hospital where it died on the following Monday . Verdict " Accidental death . " Tkaoicai Ocourencb at Limerick . —Between 8 and 9 o ' clock on Wednesday evening Surgeon John Beveridge , of the city dispensary , was requested to go on board the schooner Anne Simple , of Liverpool , now lying at Honan ' s quay , for the purpose of seeing one of the crew who was reported to be in a dying
state . He promptly answered the summons , and going below deck found an able seaman of the name of Patrick M'Brierty in a state of stupor , and utterly insensible to all remedy . From appearances Mr . Beveridgo was induced to suspect that the man had partaken of poison , but no person on board could give rim any information or assistance ; in fact the wretched berth was so narrow , dark , and suffocating as to be intolerable to a landsman . Mr . Bevoridge applied the lancet but no blood issued . While thiu engaged , another man * under tho sailor , was heart ) to exclaim faintly for help , to the surprise of the visitor who had not observed him till then . Mr . Beveridge ordered him to be brought immediately upon deck , where he applied restoratives which enabled
him to articulate , and he was then interrogated as to the description of food the crew had taken , to which he replied that they had fresh beef and vegetables and drank soup as usual . Dr . Beveridge had this man conveyed at once to the dispensary in Francis street , and sent word to the police . lie was subsequently carried to the fever hospital , wliete . he is reported to be in a convalescent state . About eleven o ' clock the same night M'Brierty expiied , and next morning Dr . Beveridge was again called upon to visit two more of the . crew and four stcvadores engaged in discharging the ship , who had been similarly attackedand were writhing in asony . In each case
, the necessary stimulants were administered , tortunately with effect , and they are now doing well . The mate , Robert Tobin , after having purchased a coffin to inter M'Bsuerty . was taken ill in like _ * nnnner at 8 o ' clock on Thursday , and notwithstanding the aid of medical assistance expired at 8 o ' clock yesterday morning . Several rumours are afloat as to the malady which caused death . It is . alleged they were cholera cases , while others say death was caused by poison ; and more assert it ' was in consequence of the men having drank water which was impregnated with gas tar , which flowed from the cisterns oi' the gas company into the river at Arthur ' s-quay .
Lamentable Mistake . — -Windsor , Tuesday EvesijfO . —An unfortunate occurrence took place yesterday afternoon , at St . Leonard ' s-place , near Windsor , which it is feared may prove fatal to La Marquise d'Harcourt , who is on a visit to W . B . llarcourt , Esq ., at his residence at St . Leonard ' s . It appears that La Marquise has been attended for some time past by Messrs . Brown and Andrews , of tins town , surgeons to the royal household . By u lamentable mistake on the part of a domestic , a bottle , containin" an ounce and a half of a very strong preparation oilaudanum was administered to tin : untortunatc lady , in mistake for a draught of medicine . Shortly afterwards the error was discovered , and a messenger instantly dispatched to Windsor for medical aid . Within forty minutes of the discovery beini , ' nude , Mr . Andrews was in attendance , who administered the proper remedies to neutralize the effects of the
poison . Horrible Murder . —The following hideous and revolting detail of murder is extracted fl'OUl a Gillway journal . The scene of the foul deed lies towardsihe junction of Galway with the county of Clare : —Wo regret to state , that on the night of Thursday last , a barbarous murder was committed at a village near Woodford , in this county . The unfortunate object of the assassin ' s vengeance was a man named Pat Hill . Two persons came into his house , and brought him out of his bed to a place about forty yards distant , and there inflicted no less than forty-two
