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Jinpmal parliament*
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«n THE MEMBERS OF THE CHARTIST CO-OPERATIVE LAND ASSOCIATION. '
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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» j r Pear Eriexds , —Ton cannot look at the re-- of the Association for this week without com-- nEto the condusion , that your confidence in the i jnd p'sn is likely to augmentmy labours to a cong ^ eiaWe degree . It would be utterly impossible to describe to you the responsibility that I now begin
to attach to myself as the founder of the Association , aid as the person to whom you look for the realizagon of the hopes held out to you . I know not to what j go , to ascrioe the " enormous amount of money that jjjs recently come inj some would attribute it to the profit made by the sale of Carpender ' sTarm , and other s to the feme of the Herringsgate Cottages , which is being so extensively circulated . ' ~~
I have been occupied , this week ; in inspecting pore Land , and I have this moment offered £ 14 , 000 for an Estate , about which I am to receive an auswer gs speedily as possible . There is one _ thing that 1 tn& to remind , you of—it is this , that the fact of not having land in possession does not at all affect the ballot ; nor will it postpone our operations by an hour ; and for this reason—we were not to get possession of Carpender ' s Farm till the 29 th September ; nor can we , at this time of year , when the lauds are cropped , get possession of any land onto September . So that not an hour has been lost ; as I am now in treaty
about four farms , of which I must not tell yon the situations , lest , as I before stated , the price may be raised ; of this , however , yon may be assured , that the land you will have j and that , in feet , we are now in a situation to purchase to a very large amount . Ion wiD see by my balance sheet that the society is now in a more fourishiugstate than we had hoped to hare seen it la tea years . The opposition of our enemies has and as much as anything else , tended to that result . Besides the ballot for as many members as 130 acres , the quantity contained in Carpender ' s , will locate , the ballot will also take place for Herringsgate Farm—that is , for the respective allotments that will fall to those who have drawn praes .
It is not at all nnlikel y ^ that I shall shortl y be called once more into the field of political agitation , and , while engaged in that pursuit , you may rest assured that I shall not forget the Land . It is all important that we should act in perfect harmony when the struggle comes , and the policy that I propose is , DEATH TO WHIGGERY under any circumstances ; as , if yon feel like me , you will shudder at the , prospect of such a coalition-government as Russell , 0 Connell , and the Times , with the Malthusian principle to enlist the sympathy and support of the free trade and speculating interests .
There are no lengths to which Russell will not go to retain power , at which O'Connell will stop to retain patronage , and that the Times will not go to secure the unopposed return for Berkshire , and a baronetcy for John Walter- Those are | the conditions upon which the co-operation of O'Connell and the limes has been secured , the old mode of \ Vhig government—bribery and corruption . The Times is already feeling its way backward , from the conviction , that , even its own prostitution aud O'Connell ' s venality , are not sufficient to sustain the weight of
Russell s incompetency and delinquency . If we can beat the Whigs this time , which we assuredly will , we shall have laid the foundation for a fusion of Chartists and Liberals ; but if we allow this Whig-O'Connell dodge to succeed , we shall be thrown back immeasurably in our course . I have so much to do that I am obliged to confine my answers to correspondents within a very narrow compass ; and , in auswer to the people of Leeds , Halifax , and Keighley , I can' only say , that I am engaged at Bradford for Monday , the 3 rd of August , at Huddersfield on Tuesday , and that I must hold myself engaged to attend the principal meeting
intended to be convened by the people of Leeds , daring the sitting of the Convention , and , therefore , 1 cannot make any engagement until I know the day upon which the Leeds demonstration is to take place . The great demand upon our columns this week compels me to he brief , and compels the Editor to exclude a considerable portion , of matter . I must , therefore , conclude , with the expression of my gratification , at the state of preparedness in which the Chartist party is to oppose the old enemy . It was impossible for me to devote a moment of this week to the arrangement of aiy speech at Kottinglam . I hope to have more time next "week . I remain , Tour faithful friend and bailiff , FfiAEGDS O'COJJNOR-
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ADDS . E 33 OF THE GERMAN DEMOCRATIC COMMUNISTS OF BRUSSELS TO MK . FEARGUS O'CONNOR . Sib . —We embrace the occasion of your splendid success at the Nottingham election to congratulate yon , and through yon the English Chartists , on this agnal victory . We consider the defeat of a Free-Trade minister at the show of hands by an enormous Chartist majority , and at the very time , too , when Free-Trade principles are trinmpliant in the Legislature , we consider this , Sir , as a sign that the working classes of England are very well aware o f ths position they have to take after the triumph of
Jree-Trade . We conclude from this fact that they know very well that now , when the middle classes lave carried their chief measure , when they have Only to replace ihe present weak go-between cabinet by an energetical , really middle-class ministry , in order to be the acknowledged raling class of your country , that now the great Btrnggle of capital and labour , o f bourgeois and proletari an , mnst come to a decision . The ground is now cleared by the retreat of the landed aristocracy from the contest ; middle
dags and working clas 3 are the only classes betwixt flora there can be a possible struggle . The contending parties have their respective battle erios forced upon them by their interests and mutual position : —the middle class—" extension of commerce by any means whatsoever , and a ministry of Lancashire cotton-lords to cany this out : " the working class—" a democratic reconstruction of the Constitution upon the basis of the People ' s Charter , " by which the working class will become the ruYms
class of England . We rejoice to see the English working men folly aware of this altered state of parties ; of the new period Chartist agitation has entered into ; with the final defeat of the third party , the aristocracy ; of the prominent position which Chiirtisa henceforth will and must occupy , in spite of the " conspiracy of silence" of the middle class Pres 3 ; and finally , of the new task , which by these «< r circumstances has devolved upon them . That &er are qnite aware of tills task is proved by their intenti on to go to ike poll at the next general eleetion .
