On this page
- Departments (2)
-
Text (10)
-
fmim jflffobw*nt& - -. *- ¦¦¦¦ - - ,...-.,-. ,, .... -. ¦ .. ^m '* . ^&_-< a _
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Mirr.AvnnoLT Death fhom Lockjaw. — On Wed-
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
-
-
Transcript
-
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
Fmim Jflffobw*Nt& - -. *- ¦¦¦¦ - - ,...-.,-. ,, .... -. ¦ .. ^M '* . ^&_-≪ A _
fmim jflffobw * nt& - -. * - ¦¦¦¦ - - ,...-.,-. ,, .... - . ¦ .. ^ m '* . ^ & _ - < a _
Untitled Article
« AnalwiIlwar , * t IeMtinwerdg , w aa—ibeald mj ckanca 10 happen—ieedf , ) lfithaUnUwarmth TkoBsht !" ft I think I hear a little bird , who sings tk * people bjand bj trill be the stronger . "—Bn « . REVELATIONS OF RUSSIA . * BO . IT . tfenow proceed to give a few extracts from this author ' s most startling account of the
CORRCPIKffi OF THE RUSSIAN OFFICIALS . The causes which not only limit the power of the Busman emperor , but , prevailing the if bole edifice of Bnsiian civilis ation , render all real progress difficult , and dissolution probable , are to be found in the unblushing venalitj and corruption of all who wear the imperial button , and of all who are employed in any capacity , high or low , in 9 B ? branch of the administration . From the door of the emperor's ante cl > atnt ) er , from the high officials of tig coart down to the sentinel at his gate , every man is an extortioner aud a public robber , and all are united in one vast conspiracy , to deceive the only msmin the empire -who cannot be fcribsd—the possessor of it . It has been cynically said , inallueion to the foibles of human Harare , "that every man has his price" - —a sweeping assertion , which we once deemed only to be true by giving
a wide latitude ts the meaning these -words immediately convey , and supposing that every man may be influenced to some dereliction of conscientious duty , by the possible combination and agency of his passions / feelings , and Sections . Bat in Russia it is a lamentable fact , that this epigrammatic sentence bears a literal and universal application , for " evervman has his price in money . " The minister , the judge , the general , the admiral , the lonff list of subordinates which complete the links of this chain , down to the petty chenotnik , the serjoant , the Itoatswain , the 6 ouhtycfou 7 % and the executioner , must all be included in the censure . From high to low , all equally censpire to rob « he government toj their peculations , and the public by their extortions , making th 9 power with which an arbitrary system invests them , down to the last refraction of sub-delegated authority , a
oatterof notorious purchase . This censure is certainly of a wholesale character , bntthe sceptical bare only to read on to be convinced thattirereia little or no exaggeration in the abuve s weeping condemnation . There are three principal modes of extorting bribes , -which are practised from the cabinet minister down to the watchman ia the street ; by the direct threat and practice of oppression , by the sale of favoure , or by withholding the performance of a datj nn'il bribed . The reader should be at once informed that all thU
peculation is carried on in the fece of a Jaw which dooms to degradation the highest authority in the empire , if only eonvictrd of receiving a present . It is also carried on in the face of severe examples now and then made by iKerent aapenaa . But these examples , being in frCQUent and capricious are considered by those they are intended todtteras amongst the accidents of life ; if ever so frequently repeated , the rooted habits of a century and a halt the impossibility of maintaining even the decencies oflife without them , w ouia probably render the Russians only more cautious in concealing their delinquencies , without their ever dreaming of altogether avoiding
ttem . Even the " energetic- Peter the Firs ^ who spared no Uood , no cruelties , who tore throug h the very bonds of natural affection when he had a fevourate object to carry ; the man whd Cnl off heads with MB Own bant who put to death two thousand of his revolted Stre-Etzers , and allowing their heads to freeze to the trunk from which they were dissevered , left them , the five mouths winter throagh . a ghastly row of corpses , in / ear- j fol example of his vengeance ; the man who doomed and j wrought the death of his first-born—even this terrihiei the
Peterutteriy failed in his attempts to stop venality which wecan atleast trace back Urns £ ar . In Vain he denied the prayer of his favourite empress , the wife of the Sweedish trooper , and tore fremher sideher favourite to break him on ths wheel , and inflict corporal pnnishaneat on Ws sister , because they bad sold the imperial favour . Wo learn from Sorberg , the chaplain of the Sweedish AchiHes , that , notwithstaniinff these examples , Teter * s chief favourite , Memchieofli coold not resist a ¦ bribe from Hazenpa , to luil lie suspicion of the Tsar , and cloak the " meditated rebellion of the Herman's
TasiaiE . Pnnisument lias been proved to be futile in cortecting this depraved state of things . Here are two instances : — AfiretnokplacsinCronstodt , in the summer , and was found that there was not a horse on the island i Which it is situated , although the police master had for years charged for the keep of a large number ; he was degraded , to a p rivate sailor . The very instalment of Kg successor began by the extortion of a bribe .
Two years ago , the bank surveyor in the morfgaging department was applied to by an aide-de-camp of the emperor ' s , te value a house he intended pledging to the banfe . The snrreyor observed , "My charge is 2 , 000 TOubles ( £ 90 } : pay them down , and I will give a good valuation without looking at the place , otherwise it shall not he valued at allfor weeks , and nndervalued then . " The aiae-de-csmji reportedthe aflair to the emperor ; the surveyor was sent to the galleys . Three dajs after , in the same office , a similar demand was made to a fresh applicant .
It is the duty of the secret police to ferret out Cases of public corraptien , but the secret police have too great an interest in conserving the present order of things ; to io more than hunt jlown a few individuals who have rendered themselves obnoxious in some other way . The sort of justice to be had at the hands of this body is well illustrated by the following instance of double refined villainy . A poor nobleman hadber-n carrying on a lawsuit for sereral vears , ween he received an intimation from the eecretarv of the tribunal , that unless he paid erer 10 , 000 roubles ( £ * a 0 ) to the president , the case would be decided agaiust him . The unfortunate litigant , who COttld not riiss as many peace , bethought him of applying to Count Benteadorf , the chief of the secret service ,
whom he had been led to believe was personally anxious to make an example of some of the delinquents , and who Is one of the four or five men holding office in the empire , who are deemed incorruptible by the common rumouror at 3 ea 9 t , if the Russians ntb-rly disbelieve in the existeace of an unlimited integrity , of whom they say , ' « We do not tf » i » iU even snrh a sum would buy him . " 5 The party referred to offered the Connt to furnish him with an unquestionable proof of the venality of thepresident of the Court of Appeal ; and for that purpose proposed that he should be entrusted with the smonnt of the bribe demanded , in notes privately marked . He
anderto-jk that tfc-ise notes should be found on the president's parson . The Count consented . Sinee the good old times of the reign of Alexander , neither the secretariej , vice-presidents , non-presidents , ( the parties who in the courts of law receive all bribes affecting the immediate decision of civil or criminal cases , ) ever make their bargain or receive any money before a third party . Thair dread of the angerof Xtcholas even occasions them to resort to many precautions formerly not dreamed of ; and in this instance the president declined receiving the xtzoaey in his house , bat proposed that the litigantshoald invite him to dinner at a tavern which he indicated , and there pay over the amount to him .
