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Jtaunt Mobmuni$. -lFrt«»*»*V^» <V(^i^^«<«A<vf-<^
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THE FRATERN/LL DEMOCHA.TS.
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Eliiiu Burritt. the Lkarxkj) \lt.\CK.w.~tt —Tins extraiTtlinary man ar:-iveil in l.iverj>!-oi on Stinday-
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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" Ana I will war , at least in werds , ( And—should mj chance so happen—deed * , ) With all who war with Thought !" * ' I flunk I hear a little feird , who sings The people brand By will be the stronger . "—Bybch . KEYELAT 1 OJXS OF RUSSIA . * ko . n . We shall confine ourselves this week to the follow ing extracts illustrating the person and character of
THE TTK-iST XICOIOLAS . JTicolat Paulovitch , or "Nicholas the son of Paul , " ac-COiding to the universal habit of Russian nomenclatures , is now in tlieprimeof life . He is of commanding stature , and present ? , not only the most imposing aspect of any Jiving sovereign , bat , as perfect as he is colossal in the proportions of his form , he may really be ranked amongst the handsomest men of Europe . When the whole of his guard , consisting of sisty thousand of the picked men of iiis empire , is reviewed by him in the Chanip de Mars , the ejeofthospDCtfltcrinay vainly tranderorcr its ranks to find anyone worthj of comparison with him , for figure , for manly beauty , or for majesty ofmien . When begives
the word of command , the deep and sonorous tones of his voice thrill , distinctly audible over theTast plain where an army is manoeuvring , or a crowd looking on , as different from the voices of his aumerousc- mmanuers as the notes of an organ te the treble of a child . He is seen , however , to more advantage onfo ^ t than on hors eback , because , being a stiff and a very timid rider , the chargers be rides in public have always been " maneged" into the rocking-horse canter of the pitiable beasts which figure in the theatrical circus ;—so that in the eyes of an Englishman this cxrrun . stance qualifies very material ! / theadmiration his splendid equestrian figure would otherwise excite .
Nicholas has also of late years adopted the habit of Staring around him with an air of severity , apparently imagining that his sternness of aspect imposes , whereas , like everything assumed , it has a contrary effect , and rather takes away from the awe which his majestic figure and features cannot foil to excite . # # . ? # The immediate family of the emperor consists of the empress , iiswife , onesurvivSng brother , the Grand Cake ilichatl , already mentioned , and several sons and daughters . The empress , a Prussian princess , hasnever played any significant part . A sister of the present Xing of Prussia , she changed her religion from the Lutheran to the Greek communion , to become the wife of Nicholas , much against the inclinations of her brother , who is said still to entertain a rooted personal aversion to the Russian emperor , though politically he has yielded entirely to his influence since his accession to the Prussian throne .
The eldest son of Nicholas , the Grand Duke A ' exander , heir apparent to the throne , is not known in England . Betas jet given no evidence of character , beyond that of a mild and tractable disposition . Of tV . e itaperial princesses , the Grand Duchess " Marie , " rrho . like all her family , is handsome , was wisely allowed by the emperor to follow Lor own choice in the selection Of a partner for life , and is married to the Duke of Xeuchtenber ? , a rfjzitta . of the Beauharnois and Buonaparie blood . The GrandBatfiessofOigaj tnesecond of tie emperor ' s daughters , has no rival in beanty amssigst the princesses of Europe ; and in this instance , flattery , in asserting her to be theloreliest girl in her father ' s dominions , scarcely outstrips the truth .
The imperial family of Russia derive their desccntfrom the clerical house of Romanoff ; bat their blood has been so repeatedly intermingled wiih that of Germans , that one might doabtifa single drop of Russian origin flowed in their veins , if . the personal appearance of its member * did not recall to mind the lundsonie lieutenant Soltikoffone of the eailiest of Catherine ' s faTOurites , raised by her to the highest office of the state . * # # * On the whole , Nicholas is neither better nor worse than the average of his predecessors , inclusive of the great Tsar who Erst made Russia European ; but he has done .
an < i be bids fair to do , more injury t » mankind than all of &em put together . "VVithout , perhaps , the genius or the boi ' .-ncss to have ever played more than a very subaltern part in many situations of life , he was peculiarly calculated , when plac-d by the chances of birth in possession of sucii power , and at the head of such a system , to push it to its estratnest limits , lie possesses , besides h . U singleness of purpose , precisely the quantum of moral courage , of obstinacy , and of icte'lect , to allow him to use the means in his power , is the most effective manner , to attain this end , and witliil the exaggerated self-veneration to in&ice him to do S 3 .
Daring the nineteen years of his reign , only seven men have been condemned to death , but probably move than ill all ths united reigns al ! aded to bave in reality perished toy tht hands of the executioner . Men , indeed , are not ( lecapit&ted , impaled , or han . eed up by theribs with hooks , as formerly ; bnt whole companies of Polish prisoners are flogged to death ; the knout and jditt , which tear away la strips the mascle * from the bone , have been inflicted upon thousands and thousands for political offences , who die within a day or two , or perish on the Siberian journey which ineritab ! y follows . So those have been treated who only refused to cLfiEje the / aith of their fathers on an imperial order .
We read with horror , that nnder the long regency of Siren , twenty thousand individuals were banished to Siberia for political crimes . The En . psror Nicholas , on the lowest computation , las sent on the same weary jonrney two hundred and fifty thousand—a quarter of a million of individuals ! Of these , three-fifths had offended politicallv , ia some direct or indirect manner . " # * * # Under all circumstances , after the sal jugation of Poland , a gensrons nlqiositlon nu » ht have contented itself ivjth . treating her according to the stern laws ofcouguest , not , as Nicholas has done , according to the sanguinary code which established authority arrogates to itself the right of applying to rebellion ; for this was scarcely a rebellion crashed , but a country re-conquered . Regular armies fonzbt regular armies , according to all the usages
of internationa l warfare : prisoners of war were made , 2 nd communications opsaeil foctivetn the cliiefe of the contending armies . Tii ; emperor himself received the delegates of bis advc-rssjies . TVhen , however , he proved the strongest in the struggle , and the war was over , those prisoners who had foaghtas brave men in the field—who , not submitting to a maK * r , had surrendered on the faith of an exchange , and counting on a reciprocity of treat , ment—were , against titir " vows and wishes , made to serve their enemy , and d .-fcite ;} into condemned corps , wliere flier-were j-s < j < ilr £ < £ zo take the oatli of al ' ejnance to the emperor . Th « r coalition in these particulars wouM of itself hare fcsfcn listle preferable 10 that of British convicts ; hut their i-feraecutor was not content
with the misery' of a hope : e 55 servitude , a perpetual enle , thus indicted on them ; tlx-y were left the option between ialun ™ an oath against c <« ir conscience , -which would rendrr them participators in their own degradatien , or the most fearful corporal EaiierJags . On refusing to take the oath , they were condemned to receive a number of lashts which aloae ivoula ieve been a fearful punishment for any offence ; but still per-isting , as they did , one victim after another , each a ? resolute after as before his martyrdom—as determined in his refusal when he had seen his comrade expire u 2 < Ur ths lash a : when first called out—was it not an nnlieaid of baibarity to rentw this torture at every fresh refusal , till death placed them beyond the power of human cruelty ?
This is no exaggerated picture , nooverstraiiml account tS uzi ocznrrence which loofe place far in the int .-rior ; it is the plain narrative of waat occurred , on the termination of the Palish war . ia the town of Cronsnndt , not tweu-y miles from St . Petersburg , and precisely the point Which holds most uuinitrrapred communication with ¦ western Europe . Several hundred Polish pr isoners , employed in working at the fortifications , were required , and almost unanimously refused , to take the oath . They wero then made succcsrir ?! ,- " to nm tfifi g HUltfct ; " l ) Ut
stni in almost every Vast&wre ifces ptrsisteA in their refusal , vritli a . resolution ^ vorijiy of ad miration in any cause . Tirna after time they vrer ? tiias carried out from the hospital , sail unwavering la iheir heroism , to undergo the same infliction , till l : is or all sensation had departed from the mangled mass of flssh , which was consigned to the turiaJ-cart , or to linger for weeks in a hospital , till reliered by the tar < 1 y kisaaess of death , or in some few cases to recover in several > ionths , crippled and mained , to drag on a miserable existence , chained to fellons and assassins .