We have to congratulate yon , Sir , in particular , *? ° n your brilliant speech at the N-. ttinghani elec"On , ai . d the striking delineation given in it of the contrast between , working class democracy and ^ ddle class liberalism . . "e congratulate you besides on the unanimous ^ ° te of co nfidence in yon , spontaneously passed by « e whole Chartist body on the occasion of Thoraas VOOper , the would-be rerpectalJe ' s calumnies . The
Cliartist party esunot hut profit Ly the exclusion or such uisguisea bourgeois , who , while they show off with the name of Chartist for popularity ' s gake , strive to Insinuate tLeni ? elves into the favour of the Buddie classes by personal flattery of their lireran r «[ we «; ntatives , ( sueh as the Countess of lStessingion , Ctarleg Dickers , D . JcrroJd , and oiher "friendj " "' ConjMit ' s , ) atsJ l > v « . rds 0 sn «] ii ; jjis 2 cL kse anil ii = fa-^ Gfcs old wameu ' s doctrines as tiut of " aou-resisl-2 Bce . » . . ; Usti y . Sir , « -e L * ve io fitsniz fov z . nd vorr cca ' - Jf for ti = e noble aud ciiiightc :, ed manner in
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which the Northern Star is conducted . We hesitate not a moment in declaring that the Star Is tne only English newspaper , ( savp , perhaps , the People ' s Journal , which we know from the Star only , ) which knows the real state of parties in England ; which is really and essentially democratic ; which is free from national and religious prejudice . ; which sympathises with the democrats and working men (
nowadays the two are almost the same . ) all over the world ; which in all these points speaks the mind of the English working clasa . and therefore is the only English paper really worth reading ; for the continental democrats . We hereby declare-that we shall do everything in our power to extend the circulation of the Northern Star on the continent , and to have extracts from it translated In as many continental papers as possible . * .
We beg to express these sentiments , Sir , as the acknowledged representatives of many of the German communists in Germany , for all their relations with foreign democrats . For th e German Democratic Communists of Brussels . The Committee , Esgels , Ph . Gioot , Marx . Brussels . July 17 th . 1845 ,
Jinpmal Parliament*
Jinpmal parliament *
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HOUSE OF LORDS . —Thursday , Jolt W . In the House of Lords the Marquis of Lajjsdowxe moved that the Annuity Bills of Lord Ilardinee and Lord Goneh be restored to 'the stage in which they originally stood . After some discussion the motion ttos carried hya majority of 47 against 18 , and the report brought up and agreed to . HOUSE OF COMMONS—Thursday , Joxy 16 .
MINISTERIAL POLICY . Lord Jonx Russkui . on moving the order of the day , stated that on Menday next he would explain , is committee , the plan which the Government proposed with respect to the sugar duties ; but he would advise the postponement of the consideration of the plan uota the Friday following . Oa Monday he would likewise propose a short Bill to continue the present duties for a month longer , or until Parliament shall otherwise provide . The noble lord then stated that he proposed to eo on with that portion of the Ponr Removal Bill which would secure to residents of a certain period the right of immovability . The Drainage Bill he hoped would be carried this
session . The Ejectment ( Ireland ) Bill he would go on with , makintr some alterations in its provisions . Also the Leases ( Ireland ) Bill . The Tenants' Compensation Bill had a complicated machinery , but the Government would give it their best attention . The Small Debts' Bill he hoped to be able to pass this session , after having made some alterations in it . The Religious Opinions' Bill also he trusted would be carried this session . With respect to measures to be introduced , the Governmnent would bring in a preparatory measures if necessary , to provide for the improvement of waste lands in Ireland ; but certainly they would propose some plan connected with this important subject next year .
Mr . Evelyn Dexisos thought it right to inform his Noble Friend that there was one great defect in his Administration—the want of an adequate representation in it of the landed interest . The great towns were amply represented in it ; the law was also , more perhaps than it deserved , represented in it ; but he looked in vain for any powerful parties to represent the land , which having just received a very rude shock , more particularly required some persons iu the Government to attend to Its wants and wishes . This defect would prevent him from giving the Government that confidence which he otherwise should afford it . _ ' . '" : r '_
Mr . T . DnxcoMBE had understood that the ' noble lord at the head of the government would come down and explain his principles . He had asked the nobln lord tomake that statement which the house had a ri » ht to expect and insist upon , and there was sufficient to justify him , looking at the state of the house a £ that moment , nobodyknowingwhereto sit . ( Much jnnohter . ) He had said there was sufficient to justify him in asking the noble lord for a declaration of the principleson whichheinteHdedtocarry on the liovernment of t-se country . If they had a Liberal government , many of the gentlemen about him ( Mr . - 'Duncombe ) ousht to be sitting on the bencnes ot that government ; but he saw hon . gentlemen there ( pointing to the Ministeral benches ) who had been
the bitter opponents of the government sitting on the same side with them . ( "Hear , " and laughter . ) And he understoad it was because they had been told that they need not be dissatisfied with the government , for only persons of extreme op inions would be dissa tisfied—and that applied to the sugar question . ( " Hear , hear , " and laughter . ) According'to all par liamentary usage a new Prime Minister always felt it his duty to explain the pr inciples upon which his government was to be conducted . When he asked the noble lord a night or two ago what his principles were , h * gave -whathe ( Mr . Dunco » ube ) thought at the time to be a pettish answer . The noble lord said that he intended to conduct the government on the principles which he has always declared in thathouse .
He had asked many hon . gentlemen to put an interpretation on the noble lord ' s reply , but they could not ( A laugh . ) If the noble lord had told him that Ii » intended to condact Iris government on the principles of Lord Grey ' sgovcrnment or Lord Melbourne ' s oovernment . he should have been able to understand him ; but when the noble lord talked of the principles which he had always declared in that house , he ( Mr . Duncombe ) felt sorely puzzled , unless the noble lord named the time to which he referred . ( A laugh . ) It had been said that the noble lord , when forming his government , applied to the right honourable bironet . the late prime minister , to lend him three distinguished members of the late gOvernment . Nowhe did not care whether the government
, was a combination of the landed interest , or whether it represented tne towns all he wanted to know was the principles on which the government was to be conducted . He wished also to know whether the noble lord did . directly or indirectly , make the application to which he had alluded . If that was so , he had been told by some of the noble lord ' s constituents that mornin ? , that he would find a different reception at Guildhall when he nest went there . ( Cries of " No , no , " ) Then let the noble lord try it . lie ( Mr . Duncombe ) had seen some of the noble lord ' s constituents that morning , and they said that the noble lord ' s answer to hi < ( Mr . Duncorabe's ) question the other night was very unsatisfactory , and that thev were coihg to have the old Whig dodge
over again . He would now read an article which appeared iu the Weekly Chronicle about ten days ago . It Was very ably written , as everything was thnt proceed from the Secretary of the Admiralty ( Mr . Ward . ) ( Laughter . ) [ The lion , gentleman read the articie , to the effect that there had been a rumour that places in thegovernment had been offered to some members of the late government , but that whatever they thought of a Pe : 1 mania they could not understand a Lord Lincoln mania , or a Mr . Sydney Herbert mania , or a Lord G . Somerset mania . The article went on to say that no man was a more decided monopolist before 1845 than Lord Lincoln , and that no person respected his conversion . ] — (" Oh , oh ! ' from the ministerial side of the hoase . ) Yes , said the hon .