bayonet woundB on his person , besides a fracture of the skull . His wife hearing hirf screams went to his assistance , and having begsjed for mercy , she was told by the heartless ruffians , that if she did not go away , she would herself be treated in a like manner . Having completed their purpose , the miscreants , who are unknown , walked off , and their victim almost immediately expired . An inquest was held on Tuesday at Portur ana , before Thomas Walsh , Esq ., coroner , and Thomas Brereton , Esq ., U . M ., when a verdict of wilful murder was returned against persons unknown . Deceased was in rather comfortable circumstances , and bore a most excellent character ,
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^*————^——^—¦^— MJmmm mmv w * PROGRESS OF THE I'ltlN'ClI'l . ES OF PJSaCB . ' """ ¦ Br WiiLiAM HowiTT . ¦¦¦"" ( From the 1 ' eople ' s Journal . ) In no particular have we flutttivd ourselves of lata years with the idea of a . steady ami thinking progress vowards wise aud Christian . principles , so much as in that of an sidvanee towards right notions on the sulytct ot peace anci war .. During tho lonj ; and unusual pvriod of thirty years of Europuan tranquillity , ws lwye h : ; d leisure to see and to satisfy ourselves , that war is noi only barbarous anil most unchristian , but . is just the most foolish affair in which we can involvo ourselves . As merchants , manufacturers , and . capitalists , we have becit shrDwdQiiougu to ptrccWe that , iris . pence tliutU o « i ' game , if war bo the game of kings and goviTninents . Trade has wonderfully extended ' ; social rufouns luivo _ LL _ HI ' __ . - ^_
been beautifully introduced , and first and ion-most that of the post-office ; milr <» id . t J ) av 3 bc « n laid down ail o : er Europe , and people Iiavo gcattcml . themsciYts through each othevVi countrii'g , goeiuj : anil enjoying , instvad ui seeing and destroying ; . In everj r « uk of interest unil pleasure wo bavo been the gainers . We have neither piled up heaps of dead men on tin- plains of iln .-continent , nor of national debt at home . We liaye not eS : i 9 () i-i'ftlud ourselves against each other , but have sate Knglii-li und French , Germans and Prensh , Italians and ; French , in fact , all people of ail European nations * liobnobhinjf together , some selling silks , some sel inj ; b ? o : id cloth , and some sellJiiL' wines . Therehuvu . beim fewsr swonis , but
more puddinjj-knivca , fewer maskets but moro muslins sold . Iiotv much wiser ! Whai thousands of u ? , amid the mountains and vineyards , awl in thu city-balls of tho continent , liitro felt our hearts g } wtrii )> cordial n-yard { orthe hearts that so kindly baat towards us ; have grasped tliv hands Unit were extended towards us in the wannest of welcomes ; have sate njoicing amid the smiles of amiable faces , that , | lisid war been going instead of peace , would all have been deml masses oi human cor * vuptton / buried in testerisjr lieujis 0 ) 1 M > lit ! ll'y pllillF , wheronieu , eailinjj themselves civilised , hud risen , in ft rabid fury aifiiinst tiich otiur , that weald be a libel ou demons to call'deiuoiiiiiu . * , . ¦ -
Such thoughts as these , wcrnro smr . c ,. have vi 3 itcrt evi-ry one who has sec his fuovi . flatc years , oiri . hu iuil i ; t' what We used to call the laud of our natural enemies . They have gone on softening , instructing , harmonising us ; and wo have seen , on all hnnas , cheering evid uvus that iliu world was at length coming , to . its senses . In the worlssof nopular authors , in thu speeches 0 !' membersu £ l'aili ; iinoiitj in the tone and actt of Government , there has been a plain and positive determination : towards tile istahlishinent of the sentiment as-u national sentiment , ( hat « ar was not merely folly , it was wickedness ; and that peace was at once profitable and praiseworthy