The commission of this ? aarbviiies , perpetrated in Tiew of all the inhabitants of Cronstadt , lasted many weeks , and could nnt have taken place wirhout the im-¦ perial kuowledge—uot to say tlieimpsrial command . # * * * Xero could exhaust his animal ferocity only on a few ftoavjad victims , bat sucLt wi 3 li in vain that all the Romans had but one neck . . M . o 3 ern centralization , and its scic-nce of . administration , huve rirtually realized this •*» i > h lor Sichola ? ; at least , he can reach tht necks of the remotest of his suhjs-ct « , and tighten the chain that , under Ms predecessors , ail ivurc lialile to wear , hut of which , uuder his despotism , none escape the infliction .
Ths influence of wealth , of family , of customs , and of privileges , affords no longer any shelter . Prudent as he Is in disposition , being aware that lie possesses a power unparalleled , he uses it ia a manner unprecedented . ICot only docs he hourly trample on both his great vanquished enemies , the aobiii ! v of Ids empire and the Po lisli nation—not only has he uprooted whole races , and succeeded in extirpating the religious creed of millionsl > ut he seems now bent , botii on-desiroriug the nationality and reHgious faith of the whole of Poland , even , if required , l « r transplanting its ponulation into Asia .
PoI li ' . k ; v \ violence and crueltirs . t 5 iemare extirpation of races I er < = f creeds , would be nothing , however , to the condition to which his own subjects are reduced—comparatively guii-liins—because races are doomed , according to the I law of nature , to perish , s « a creeds flourish and wither , lan'l I'elns immaterial , spring ngain from their ashes . a 2 Jut tl : e dull , monotonous , hopeless , au-pervading op-| prea : oa to which his suijects are reduced , producing : the IsaTne snoraJ effect on the human mind as the slough oi Iiis fLurO-crn bogs * n tlnhaaiaa frameMnTiingitotoit , Ulna . | Li » th- eves , sileucinj ; the tongue , and paralyzing the F—— '—~ - S * ^ Revelations of Uassia in 1 S 18 ; " by an English p | e-- ! -ient . Third edition . Xondon : H . Colburn , Great iJ fctrinarQttgb . Stctet , Wm
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agglutinated limbs , is infinitely mora terrible—doubly terrible , because it is a destiny the sufferers must not only endure , but propagate , by foreign conquest , and by the natural re-production and increase of population . , # ' * » There is a class in England , and a very respectable one , who are for leaving to Providence all interference which may lead to violence , even against a system they abhor , and who seek meanwhile , in a quiet humble Way , to extract some honey from the bitterness of the hemlock and die nightshade . They indulge unwittingl y in a sort of moral Scliamaism—a form of worship which is pithily expressed in the vulgar tonjjue by ' holding a candle to the deviL" "letus , " think they , " repeat no tales and allow no outcry against this terrible Russian government , and by civility we may coax it into an occasional act of airirlnflnatpfi limfic is inSniMii mna / i »> . >! hl ~ 4 ~« t 1 ^
humanity ;"—and , accordingl y , the Emperor Nicholas graciously comes forward , and Bigns the treaty to make the slave trade piracy ; and further , he allows the Bible Societies to circulate their Bibles throughout his empire . These worthy people , who rejoice in tlie effects of their prudence , will find , on perusing these volumes , that this Tery Nicholas will not allow , under the severest pains and penalties , of any conversion within his empire , either of heathen or Christain , except to the Russian church—a church , whose governing synod of bishops all take their orders from the obet-procurator , layman , lately the Lieutenant-General Count Pratassoff , a military officer ,
aid-de-camp to the emperor , and representing him as its chief head . These bishops , too , have nominal military rank ; thus , first of the clergy of the holy synod , stands the title of "Thehumble Seraphin , metropolitan ofHovogorod and Moscow , full General , and decorated with the order of St . Andrew ; " and further , " The Humble Vladimir Archbishop of Ka » au , lieutenant-general , decorated with the order of St . Vladimir ; " "the arch-priest jjficolas Mouzofisky , Major-jreneral ;"—a church proving its enlightenment , not only by retaining the old Julian calendar , which is belied by the annual course of the e ^ irth , but whose imperial head- has ordered its substitu ' tion . in thB kingdom of Poland , for the Gregorian .
Missionaries may indeed Introduce Bibles in auy given quantity ; but let them only venture to attempt to convert , not a member of the Russian church , but a heathen or idolater , to any form of warship but its own , and Siberia stares them and their proselyte in the face . Parodying the words of the Old Testament , the emperor says , "I am the watchful ruler of the churcli , ami conversions are mine , " But although this imperial vicegerent of Heaven will not allow others to labour in the vineyard of souls for any persuasion but his own , it does not thence follow that he will always cither do bo , or allow it to bo done for him .
For instance , he brings up iu bis cadet schools the children taken as hostages , or kidnapped from Caucasian parents ; he wishes to make Russians of them , and then turn them loose amongst their wild relatives , thus hoping to diminish the hatred against which the Russian arms can make no progress . Now if these youugmountaincers were converted to Christianity , they would be all the worse received by parents , who . once half Christians , have—thanks to Russian aggression—learned to view that faith with detestation . There is , therefore , an order given that they shall be brought up as Mussulmans . But here and thera , with something of the perverseness of a wild race , precisely bccauio it is forbidden , or animated by better aspirations , these Caucasian children are anxious to become Christians : but the emperor , the
visible head of a church based upon the Gospel , which says , " Suffer little children to come unto me , for theirs is the kingdom of Heaven , " will not allow it—not even to his own Greek faith—it would defeat the views of his policy . And they will further find , that this very Nicholases the greatest slave proprietor in the world—upwards of twenty millions belonging to his personal domain ; they will find him lending money on the slaves of his nobles , and every year appropriating them as unredeemed pledges . But theseare white slaves , not black" , and he therefore signed the slave treaty . It was a generosity loss costly , but not less insulting to the JaboUtiotiwts ofEnglaud . thanitwas to the Palish emigrants , whom he had deprived of wealth , of home , au 3 of country , the sum of money which , during his recent visit to England , he sent to the committee of the Polish ball .
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LORD ABERDEEN , THE NUNS OF MINSK , NICHOLAS , AND THE RUSSIAN STATE cuuacii .
A very able pamphlet has been put into our hands with the above title , proceeding from the pen of M . V . O . Zietikiewicz , in which , challenging the statements made by Earl Aberdeen on the 10 th February last , with reference to these subjects , " that the religious persecutions in Russiaare not directed against the Roman Catholics , but against the schismatic Greeks ; adding , that the former acknowledge the supremacy of the Pope , whilst the latter do not ; and finally , that the accounts of the persecutions published " throughout Europe , are grossly and
wiekeclly exaggerated . " To disprove these allegations , the author proceeds at great lenjtli to describe historically , the terras Greel ^ Jtotacm . Russhn , Schismatic , and United , as regard their respective Churches , and the materials the author has made useof have been brought to bsar with great felicity upon his arguments . There is not space in a political journal to enter into a polemical controversy upon tliese points of doctrine and discipline ; but one oi the most interesting pa ^ aaaes relating to the case of the persecuted nuns of Minsk , we cannot refrain from inserting entire : —
Xow , my Lord , why have the Empiror , M . Boutanieff , and yourself , been at such pains to falsify the narrative of the Abbess Mieezyslawsia ? It was not a private document , it was a public deposition , which this Lad } , worthy of credit from her position iu life , made before tlie Commissioners of his holiness Pope Gregory XVI ., as thsre are many decwr . ents published by his IIi ) lineSS . But the Emperor keeps silent . The narration of tlie Aiibess of . Minsk is not an isolated fact ; it forms part and parcel of that invariable system of persecution , which the -Muscovite Cabinet has carried on without any interruption since the ysar 17 G 8 until the present moment . Let M . BuutanifcS come lorih , v . ith the known treaties and the solemn engagements of the Muscovite Czars of 17 C 8 , 1773 , 1775 , 1733 , 1735 , 181-5 , and 1323 , in I 113 hand—treaties , each stipulation of which has been impudently broken , and let Europe , in the face of these facts , judge what claims the Muscovite Ambassadors have for their words , their most solemn asseverations being taken as truth .