gentleman , but the Secretary of the Admiralty did not respect It . ( "Hear , hear , " and laughter . ) The article went on to say , —" we would get something for our money if Peel aud Graham bad been invited . " ( La ; i » htcr . ) After reading he did not of eowvse believe that there was any truth in the rumour ; but a few days afterwards he saw by another newspaper , which hewas told was now to be the government organ , namely , the Times , that the rumour was corroborated . lie understood the arrangement with The Itmcs was made by a very skilful negocintor , the hon . member for Worcester —( a laugh)—and that that paper was now to be tne organ of the government , and , as they said in the Military Gazette , " the Chronicle : superseded . " ( Laughter . ) It was due to an old friend which supported the government
thronah good and ev l report , and waded chin deep through mire and all toWve them—( laughter )—to explain why it had been neglected . When fee read in that paper that the noble lord had appliw ! to the rii ; lit hon . baronet for the loan of thnse gentlemen , lie was disposed , to give some belief to it . It was Stated that lilt vs » ht hon . baronet said it was to- ., < le'iC-ale a task f ., r } , j m t <> undertake , but he expressed sin oiiim&n that it . vjuiltl cxposfi them to the aoc-usa tion ofttw mni ' h U . ve r j . l » ce . ( Laughter . ) Well-Umse vnrttt ye » ilc . * iien s .-u « 5 It w . ia not * their present sntratimi to take < . fiiee . and th-ir places were filled tin b y tt : c three jrMitlemcn whom he saw opposite ilo 'lK . 'jsiit it w < wld have Iwen much better to nave at cute taKcu the vhnlo ktu cabinet ( Lnu « htpr . ) Theyv / mihl thereby bava got an cxee \ il-nt Secretary ol Stale fur the Home Department—
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( cheers and laughter)—yes , a gentleman who executed his duty to the satisfaction of all . ( Cheers and laughter . ) He said so , bb far as the public interests were concerned , for the personal squabbles which he bad with that right hon . gentleman were but a feather in the balance , where great state interests were concerned . ( Hear , hear , hear . ) They would have also got an old and experienced Chancellor of the Exchequer—whose budgets Braved the battle and the breeze , ( laushter)—Instead of a raw and inexperienced one , although he might have come from Halifax . ( Laughter . ) It would have been better if thingremained as they were , the noble lord and the righi hon . baronet merely changing " places . Would any
person tell him that no explanation was required on this point ; a :: d that the people of the country were not entitled to some explanation from those who presumed , he would say , to govern them . ; ( Hear , hear . ) He expected the noble lord would have been but too anxious to state the principleVojighjch hu meant to conduct the government ^ 5 * E 5 ? nfible l ° " said that Iris principles were 'tfirsamoflthat he always avowed . : He ( Mr . Duncombe ) Ranted to know what were- 'the intentions of the noble lord ) with regard ' . " to :. the' Irish' v ' ., ehta ' rieh ? ( Ilear .-i . ast year the noble lord- voted for the motion of the hon . member for Sheffield on the Maynooth question , to the effect tuatthe funds of the Protestant Established Church in Ireland should be
applied to the education of the people . Did the noble lord now mean to act oa that principle , and , if he did , let them know it . ( lle ; vr , Hear . ) There was a dinner , he had heard , a few days ago at Greenwich —( laughter)—at which the noble lord who vraa at the head of that party declared , ' amid cheers that shook the hospital to its foundations —( laughter)—that the principles , of his party were the same in 1 S 4 G that they were ia 1841 . ( Hear . ) What were their principles in 1841 , he should like to know ? ( Laughter . ) In 1841 they carried an address to her Majesty , that they had no confidence in the then government—that government , which they were now prepared to support . ( Cries of " No , no ! " from the Protectionists . ) Well , they sat on the same side
as the Ministry . The noble lord supported the Maynooth grant inlS 35 because he hoped it would be the prelude to otner measures ; and Lord Howick went further , and said , hie would take the revenues off the Protestant Chunih and apply them to Roman Catholic purposes , because they were the original proprietors . Are those the principles on which the noble lord ' s government is to be conducted ? lie hoped they . were ; and if so , he was sure the noble lord would attain great popular support . ( Hear , hear , ) He also wanted to know , as tne noble lord had stated that be would endeavour to improve the social condition of the people , whether he would also do the same with respect to their political condition . ( Hear , hear . ) Would he consider
the extension of the franchise ? There were mem hers of his government who supported motions fir an extension of the franchise , and he supposed t e would do the same now that they were in offi . e ? They had a right to know whether the noble Lord entertained his old opinions with regard to the finality of the Reform Bill , and would now , as formerly , oppose any extension of the fraiiehue . Theie was another m < asure , the restriction of the hours of labour in factories . ( Hear , hear . ) The noble Lord supported a bill having that object in the last session of Parliament ; would he now , not leaving it in the hands of an individual member of that house , take up that question , and carry it as a Government question , to a successful issue , as he had the power to do ? ( Hear , heai . ) But that measure was violently opposed by the right hon . gentleman the member for Taunton , and the hon . member for Sheffield , both
members of his government . These things required seme explanation . It was no longer the interest o ! the people to allow themselves to be deceived . ( Hcav hear . ) It was said in defence of the late Prime Minister , that he did not deceive-his party ; but lie allowed them to deceive themselves . He thought it was now . plain that it was thejntercst of all that , they should know the truth . If the noble Lord conducted liis government so as to promote and advance the liberties of the people , there was no amonnt of popular support which be might not receive . He hoped that such [ would be the aim ; . pfthe _ noble , Lord ' s ^ governcierit , and that ; he jtouidmake a , steiement ^ to the house of the principles oti which he intended to conductthegoverniuent—onetbat would notonly be satisfactory to the house , but satisfactory to the country and people whose destines he aspired to direct . ( ilear , hear . )
Lord J . Russell said when the other evening lie had been asked by the Hon . Member to declare his sentiments upon the policy which should be adopted , he declined to do so ; nut that he was offended at the question , but because he did not think it necessary for a person , who had for so long a time taken an open part in the discussions of the House , to make any such declaration of his principles . He could not agree with the Hon . Member that is was the custom far a Minister on assumption of office to make a declaration of his principles . The Homurable Member for Finsbury put a question to ascertain whether he had asked the aid of three genuemen in the 1 ite Government in the formation of the M nistrvhe had to construct . The Hon . Member tun