It must bete be observed , that it is not unusual in Bu » la for the judge to be thus treated . Let the reader imagine the Lord Chancellor of England taking a whitebiit dinner at Greenwich with one of the parlies in whose ase he was about to decide , and with whom he had only this prtfiasional acquaintance ! How .-ver tne judge ' s proposition was acceded to , and his host caused an officer of gsndarcnerie to he stati-ne-I in an adjacent Closet . The president made his appi arance ; he signified , Jjy the action of his fingers , that their pecuniary transaction had better precede thegastronomic entwainment ; the host accordtagly gave him over a small roll of bank notes , the presidsnt counted them in a vary business . like trxv , and tossed them into his hat . As this was not yetquite satisfactory , in the hope that his guest would
finally trans fer the money to his person , his Amphitryon deferred g iving the signal for the apearanee of the Secret police agent , aud they sat dona to dinner . At this moment some one knocked ; it was the president ' s nephew , came to him with sometrifling message from his lady . The jadge gave him a brief answer , and bowed him out . At the conclusion of their dinner he was preparing to depart : he had pulled on his shuhe , and put bis bat on his hesd ; when , on the preconcerted signal , the oScer of gendarmerie rushed into the apartment with an order from Count UeuSsendorif , whose dictum every dignitary in theempireznust obej . to search bispersoD . "Do not
give yourself the trouble to search him , " said the excited nobleman , "you will find the bank notes in his hat . ' Tne president smiled blandly , and took his hat off at once ! it was empty ; when his nephew went out , he had taken up his uncle ' s hat instead of his own ! The judge thus not only avoided the trap laid for him , but secured the bai t , and doubly punished the informer ; firstly , bj deciding the case against him ; and secondly , because , not having substantiated his charge , he was obliged to refund the ten thousand roubles advanced by the police . Can any one doubt that this worthy minister of public jtHtice had received a private hint from Count Benken-UoriTs office ?
The Emperor Alexander knew his subjects well , " If they only knew , " said he , " where to warehouse them , they would purloin my line-of-battle-shius—if they could do ii without waking me , they would Btaalmy teeth , while I slept . " This public venality is the great nicer which is continually sapping the strength of the Russian military power . Oar author ' s remarks on this subject are ffioat important ; we give the following extract : — In the mu lfitudinousregimentsoftlieline scattered over different governments , thousands of men and thousands of horses are paid for by the state , which have never existed . This indeed is a comparatiYelj trifling evil , because experience has proved that whenaver tie framework ( cadres ) of a regiment is in goad order , however l * Menly itg hiauSs maj too filled by recruits , it very
Untitled Article
ipeeauy becomes si effective as if its Ml complement had never been diminished . But it is whenever these ill-fed JOldiere have to be moved a few hundred miles , even within the limits of this interminable empire , that their sufferings fearfully increase , Whilst in quarters , the superior authority squeezes from their allowance of rations , pay , and cloathing , the very utmost that will allow him to make , with his patient and uncomplaining men , such an appearauceas may cover his responsibility , aud he has generally calculated with minute nicety the extreme limit of endurance ; bnt on a march , his subordinates , removed from his own surveillance , immediately _ .-..- * . ' . . _
pursue the same system on a body of which previong ra . parity has already exhausted the vigour . Officers of all ranks , whoever , in short , haB the charge foreven half the day of any detachment , great or small , immediately makes his bargain with the contractors who should furuuh provisions , the peasantry on whom the troop are quartered , the landed proprietors , or their agents , and if only for a good dinner and abottle of champagne , the officer winks atthe curtailment of the rationsof his company , In fact , the soldier might often drop from inanition , if he in his turn did not extort from the peasantry what the regulation gives him as his rig ht .
The navy suffers equally with the army from the effects of this insatiable rapacity on the part of the officials ; this assertion is amply illustrated in the followingextract : The Emperor Nicholas baring been made acquainted , whilst crand deke , with the glaring malversations which took place in the naval arsenals of Cronstadt , some time after Ms accession , suddenly sent down a commission , who placed the imperial seal on everything , and prepared to commence on the following day the labour of inquiry . That night the arsenals were destroyed by fire ! But even the consuming element could not destroy the long , accumulated evidence of fraud . On clearing the ruins , a number of cannon were discovered , which , on reading the inscription on them , were found to belong to a mannf-irar which had been lost a short time before in the
Gulf of Finland , and as i t had been reported , with all her guns and steres on board . It was therefore evident that her own officers had taken her out to lea for the purpose of sinking her , having- previously left all the valuable put of her armament and provisioning on shore for sale . Tfe must refer the reader to the werk itself for additional illustrations . - Two chapters are devoted to " St . Petersburg and its inhabitants , " aud these chapters are so interesting that , if we conld gratify ' our own inclination , we should quote them entire . The veil which has hitherto covered the real rottenness of that enormous sham St . Petersburgh is raised , and the "lath ani
plaster encampment" of the Tsars staads revealed in all its veritable weakness . Our author ' s admirable description of the public buildings of the Northern capital , and his life-like portraiture of the several classes who throng its streets , presents us with a panorama of St . PetersLurgh never before equalled . As we read we feel ourselves eye-witnesses of the scenes described , and satisfied that what is pictured before us is the reality of fact . It has been well said that " where anarchy has slain its units , despotism has slain " its myriads . " The rebuildin ? of the "Winter Palace" after its destruction by fire , shows something of the systematic murder wrought by despotism , peacefully and silently , for its own selfish ends .
"In 1837 the Winter Palace , which had been ereclci by ihe labour of aghtu thousand timrJtmin . and which its owners had been eighty years in adorning , fell a prey to the dames of a democratic element , which does nob respect ihe houses of princes , and was in a few hours reduced to asbes . Nicholas determined that it should be rebuilt , and decreed that the re-building ' should be tho worKof one year , and no more . Even the remonstrances of architects were of no avail , the Tsar had willed it , and this burlesque of Omnipotence must be obeyed . The superintendence of the work to be accomplished was entrusted to one of the most base and unscrupulous of the autocrat's tools ; how he fulfilled his mission the following extract will tell : —
Armed with an imperial ukase , he went to work ; all the best artisans and labourers in St . Petersburgh were forced into the gervica ; fresh relajg of six thousand nt a time , night and da ; , succeeded each other . How many were altogether employed , the author never heard , but the mere quantity of qnass drank by them , to cool their bnrning blood , in the oven-like temperature to which the rooms were raised to dry their walli , is something astounding . The reader must not , however , fall into the error of allr * . Malaprop , whom th » auihe * ftnee heard observe , on hearing of the immense sums paid for the onions
consumed by the builders of the Egyptian pyramids , "If it cost so much forgreengroceiy , what most their butchers ' and fishmongers' bills have been ! " The quasa formed the largest item of the reward of these workmen ; because thegovernment pay in these cases is slow , snbject to deductions which no one dares dispute , and because most of those employed have cogent reasons for never claiming it . Large numbers of these men daily fell ill ; many died , poisoned by the smell « f paint , the heat , and the carbonic acid gas and vapours ; but their place was immediately supplied by others . On this subject the author must quote , because he can add nothing to , the powerful words of the Marquis de Custine . He
says" Thus these unfortunate men had to undergo a difference of temperature of from 50 to 60 degrees , on entering and leaving this aoofle of death , transformed , by means of their sacrifice , into the seat of vanity , magni Bcence , and pleasure . Labour in the miues of the Ural is less injurious to life , yet the workmen employed at Petersburg were no malefactors . I have been told , that such of these unfortunate people as painted the interior of the apartments that were most beited , were obliged to wear on their heads a kind of glass cap , that they might retain the useof their senses , iu the burning temperature to which they were doomed
the whole time they were at work . "We should he thoroughly disgusted with the arts , the gilding , the luxury , and all the pomp of courts , if snch work could not bs performed in a more efficacious manner . Nevertheless , the sovereign was called father by all these men sacrificed before him iace , for an object of mere imperial vanity . Sir thousand workmen were constantly eraployed . A considerable number died every day . hut ths place of the victims was instantly supplied by ether champions , who filled the chasms , to perish in their turn in that inglorious breach ; the dead were unseen;—and the only object of so many sacrifices was to gratify the whim of one man .