And yet , ray Lord , on the asssrtion of one of these Muscovite Ambassadors—of M . uoutanieff—an assertion supported by a Wonder of one single Paris journal in the first place , and a palpable falsehood in the second , da you , my Lord , on the 10 th of March , 1 S 1 G , venture " to congratulate tlie House o ? Lords that the accounts of the persecutions were not only exaggevattd , but totally false , as , " you added , " it appears from the note of 31 . Boutanicir . "' JfyLorJ , do not congratuSatetheHouseof iords nor yourself too soon . You have seen on what flimsy grounds , wiiat futile subterfuge , M . Eoutanseff
pronounctd his dtiual . His Holiness Gregory XVI . and the Cathuiis world Icaow by this time—they have , as we have seen , had cause to know—what 13 the exact vulue of the solemn promises of the Emperor aud his Ambassadors , A denial of the Emperor and his Ambassadors is worth pxuetiy as uiuc : > as one of their promises . So , my Lord Aberdeen , do not congratulate yourself too soon ; the persecutions inflicted on the Xu&s of Minsk , on the United Grseks , afid the Latin Cathelics , will be tried by the free European pres .=. The trial will b ? long , certainly , but the decision wili te just and disastrous to tliepersecutiug govtmnivuts and their confederates . —if . Adve ; tist-r .
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-bSSw— THE CHOLERA . A » f . n , Jdkb 3 . The cholera , v .-liich broke out so suddenly , and unexpectedly on the 6 fh ult ., lias now almost disappeared . Only a few mild cases appear at intervals , from which ths pn'ienta mostly recover . This kappy and favourable change may bs attributed to the setting in of the south-west monsoon , with its usual accompanying high v / ii : ds and increased temperature , the thermometer in most houses ranging as high as 102 in the shade . We confidently !<'>» £ forward to the total disappearance of this dreadful epidemic in a very few days . It has been destructive in its effects ; durin . ' the brief period which it raged at Aden 400 inhabitants of the town have falles victims
—17 Jburopean soldiers , 7 Sepoys , and 30 camp followers , natires of India , have also perished . The propcrtion of recoveries to death is as one of the former to five of ihe latter . The shipping in the harbour , men-of-war and merchant vessels , have lost a few men from the same deadly disease . The English bark Brooke , which left Aden on the 21 st ult . in prosecution of her voyage to Moulmoin , put back on the 23 rd , and wns observed standing into the harbour about 4 p . m . with her colours half-mast . On anchoring it was ascertained that Captain Thomas Maxwell , the master , had died on the previous day fromchoiera . llisromains were buried the same evening at Aden , attended by the masters of the merchant vessels in the harbour .
From accounts received from different places it appears certain that cholera h rapidly spreading through every part of Yemen , accompanied with fearful mortality . From Macnlla and other ports to the eastward of Aden the same melancholy accounts have been received . It- has reached Mocha , Jidda , Jambo , and almost every other port on the Arabi . -m Bluureoftbe Reu Spa . 1 expect to hear by the next steamer of its having reached Suez and other places in Ej . ' vpt . No iiiteliiiencc lias set reached Aden of the appcaranceof the scourge on the Abyssinian coast . I have instituted inquiries , and from all that 1 can
collect on the subject , 1 have everv reason to believe that the cholera appeared , but not in so severe a form ( cf . l ! ap .-e ) . in 1 S 52 and 1833 , and that it travelled by the same route as k fe bow doin ^ . There is tnerefeve evcryreasonlofear thatit 13 rapidly approaching Europe , and that it will soon be observed on the EurOUtan side of tlie Me&teranean , from which it will , I fear , coniimiD to spreud thr .: u"h every state , atidmost . probably cr <* stuoEnglish Channel . It would be well for the i « shUc . authorities to adopt early and prompt measure to meet the emergency , should it unfortunately ' occur , to enable the poor toobtaiatu . atiBJ . uicdiaViasiistaiice vthicli this hor-
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rible disease so urgently requires . The Asiatic choloru i 3 ° y far the most formidable disease which has hiilierio ai&cked the human race . No rank is free from its attacks . The rich and poor , old and young , all have alike become its victims . I believe no quarantine laws , however wisely constructed , or however rigorously carried into effect , can stop or delay its onward march . All human barriers are totally useless . It traverses sea and land in its destructive course . It is not contagious , but might perhaps become so where ventilation and cleanliness arc defective , and numbers labouring under the same disease are crowded together . The origin of the disease may depend on local causes , and after a time may spread and propagate itself by a vitiated atmosphere . This opinion ia entertained by many nodical men in the east , who have so often seen it under many different circumstances . Whip Hicp . TSfi SO UWentlv renillfAa . A .
The south-west monsoon set in on the 1 st with great force ; but when I say monsoon , yon are not for an instant to suppose that the Aden south-west monsoon is the same as an Indian monsoon , accompanied with heavy rains and all the luxuriance of tropical vegetation * brought into a state of beauty thereby . Nothing of the kind . About the 1 st of May , tho wind , which had blown for seven months from the north-east , veered round to the south-west , and Siiumshum , like most table mountains , becomes co vered with a thin white cloud , which rolls down its sides with peculiar grandeur , till it reaches the more heated rocks below , when it becomes instantly dissipated ; this continues for hours , and has a most singular and pleasing effect . Now commence the heavy gusts of wind , which sometimes continue for eight days with tremendous violence , carrying with them clouds of dust of such an impalpable nature as to penetrate into every part of the house ; no box or
drawer is proof against its annoying presence , the thcrmometerraging as high , for weeks , as 101 in the shade ; everything during this period becomes withered and dried up ; not . a green leaf or bird is to be sen . The kites even forsake their usual haunts aiid places for procuring food , and escape to the hills for a climate move congenial ; they return in September , when the excessive heat and fiery atmospheric glare become moderated ; the glasses on the table frequently fly into pieces , and every article of furniture , which has even stood the hot winds of Giizerat and the Decean uninjured , bueonios warned and split in every direction ; the skin becomes dry , hard , and taut , with incessant thirst ; yet with all this heat the south-west monsoon is considered to be the healthiest part of the year . After a two or three years' residence at Aden iliestroiigesfcEuropean constitution suffers , which orcasions many to seek a change on the shores of Jiidia , and not unfrequently in Europe .
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THE AFPA 111 S OF CHILI . ( From tho Times . ) Valparaiso , Saturday , March 11 . We have to congratulate ourselves on having just escaped the horrors of a revolution in Chili . At the approach of the quinquenniiil elections of the Municipalities , Senators . Dcputips . and President of ihe iepuhlie , which are about ts take place , politics hove been runnin ™ very hi ? h throughout the country , liut more particularly in Santiago , the capital . For several mnutlispast the authorities found it necessary , or thought it prudent , to restrain the ebullition of parry feelings by the imprisonment of several persons who ma-ie
themselves obnoxious b y the promulgation of extreme and factious opinions . On Saturday last matters came to a crisis ; late on the niijht of that day the authorities of Santiago arrested three gentlemen of the name of Vicuna ( of one family ) , and t ' . vo other irentlemen of the names of Dilbao and Purw , as well as nineteen ov twenty persons of inferior station , on an accusation of sedition , The person snid to be most implicated is Don Felix Yicmiia ( one of the three Vlcunias arrested ) , an inhabitant of Santiago , and a man of good family . ITq is nt the head of the democracy party arranged in opposition to the Government .