But when tho pubHe tendency of tiii g . i jumps with our private feelings ami connections , we . are apt in our delight to outleap tho actual , progress of facts ; and we must confess , that evejits ot' late have givi-n us a startling shock as it regards the actual advance of this very principle of peace , or rather of the actual decline of the old bull-dog Spirit Of contention , The wur . on the Sutlej , and the reception of the news of its results in England , hare given us a soiemnpuusu , anil re-awakeiva host of anxious feelings . It is not that we are inclined to undetrate tl 9 skill and valour-of our geneials , or the nriumantintt bravery of ow men , one ;\ vliit more than the most vociferous applniiderj of victorious war .- It is not now for thu first ; timo that we hove to learn or aeknowledgc that Englishmen , of wbateyei ' rank or station , are men of the highest rank in the lists of humanity . That-thi y possessevery species of tulent-fortitude , and dauntless courage which can inhabit the human breast , and which in peace , in war , in any case or sitoatiou where they-can be demanded , will give them the mastery over their
fellowmen . We know all this ; . we need not he told of it ; but we know too that these virtues are the more godlike as they arc employed on works of peace and not- on bloodshed , on cementing and not dividing-, on . blessing and not en destroying , mankind . Is Lord Hardiuge , or Lord Gough—are the thousands of officers and privates who advanced against the murderous cannon of the Sikhs as against inevitable death—sire these ineu- now to t )( j acknowledged . to- be admirably brave ? . We knew ic before ; we £ could have predicted it of any . number of Englishmen place . I ia the same circumstances . We are not , therefote , going to . rph them of one . grain of credit for their vulour : if you call them valiant , wa call them valiant too ; it' you protest that they are most invincible warriors , we protest it too ; if you insist vehemently that they possess the liijjhes-t xnot-nl qualities ; wo insist on it U 9 tehumeutly , bat we should bo fur better pleased to see those qualities exercised on peaceful improvements ,. and the heroism of social progress , than on the old bad business of destruction .
It is said , on all hand « , that this war is absolutely just and inevitable ; that we have beenisi . no way the aggressors or jirovokers . It will bo a great sa . isfactiort if it prove so ; but it must be confessed that it is a little early to pronounce positively on this head , amidst the tumult of victory ; and the hisiry of success . What makes U At least suspicious is , that tl ' . e same iuis been said of all and every war in which we have been engaged in any quarter of the world . The phrase has . ever been tho iame— "this uccessiivy . andrightcuus warl" Subsequent calm investigation lias generally shown every such war to have been . unnecessary and k ; i < ightisous , and our history 111 InJiuhas bcena . sail sequence of agglV&siMl Hull USUTpotion . At . the verv lo . ijt , this shout of jiimlause at
home ; this thunder of rejoicing cannon ;¦ rheso ai-flamations of Parliann-nt ; this sudden elsration . of commit ! » ders into lords ; must bu confessed to be dreadful im-entives to fresh bloodshed . TVitii peace iti Europe , and a large army , in India whose officers want , promotion ,. w ill their affairs rest lung- without a fresh plausiblegivnnd for a campaign which is to turn lieutenants into captains , captains into generals , and Kvuorals into lords ? When they see that on the very Ucels of those Indian victories , Lord Gough remits >; rG , !) 00 thence , for- the purchase of an estate-in Ireland , will not lordships and estates , suddenly plucked from the plunder of the enemy , soon raise fresh enemies to plunder \ Let the friends of peace and the principles of peace look to . this .
lias is the dark side let us noiv turn to the bright one . The outbreak in India has shown us that there is ab'Jge mass oi' the old lenveu in the public mind to be watched und . gufirdcd against ; but the ' ufl ' air of Oregon has shown , as clearly , that we are still advancing on the right way ; that we have advanced and taken a firm stand on principles , and on a philosophy more hones . t and beautiful than ihe world ever yet us a world avowed . In no Oiise of national aiYront { && the English government uviT maintain a conduct so noble and so entirely to tho-sutUfnction of the nation . They have bsvne patiently , but like firm and wise men , mueh hectoring conduct on tiie part of tiie American ministry . What would some years ago have thrown any ministry into a perfectflame , has only called forth fresh evidences of patience , . candour , asil . a sincere desire to negotiate like men anil not fidtt like savages .