the question in that facetious way which dutiEmiished him— " Whether he had asked the . Right Hon . Baronet to lend him the aid of three of his colleagues . "—( Laughter . ) He did not deny that he had applied to Lord Dalhousie , the Earl of Lincoln , and Mr . Sidney Herbert , to join the Administration he was about to tbrm . 7- ( Hear . ) It was his opinion , tbathe would not be justified in asking parties to j « in his Government who differed from him in their views of policy ; but he thought it for the hunuur of the Sovereign , and the good of the country , that the Administration should be so formed as to obtain the greatest possible support ; that it should be formed olpartie > in whom some would have confidence , and also of others who would command confidence frum
other quarters ( ironical cheers ); but , at the same time , acting together upon general principles . ( Hear , hear . ) With respect to a Government formed upon Itber . tJ principles , it was desirable that the members comprising it should agree upon general principles ; but it was not necessary that every member of it should agree upon every measure which might be brought forward . That " was the old mude ot conducting a Government . - In the Administration of Mr . Pitt , in 1784 / the members of that Cabinet disagreed upon the question of Parliamentary Reform . Mr . Fox succeeded Mr . Pitt , and in that Ministry there was a difference of opinion upon the questions of Parliamentary Reform and Catholic Emancipation . In Lord Liverpool ' s Government also , there was a
difference of opinion on the question of Catholiv Emancipation . The right hon . baronet the member for Tamworth eertainly aimed at a greater unanimity than had been the ease of Mr . Pitt , Mr . Fox , or Lord Liverpool ' s Governments . From his great ability he succeeded to a great extent . lie ( Lord J . Russell ) did not , however , think it was a principle which ought to be acted upon . There were several members of his Government who differed from him upon some questions . Some thought he had gone too far upon the question of the Irish Church , but they all agreed that the social condition of Ireland was the most prominent grievance of that country , and it would be their duty to bring forward , measures which would have the effect of removing the
distress which prevailed in that country . This result misht not be immediate , but a lapse oi ten or twelve years mkht have the effect of removing the misery which existed there , With regard to political fr . incliise the case was different . Some , indeed , thought that the extension o ! those franchises had no influence upon the social condition of the people . That was not his opinion . He bplieved in proportion as franchises wereenlarged , and the people were elevated in society by participating in them , they would endeavour to raise tuumsilves in their social relations to the , political grade tiny had acquired . They would , therefore , endeavour to obtain fur Ireland equal franchises to those of England . With regard to the Church of Ireland he had voted
for the motion of the Hon . Member lor Sheffield to apply the revenue of that Church for the increased grant to Maynooih . He afterwards voted , for the grant to Maynooth which was taken from other funds . Nevertheless , he retained his opinions with regard to the Irish Church , aud the endowment of the ICuiuan Catholic elergy , but he did not consider that quest ion so urgent as to warrant him in pressing its consideration upon Parliament , which he thought was iin impracticable measure . The members of tiic establishes Church in thiscounlry . theiuembers of the Establishment in Scotland and of the Free Church , and tiu-Roman Catholics themselves , were opposed to a : endowment . He did not , therefore feel hiinsd !
bound io bring forward a measure of that kind until there were more favourable symptoms evinced towards it . He did not think the question of the Chureh of Ireland so urgent that ] Je should bring h forward , but he thought it was better to deal \ v ' l \< practicable measures , and hu would not , therefore , attempt what was impracticable . Then the hon member askttl him , would he extend tlio i ' ranchisu Upon that point lie was attacked by parties wh «* were desirous to injure any good opinion which was entertained towards him , upon the « rord "finality , " which A-as no word of l ) i « . Whun Lovd Gi-ey and Loi . l A 1 thorp brought forward the Reform Jiill , there were parties who were prepared to support it if the }
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had an assurance that they would not go any farther . It was then said that the Reform Bill was a final measure . ' That was considered a settlement of the question ! He said then that if anyone was anxious lor household suffrage , or universal suftiage , someone else should propose it , as he was not prepared to bring forward s new measure of reform . Hewa * still of the same opinion , arid if tbe vhon . ' Member ( M r .-Dnncombe ) were now to bringifbVward the five points of the Charter , he should oppose it . Mr .- DuNCOJiBB . —The extension of the suffrage . ' --, -.- ¦!' , % \ i ' .., i . - ; —
Lord . JoBsRusSEix . —With regard to the extension ofihe suffrage ,-he mast wait until the lion member broiisht » brwardhi 8 propositionnotliatquesfi ( in . When he ( Ltfnr . J . " Russell ) was attacked iipoii ' that point , he saig ^ he' was not prepared to introduce a new measure and to supercede the . Reform Bill . If they referred to the measure ' of Catholic Emancipation , the Reform Bill , or the . Corn Bill which they had just passed , . it-was but right that they should be satisfied with 5 settlement , which ..-. had been : come to afterlongdeliberattpn . . He had ' voted for an abrid « - menfof-theSfipih's- ' of labour in faclorics to eleven hours . His n ^ hjjjjion . friend the Secretary for the Home Department had also voted for ^ hat measure The Secretary for Ireland also had givenireat
attention to that question , yet had come to the conclusion that its Adoption would be injurious . Sdil he thought that the . government could be carried on , although their views upon all questions were : identical . If a measure of that kind were ' proposed , he should vote for it : bnt heshould not call upon his ; M « ht ho » . friend tobend his opinions to be in conformity with his . lie was aware that in assuming fcho government he had undertaken a &rave responsibility . After thirty years which lie had been in that house , his opinions must be well known . Those opinions were founded on principles ? which were calculated to promote a solid union between this country and Ireland . They were based upon reli gious liberty , which , in conjunction with civil liberty , had made this
country the greatest nation in the world . ( Heav . ) Mr . Osimbne thought the house and country were under great obligation to the hon . member for Finsbury , who bad been the means of eliciting from the noble lord an explanation of his views . The noble lord had made certain declarations . What the results . might be he did not then know , but he would tell fhe noble lord , that if these declarations had been made before the noble lord accepted office , many who iiien supported him would have followed the right lion , baronet , the member for Tamworth . The noble lord had stated his principles , but lie could see no difference between " Tweedle dum and Tweedlu dee . " lie really could n 6 tsee why they had turned out their predecessors in office . ¦ . .