Almost immediately after the arrest of these persons a multitude , composed of the lower orders , collected in the principal streets , carrying seditious placards , charging their rulers with all sorts of crimes , calling for the deposition of the President , the overthrow of the established form of government , and inviting the people to join in a revolution . The inscription on their placards were : — 'No necessity for three Powers to form the Government . " " Only Two ( Powers ) necessary , " that is " TIw Summary Judicial Power ( El S ' odcr Judicial Verbal ) " and " Tlie legislative Power . " "Down with the Executive—Down with the Executive —Down with the Executive . " "Down with the Aristocracy" ( "Abajarlos Itlcos" ) . One of the placards bore a revolutionary figure , lit ap in some curious Hay from behind , and it invoked as the future president of the Republic the name of General Freire . After perambulating the streets , calling out for
the dismissal of the executive power , &c , and committing such pranks as are common to all popular commotions , a p&rty of the rabble got into some of the churches aud set the bells ringing . At the same time another party made their way to the house of Jf . Rengifo . Finding the doors open they entered with howling and cursing , and destroying the furniture , printing types , and everything of use they could lay their hands upon . They then proceeded to the office of the Progrcso , a Ministerial paper , of which M . Reng ^ fo is editor , and which paper is generally supposed is under the influence of Don Manuel Monte , the Minister for Foreign Affairs . Here they shouted for the Industrial , a newspaper addressed to the lower orders , but an armed force arrived in time to prevent iheir entering the office or doing any further injury . The military , assisted by the police , who are ahvavs armed with swords and mounted on horseback , drove the mob before them , made prisoners of about 200 of tlie common people , find of some twelve or fourteen men of some standinc in society .
This tumultuous rising is charged against the Opposition party headed by Vicunia . Their plan is said to have been to break open the prisons and the canos , which last are iron-barred c « ses on wheels , used as sleeping places for Ihe convicts who are condemned to hard labour on the roads . &c . These cages always st : ind in tho open air , and the male convicts , chained two-and-two . are huddled into them , without bed and bedding , resembling a raenageiy of wild be » sts more than human habitations ; fttld most of the cut-throats who occupy tii . m look more like demons than men . If they had been let loose tlicy would have made important allies iu an insurrection . Fortunatvly , matters were prevented from fotning to this pass , and no lives have bean lost . Immediately after tin ; occurrence of the scenes just de . scribed , the executive Government , with the consent of the Council of State , passed a decree declaring ; Santiago ¦" a " state of seiye"for a term of 85 days from Sunday last , the 8 th instant .
Martial law is thus established . The plncc has since remained quite qaiet , and great precautions are taken to prevent auy further attempt to disturb the puMic peace . Contemporaneously with the above decree , another wa * passed declaring , that notwithstanding the state of seize in which the territory comprehended within the province of Santiago was placed , " all constitutional powers , or rights , or liberties , and all laws relating to elections , were to remain in full force and effect ; " as woll as " all decrees or regulations , practices and electoral acts , in the same form as previously customary . " The decree contains a further declaration that "the Government will make no alteration in such constitutional powers or rights ( di $ jx > 3 iciones ) , laws and decrees , issued in regard to elections and electoral acts ; " thus preserving the law of election intact . It is but fair that I should detail the narrative of the Opposition or democratic party in exculpation of the charge of rebellion which is brought against them .
Don Pedro Felix vicunm asserts thatjustV > uf «> re thu occurrence of the outbreaks he was prlvatily mado . awaro of the existence and intended publication of an inflammatory and seditious paper , entitled 1 CI Pueblo ( " The People" ) , containing invitations of the people to revolt , ifcc . Immediately after he discovered the exfctenre of this paper he wrote to the Government ( or rather , to the governor of the city , Senor Jiarro ) , apprising it of the fact , repudiating for himself and his party the sentiments it contained and requesting that measures should he taken to atop its publication . Notwithstanding all this , El PueMo got into circulation Vieunin was arrested as connected with the publication , and the mob rose , as already detailed .
The enemies of Government assert that it is the Government itself , and more particularly Monte , the Minister for Foreign Affairs , who caused the publication of El Paeblo , and got up the tumult as a pretext for obtaining a suspension of the constitution , witli a view to controul the elections , which will take place within the S 3 days comprehended in the degree establishing military law in the province . It would be wrong to give an opinion at present on ttis point , as a trial will bring out the pro ' . f . Yftsterilay Messrs . Genoi , Alvarez , Guerrero , Bilbao , Ltizos , Itayos , and three more of the prisoners , have bvtn taken out of the prison to bo sent to Valparaiso , to be confined , it is said , on hoard tho Chilian frigate ChUi . laiu up in the harbour here .
There is every reason to believe that General Fr < ire , whose name the rabble made use of , is not : it all implicated . This old gentleman is one of the most respectable old men in the country . He was at one time supreme director , and was a distinguished officer of tlm revolutionary wars . The President General Bullies , is , like all the Presidents Of the republics of this country , a soldierof fortune . He served , in the earlier part of his life , in the army of observation , which was then always stationed in the south of Chili , to protect the provinces of Conception and Vs . l-
divia from the incursions of the Arsim-aniun Indians . Here he displayed great bravery . Higher qualities were not called forth by the nature of the service . Some years back he commanded an expedition into Peru against the Peru-Bolivian confedency of General Santa CrUJi , ill which he was successful . The popularity which he acquired by his victory over Santa Crux , and his marriage with the daughter of General Pinto , himself an ex-President , very mat erially assisted his elevation to the Presidentship , which lit has held for live years ; and to which it is now quite certain he will be re-elected . His family connexions are numerous and influential . They form
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quite a clan ; and his whole , Kith , kin , and kindred arc in the service oi the state , one way or another . His uncle General Prieto , ia Governor of VaJp . ir . iiso , and Commandant-General of Marine . He was President for 10 years , and was succeeded by his nephew . Bulnes * Government , which is of a Conservative character , is supported b y the Ilacendados or landed gentry —the natural aristocracy of the country , by the army , by the most wealthy portion of the trnding classes , and indirectly by all the English influence in the country . The English arc , however , quito indifferont ns to who reigns , so as peace aud quietness are maintained . The-vhurch is in a rather awkward position . The Government is too liberal for her , and the Minister , Montet ' ie most active , clever , nud useful man in the Govern , ment , lins given tho priests sonic raj > s on the knuckles Sn bygone days . Ho is now conciliating them . They are more passive than usunl at this election . They dread thu ascendancy of the democrats , for their endowment ? , which tire very large , would be endangered ; so that thoy arc between two fires . Quite a .:- ... I . « i » .: » . ! .. _ . J ils _ . i _ . j . _
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THE AUSTRIAN ARMY . According to the Austrian Army List for the present year , the forces of that empire are composed of 59 regiments of regular infantry of the line , 17 regiments of frontier infantry , 20 battalions of grenadiers , 90 companies of chasseurs , and 6 garrison battalions ; the effectivp . force of the infantry on tlie peace footing is 287 , 000 men . Tho cavalry consists of 37 regiments , with an effective force of 42 . 709 ' mon ; the special corps have an effective of 55 , 000 men . In reality , however , the total number of men at present under arms is onlv about 250 , 000 men .
1 hew . are in tho list of sencra ! officers in active service 7 fielil-mavshals , 2 t > field-masters of ordnance and genera l * of cavalry , 03 lieute . 'iant-fieKi-marsIinJs , and 153 major-generals . There are in the Austrian army JO , 703 officers of all grades and arms ; of this number , 0 , 148 belong to the noblesse ;—there are a large number of officers who have lbc .: n ennob'cd t ' nr serviflos' performed , or by the mcc fact of their promotion . The nobility serve by preference in the cavalry , the staff , or the engineers ; more officers of the citizen rank than of the noblesse are to be found
in the artillery , the marines , and the infantry regiracnts . Gallicia furnishes more private soldiers than Italy , but comparatively fewer officers . Tho nobility of Bohemia and Moravia serve less willingly than the German nobility ; Hungary anil Transylvania , although more populated than the oilier provinces of the empire , give a smaller number of olficcrs to the avnij Strong detachments of troops have been directed on Italy from different points of the Austrian monarchy . It is estimated that there are now 20 . 000 men on the lino of the Po , ready to enter the states of the Church on the first symptoms of disturbance , and 50 to 60 , 000 men occupy the towns ami entrenched camps of the Lombaiilo-Yeniliian kingdom .