The order of the emperor at least was fulfilled ; he » at triumphantly again on the throne , in the hall in the palace which the flame 3 had devoured one short year before . But then began some disagreeables and some dangers . An atrocious odour pervaded some of the apartments ; it seemed as if the dead bodies of those who had perished in the work was festering within them . On examination , it was discovered that a quantity of coarse wool which had been placed between the flooring and ceiling to intercept the dense vapour which the joint heat and damp had given rise to , wai rapidly
putrifying . Again , the famous hall of St . George waijnst prepared for some great festal occasion , on which the emperor , the imperial family , and three-fourths of the great officers of the crown were to b » united within it , when the ceiling all fell in with a tremendous crash . If its beamsand rafters hadhelda day or two lonser , the motion and vibration occasioned br so large a crowd must inevitably have brought it down upon their heads , and avenged on them , as Sampson did upon the Philistines , the sufferings of the poor artisans who had been forced to raise up this monument of a despot ' s vanity .
"It is said that the soil of St . Petersburg is in many parts fathomless bog , and that the piles rather float than directly sustain the buildings above them ; and it is well known that a prevalence of west winds such as , if rare , will probably occur once In a century or two—would suffice to raise the waters of the Gulf of Finland high enough to sweep away the devoted city , " The possibility of this catastrophe is believed in by more persons than this author , as witness the following views of Kohl andBBBMNEB : — "TheRussian capital , " sajs the latter , "hai filled tfie nations with wonder by its sudden rise ; is it to fill them with greater wonder by its y « t more sudden fall I Shall the prond monarch of the north hear it said of his dariiHg seat , as it was said to the repining prophet of the ourd , which had made him so exceedingly glad _ « I » came in a nightand perished in a night ] The
up , marquii observes— « The ancients bui : t with indestructible materials , beneath a conservative sky ; here , where the climate destroy , everything , are raised up palaces of wood , houses of planks , and temples of stucco . ltn true the Russian workmen spend their lives iu remaking durinB summer what the winter haSUndone . ^^ S resists the influence of this climate ; those edifices which appear the most ancient were reconstructed yesterday . Stonelarts here no logger than the lime and mortar in other climes . * * These popular solitudes are peopled with statutes and basso-relievos to perpetuate historical events , without remembering that m tnis country monuments endure even less than the recollectioniof the past . * ? This city , with quays of granite , is a marf el , but the paUce of ice , in wnicnm Empress Elizabeth held a banquet , was no less a wonder , and lasted as long as the snow-flakes—those rosei of Siberia"
" The idea , " says Kohl , " that this beautiful youthful city , with all its magnificent creations , is doomed to destruction , is really awful . " • "At any rate , we need not be surprised if told by the newspapers , some morning , that Petershurgh , which suddenly rose like a splendid meteor from the marshes of Finland , has disappeared as suddenly , like the ignit fatma which haunts such situations . " But the Russian capital is exposed to other storms —moral and political—the hurricane wrath of uprisen nations : — St , Petersburgh is happily likened to an , encampment ,
Untitled Article
became , It on a Hu »» ia . n iefrhorf , it is not yet even now in Russia . The country surrounding it is still principally peopled by Finn *; the opposite bank of the Neva is Finnish ground ; and the frontier of the grand duchy of Finland itself , where all nearis beat -with Swediib gympathies , is only about ten miles removed . As the Moilem turns towards the tomb of his prophet , so do the regrets , the reminiscences , and even yet the hopes , of the Finnish people , turn towards Sweden , the body from which they have been recently and violently dissevered .
In Sweden there ean scarcely be found man , woman , or child , iu whose brewt the loss of this barren proriRce doei not rankle . NeTer in the dark ages did the universal enthusiasm of the west pant to recover the holy sepulchre , as the Swedish nation does- to regain its lost Finland . Sweden and the Russian empire now stand face to face , like David and Goliah-, indeed , but who cau tell wiiether the march of future events and western policy may not put into Sweden ' s hands the fatal sling . St . Petersburgh is net only menaced by the storms which may roll upon her the waves of the Baltic , bnt aUoby those , no less fearful , which the policy , the interest , tbo abhorrence , or all combined , of civilized nations , may raise agaiiiftt the Russian empire , and she stands exposed to bear the full brunt of the first serious attack directed against it . There are , therefore , msre reasons than one why a century hence there should be no more traces of the capital of Nicholas , than is to bet found In our own day of the royal village of Attila ,
"We earnestly trust that the generation is already in existence that shall witness this consummation so " devoutly to be wished 1 "
Untitled Article
POLAND'S REGENERATION . We gave in our last number the Address of the Democratic Committee for Poland ' s Regeneration to the Electors of France . The " Address" was published in the Reforme and National , ( Paris Journals ) of the same day , ( July 25 tb . ) In the Reforme , the " Address" was prefaced by the following introductory remarks
;—TO TIIE ELECTORS OF FRANCE . ( From the Reforme of July 25 . ) TTere is , Gentlemen , a most noble petition , addressed io yon from the other side of the channel : we are entrusted to transmit it to yon , and we accept this mission willingly ; we hope above all that the Independent Press of Paris and of the . departments will assist us in our endeavour to forward it to those to whom it is directed . A sufficiency of bad thoughts and of noxious councils have reached us from that country , and have been followed with teo much servility . You will judge with us , that whilst Governments boast every day of their cordial harmony , and their allinnca in bad pursuits , it is well that nations should in their tarn exchange with one another their generous inspirations and fraternal foresights .
Read then what they have written to you from London ! Perhaps by thinking that the arena , in which you are aboat to enter , has for attentive anH careful spectators all the nations of Europe ; you will from this reflection derive a little oF that energy of which you stand in need . Not mere idle words . Gentleraeni are expected from you , but serious , very ser ious actions , which may survive a remembrance o f the great epochs of our history , and which rccjnire from you a strong determination . The point is to know whether the Electoral body will be satisfied with the fruitless demonstrations to which those whom they have selected , restrict themselves every year , with that worthless protest which your Chamier of Deputies insert at the opening of the segsion n their address to the throne , perhnps only because there would be much more courage required to leave it out than to continue it . *
Ik is , gentlemen , the English people , who &ddre . < tB you by the organ of their mo 3 fc sincere representatives—those who undertook the task of defending the popular interests against the aristocracy—tho ? e who have already eaused tVe old supporters of the old institutions and old privileges to retreat before their power and their number—those who . to-morrow , perhaps , will be masters ; who no doubt would be so even now . had not the statesmen who conduct the English Government avoided a certain defeat by abandoning the battle field , on the very eve of the truggle . _ -. - _ ... _
.. Read , therefore , whatthe EnglishPemocracy write to you ; consider what is thought and expected of you abroad . Attach some importance to this judgment , because , for political bodies , as well as for individuals , the judgment of foreign countries is bu * too often , by anticipation , the judgment of posterity . You are privileged , and a very limited number . You are 240 , 000 , and we are 35 , 000 . 000 of Frenchmen ! 'Do yon think that this formidable power wil ! much longer continue to sacrifice its interests , its rights , and its affections , in behalf of all these
misdeeds , which the system to which you belong impose upen it ? Aristocracy , born only yesterday , uprisen only this morning , from the ranks of the French Democracy , listen to another democracy which reminds you of your real origin , emulate the example of another aristocracy , which has defended itself longer than you will- be able to defend yourselves ! The privileged of England have succumbed to the people in a question of material interests . Privileged of France , unite yourselves with the people in a question , of national honour and futurity .