Mr . B . Escorr prayed lion , members to give the new Government a fair trial . Mr . WAKLETdefended Mr . Duncomba ' s conduct in putting his various questions to Lord J . Russell . Was it to be und-fsload that , the noble lord was going to act on his old Whig principles ? If so , he had some experience of them . lie reminded the last speaker that during the whole period when Lord John Russell was last in office , lie had been one of the most effective oppeijents of those principles for which he was now asking a fair trial and impartial consideration . Who was it that had changed , the noble Lord or Mr . B . Escott I He would not decide ; but would merely remark / that there waa a curious change
somewhere . He was one of those who wondered why Sir R . Peel was out of place . It was said to be , because he had brought in the Coercion Bill ; but if that were the cause of his removal from place , why was Lprd J . Russell in power , who had tried to include in Ms Ministy the Earl of Lincoln , who was the identical man who had introduced that Coercion Bill inte the House of Commons ? J ] e then passed a glowing eulogy op Sir R . Peel , wbft «» o » . - - not in tarrying the Corn Bill had rendered him not only beloved , but adored by the people of England , and lamented the apathetic course , the do-little policy , which the present Government seemed inclined to pursue .
A lengthened debtte followed , in which Mr . Newdegate , Mr . Ward , Mr . Horseman , and others tool ; part . The orders i > i the day were then read , and the remainder of the night was occupied in discussing the Poor Removal Bill , which was committed pro formA and the report .. reooivod . . The billwaa thon . ordered tobo . ggnjtgdiV- ¦ - ¦"'" ' " The btjicfjOrders of the day were disposed of , and the house adjourned .
HOUSE OF LORDS . —Fwdat , July 17 . THE OREGON QUESTION . The Marquis of LANSDOWNE rose and said , — My lords , 1 have great satisfaction in laying upon your lordships' table , by command of her Majesty . ; he copy of treaty vhich has been concluded between her Majesty and the United States of America for the srttlemcnt of the Oregon question , and I have still further satisfaction in having to acquaint your lordships that the ratifications of this treaty have been exchanged this day . ( Hear , hear , ) The Annuity Bills of Lord Hardinge and Lord Gough were read a third time and passed . Lord D . 1 LH 0 US 1 B moved the resolutions for the settlement of the railway gauge question , which were eventually agreed to . HOUSE OF COMMONS . —FuroAT , Jult 17 . Mr . Brothemoh moved the third reading of tlie _
STOCKPORT IMPROVEMENT BILL . Mr . T . Duncombe presented a petition from Stockport by 3 , 795 rate-payers , against this bill , and said that he would oppose the third reading . He would try to reject the bill on its third reading , and if he failed in thnt , he would propose . amendments , on which he wou'd take tuesenseof the house . By tins bill thepowersand liberties vested in the rate-payers of Stockportwould be taken away from them . The rate-payers were not consulted on this matter ; they never allowed a railway bill to pass the third reading without consulting the Bhaieholdcrs . On the same
principle the rate-payers of Stoekport should be c < nsultcd . He promised to support the bill , if it was found , after a public meeting was held by Che Mayor of Stiickport , that the rate-payers were in its favour . He knew , however , that the promoters of the bill were afraid to face public opinion . He would ask , then , would the house pass this bill , which was for the increase of the private property of a few individuals belonging to the town council , and for the plunder of the poorer rate-payeis . Ho objected to the 67 ' h clause , which did not provide for the ventilation of the cellars now in esistfiiee , but of those which should be built after this day . After a short discussion , the debate was adjourner " for a fortnight .
THE OREGON TREATY . Lord Palmekston presented the Oregon treaty , the ratification of whiehjhe stated , had been that clay exchanged . - In reply to Lord Cuvb , Sir G forge Grey stated that he would introduce a Bivpnkmental bill lor the enclosure efsuch lands as the Inclosure Commissioners should ' report te be ready .
EDUCATION . On the order of the day for going into committee ! of supply , Mr . Ewaut brought forward a string of resolutions on the subject of education— "That it is expedient that an annual statement on the state and prosperity of education be made by a responsible Minister of thn Crown ; Jhatit is ixp < - < liei ) t that thefoi'inntion «; f additional training schools for schoolmasters be cncouraged ; that it is expedient to encourage the formation of public libraries , freely open to the public in larce towns ; that it . is expedient that- appointments to the subordinate offices oi' government / be nnde , a * far as possible , on the principle of open-examination of the respective qualifications of the candidates . "
Mr Humb thought the time come when Government ought to adopt that system of instruction which had proved so U 6 cful in Ireland , and which was so triumphant on the continent . Mr . WARBuivroN and Mr . Williams spoke in favour of Mr . Ewart ' a resolution . Lord J . Russell said he had no hesitation in admitting that applicati on for wites of grants for cdu-Oiitionai purposes should be always accompanied v . it ); that information contemplated by Mr . Ewart ' s first resolution . But England did not offer the s ; wu < - facilities for Uiu establishment of a national system o '
education as other countries . Much had ahead ) been done by private and public associations , and i 1 any centra ! plan of education wore adopted , it wouli * he found that much jealousy wnuklarhcou theparfco these , associations , and would diminish the success of tlwif benevolent-labours Blithe could not conceal from the h ' . iii ^ c , that lor many years lie had bcei ' impressed with the conviction that , alter all thv ( . ( liU ' ls of the Clmi'i'h , of l » i « - 'i >» t . ovs , and of otlioi persons , both in high and " ' > w stations , the amount of ignorance existing was frnrl ' ul . The unble Ion : cnncliii ' cd \> y promising to give this surged his graves ! considci'iitioii .
Aft ' . ! - remarks from Lot' ! John Mnnnerp , Dr . Bowring : and Mr . Estcourf and Mr . Iliiullcy , Mr , Kwarl's resolutions were withdrawn , and the honst iveiii . into C'Wiluittee of shjij K , nntl several misccl lanemis votes were taken . The- house adjourned al one o uluak .