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TURKISH ROMANCE OF REAL LIFE . Know ye the land where the cypress mid myrtle , Are emblems of deeds that are done in their clime j Where the rage of the vulture , the Iov « of the turtle , Sow melt into sorrow , now madden to crime ? . Bvron . Constantinople , Jung 18 , 18 iG . A few weeks ago a'Turkish maiden of high degree , while passing through tlie streets of Galata , became violently enamoured of a . ynunjj Armenian taiior , who , perfectly unconscious of the havoc lie was ninkiug in the lady ' s affections , was quietly pursuing his avocations on his shop-board . On lwr vetuvn to the harem , with the vehemence of a spoiled and favoured child , she not only revealed her passion to her parents , but swore by Allah and the Prophet and the
Sultan ' s beard , it must be immediately gratified . In short , she adopted the usual expedient ? , began to cry for the tailor as she had been accustomed tc cry for a toy or a , sugar plum . The worthy couple , who do not appear , in respect of wisdom to have had much tlie advantage of their daughter , were sorely puzzled how to comply with her request , and in the meanwhile , to soothe her passion , she was allowed to repeat her visits to the . spot where her beloved plied his thimble , in the pchiirshe . The remedy , as mi ght have been foreseen , only aggravated the disease , and she returned with her heart more wounded , or a greater stitch in her side , if I may so express it , than before . The indulgent sire , finding all sorts of amulets , charms , and medicines ineffectual , at length
determined to call in the tailor himself , as the only doctor likely to succeed . For this purpose he had recourse to a stratagem , and having ordered a suit of clothes at the shop were tlie youth was employed , directed that iliij- should be brought to his house by him . No sooner had the unsu ? pectins ; youth crossed the threshol'l than he found himself a prisoner in the arms of the Turkish damsel . A courtship in this country is a short f . nd simple affair indeed . The lady and her lover wvre shut up like two birds in a cage , and left alone in the hnrcm . The object of tlie Turk in taking measures so summary soon beiame evident . Upon leaving the harem , theyouth was informed that no ' alternative remained for " him but to marry his mistress and tnrn Mussulman . To this the Heroic
tailor replied , that he was perfectly ready to comply with the first part of tho request , but would never consent to the second / In vain were the terrors of the Mussulman law—which has mode it death for a Christian to havo intercourse with a Mussulman wotv . au—pointed out to him by the Turk ; lie appeared determined to si-ffer martyrdom for his faith . Such a consummation , on the other hand , was not exactly that which was suited t- > the taste of the young lady , who not only loudly protested ajjainstit , bnt declared , rather than thus be separated from "the liuht of her two eyes , " she herself , if he would not become a Mussulman , would turn Christian . Hero was a fresh
source of perplexity to the paternal heart of old Mustaphn Effendi , and in a few days , finding that the Armenian did no ; return , and that his daughter was fully bent on marriage and Christianity : he , in the simplicity of his heart , repaired to the Seraskier Pacha , and having unfolded all his sorrows , demanded to know if it were possible by any means for his daughter to become Christian . Old Khosref , however , who might easily havo disposed ol the case if he lilted , uravcly pretended that it was too important to be settled by anybody lint the Sultan himself . The opportunity , it seem ? , of giving sonic embarrassment to Rescind Pacha wns too enod to lie lost , and for
this reason was this knotty aflair referred to the decision of tho Sultan . That decision it is not very difficult to foresee . The Armenian will most certainly not lose his head , nor , for that matter , the maide-n either . She will only be locked up .
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LOSS OF A LIEUTENANT AND FIVE SEAMEN OK H . M . S . FLI'lNGl ' -ISIl , AND THE MURDER OF TWO BRITISH OFFICERS OF II . M . SURVEYING VESSEL AVON . Flying Fish , Elmina Chica , Bight of Benin , April 18 . On the 13 th , we sailed from Whydah for Cape St . Paul ' s , leaving at the former place the Hydra steamer . Yesterday morning , about eight o ' clock , a Btrancc and suspicious-looking vessel was seen from the masthead . She was soon discovered to be a felucca , which removed at once all doubts as to her character ; she was eiiibt or nine miles to windward of us , close hauled . A I ' ter wo had hten an hour in
chase , the smoke of a steamer was reported , and proved to be the French steamer 1 ' Australia in chase of the same vessel . Tho felucca tried to keep away , and run between us and the land , and would , perhrt |) S , liave succeeded , hsul we not been enabled by our little draught of water , to stand very close into the bhore . The shiver seeing this , found there was now prospect of « se » p !" , for we were prepared to give her shot and shell . They therefore camo to the determination of niunini ; the craft ashore . She accordingly van along tke edge of the suit' , whick was greater than I have ever seen it , to pick out the most favourable spot for landing . Alter half an hour ' s suspense on our part , a dark body was seen on the top of a mighty wave , and then disappeared for
a moment , in tlie vale of water . The next we saw of her , was that she was hard ami fast on shore , all her masts , yards , and sails standing , not having carried away anything . As soon as she {[ rounded , the crew pot down the long lateen yard , unbent the sail , made a briilffe of the former , and escaped on shore , taking , the sail and their valuables with them ; immediately , as if by magic , she was surrounded by tliousaiids-. of the natives , who lost no time iu beginning the work of plunder . _ In order to prevent them , as soos-af * we j . 'ot within ranae . we gave them a few shot , which at tirst dispersed them , but the love of gain overcame their fear . Tlie French steamer also opened lire-for the same purpose . Lieutenant St . Leger wassont in the first whaler to take charge of the prize , aoid
04-deavour to keep the people off by firing musketry at them . As soon us \ yc came to an anchor , Lieutenant Robins , Messrs . Simpson , midahinwan , and . Wil-Hams , gunner , went in the second whaler . : ind five lcroomcn iu thejnlly boat , to measure thcTesseJ , and ascertain other particulars eonecKiing ler . After several ( -Hurts the kroomen iuiwigcri to get their boat through the surf to the shore , ge . t on board , measured her , and prepared to eon ? e o 45 to tho other boats .- They had g " ot half tho distance , when the b » at was swamped . Tho kre ome » , who arc like water do » s , managed to save themselves and the boat . Lieutenant Robins , ]• » the secend whaler , in
. some unaccountable ir . i > inec got into the surt , aud a heavy sea came in and IwMr . c over the boat , and sunk her—she was gone in an " v lJBtant . Simpson and Williams , with two men , aftp v struggling for some time against the son , reached the shoro more dead than alive . Simpson no aoo . ^ v landed than ho wns immediately knocked down by asava « e with a bhnv of a billhook on the tempi' it depriving him of all sensation , The black commeD- M (\ stripping him ; he did not complete his purpv as sonic of our Kroomen came tolfis release . L- ' jctca , ^ Robins , William Rice , seaman ; » iH' » m Kent , gunner ' s mate ; Henry llolmes , captw a of ibreton ; aud William Hughes ,
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seamen ( llfl V est men '" th 9 s ! ll P > were drowned Our poor measma ^ via washed , upon the sands and immediately strfpfW of every thing . As soon as this was seen from the shi ' p . the master who was left , n in charge of the Plying l '' tsli , sent the cutter to aid St . Leger in givin ? every assistance , and altlipugli within a few boat ' lengths of the victims of mistake philanthropy , were not able ta , render the least assistance , so great was the serf . One of the . Kroomen dashed through the sea and managed to rescue the body of Lieutenant Robins and put it into the jollyboat . He and the other then endeavoured once move to get the boat through the serf ; twice they were upset , and as often washed on shore again—at last . they succeeded . Robins \ m immediately brought on board , and although there were HO IlOfjes , every means to restore animation were resorted to — but , alas , without success . Tims have r / erished five ; .-.. <(< H i ^ eSt mej ] III tjl 3 SillD . Were ' drQ \ TOP . lI
of our well conducted cvevr ; none of the other bodies have been picked up . Those who managed" to e-efc on shore sale , set to work with what strength tliiev had , tu make , a raft of the planks composing the slave deck of tlie Felucca ; it is wonderful how ^ hey escaped the sharks . Simpson and Williams are doin » very well , and will soon bo able to return to their duties . We do not know the name of thes-lavcr ; na we are ; going to Quitta , we may peahaps hear . She measures ninety-two f ' oet in length , twenty feet beam , and nins feet depth of hold ; her masts short ; sales and yards of moderare size ; she is quite new evidently ; it is her first and last trip for any purpose , as she is now quite a confused mass of timbers . By to-morrow she will have disappeared . This i 3 the first slavt-r destroyed l » . v an English and French vessels under the new treaty . Quitta , April 19 .