Untitled Article
ADDRESS OF TIIE POLISH EXILES IN FRANCE . TO THE ELECTORS OF FRANCE . ( From the ReformTof July 28 , 1816 . ) Citizen Electors , sons of the two great revolutions , and legal representatives of France ! Whilst you are about to accomplish a duty of the highest national importance , think of Poland ! We will not speak to you of those sympathetic ties which since centuries exist between France and l oland , both destined to fulfil the same mission at the two extremities of Europe : nor of those battlefields where she French and Polish blood was 9 lied
for the same cause , nor of that triumphal arch on which Poland is represented amongst your most splendid national illustrations , nor , lastly , of that martyrdom she suffers with such grea ^ courage . You know the long and glorions confr aternity of the two nations . Your hearts are trembling with joy at every hope of Poland '; your souls mourn at every suffering of your northern sister . Not ! long ago did not France give to her solemn proofs of a profound and universal sympathy , inculcated by the past , and cemented by the similarity of social principles ?
But we will remind you . Citizen Electors , that the actual state of Europe cannot last for a long time ; thfiearerno ties between the nations and their governments ; too much injustice , too much oppressien weigh , on civilized Europe ; the Slavonian nations , and attheirhuad Poland , moved by ideas of liberty , equality , and independence , prepare themselves continually for a terrible struggle . The last events of Poland , their democratic character , and even the excessive fear of the northern froyprnments . have consolidated the mutual responsibility of
na-We , therefore , ask you , whether France , if she intends to remain faithful tfl her civilizing mission , i * not bound to listen to these oppressed nations , to tender to them incessantly her hand , and to show them that the spirit of 1789 and 1830 has atill conserved all its pow » r ? To-day you enjoy peace , to-morrow you may be in war . Who will then be your allies ? Will it be Russia , Prussia , Austria , or Poland , Germany , and Italy ? declarations
And if 8 " , is it enouah to make mere in behalf < -f Poland : to grsnt a generous hospitality to her exiled children , and to pvateat every year against the cruelties she undergoes ? No , Citizen Klectore , dp your best , that your representatives , and through them , your government , may understand , that the independence of Poland ia a necessity which a near futurity will resolve , and that therefore the action of France-ought to show it ? e ! f energetical and powerful in this national This we expect from your enlightened patriotism . The Delegates or the Polish Democratic Emigration .
Untitled Article
* For Fear of outraging popular opinion and feeling fEd . N . S . ]
Untitled Article
nesday evening , at seven o clock . Mr . William Garter held an inquest at the King and Queen Tavern , Iligh-street , Newington , respecting the death of William Bradley , jun .. aged twenty-three years , the son of Mr . William Bradley , residing at No 8 Newington Butts . The deceased left home on the morning of Friday the 10 th instant , on horseback for the purpose of proceeding to Gamden Town , and while on the way home at a rapid pace the horse stumbled and threw the deceased over its neck with great violence . lie was raised up by the foot passengers and taken to his home , where he was seen by Mr . Hicks , a surgeon , who discovered that he hail received a severe lacerated and contused wound of the knee pan . Mr . Hicks immediately applied the neuntil
cessary remedies , under which he progressed the following Thursday , when the inflammation appeared to have subsided and tho wound was nearly lealed . On Monday , the 20 th , he was much worse , and the family became alarmed . Mr . llicks was sent for in great haste . On his arrival the deceased complained of stiffness in the jaw . It was then discovered that symptoms of tetanus or lock-jaw had come on . Everything that medical science suggested was adopted , and up to Thursday last the < lectaaed appeared to be improving , which gave soxno hopet * his friends of his recovery . On Friday very unfavoura ble symptoms came on ; he continued to get worse and died at five o ' clock on Saturday morning last . ' The Jury returned a verdict of " Accidental death from lock-jaw caused by a fall . "
Untitled Article
* SE JTiOacHKG AX HOUHSLOW , The 1 inquest adjourned from the 20 th , upon the tody of Patrick Frederick White , a private in the 7 th Hussars , whose ieaih , il was alleged , was caused by excessireflogging , wag resftmedon Monday , atthe George the Fourth Inn , Hounslow Heath : ; ¦ ' Mr . Wakley , thecoroner , arrived from town atnine , and took his Seat athnTZ-p . -iat nine o ' clock , when the inquiry was immediatel y proceeded with . The room was densel y crowded . There were present , Hr . Clarke , solicitor , of New Br-enltOl'd , mho , as on ihtrtormer occasion , appeared on behalf of the regiment . Cfoloee ) TWiyte , Lieutenant Ireland , the Adjutant , and several other officer * of the 7 th Hussars . It was at once arranged to continue the evidence . ———' ^^^~*~ ' ii-
James Elswortb , a private in the 7 th Hussara , and who was present at White ' s punishment on the 15 th of June , was first called , The statement which he made waB that the punishment , first inflicted on deceased by Farrier-Major Critton , had been exceerfrajjly severe , the farrier , as he described it , rising on liiff toes , striking with all his strength at each lnsh , and thnt , when EwenB , the second farrier , struck with less force , tire adjutant , wJio stood oil the right of the colonel , said threateningly , " Do your duty . " The words of the colonel when , the punish , raent being over he addressed the regiment in the square , were , according to Bls « vorth ' g version , — " Tlmt it was a long time since he had had to vesort to such unpleasant punishment , anil he was sorry to have to do it now ; but the roan ' s having been drunk was no excuse for his insubordination . It was not the first time that lie hjd
made these brutish attacks ; he had merely done it as an example to tho young soldiers ; and his cimrndes ( alluding to the deceased ) could tell him when he came out that he would , every time he coiimilted the offence , receive the same amount of punishment as on this occasion . " The witness had been present when the offence for which deceased was punished wns committed . It was at Hampton Court barracks , at nine o ' clock at night . There were in the room tho deceased , Serjeant D ? . ) cy , Thomas Hollis , corporal , William Harvey , priva ' e , and several other men who were in . bed . Witness saw deceased go from the side of the bed up to the serjeant and stvike him with a poker on the breast . The sevjeant retreated , and deceased striking at him a second time , missed his aim and fell down . Hollis then , by the Serjeant's order , seized White , who , appearing to he a little intoxicated , was without difficulty secured . He was
taken to the guard-room . Elswortli was not called before the court-martial as a witness . The deceased was kept under arrest until he was tiied . The Serjeant was heard 'o < ay that he had been hurt by the blow inflicted by deceased . The court martial was held at Hounslow bnrrncks . Serjeant Daley , at the time he was struck , was orderly soijosnt , and was calling the roll . Deceased was , in general , a sober man ; he had got drunk on this occasion at the canteen . Elswortli had been present at three floggings in his regiment , at one of which the colonel was present . The first case was one in which 100 lushes was sentenced , and 75 only inflicted ; and iu the second and third cases 150 were sentenced and 50 only inflicted , tho Commander-iii-Cbief remitting tho remainder on the ground that corporal punishment had previously been suffered by the culprits . Dr . Warren was present at the two latter cases .