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HOUSE OF LORDS .-Mondat , JUW 20 . The House met at five o ' clock . The Earl of-Powis having presented a great mnnv petitions against the union of the sees of Bangor anil Sfc . Asapli , moved the second reading of the'Bill to repeal- so much of the Act as provided fur the union of Hioseaees , ; - -:- ;? . ; ., The Marquis of Lanssbownb resisted the motion , and movedas ah amendment that the Bill be read a second' time that day three months , lie waa not prepared , having been only fifteen days in office , to give / ah opinion as to the expediency of creating additional bishoprics , or whether , another order tf bishops , not having seats in their Lordships' House , should be established . It was too serious a matter to give a hasty opinion U [ .-o ) i , but in . reference to die bill then before the House , lie felt bound " to say "No " to it ; at thesanie time he . did not wish to be understood as givihjr a decided negative to the consideration of the subject at a future period .
The Bishop of London declined voting eii her for or . against the bill . The Bishops of Baiigor , Salisbury , Oxford , and Lord Eldon supported it ; Lord jViyian ,. Lord , Stanley , the Bishop of Norwich , and Earl-Greyopposed it . .. ; .., Their Lordships divided . " For the secondi reading ;— ¦ ., ¦ -., CiiBtenta ... ... 38 Non-contents ... 28 Majority in favour of the bill ... —10 No proxies were called for . , ¦ The Marquis of Lmjsdowne then announced that he would .. offer no further opposition to the bill , although his opinion still remained unchanged against its expediency . , Their Lordships adjourned at half past ten o ' clock .... HOUSE OF COMMONS . —Mondat , July 20 . ; Tho Speaker took the chair aWtly before i ' ovr o ' clock .
NEW MEMBERS . Mr . C . Buller was introduced by Colonel Fox and Captain Mangles , and took the oaths and his seat for Liskeard . ; Colonel Anson was introduced by Viscount Ebrington and Mr . Tufnell , aud took the oaths and his seat for South Staffordshire . . Mr . O'Connell entered the House shortly before four o ' clock , and took his seat on the Ministerial benches . Sir Robert Pjbel entered the House , leaning on a stick ; the right hon . gentleman seems to suffer considerably from the accident which has befallen him-( Ie took his seat between Sir JsmcB Graham and the ex-Chaneellor of the Exchequer .
DEATH FROM FLOGGING IN THE ARMY . Dr . BowfiiNG rose pursuant to notice , to inquire of the Secretary at yrw , niiemvr uw - » wvhhvh -i . mvi heen called to the case ofFrderick WIiite ,-a private in the 7 th Royal Hussars , whose death was reported to have been caused by severe military flogging , and whether any steps had been taken in consequence ? Mr . Fox Mable said that he was glad that the Hon . Member had brought the subject forward . The facts of the case were simply these : —Frederick White , the subject of the Hon . Member ' s motion , was a private in the 7 th Hussars . He had been guilty of one of the grossest acts of military insubordination of which a soldier could be guilty . While in the
performance of his duty he had struck a non-commissioned officer violently with a heavy poker , and had not the officer perceived the intention of the culprit , he would have received a most severe wound , if not have been killed . He was , however , knocked down by the blow . For this crime he was tried on the 13 th of June , by a Court-martial , aud sentenced to receive the military punishment of 150 lashes ; that ei-ntenee was afterwards confirmed by bis Grace the Duke of Wellington , and on the ISthof'Junetlie sentence was carried into effect . - And ke ' rnight state thecoutso which was pursued in the army with respect to soldiers sentenced to be floggfid ; it was this : —whenever a soldier was sentenced to receive punishment by court martial a certificate , signed by the surgeon of the
re-, "iment , was sent to the War-office , stating that the nersop was in a fair state to undergo punishment , so that it might , not be carried into effect unless he were in a proper state of health . On the 15 th of June , as he had stated , the punishment was carried into effect : aud so tar from any interference having : taken place by the surgeon of the regiment by desiring the man to be taken down , and that the commanding officer had refused to do so , he begged distinctly to state that there was no interferancc either on the part of t " ^ surgeon or- commanding officer . After receiring punishment the man was taken to the hospital in the usual manner , where he was visited , according to the practice in the army , by tho commanding officer every day . After
remaining in the hospital some time he was reported convalescent , and su far * recovered as to have been actively engaged in " fatigue duties . " He was visited by the surgeon and commanding officer , who stated that in two days the man would be fit fur duty . On the 16 th of July Colonel Wliyte _ received information that the man was dangerously ill . He immediately visited him in the hospital , and under the circumstance s he desired Di \ Warren , the surgeon of the regiment , to report his case immediately to Sir James Macgregor , in order thatfurther advice might he sent down ; but in two days afterwards the man died , and a post mortem examination was immediately made of his body , not only by the tuiveonofdie regiment , but by two other medical officers deputed by ° tho Horse Guards and that examination had satisfied the public that the death of the man had not been *
caused by the punishment inflicted on Mm . 'e understood further that the medical officer appointed by the Coroner , was of the same opinion . He had but one other observation to add . The public seemed much horrified at a statement which had gone abroad , that the skin on the back of the individual had been removed . Now this statementw . - 'S incorrect , as that skin was removed after death , for the purpose of proceeding with the pott mortem examination . The subject was now in course ofinvestigation by a Coroner ' s Jury , and he would at the present say no more . What he had said , however , would , perhaps , be considered enough toshowjthat the case had been greatly exaggerated , and that the proprietors of newspapers would always do well to make themselves masters of the particulars of cases like these before they alarmed the public mind . —( Hear , hear . )
SUGAR DUTIES . —COMMITTEE OF WAY ? AND MEANS . The order of the day for resolving the house into a Committee of Ways ami means having been read , Lord John Russell moved a resolution to continue the present Sugar Duties fora month , and stated the substance of the resolution to bo submitted for dig . cussion on Friday nest , for the permanent equalisation of these duties . He began Jub statement by remarking that if the" Government woe disjiosed to consider their own case , they might have found plausible reasons in the late period of the session , tlieir recent accession to office , the large fiscal alterations already made , and the complicated nature of the su < "ir duties , for postponing the proposition of so