To-day we have buried ourlato messmate . Robins , in the Danish fort at this place . Tlie Governor behaved in tho most attentive mannoi ' , fin making us with everything necessary . On the funeral procession entering the fort a salute of seven puns was fired as a mark of respect to the deceased . The funeral service was read by one of the olficers . April 20 . To-day we have fallen in with the Matilda , a palmoil vessel , she has on board the master of tho Avon , surveying steamer , he is invalided .- A . most sad accident has happenned on board the Avon ;—Messrs , Pennington anUWinstanley , seiond masters , and assistant-surveyors , were on shore surveying the Ramora river , when they were attacked by the natives and killed for the sake of the instruments . Captain Donham is now left with only one assistant to get through his work . The Flying Fish ' was at Lagos on the 28 of April—all well on board .
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The usual weekly meeting ; of this society took place on Monday evenintr , July 6 th , at the White I-Jarfc , Drnry Lane . Joseph Moll in the chair . The article entitled "Old Humbug whir a-new cry , " was read from the Northern Star of lasi Saturday , and called forth some comni' -nta from Julian Ilarney on the Syro-Egyptian war tke Whi&s wa » ed against Ibrahim Pacha and Mchemct All , to tho injury of every parly save the Russian despotism . A " leader" from the Times of Mondjiy- last wag read , and excited sumo remarks , in which the fallacies of the Thunderer ( in record to the asserted " advance of religion iu England , " (!) and the " patriotism ot the middle class , " (!)) were completely demolished . Some new members were elected , and a considerable number of candidates were nominated for election .
Julian IbnxEr then moved the adoption of an "Address to the Working Glasses oi Great Britain and the United States" 011 the settlement of the Oregon question . The " address" had been prepared by the secretaries on the 4 th . of July , the anniversary cf the Declaration of American Independence . Cart . Schappf . r seconded the motion , and briefly addressed the meeting . David Ross supported the motion . The address was unanimously adopted . Julias IIabnuy moved that a copy of the address be forwarded to the Editor of Young America , with a letter of thanks to the National Reformers of New York for the course puisucd by thi m in rel ? tion to the Oregon question and the Mexican war . Agreed to . Erxest Joses was then elected chairman for the next meeting , and the proceedings terminated . ADDRESS OP THE FRATERNAL DEMOCRATS ASSEMBLING IN LOXDON TO THE WORKING CLASSES OF . GliEAT BRITAIN AND THE UNITED STATES .
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cantering him the moiins of Subsistence by emiys-. in ' liim " ' , ' PwHon of the soil , would . be eonfurri »!{ u , j ,. n him onlf a nominal emancipation .. On . tlie other i ,,,,, * expemnce bM provcd tlmt t ]| e „ iq ; l , . . ., w ! ljo ; , ' vote ., but Laves them tbV « , c ! nl « la « s of >^< -, and lubjociea to thu , w ,, i WllB il ! fll ! , m :,, 0 ^ ,.,: lt m ; e . ™ ba . «„ , i ] nSl ) rj Bqiw , . TJ ) U , Ml swt | oii () 1 . a ^ hOBCvcr . not nUcerther h .-ljte ; th-v l . nv . frnn . ch . 8 M . the proper werelsc of „• , „' , . .,, *;„„„ . '„„„ . hcm ; " 1 ' , */ f T klll | JI " » r America , . uflv , u ,-evils winch nfflfet turtf p , an society , y ,. . ] U 1 VU j ,, n .. r uoft . sure yourselres to b . ' i ' . oic furyvw oivn mi . ;! ,,. . , .. Peopluot the United States , in ; uir ! n-: si » vt . u ' .. » < his liny— the aanirefmry of the ' imniormi JKc ; hY » iiini ' ! . f 'in . ( U-p ' . 'MleiiGT , which . your heroic failiiMKe .-. L-j niti , tii ^ ir Wood , we shall bust perform our ihit > . m . t l > v «« i :: iH 3 C riminate use of complimentary ipi'ht ' t ' s , but ' l . y i--. mining you of the duties which you owb ro youiseivis :, tnito mankind . We shall do win the liriefi-s * . torms i . y again , quoting from our former sridresSj—plain [ ruths " iv ' iu hoar ..:. i , .. ...... . .:
reiteration ;—" Workwomen of Anv . vira ,-jon arp , or nliouiii ! w , tha pioneers of freedom ; such wns the mission " ficju . aHicd to you by ff asftinqths and Iiiir "rent broth ?! ' , ' ..: triols . That mission you will best fulfif !> y pit Acting your institutions—by abolishing die slavery of wliit * uurt hkvk" ' ¦ " gBS sind the whip—by driving from your leui ^ lstures liiu dlortis , usurer . " , lawyers , soluiers , imd otiu-r idlers und smmllers- ; . by making the veritiible } ie > -pie , the ycalth . proilnccri ) , really " sovercif ? n . "' anil tiuis « . ti » b ! i > : h iui * t \ v : u \ , instaml ( , f a iioniiiui ) , n-juiWie . W « r will not aid . but will pi'evcnt von : ic !; oi !) j )) :-l ) is ^ tint * rs . ' ornis . Achieve these reforms , anil fevwytvhfre IK- W «> -. V will ( -titnautl your institutions , and yoiir uiurajiii-ivili lie cotapfrtc ; . "
Working men of Great Britain and Amfrica , in coneluding this iiililrws , we riwiru to oflW a ft- / .- words en a proposition lately advanced ami much insisted on by the "tn ' viiels of pence . "" Wcnftudc to th , ; proportion for licldins a Cor , gr ss o ? Nations , to wiiktli C . miiri'ss shall bo referred all national Jispute 3 fur arnica hie mijn ^ tment . This ideii , excellent in the nbsti-nei , would , -, ve fear , be t ' onml exceedingly ulijoetimmMe in th * pii-snit w . iite ol tha worM . Under present circum . s ' . aiici-r . sixth u Oongress—nt l ' e ; ist so far » 3 Siin >;/ e was conueriivil—would be i » Congress not of nations , but of jcovi rumetits . wliieli governments do not represent she rights ami iiitc-rssts cf tho nations th . y ruie uvt'r . Such Conj-ress it is to he tVuvcd wonirt be uini-yniRusaive and aiili . doume . nilir—a new "Holy AUinncc" nit ; i which it would b ? impossible for the United States to co-opt rate . As rei : ! iiil 9 " \ var" ' weare not of those who cry " pe * ' s at any cost ! " Wu too an ' . pntly admire the American heroes of 'TO to adopt ? o inane a creed . We fear the titnehns not yet arrive !) for " prr »; m > sut and universal peace . " There are n .-itions so tJrhtJv fettercf t /! . " : tive
C ! in SUC no UVOSnOGt of th « -ir < : li .-iin » bt-in . 3 broken u-ishout the : \ M of the sword . lVinud ami Italy : ire striking examples of this stiite of thiiiL's . Onr doetriim is . tl at not only are nations justified in rcli-asing theins . lies from shivery anil misery "by any means , " hut nlso that His the duty of a strong people to aid a weuUi-r . Did not a eowardly , anil selfish , yet stupid policy guide the councils « f the C 'iirts of St . James and the Tuilltviesor was national right and national janiei ! enthroned in Or . fcht Britain und France , the tyrants of 13 : i ? teni nn'J Southern Europe wouUl bu imule to comprehend this doctrine . While the friends of man set their faces against wars nvisinjr out of mure national disputes , not involving the existence ami t ' retilom of nations , > et them be wary that they do not fall into the emu of peacefully acquiescing in ' ' things as they arc- ' : iml thus strengthen tho oppressor , ond coiifiiiii the oppressed to desinir .