This is most cheering , and not the less cheering lias been the spirit of the people on both sides of the ocean . There has been a considerable war party in America , and much , sound and fury , but it has been evident that that was not the voice . of the people atlitrge . On the contrary , and this is the most animatingpuint of consciousness at which we have arrived , the people in both countries have displayed the most earnest and admirable desire for the preservation of peace , Common interests and common sens& have , it is true , swayed thomin . no trifling degree , and we rejoice that tliede evany-day motives have obtained such ascendancy , but the higher and more cementing iu * fluenc-es , Christian ft > llo » 'ahii > arid duty , have been not the less conspicuous . Proudestund most cheering sight of all has be « m to soe The Ekovle , the central mas ? , na ?
the very workinj ; classes , tutting the lead in the demand , for peace and union . The world oncu come to this pitch that the common people take tho lead in ihe preservation of the Ciimmon weal , and tin ; great cause is gained . "When they who always have been , hitherto , the food of wnv , refuse to be flung into its mouili HUc faggots into an oven , war must perish of inanition . Wlien they who have been hitherto taken unceremoniously by the necks , and pushed nose to nose into other people's qunrrcls , refuse to be made mere curs of , and worry one another for their masters ' amusement , there will he no quarrels . And that time is come to a certain degree . Uetween . what ara called Claiotiiin nations the matter is tcttled . Thepeople declare against murder en masse , aud statesmen will take care not to Ing behind nnd show their weakness .
n hue this k going-through thb ' press we rejoice tolearn , by tbe following extract from one of his letters , that Ulilm BttrrUt , the peace-preaching American bUiCk . smith ; is on his way ta England . " i ' or sosae time i « ist the idea has been running in our mind , that a voyage to England , and a shwii visit in . thiit country would much benefit our outward man . We have bren much confined during tho lust two . or three years , and thus deprived of the physical exercise- which our earliest habits have rendered constitutionally necessary ts our health . We hnve thought , therefore , of thia plan , nbich wo would now submit to tha coniiaittve of the whole list of our rentiers and friends . About the first of June , we propove , undtr cevtain conditions , to take steamer or packet for England . On our arrival , we yra . pose to take a private ' hickory stuff und travel on , like Buiiyan ' s pilgrim , through the country , at the rate of a \)» ut ten miles a day . "With a pocket for my wheat and a pocket for hit rvo ,
And a jug of-wati-rby my side , todviuli when 1 am dry , " Passing thus leisurely on foot ttnotigh 1 ) 10 agrieuliural districts , we anticipate the onpori unity of looking through the hedges and iuto barn yards ; -sometimes into the kitchens of the common people , once in a whiio into a bliick » mitit's . sliop tttiiiiiteut Ute-uuvil . In fact , ivi in-• end to pull at every latch siring ih-. it we- lm « l tmtsii ' . e tll « door or gate , and study the physiulojry of turnips , 5 iay ricks , cabbages , heps , « Ve , and all ki-. uls of oattlu , slieep , aud swine . We propn&is to ayuid the Ucms of the cnuntry and confine our tmlks tr , the ' lowlands of common-tin !; and to have our eonyurgHtion mid communion chiefly with the liibourhis ; classes . lVrlmps we niijjht get together a knot of them some woonshiny night , and talk to thorn a little on temperance , peace , and universal brotherhood . Duriiu such a pedestrian tour we think we might hear and see some ' things which a peisoit- could not do while whizzing through the country , on ttie raiU road , at the rate ot" thirty miles an hour .
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On Tuesday tu < iniiii £ , a handsome hurse , estimated ! at the value of 2 000 £ « i" «> s . arrived at Brighton , by the General Steam Navigatii . n Company ' s pocket , . the Msism-t , as iv pruaent to liev k ^^ VHWirA PFK ki > met Aii . aud wast immediately ibntMw wjjSs ^ C WffWM ¦ iAjmSHB
Itatgn Ifelouemttits*.Ifblxuni Dftrlflllflhtlltel
itatgn ifelouemttits * . ifblXUni dftrlflllflHTllteL
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« S ¦¦¦ ¦ ¦¦^¦ k— \ j wmimm ' / Jpke 7 . 146 . THE NORTHERN STAR . / i ?!??« .-. ~ ~ ~——¦ l i ! SK ! iJS
Pllbsent From Mkhemf.T Am To Her M.Uk3tt.
PllBSENT FROM MkHEMF . T AM TO HER M . UK 3 TT .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), June 27, 1846, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1372/page/7/
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