considerate a change as that they had resolved to submit to Parliament ; but . believing the interests of the public , of trade , of commerce , and of the revenue , to be injured by the continuance of the exisiingsutar duties , they felt bound to bring forward a scheme for thoir permanent adjustment . lie proceeded to quote estimates of the probable produce of the current year from present sourcea , and fixed upon 230 , 000 tons as the nearest to the truth ; then lie supposed the consumption to be about 250 , 000 , and contended that , with an increased price ot ( 5 s ., the consumers heiv would be tax ' d to the amount of £ 1 , 500 , 000—a tax that " would not in the least benefit the Exchequer . The Government , therefore , were disposed to propose that other foreign suaars should be admitted into
the English market to supply tins deficiency . Kut . they we re met with the objection , that by admitting slave-prodHced sugars they would be encouraginj ; slavery , The answer , however , to that was , that we placed " no bar te the importation of tobacco , of cotum of copper , and ether articles produced by slave labour , and that , in fact , we neither carried into effect nor pretended to carry into effect , the principle of refusing the pp-duce of slavery . The Noble Lard referred to the statement put fotth by the Anti-Slavery committee , condemning our great consumption of American cotton wool as a gross encouragement to slavery , and his Lovdship declared that in liis opinion it was nothing loss than insanity to s > ssr > rfc that we should refuse to take their cotton ,
unless the United States of America should emancipate their whole slave population . However , we bad already reduced the duties on the importation of cotton and copper . We had been obliged , not in tho most honourable way , io refuse to Spain tho right which he had by treaty of bringing in her produce on the Footing of the most favoured nations j and—a more fatal . objection still to the argument against the admission . of slave-produced sugar—the spirit of commerce had proved itself too strong for ai > y restrictions that could \> e derived , because tlie ^ employers of slave labour in Cuba and Brazil do continue to sell their iiui-ars and obtain their profits by--a circuitous mode , and therefore all the morality iavolvcd it \ tLk < Hjueut . inn was ut an end . For ( lies several reasons the Government hold that the ground hitherto taktMii J csjicct to the admission ol foreign
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sugars ^ as untenable . Proceeding on the sam Principle as that proposed by the -J » te Governments Pn 7 J , " ^ . ° r -description * should -be i ' lwto SSnS ' 1 $ i , mnrke " - IMI here' were wnskle . Tn , lTr ») ° " ? ^ " vithlhe state of tho West fifcl . '• P 1 ^!* this . ' free admission from visLr ^ t ed r i hc <** India . Abolition ; Act Sed ? SvftKirV ^ ' > « , F « d < 'tc was re-^ ^ nf th ^«'« PM . nor . dr ^ j S ^' sides the planters wore prevented Tom obtaimm free labnar . where ifoonld V found . ' . ™ K KSX 2 and considerations connected With revere rendered itinwpetonttpinRke « ie proposed chanse immediate J he scheme the Government proposed , there fore , was a complete . witli . ii-nWnroF ihV present pro .
hibitory dutj , a considerable reduction of the differ rential duty , and then a s-lij-ht change , from year to year iihtil all the duties , colonial and foreign , should be entirely equalised . Tlisit 5 s—( he existing prolil . ' bitoryduty of 633 . io bo iibdir-hc-d ; al ) foreign * MttsJ " eovado stipirs , without rxc ' eptsVn , to b « an ' mittcd at a duty of 2 . 1 s . up to tin : 5 th of July . 184 t'j ; af 20 s . from July , J 8-17 to July 184 S ;' nt 18 s : iW : "for tha Rextyear ; at 17 s . for thi- next , ' ; , at I 5 sr 6 d- for the yearehdinjr Jnlv 1851 ; and from tliiit ' peVipd for- ' ward that the duty of ids . should ho paiclpri all Musi covado sugars alike , " colonial and foreign . ;¦ Siich ' waf i » 3 scheme . He could not then consider "the advahtajrenf still further rediiciKj ; the duty of 1-48 . ' , be- cause he did not think it right to speculate ^ what would be expedient , five years hence . Tho Nnbltf : J , or < l ndvpned to the clninib ofihe colonies , ar-d said ne tUoiisht it would be safe to allow contracts to tie "' made at Surra Leone for ' a siiiale vear : hiifche noiild ' "
not consent to allow contracts to be niado in the other parts ot Africa , where * the British flag did liot ; Hy . if e calculated the dlfferericD between the import ; duty on colonial spirits Hnd , the Excise duty on English spirits at . Is . C . I ., ami said he was willing to consent to a reduction of thia . differential duty to Is . ; but he could not consent to make anj chapgein respect to the admission jofcnluhial spirits into Ireland or Scotland ; neither could lie ' agrce to arlmit mo-Iasses into breweries and distilleries . The ' colonists asked for the abolition of the ( inferential dutips ' which they paid at present in favour of the produce of this
country , and he thought they were fairly entitled to that benefit—that , in fact , they should be enabled to buy their provisions iii the cheapest markets . The government , therefore , proposed to introduce a Bill to empower the ' Grown to agree to any Bill the colonies might pass abolishing their differential duties . The whole system of those duties was vicious , jind the circle fffci ' cli had already been broken should he ' completely destroyed . lie appealed to those who defended " l-ofeetion , jfJi would be satisfactory to 'heir co ; : > tifcuents to say that they had kept up the principle i / nly in this instance ? For his own part he did not think . if . could be very conaolatorv to the British farmwa to
tell them , that though unsuccessful in preserving their Protection , the Protection of the colonists , whereby the British farmers would be made to i > : iy a high price for tropical produce , had been maintained . The noble lord turned to the question of revenue , and having shown , from the statements of tile late Chancellor of the Exchrqiier . that there would be a daficiuioyin the year 1847-48 , of half x million , calculated that under his proposed scale of sugar duties ho would realise an increased sum of £ 725 , 000 . ; irhich would thus more than cover the deficiency of . next year . As Jxe looked on this plan as a permanent settlemenMie proposed to found a bill upon the resolution , and thus avoid future annual discussions on tba duties ; and in order to maintain the constitutional principle of annual discussion on some duties , he
o )« 0 fcn 7 fiS' ^ f ^^™^ A ^^ Hn ™ v . i ^»«» - sure would cause the mother country and the colomes to flourish more than ever , and his belief that , however short the duration of the present Ministry might be , their advent to office , should this scheme be adopted , would not be without great utility . Mr , Goulbcrn said the proposed alterations wereof such importance , that he should forbear at present from expressing any opinion on them , but asked Lord John Russell whether , in the alteration which was intended to facilitate the introduction of certain articles into the colonies , it was proposed to modify the navigation laws , and allow the- articles in question to be imported in foreign vessels ? to which Luro" J . Russell replied that he did not contemplate any alteration in the navigation laws in that respect .