The Coroner here put to Elsworth the question— " Did you notice , in the manner of tying White , or in the treatment geneMlly , op in the manner of striking , anything different from what you notic&d in any of the three cases you mentioned ? " Yes , I don't say that ttio punishment was so severely inflicted on others as it was on White . The farriers struck harder . In the first case referred to , the man wa 6 able , the day after the punishment , to go on duty . There vras mori blood drawn , at Whito'a putiUhment , than I over saw at any other flojiginj * . The same farriers AoggeA In all tliese instances . During ihe whole of the time of White ' s flogging , neither the colonel nor the doctor went near him . The doctor never moved , in the half-hour during which the flogging last , from the position n-htch he first took up , °
Tne Coroner , at the request o { Jfr . Clarke , asked the witness how many times he hail been convicted of desertion ? The answer was— " Twice ; once , because I liad been ordered to he Hogged . I have been in tho re gimem five years , and I have been flogged seven times . Many men in the regiment have been tried for desertion ; many have deserted more frequently than 1 have , Since 1 S 44 I have not be * n punished . Lately I have been re . commended by Colonel Whyte , on account of good conduct tor promotion . No complaint has been made against any man in the regiment for the evidence he hail given at the inquest . Mathewson was at presont under arrest ; but not , he ( Elsworth ) believed , on thntgrouml . He had been in confinement when he was called to attend the inquest . " The two cats used , at the flogging , and three others , were here praduced . The knotted lashes of those recently used were still discoloured with blood ; but , of the five , those with which tliv deceased was punished seemed to be the lightest .
John Mathewson re-callen : Since ! gave evidence here on Monday last Cuptain Shirley has given an order for me to be kept in barracks , although the period of my punishment expired last week . The Coroner : If you are subjected to any punishment for the evidence you have given let me knoiv , aud I will see you protected . The Coroner here stated that he did not intend to call either Colonel Whyte . the Adjutant , or Dr . Warren , as witnesses , but if either of them wished to come in and make any statement to the jury they might do so . Jfr . Clarke said they weremost anxious and desirous to do so . The Coroner asked the brother of the deceased if he wished to put any questions to the witnesses . The brother said be wished to put some questions to Serjeant Putter whenever it was convenient .
Rev . H . S . Trimmer examined : I am ' -vicar of this parish . On Monday , the 13 th instant , 1 was outside my gate , nnil I saw a serjeant-majo ? of the 7 th Ilussni's , who came up to me . I asked him his business . He said he wanted to see the sexton . I told Vm I was the clegyman and asked what his business was with the sexton ? He said , respecting the burial of a ' soldier ' who was to be buried at four o ' clock on the afternoon of the following Wednesday . I asked him of what the soldier died . Hd said , "Of a liver complaint . " I asked tint whether it waa true that the soldier had been recently flogged . He said he had about five weeks before . I asked him if he was aivare that reports about that man ' 3 death were abroad ? ne said he was . I told him , that under all circumstances I wished him to go to his commanding officer , and express my op iuion to him that previous to
my being called on to perform the burial servico over him , I should have the authority of the coroner . He still persevered to have the funeral at the time he had mentioned . I told him , I could givo him no authority to fix on any time without further information , and that I should expect a communication from the barracks . Remained at home during the whole of that day , and until ahnut nine o ' clock the next morning , but I heard nethinr from the barracks . I am a magistrate . I was called to a sitting at Brentford , and before I went I thought it my duty to address a letter to the Coronev on tho subject , which I placed in the hands of Inspector Lawrence , of Brentford , and begged him to forward it with the least possible delay to the Coroner , I remained at Brentford
for some time , and on my return I received a letter from the barracks . I haveno objection to my letter being read . [ The Deputy Coroner read Mr . Trimmer ' s letter , which was B repetition of his evidence . ) Witness—The serjeant said it had been ascertained to be a liver complaint by the medical examination of the body . The person who said he was a clerk at the barracks , brought a certificate , signed by Mr . Hall and another naine . I rand ib through hastily . I told tha person that it was no longer in my hands , and that f had informed the Coroner ; and I further said I though it extraordinary that the person should first have died from a liver complaint , and then n certificate should be sent me tlmt the cause of death was disease of the h » art .
Llewellyn Lewis examined—( Serjeant Potter was here called into the room . )—Am registrar of births and deaths for the district of Isloworth , which includes lieston . I live in Wooton-lane . On themerning of Tuesday the 14 th instant , a soldier of the seventh Hussars came to me to register the death of a comrade . Asked him if lie was present at the death . Ho said " No . " Asked him if he had been in attendance upon him . He said ' No . " I said I could not take his information ; he must send me a person who wa 3 present at the death , mid also a Burgeon ' s certificate . He went away , and he said he would send the hospital serjeant down , as they wanted to
bury deceased at twelve o ' clock that day . Waited till Serjeant Henry Potter came , who produced this certificate , saying he was presentat his death : — "PrivatePrederick Whito , 7 th Queen ' s Own Hussars , died 11 th July , 184 G , disease , inflammation of the heart . —Georgo Warren , M D ., Surgeon , 7 th Hussars . " Witness—From something f had heard , I was induced to ask Potter if the man had been flogged . He hesitated a little , and then said , " Well , he has been flogged , about five weeks ago , but he was quite well in about a fortnight . " Asked his private opinion on flogging , and much surprised to hear him say that it could not be done away with . 1 then registered the death .
William Brent examined , —I am a butcher st Ties ton , and a constable of that parish . A policeman came to me by order , as he stated of Mr . Pounall , the magistrate , and told me to go to the BarracltR and enquire about the death of a man who had been flogged . Went to the barracks and saw Dr . Warren , who told me the man had been flogged , but it was five weeks before , that ho haa got quite well of it ,, that he had died of aw inflammation of the heart , and that there was no oecasi on for an inquest . Went to Mr . Pownall ' s but he was n ' jt at home . Went to Bedford-square , and was by tbe Coroner o * tlere < i to « o to tho barracks . Saw Dr . Wiy , Cn , whogafemowhat informfttton . I wanted , but siu ' d an inqiHist wag un .
necessary . Farrier Evans deposed— . A : tn a farrier and private in the 7 th Hussars , Wan present at the punishment of the deceased , lteciived r » o instructions from any ono during the punishment . V / -as informed of it before the parade by Parrier-major Written . The colonel , adjutant , and surgeon of the regiment came into the room . Was employed to flog t ' jie deceased . It is an order of the regiment for the farriers to flog .. When all hands are paraded ever ^ on 6 attends ,. Went into the riding school . White wa-j not there then . Ciitten and I tied , up deceased w ^ th tho cords usual for that purpose . Deceased was tirjti in the usual manner , by the hands and legs , go that '/ je couldnot move hand or foot . The cats were lying on the floor ; should say four or five . Farrier . major
Untitled Article
Cr Uten used the first , ( Tbe witness here took the cat he « s ed ; itwasone efthelighthandledones . ) That is the 11 u ? ed to flog the deceased , and alab-Mathewson . w hen I took the cat the adjutant B » id "Cfiron . " That w a » the only or&et that was addresied to mo . I am Bure ° fthat . No complaint w * s made that I did not do my duty . It is left to a Bean ' s discretion to flog hard or not . It is left to his own strength . The only order I received was from the fowlti' -inajor not to strike hard or soft , hut to strike between the ihouldm . The Coroner— What are your orders ! q Colonel Whyte and the Adjutant both said there were no ordevs .