>¦ hen the nations are free ; when Ihe peo ; -Ie of Great Britain have acquired ilinse rights which wilt assuredly fie theirs ; when Frenchmen shall reap the fiuitsof their fifty yenrs of heroic snerifiee , fry putting an end to hniir / icoisi ; rule and esiftViisliins tlie veritable sovereignty of the people ; when thirty-five millions of Sermans shall form n people free and indivirfMe ; when Italy shall be em ») : cip ;> tefl ; nlivn l ' ol : i : irt sOi .-ill be Poland mice more ; when millions ' of fettend Sliirons shall burst tln-ii * chains : when Greece squill regain li .. r anrien limits and move than her ancient freedom ; nheu Spain shall lie redefined ; when , in short . Europe shall ho what Europe must and will be . then a Congress uf Nations will he the crowning glory of European progress , ' J 7 ; en may the representative !; of free nations , assi-mblin ^ altrrnnt-ly in the oldnn'l in the- , new world , unito the interests of both , and then may war finally cease ami peace permanently rei'jn .
Iu tho meantime much may be ne towards p'oniotins hnth objects of os : r mission— freedom a . id peace — by the friends of pwgnss in all nations commMiieuting and eo-opearting with each oihir . So that if wars ilo come , thi'y shall be wars uiinv . Mdii ' . K ; and ii )>! ip } H-iisnble , ia defence of the sacred rights of man , and not wars to gratify the brutal instineis ofltingly rapacity or national vanity . . Wurisinff men of Great Britain anil America , working mPll Of . ill COUntri ' S , fl'ei'rtoisi ntttljustSiv , ami ultimately p > itiCQ anil hapjnniis , are be f ore you if you will leurn to rrpmMa ' . e ltniionul antipathi ' S and national prcjn . iicep . You may do for yours : lvi-g whatgurerumeiits will isot do for you : — " Uise ! form yourselves the Holiest A'tltanc ? , Rations join heart mul hand !" Joseph Moll , ( native ot Germany , ) CS-.: ; rin" » . G . Jut . ns IFabney ( nativeot'Sitat Hritain . l , ^ Cam , ifciuPPEB ( native 01 Germany ) . | 2 Jkax A . jMicriEbOT ( native of France ) , I § Pet it Iiois ! ( native of Scnndumvia ) , f "»
A . NKMJ . TH ( iiiitiveof iruitgary ) , j , 2 Il £ N ! ti IIuiurt ( untivu of Switzerland ) , J July 4 th , 1 UQ .
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niornin" by thfi lliben .-ia , from tho L . 'ii ' wl States , jhh ! rf ; : c ]; £ (! Ma :: rJn \ st ( r on jWokiIb . v cvpninp Ia t . V / c tnnU'i'stai'd tlmt lie inie / i- ; s ppcptKrir alout a tbrtwglit in Manchester . As ilia Came of ' tbU extraordinary exemplar ol "tiw pursuit- ot luiowltilje under diilicultics" li'ny not l ; avc vc "> c !\ c ( i ail our readers , we may mention that lie wag l » orn in Cminccticut , in 1311 , of bumble hut resin-ctals ! ' parents ; attcmiei ! the ciistrit .-t school for some months yearly , until the n . ao of 10 , when . Iiis fatliev < lyi « s , lie was tipprciitici ' il to a li !;> c ]; smith ; at which trade he worked until he was 2 ?>; . ' > iul , after trying ; for a year ortwu , { caeliing " and oilier j-iofossions . whi-ch did
not suit hi * health , iv roturntil to his anvil , at which ho-still labours , when at hr . me , dowtiiig sill his leisure hnnvs To litcraiy pniMiiJs . "By flint of hard labour , lie has lweome a proijeient in tlie most ( lifiiciilt hiR . s-. iasjrs of . \ si : i , niid in mtijiv of those lanmiiiffes ( if Enrt'pe whieh arc now ncaiiy (! isi !? eil itiul ol ^ olote ; «* tnnnsr thcin arc Oiiclic ,. 'fff-l .- < l ) ( . ' t itio , Saxon , Gothic , Icelandic , llu ^ ian . Sclavonic , Armenian . Chahiaie .. Syrian ,. Arabic , Eihionio ,. S ;}! ierit , and Tain til ! It was stated , in n puhlio liirttin , ^ , in l& #$ . l > y Governor Everett , that Mr . Burnt * hy that time , by his unaidi'il inHustry alone , l . 'atl nuui hitnsnU acquainted with iif ' ty laii . miasros . Mr . Hurritt shows no disposition io-relax from his J : tl ; ouis . He usualiv duvotos eialit lioui's to ln ' i >» iii ,, e !!; iife nours to
study , and fight hours to ]> hj > teal iinlnlgpnie and rei . oJe ; and , by pnraiiinj , 'this course , he esynys the advantage?—vasiily o » vcted l > y nfrtiiy liteniry ? renthose connected-witli ' smimdmiiid in ahraltiiybody / Nor does he conniio his labisurs tt » the mera ac-quisiti ™ of literary wealth , —he a ' so diftn .-:-: i with a liberal hand , lie has written may valusi-. i ? . articles for periodicals of hi » h staswiini ;; ha hac deiivcred aisiny leetiires . wbieh-h . iv « ken replete with interest and ' valuable informal ion : be has been repeatedly jistened to bybr ^ oand highly iy > pect : i !) U and ; eHCCs in New York , riiiiadeh . Jiiai . iind other plitees , with nliKc-aUon asd ilelisht . " Mr . I . - 'n-rift is- r . mv 'm ! y So years of a » e . and ho is visitii ;^ Kis « lar . Ji partly to ? recruit his : sjiremrth . am ! parily to ; -: o thft Knfilish
people with his own fyra . am ! t » j ' .: duc lorhiniseir as ti ) thri :- ebr » y » e ! er as ( ie-ynloped m- homo , lie is tall , cJiin , find p £ ?« od ndtlxw ; : nmJ uutwe , for his rxtemal appjaranee , watiltl j : tress hi"t w be . a blacksmith . He has 11 fine hitellrefns ! cot .-ntwiaiiee , bright spcilvinc eyes , animated features , and a broad cxpa . nsive ' fcrehcad . 'J'hure is none dHh . it-remark a ble {' ulness iittltc eye . wr . ieli phr ' . ' noli'gist&usually isssian . to the prsiiH . of lanf-mute \\] m \ devdopfd in an extraordina ' fAMearce ; and he is > . ot l > y : \ u *! : it-: insa fincnt speaker ! Klilui lhirriU . is cliicily . Known in ' his country- as tho swat ndwaifce of i * ejcc prinuiulfs in the 'Umied Stats-3 , and lie- is watianally vuWi-hn ^ small printed slips called " Olivu baves , " whit-U are printed in incredible ^ amities ,. » nd reprinte . i in al ) ou . t 300 . Am « ric . v . i nesfspapers . But ho is ;> ko a most earnest and thorough fHa-trader , regrrfilhg ciuamereial ireedom as the ? , r > an messenger a \ iA bend of peace amangst nati-oas . Uo DieuMoue-. l tiro other in thu
CTOiiiiii , ' having reef Wed Iroui ! x iriQnd mr-u-ost ft letter tksuriptive of the aDiuidance ci' Miu crupa there . Corn was evowins wi unfnskm u ? . U ) thofchreshcliiof the itoor , yet t . ln-tahaliiiatils sf that rlis ^ trict were so Kiisernbly ck ^ E , thut thi-y ani liarAIy shoes to their feet ; ami if they wan led in iiurchase . 113 muck calico as cowkl h » nbUiincil ii \ MaucheslQ ^ for a shilling or twn , they wu > t e : ury a load « f corn a distance of seventy mill' * , in i-rdar t ^ obtaiis alitt : Q clothing . He avowed Iiis * s-irfius ; efti-. victinn Uiat tno United States grew breail- ^ ii ! ls eno » sh to suptjly tlio whole of the tlemaml of this couutn :.. llu txi ^ fsca himself much pleaded with Ei \ - ; l : u . d , aud with . v . iy lish hospitality , so far as he has "> tzn the enc niw > v .-joyed the other ; and was vcri : much sfrt'ck wjih what he resjai-iicd as the cV > sc popyhtioa oi ii . o countrv . as ' seen on Ihe lion <>? railway between Liverpool Jitnl Maiiehesterk althongb this tract ot country is ijenoraliy KZfiafci * as suavely « cni > lt !( l owing to the mosses anil fetlioi- tniiscs . —wHsr / ie ^ cr
G-uarrfian . The BiuMiNGiiAM R . hlway . —On SuiuViy evening last , between 7 ami S o ' clock , an aatuti'Jit oi tt IU 03 I Mttbtrul doacriptioh , and whieh , it w expefteu . will Icrminate fatally occurred on the above hw . ^ 0 a young » . « . named Arthur L « hs c 1 « k , »| ¦ J « ' « J nlov of tho company . 1 here was n trau " »! 1 » Jo at tho Camden-town station , vUilo { 'll ' V . S ing on the , line , near the Med , nml Idoie Ii j . had time toc-scapo . he was atruek l . y thobuftci «»« « en , u inc , kuocked down , and re f , \ , ^ n 1 v t at L « nbo . it the head and various ,. » rts »{ tho boJ y U . at h « was forthwith conveyed to theUniveiMf ) UUge , whew he still . remains in a dangerous condition . —
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The Fratern/Ll Democha.Ts.