Lord Georoe Ekntinck intimated that he should not oppose the continuance of the sugar duties till the 5 th September , but that heand bis friends around him would oppose any scheme which removed protection from any class . His Lordship declared his intention resolutely to oppose the introduction of slavelabour sugar . Mr . JWoFFATT made some inquiries respecting the detiiila of the . schedule of duties , In reply to which , the Chancellor of the Exchequer explained , that the differential duties on clayed sugar equal to refined , and on white Ilavanna sugar , would be adjusted on the principle of the present law , and that molasses would be admitted at 7 s . lOd . per cwt . Mr . Patrick M . Siewakt stronsly ur ^ d the Government to win over the West India interest , !) ? allowing rum to come in at the same rate levied on British , Irish , and Scotch spirits ; and to ailow molasses to be used in distillation .
Mr . Bernal , Mr . Barkly , and Mr . Unmc severally urged the Governmentto concede these two points , which , with an addition to free labour , would very much tend to facilitate the settlement ot the question . . Mr . U . Baillie complained that such an important , measure should be brought forward so late in the session . Mr . teniey said , that by allowing slave-labour su ^ ar to come in , we should make a free trade ia morals as well as in everything else . Mr . Ricardo advocated the equalisation of the duties without any delay . Mr . Wakley , Sir Robert Inglis , Colonel de Lacy Evans , Mr . " A . Chapman , Lord Sandon , aj : d Mr . Peter Borthwick , .. severally spoke , after which the house resumed , and the resolutions of Lord John Russell were ordered to be taken into consideration on Friday next .
FLOGGING IN THE NAVY . Mr . Williams brought on the motion of wliivli he had previously givf-ui notice , as to doins away with flogging in the navy . He ftlsO called ftUehtiol , to the manner in which court-martials wore conducted in that department of the service . In the British navy , according to the present system , there was no appeal to any other tribunal . That he considered wrong . In the army there was an appeal to a civil tribunal , should the carty think himself aggrieved , but ibr the ponr sailor there seemed to be no such lemiine'iUioB held out . That was a system he should like t-.- sed rt-medied . In the army the lashes were : jiven with a small cord and very often administered by a drummer-boy , but it was quite other « -ise in the navy , the punishmen t there ooing inflicted with ' a thick cord , and by the . stoutest man in the ship , and he had been informed , tliot s *
severe was ihe punishment , that blood flo \ vi ; u iron * every pore after the first la ? h . He earnestly ivujted that public attention would be aroused on bu a- AY or these unfortunate men , who enjoyed no trial by . ; ury ,. and even too frequently s \ lso without a ju&i . -. v ^ ge . Jn the American navy corporal punishment , y- ,, . 8 a great rarity , and it was never administered M ' i ' aonfc the authority of a court- martial . Who nere thv men who manned the American navy but our b ^ l : en men ? The Gallant Gffiecr , i he Member for Ai : ; :-ylebone , admitted that our navy was manned wit-. ; yery inferior seamen . ( Hear , hear , from Sir C . K " . pi-r . ) How could it be expected thai ; the best men w ,. m . i be attracted to our navy while the existing sy ^ m of punishment was maintained ? Unless flogjiiHx 'vaa abolished it would be impossible to man our . Oupa properly without the aid of the press gang . He earnestly trusted that he would never have me ^ iioa to brin- ' tllis subject under the notice of the ' . k \ ii&
again . Mr . Ward said that as the present Board m Admiralty was only constituted on Monday last , he *; ust Iniorm the Hon . Gentleman that this subject hid not yet come in any way before them . Without hi ' ue' ingany false hopes on the subject , he ( Mr . \ Urtl ) must say there could not bo a greater curse v ihe navy Hum si system of arbitrary punishment . i' ?!? ar , hear . ) In practice , lunwvor , tho wavy kept pe . ¦ 'vitll the sofl-i-ninjr advance of the civil code , liu l ::. ii ; ollectt'd si me f .-icts which strongly illusbatwi ibis .
lie would not now , however , occupy the time oi iha house with any elaborate details , but simply cwi' ne himself to a statmeiit « f the results of two y- ars . In 1839 , when only 34 , 000 seamen were en > p ! ved , the corporal pu ; : ! 5 )! Juents amounted to 2 , 000 . In 18 ' i 5 , wlu-n 40 , 000 men were employed , the , rt < i :: shments were only 1 , 200 . ( Hear , hear . ) He h ; u- ,-u : en the getu . T .-. l instr-ctions issued by Sir Williasn i'arkcr and ether offirtrsi , which showed that these was every ( iispnsii ion to cany out a milder system . A discussion followed , in which Mr . Hume , £ ';• C .
Napier , Admir al Durulns , Captain Pechell , Mi ; . Arelawney , and Lord Ingestre , took part . AJ : > , 'tal Cockhuvn defended tho urgent system . The motion was negatived without a division .
VAN DIEMAN'S LAND . Mr . Ewart moved , " That it is expedient tint t < J practice of making Van Dk'inau's Land a sjenei " - receptaclc IV cmivicts should cease . That trs-nspot tatiori be discontinued as a punishment , i-. rtd be MaintainHl only as a supplement to the previous punishment of imprisonment . " Tho greatest evils ar' -se from the mixing of ihe convicts with ue > veo population . The number of convicts amour . ; ..-1 > 0 84 , 000 ; wliil . ' that of the free population ¦ «»¦< « ° « moro tkiin 00 , 000 . The con sequence wns » ' *' ' ¦ " * were in the greatest clanger , and were notjw . ^ , L . wei . stt ^ s ^ * H ° «! ^ sxsmp ^ 'B ^ STS ^ SS ^ son , tkv roach , a m . w clwKMJter MH tiliik . dUS . ( CcntiHtutlto lit * * ' $ **'' ?« 9 *''
«N The Members Of The Chartist Co-Operative Land Association. '
« n THE MEMBERS OF THE CHARTIST CO-OPERATIVE LAND ASSOCIATION . '
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^ PV ¦ - - ' ......... _ f ^ ^ , . ^ 9 ,, AND NATIONAL TRAgES' JOURNAL .
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VOL . X . NO . 454- LONDON , SATURDAY , fm ^ W \ S ^ . rv ¦ •' .. 7 ~" ™ " ^ T ™^ iT ^ : —" ¦ ¦' * ¦ ¦ : ¦ Wye Sbillii » 8 ? and Sixpence aw Qnnitev '' ^ " " ~~ r ~ - ~ ¦ ¦ ¦ .... — - ¦ . - ¦^ r ^ rr' ^ w * i
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Northern Star (1837-1852), July 25, 1846, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1376/page/1/
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