TBb Coroner—J shall then not ask the witness another question ; and had 1 been aware of what his answers would have been I would not have examined him , and placed him in this position . This must be enquired into most strictly . I will explain thesituation In which this man standby what he has stated . Weharethi 3 in his evidence—thatbe hasflogged this man into whose death we are em | aiping withouj hariDg . received any orders to do so . Dr . Warren was called forward , and the coroner told him ho stood in-s position in which he could not receive Ms evidence , but if he chose to milsenny stntomentit would be written Jown , and probably iaed' against him . —Dr . Warren said he was most anxious to state all he knew of the case ; Examined but not sworn ;¦ Am a Do « tAro ? Medicine of the UnivwBity of Edinburgh , » na
surgeon to the 7 th Hiwuars . It h customary in the British army thnt a surgeon should be present at every punishment . Thereisageneralorderto tlmt effect . Hoard the sentence read previous to the punishment being inflicted in the presence of the deceased tmd the regiment . Examined deceased most minutely on > the morning of the day of tho trial . Made no entry of my examination in my medical register . I certify before he was punished and after . I examine him to ascertain if ho whs fit to undergo corporal punishment , imprisonment , or anything else . When I had written the certificate I gave it to a non-commissioned of 5 cer ; who took it to tha commanding officer- It stated that the deceased was in a good state of health nnil fit to undergo corporal punishment , imprisonment , &c . I gave that certiiiente with the knowledge that I had the-power to stop-thnt
punishment whenever I thought it necessary . Thnt certificate was laid before the officers at the court-martial . During the punishment it was not necessary for me to gite any order respecting it . Should say I was near enough to docensed while punished to see if it was necesunry to in . terffve , being only a yard or two from him . Not ncies-* ary in the British army to examine a soldier under punishment . Not customnry in the British army to feel the pulse while under punishment , and did not do it . Ordered Serjeant Potter to foinont deceased's back , after the punishment , with a sponge and warm water . Saw deceased on the second day at ten o'clock . Did not make daily sntriesof his state in tlio mediciil book , as not necessary , butevery two or three days . He was , at first , on low diet ( half diet ) . No clianj- 'o was made in his diet until he became worse . It was then changed to spoun diet , or what we call " fever diet . " Tlmt was ju 3 t before his death . From the l ( Jth to the 10 th of
Juna he had low diet . On the Gtli of July it was altered to spoon diet , viz ., three pints of tea and a certain Quantity of bread . That was all . The diet is regulated by the medical board . Fomentations were continued from the 16 th to the 20 th , inclusive . On the 22 nd there was some cetaceous ointment mixed vith lead applied as dressings to the buck , until the 25 th . On the 25 th , he hail a number of boils coming out on his back , ami poultices were ordered . On the 28 th , ho hud some opening medicine ordered . He went on well » t first . There was a considerable discharge at first , but no sloughing or smell . Tho small book produced is only a memoran * . lum-book of the surgeon ' s . His back was nearly well nt the first fortnight . Considered that he was fit for duty about the 5 th or Qth o ( Jyly , H , ive no entry on the 6 th . Deceased mado no complaint of pain until the 6 th of July . Did not examine him witli a stethoscope , as he made no complaint .
The Coroner said , Dr . Warren ought to be acquainted with the tsvidence of the man Matthewson , aud bo would therefore read to him that part if Mattbewsun ' s eviiU'iice relating to the 4 th of July , as to the deceased's eomplnimng to the doctor as to the pain in his side , and that it was occasioned 0 y flogging , which Dr . Warren declared was false . Mr . WaWey thin proceeded to read Severn ! parts of Matthewson ' sjevidence as to the surgeon ' s not seeing the deceased , or attending to him , or Matthewson himself , till the day after the flogging , and as to the pains Matthewson himself had . Dr . Warren—The witness has not stated the truth , although he was on his oath . Neither of them complaint-d to ma at the time of those feelings . I do not believe a word of that statement . There is a good deal of untruth in it . The Coroner—Why was deceased
removed before his death ?—It was necessary . His was a surgical cane . Could not help that removal was against his consent , as it was uecessary . The medical hoard have given directions that medical cases shall be kept by themselves , and this waa a sui'gieal ease . Dr . lteid mndo ftteposl mortem examination . Have not stated in the medical register the cause of death , as I did not iike to make any alterations in it . Treated deceased for inflamin 4 lion of the pleura and heart . Tlio jwst mortem examination was made on Monday , the 13 th . Dr . Hale , ataff-surgeon of the first class , took down the observations . I was present . Dr . IU-id is a 9 taft-surgeon . Saw old adhesions on the right side , strong adhesions , Saw
also slight adhesions on the left side of the chest at the back part . Tho pleura was affected . The lungs were inflamed . The pulmonary arteries were inflamed to the extent of half an inuh . The pulmonary veins were very little inflamed , The liver was much enlarged , but healthy . The kidneys healthy , and of natural size . The coats of the bladder were a little thickened . Stomach and intestines quite healthy , There was inflammation of the heart , extending to the vessels and the aorta , Saw no inflammation in the pericardium . The cause of death was inflammation of the heart aud pleura . What caused the inflammation I cannot say , there nrc so many causes of disease . Was not present at the re-examination of the body by Mr . Day .
After a short , adjournment John nnil was examined : I nm a graduate of the College of St . Andrews atid a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons , First-klllSe Scnff Surgeon in the Army , residing at 45 , Duke-street , Piccadilly . Saw deceased on day of death in the evening about twenty minutes after seven o ' clock . Met Dr . Warren iu the barrack square , and we went at oneo to the hospital . Dtceased was at that time in a dying state . He expired in my presence at a quarter past eight o ' clock . Dr . Warren stated tlmt the man hml been taken ill , that he had . been punished on tho lath of June , and that when he got worse he thought it necessary to write to the Director General , that some other medical officer should see him . He said deceased hud been treated for disease of the chest . I examined his back that night , and made a report that night to Sir
James M'Grigor . On the Monday I got an order for a post mortem examination , and brought Dr . Iteid , the assistant staff surgeon , with me . Dr . Reid made the examination for Dr . Warren . The general appearance ol the body was that of a fino , tall , well-formed man ; marks of blister over pit of stomacli . bleeding on right arm , ol a blister between the shoulder blades , and m ; ir ); s of punishment on right shoulder , particularly on right shoulder blade . The skin quite healed where punished . On opening the chest found the right lung firmly attacheil to the diaphragm . On the leftside recent adhesion of the lung to the rib , the pleura inflamed , and an tffusion of fluid twelve ounces in the cavity of the left pleura , in tho cavitj a deal of shreds of lymph , which showed the inflammation . The heart and tho muscular tissue soft , and easily torn , and inflammation of all the
lining cavities of the heart . Tho inflammation extended a Iitlle way along the pulmonary artery , and over tin semi-lunar arteries of the aorta . The liver was uuusu nily large , the substance of the liver wns healthy , anil not deceased in colour much . Should cail it simply eu . largemeut of the liver without disease . The other parts of the belly were all healthy . Kot examined the spine . Membranes of the brain being first congested , ami the erechnoid was inflamed . There was no fluid to mentiua in the ventricles , which were capaciuiu , —By the Coroner : A portion of the skin was removed to see the state of the tissues and muscles under tbo j > : irt where most punished . They were found to be healthy . The-sMn retracts after removal . The muscles were not removed ; they were perfectly healthy . ( The skin shown to- the
witness . ) More than this was token away . Think a portion of the healthy skin wns taken away With it . The boils had been on the part of the skin iwnoved . This skin had not been cut by the flogging . I mean , the true skin . It has been abraded . ( This Coroner here required Serjeant Potter to read Dr . Warren ' s entry of the IGthof June , where it said » kin lacerated and swollen , and discharge of . blood .. ) The- true skin was not tut . Should attribute , death to hiftiimmation of the lining membrane ofi tho heavt , inflammation of tli& pleura anil , of the lungs . Should say that the cause of the inflauv mution arose from change of temperament of the weather . VSas prohibited from being presens at the last examination by your order , Tho weather - was at &rst eitrenaily hot , and then in the beginning of Ji % , it turned cold and wet .