THE FRATERN / LL DEMOCHA . TS .
Untitled Article
" All Wttt at-6 Wetlircn !" Friends anil brother . , —On the fourth of March lastfour months past—we addressed to you a lengthy ami earnest appeal on the then hostile attitude of the two nations , occasioned by the unskilled state of "the Oregon question . " In tJjat " appeal" wo protested against the then threatened " wai" between the two countries , and endeavoured to sliow the barbarity , inhumanity , and folly of a physical contest , an- ! the ruinous consequences to lioth nations , which eouid not fail to result from such a struggle . Happily our fears have been dispelled , and our best hopes realised , hy the amicable adjustment of the diftl-venccs between thu two governments .
It is our plenMng task to congratulate you on the peaceful iind honourable settlement of "tlie Oregon question" —a settlement which tcstifii-s to the progress of those principles of international justice mid universiil brotherhood , which it is the object of our organisation to promote and extend . Working men of the United States , —It is with pain we accompany these congratulations with a notice of the war now raglnj ? between jou and the people of Mexico . We will not Do closely scrutinise this merits of the question at issue between the two Republics ; but wo may nt least be pernii ted to doubt the necessity for this contest , when we find it condemned by bodies of your on-h countrymen . The Natir . nal Reformers of New York have , in a series of resolutions , denounced this
war as unjust to Mexico , and disgraceful to the United States . The people of Massachusetts , or at least that portion of them who are devoted to the Anti-Slavery Cause forming ; , wo believe , the majority of the people of that Stale h » vo gone further , mvl denounced this war as a w « r for the extension of slavery "—pledged themselves not to support the war—asserted that , there is an end to tlie constitution of tlio United States—and , finally , hava summoned the people of that state to take the initiative hi establishing a new compact , " which shall be a union of freemen , and freemen only . " With thesu facts before us we must at least question the justice of your causo in this unhappy war , A 3 to its polity , there can be no doubt that it is a policy exceedingly short . siL'fited and anti-republican .
In our former address we endeavoured to show what would be tlietnils which would nceessarilj result to you from a war with Groat liritain . We were then speaking of a great and mighty war—a war which would have shook the world . Of course , equally serious results are not likely to flow from the "little war" with Mexico , but some of those results will undoubtedly be seen . In the first place , the United States '" regular army " —that pre-eminent curse of modern nations— : s to be doubled ; fifty thousand volunteers are to be enrolled ami provided for ; and your ( , 'uvcnimcnt is vmnowmd to arently increase the navy . At the coinnnncc-nu'iit of the war your President had ten millions of dollars at his dispos » i , to meet the cost of the contest ; liut it' the war continues for even a short time , he will rrquire five , perhaps ten , times that sura .
Increase of taxation , the devanRement of trade- and commerce , with the loss of life , and the- usual horrors of war ; . ill these are but minor evils compared with those against which wo warned sou ia our former address : — " Increase of territory will bring with , it a permanent , incrrase of your navy and " standing army . " an increase of naval and military officers , an increase of la * , gatherer * , and other locusts , who ,, having a disrelish fin houast labour , will strive to permanently cuiatier themselves upon you—first by prolonging the war , and aftevwarOs by voting the continuance oS" ••¦ war establishments"'in time of peace , toviiltiiu -you * fawHj-wo ' . i possessions .. The result cannot fail to hu the corruption of public morals , and Ihe ultimate- destruction of yoa » Keuubltaan institutions . "
Already some of these evils are scan . \ our raditary men already assume a position , inimical to the safety of the republic . TUus you have seen General Scott ititr . ie . iiin , !; for his own nomitvatioa as . the future President , instead of attending to Iiis military , duties . On die otlier hand , you haw seen G eneral € m * ncs issue art , edict for rawing , m . t Merely the militia ,, but a vi-gu ' . aa army of twelve thousand men , without a vote of Congress , without the warvnnt of the- President , without my warrant indeed save the General ' s owe . idea of the- necessity oi raising the- force . A monstrous stretch of sower , wlikt , 110 matte * what may have Veen the intentions of tfc * General , no matter how honourable and patriotic his motives , was nevertheless practical treason to your iustitutions , anil must excite the anxious feaasoi ' all who wish well to your republic .
Much as we abhor slavery , and sOengly as wa- question the justice of your course towards Mexico , still we should regard thu division of your republic as . suggested by the Massachusetts " nbolitvunia's" to ' ^ bu one of the greatest calamities that could boJall the human nice . Besides the Massachusetts " abolitionists" only see half the evil . In their own stato , and throughout tho '' free " states , a . system of slavery exists , practically destructive of tlio theoretical equality guaranteed by your institution * ; the slavery we allude to ia the " slavery of wages , " a system which has aireailj reduced the " frcs-boni "
men o ! your order almost to n level with the degraded stato of the industrious orders of Europe . The land , which should bo the property of the state , is becmnhv rupitlly monopolised by private landlords , speculators , ami traffickers , while tliu working dugs , hived up in huge cities , arc competing with each other for a hare subsistencc , tho prey of the profitocracy who , with thtir brother plunderers of the landlord class , are fast acquiring all the substantialities of aristocracy , and even now rival in luxury , arrogance , autt tyranny the Molochs of rank and money in tho oW world . To give mere personal liberty to the slave of tho South , without at the same time gua-
Untitled Article
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Eliiiu Burritt. The Lkarxkj) \Lt.\Ck.W.~Tt —Tins Extraittlinary Man Ar:-Iveil In L.Iverj≫!-Oi On Stinday-
Eliiiu Burritt . the Lkarxkj ) \ lt . \ CK . w . ~ tt —Tins extraiTtlinary man ar :-iveil in l . iverj >! -oi on Stinday-
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), July 11, 1846, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1374/page/7/
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