Francis Head , of Stcckbridge-tcrraee , Pimlicov exnurined . —Ani a Graduate of Medicine of Edinburgh , and aVellow of the Koynl College of Surgeons of london . Made tho yost mortem examination . Agree with Dr . Hall on tho whole of his evidence . The Coroner : Canyou form an opinion as to . the cause of the inflammation »_ -Thatis a most difneiU * question . I can tell you what has not caused it . I think Ihe puuhhment has had nothing to do with it , and I will give you my reasons for it . The witness was entering into his opinions , when he was stopped by tho Co toner . Tba witness then explained ths snme as Dr . Hall thnt tiie skin when cut away would recede . —Tho Coroner : Wo will &ak you for your opinions when you liavo liea * d all the evidence .
Horatio Grosveiior Day exnmined : I an \ u . member of the College of Surgeons of England . I examined the body of the deceased by desire of the j'iry and the order of the Coroner on tho Thursday after Oeath . My partner , Dr . Mackinlay , was with me . Found the body lying in an outhouse at the bnrracks . Had it removed on a tablo in the yard . Opened the cavity o £ the chest and abdomen ; found the parts very much decomposed , and of course out of their original position . Heart nppenred to be rather smaller than usual . It had been opened aud all the vessels opened . The lining was rather redder than usual , but there was no inflammation , owing to the previous examination that had huen mnde . Tho lungs appeared gorged . There was inflammation of the left pleura , but I cannot speak of adhesions , as the lungs had
Untitled Article
bk'Cn CUt through . Tile body wns in a very bad state 0 { deevmpisition . The liver appenred larger than wnal . and ,. ittrcr paler . Broke it , but there was nothing par-» £ 7 £ ' esture - ™ not cx . mine tho liua . l or * Ztm : ° " ™ ncd-Live « t 55 , CharlottetarT ' r ' hV W— ' f deCen 8 ( " j « Son ChuS yard . Ihe intor . or ln too bad a state to be examiner ] The witness read his evMence from a wri « ™ JS the examination of the l * . 1 jr and spine . In the cburo of the examination he found « . portion of « , ftmilsc , eiiw , re disorganised and softened ; about three inches in length and this pulpy softening ar , \ S extetwfinu' to the muskeg of tfie chest . The nerves wer » JieaJtbr . and found )) o <]}« ,
ease of the spine . The cause- ft the »» &n , in 1 helicv » to have been the consequence « f' intense ttuffeririir wl-. ilo under punishment . Tise follovtfb ; . ' is tfcs extract of the esiimraation wliisn contnins theiin . portai ? Jpiirt : — "Ou raising the muscles or flesii fvom o@ ' tlierihg and fpine , I found a part of the ueepesV-lsryer of aiw ' frlps . tiz .. . that which Jay in contact with «;«•¦ bones , f-ea state of disorgHnbsntfoii , antl converted ir . Urn soft' pulp Iff medical / nnjjungo , Z slimiM call tJr . ' . va pnlpv »//« i % of the muscles . TIib teat of the pulp . 7 ? sofie ! iin , 7 wis- thesixtliand seventh ribs , nenr their attac-fcVncnts to tSe spine , together with their intervening spaces- and tlicholleiv Between tii ^ aut . h nnd seventh pieces af'the spine . The
extent of tliB dis » Tgao « n « on was Mbcirt'tlirre in'ihes in length , by aoout one hich and a hnlJ'in t'ie graatest breadth , ami b etween B quarter and « lililf an ItoK in thickness . I ,, the ap ! lc ,, between the lib- - the muscles had undergone tW » pulpy alteration , even so tfennstbeltehig membranes of tne chct . the soften . < 1 nrn ^ ie being in abaolutecontact with the TminsmombraneB . - That portion . - Of the flesh Wnieh ' oceupiM the fmo ™ < tf * he spine , « n * had underyoiiB a simitar (] isor < raniziilion , was one of thelittle mupcles known to the medical men n ^ -ier tin- nameof imiltifMus spiiuo . in addition to softi-whip , tlmlittlemURCle was paHIy surroumled with blood . It was in the > State medicall y ea ) led eechvmosis . The in 5 r-tior of the
spine was in a state of extreme decompoMtioiT . Tlictissuo between tho spinnl cannl and the spinal slientYr was filleft with a dark coloured fluid , resulting from deoomnosition . rhu sheath itrelf was smooth and polished on- its internal Riuface—a state incentive of he » lth . It wa 3-perfectly devoid of nervous ralistance , which . hud been converted into fluid b y decomposition , anu had flowed ; i way . Thenerves r . mained , and presented a healthy appearance , so that , so far as the spine is concerned . I discovered na indications of disease-. Two questions naturally arise out of the pi' coding examination , namelv" 1 . What was cause of the pulpy softenin ^ -of the muscles ? . II . "Could the stnte of disorganization preceding the pulpy softening influence the discaso existing : in the chest !
"The cause of the pulpy softening I believe tc-h ' aro been the excessive contraction of the muscles taking place during the agony of punishment , This excessive contraction would produce lnceration and subsequent inflammation of the muscles ; and the inflammation , instfad of being reparntiye , would , in consrquence of the depressed state of the powers of the nervous system of the sufferer , llG Of thfe disorganizing kind , tvuipli results in pulpy softe ing . Had the man lived , the disorganization of the muscles would in time hare been rnpnirpd . As regards the second question there can be no ilonnt tlmt nlthoush . the common cawse of inflmrnnntion of the contents of the chest is cold , acting in conjunction with physical or moral depression , and might have been the cubso in the- ense of the rtecmeil , jet the presence of : i portion of muscle in a stale of disorganization and inflammation , in cldse contact with the living membrane of the chest , might bo adequate to the prnduetion of the saTiie effect . Certainly , no surgeon would feel comfortable with regard to the ttoter of the pntient , if he were aware of such dangerous proximity . ( Sie-ed ) "ERASMtTS AViison . " '
By the . Coroner— I believe thnt this »]> pcara » co , which I have found , aa above stated , is a new discovery in surh , a changc of the muscles . It is not stated in any hook that I know of extant , imd . could hardly have been expected from this cause . It corresponded with the Feat of pain antl the inflammation of the lun ; rs . and sincn I have been in this room . I have become more onnviheed that what T have stated was the o . tusi ? , th « n I was before . It was not on the snnv side as the . « kin was on ( hat had been removed . It was deep seat » d . and was a rupture of a resgel by its own spontaneous action . Tim whole substnnce of tho henrt was diseased and inflamed . The disease of the heart , and of the lungs , nnd of the pleura , was the proximate cause of death . The Coroner—Do you think that if the man had not been flogged he would have been aliva now ? ¦ Witness—I think that there can be no doubt that the mnn would hsve been alive nowifhebad not been subjee ^ . to corporal punishment .
The Coroner—I think we ought notnowto go ; furth « c with the medical evidence . Mr . Clark hr-re spoke to Colonel Why te , and in doinjr so , Raid t ? iat the other medical men did not think so f upon which—Mr . Wilson , who overhenrd it , * ai'l the other medical men knew not the state of t' -e man until they heard the evidence given in that room . I should have given the same evidence as they , from what tbej-knew . I have opened from 500 to 1000 bodies , and never-before saw such a chiinge in the muscles of the bark . The Coroner then stated that at the next meeting of the Jury the depositions of all the witnesses would be read over to , and signed by , them , and after that , further evidence of the medical men would bs gone into as to tho cause of death , after which the Inquiry-would be brought to a conclusion .
Mr . Horatio G . T ) ny re-called—I njrree with the evi . denco given by Mr . Wilson , as to the change of the Muscle , but am not prepnred to go { he length of connecting Hie disorganized state of tho mufcle with tlie cimse of death , or with the chest . I think that mere conjecture . I do not ascribe it to the Wows , themselves , but tlmt it might have been caused by the ngony from the lasa . The Ooronir asked Mr . Claris if he was prepared to > shoiv thnt th punishment was legal . Mr . Clark here put iu the minutes of the court-maptiaf . The Coroner said it ought to have been a certified copy . Mr . Clark informed the Coroner that Lieutenant-Colonel Wliyte was most anxious to stnte to the jur ^ - what he did really say to the regiment after the deceased was flosrged .
Lieutenant-Colonel John James "Whyte then stood forward , tmd snid , what I said ¦ v .-as as follows ;— " I regvetted the necessity of recurring to the punishment I had which nns so disgraceful to thu man and'the . regiment ; hut I said the man had ^ brought it unonhimself . ! Within the last three years he had been brought before me four limes previously for assaults , and now hml . ended his catalogue of crimes by a cowardly assault upon an unarmed mnn , anil by such brutal conduct lie had brouglit ^ imself to the disgraceful state they htui just seen him irn" That wns all I snid : I gave no directions to the farriers , except "Goon . "
Lieutenant and Adjutant Ireland then entered into a statement ns to what tookplace at the punishment of deceased , which was muchtsimilar to the evidence of the privates already glv- n > Hu . however , most positively denied that hfe eve * told Paryier . Evans to " llO hiB duty , " or gave any directions to . the farriers , noopt telling them to go an when tlio farriera were changed . The furriers never received any orders as to a ffligging ; it was their duty to do it , nnd they know bt'sth / iw to perfwm it . If they did not , they would be liable to-pumsuraent . The inquiry . was again adjourned , until' J ' onday next .
Untitled Article
Extraordinary Death-op a Miam—On Monray nk-ht Mr . Joseph Payne , held . mi inqupst at the ''Kinus' Aiwa , Shoreditcli , on tho body of Dr . John CuristaittUbeni , aged-seventy-nfne , nte . residing at 19 , Ditbo-strect , St .- Mary . Axe . GaihcWno Ubeni said , that-the deceased ' was her father , iic was a Doctor of Divinity , and also a Doctor of Physio , lie had ' own for many years oils ' of the governors of > t . Thomas's Hospital . On ths night ofSafimJay last , at about half-past tea o ' clock , whilst she was sitting on taa bed , she called t&lier fathai -, feat veeemiui no answer she weal > and sbouk-hfehrnA , s >» d tlirn found that his face was cold , and conehnl ' rat' that he was either dead ewdying , she wont anjl id ' oniied a . ni « a to the niuns-of Gigg , residing near Whitecross-etwet . ¥ pon tlievv return to the I'oiisoUtev aswrtanjed tliat theufceased-wnsdoacl . Witness hmi not ir-fm-med
the peopls living in the same ho » w > as deeeasei ! in the first instance , neither dill she call in ft suvticon . hecauBoit was lier father ' s wish that she should not do an . Sie wanted to fetch a doctor durin-r the I ' ny . but ii&eeased would not allow lier . She li *(] lived with deoeaacd for twelve y ^ rs , nnd she wuld not tell whether lie had left any property to any one . Th&chapeHn BrowirVlatie was hia own ^ ? r ceho ! d . M ? a . Sophia ScfkiTsaUlshft occupied the lower port » n of the hou se iti whichdra'MSed resided . IIi : was a man of very parsimonious habits , nnd he-hesrud ! : ctl himself the-common noct-ssnricsodifc . lie « oeup ed but two rooms . Chavlm Gins said s ^ had winked for th& tlesenseil nearly til ' teen yeara . A Tier ileeeasod was laid out , witness shaved him to save the expense of a barber . Other evidence havinji been adduced , the Jury returned a verdict of " JSatnrnl death . "
ThuLate Fatal Accidkkt off ! saijxiuUv 15 uidgb . An inquest wsis hold on Tui : sdfr . v ., nt the Feathers , Dean-street . Westminster , beVe Mr . Bedford , on the body of Catherine Rathfcone , n >; cd > hroc years , daughter of Geoiv « RathVpnc , shonninn to Mr . Wyltl , of Chavinp-cross . ' 5 ! he deceased v-a& dvowned hy tho upsetting \ . i a boai in which v ; uve nine other persons near Vauxhsll bridge , on Satsmlay evening . By the evidence , it appeared that t )> o party m Hie boat or Bluff was composed chiefly ofilie d . v ! ecrsenpaped at Cvcmorncsrardens , who liml jiisi . recovea then * salnvio 9 , and determined on rowing thems ejvea back to London . At VauxhnlUwidgc tho two "ho were rowing lost the management of tho boat , wiiioa notwithstanding all their eforto , Br »[ " »» J ™ s ^ jta ^^^ SS i ^^^^ jgft youne woman , hevaunt . whose bodj h ** w » y « " > w « found . Vevdiot , " AooMentnl deata ,
Untitled Article
Apgitst 1 , ~ M& . /¦ ¦ ¦ ^¦ ^~^~ : ~ ,.,, ^ . ^ . _ THEANQR ^ gjEiRN ia ^ AR . t i V ? ^ ¦ - m . ¦ _ ,-.- . ~ . „ - I ' ^ ¦^—¦ ^ — a —w «^^ a ^ *^^^^ w ^^ m ^^^^^ , ^^_ ____^ . - - - - . " j *^ . . " ^ . ¦ ' ¦"""" ' ¦ ' * ¦ : ' ' ¦'¦ ¦? " ... . . ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ' ¦ - ** " ii I ^ M^—¦—__^_^__ --
Mirr.Avnnolt Death Fhom Lockjaw. — On Wed-
Mirr . AvnnoLT Death fhom Lockjaw . — On Wed-
-
-
Citation
-
Northern Star (1837-1852), Aug. 1, 1846, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1377/page/7/
-