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THE NORTHERN STAR. SATDttDAY, NOTEMBER 28, 1846.
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*-:C 5 ^ - - " books publishing by u. d. cousins, 18, duke-stkeet, lincoln's-inn-fields, LONDON.
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PROGRAMME OFTHE PROCEEDINGS TO BE PROP OS ED BY THE DIRECT O R S AT THE APPROACHING LAND CONFERENCE.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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The Shtphera , by the Rtv . J . B . Smith , M A . Tot . I . price 53 . 6 a . Vol . II price 3 s . T . « l . III . price 6 s . 6 d ., cloth boards ; or the three volumes in one , haif-bound ia ealf and lettered , price 16 s . Refutation of Owemsm . by G . Reaford , of Worcester ; with a Reply , by the Rev . J . E . Smith , M . A . Is . Hew Christianity ; or the Religion of St . Simon , with a colo ired portrait of a St . Simouian Female ; translated bj theR-nr . J . E Smith ,. M . A . Is . Th * LUtle Bool . - , addressed to the Bishop of Exeter ana Robert Owen , by the Rev . J . E . Smith , M . A . 6 J . ; by post , 10 d . " Legtndi and Miracles , l > y the Rev . J . E . Smith , M . A Ciotfc boards , If . Sd . The Universal Chart , containing the Elements of Univer-
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Tlie Christian Mythology Unveilei , in a Serie 3 of Lsetores , by Logan Mitchell , Esq ., late of 9 , Grove Road , Lisson Grove , London , In Nineteen Numbers , at 3 d . euch . or , handsomely bound and gilt-lettered , 6 s . \
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An Eternal Hell : —Twelve Reasons for not Believing in the Doctrine . The Almighty G-.-d : —Twelve Reasons for Believing in his Existence . The Devil : —Twelve Reasons for sot Believing in his Existence . The Immortality of the Soul : —Twelve Reasons for Believing the Doctrine . The Lake of Fir-j , —Htll , not a Place of Punishment , hut of Progressive and Endless Felicity ; proved by Scrip-
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In one thick Octavo Volume , cloth boards , 5 s . 6 d ; in 11 Parts at 6 d . each ; or in 55 Penny Xumberf , the HEJIOIES OF SEBJEAST PAUL SWANSTON , Written by himself , and never before published . This is the cempletelifi : of a Soldier in Portugal , Spain , France , America , IreUnu , and Great Britaiu , from 1806 te 1 S 25 . The Camp , th .- March , the Skirmish , the Battle , the Tictory , and the Defeat ; the Siege , the Forlorn Hope , the Plunder , the Riot , the Ravage , the Military Heroism , aud the Moral Crime ; the fulness of one day aud the luager of anothtr ; Liberty and Hope , Cijitirity and Despair , wore parts of the Author ' s every-day life . Memorials of his most adventurous Comrades are also recorded ; with many new details of the Duke , his Campaigns , Officers , aud Soldiers , which has n ^ -ver appeared in any other Work of the kind .
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AM ; 'JTICKS FOR THE YEAR 1847 . THE LOXDON ORACLE , ( A Book ) . Price One Penny . THE METROPOLITAN ALMANACK , ( Sheet the size of the London Pioneer ) containing Twenty Three Engravings . Price One Penny . THE PROPHETIC ALMANACK , ( Sheet ) Price One Ptmny . CRUICKSHAJJK'S COMIC , ( Sheet ) containing numerous Engravings . Priee One Penny .
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IMPORTANT TO PnOTOGKAVmaTS . AX application was made on the . 22 ud Sipt- 'fliber , to The Viw-Chancellor of England , bj . fir . Usard ( who , acting under a mostextraordiny deiusus , considers himself the soli }/ -iie-tte < : of ths Photographic jirojess 3 ) to restrain MR . E 5 EUT 0 X , of 1 , Tciuple-stricc , and 14 S , Fiect-street , roin tilting Pliotograiilfu ; Portntitj , which he does bj a process entirely iliffcrep . t froc and very superior to Mr . Beard ' s , and at one-half the cl . rgc-. His Honour refused the application iu totg . Ii ' u license required t « i practice this process , which is t-iugiitby Mr . Egerton in a f « w lessons at a moderate Alf the-Apnrratus , Chemicals , &c to be had as usual » t his Depot , 1 , Temple-street , Whitefriars .
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* .. - A GOOD FIT WARRANTED . UBSDELL AND CO ., Tailors , are now making up u complete Suit of Superfine Black , any size , for £ S Superfine West of England Black , £ 3 10 s . ; and th ^ very best Superfine Saxony , £ 5 , warranted not to spot o cbange eolour . Juvenile Superfine Cloth Suits , 2 is . IdTerieiequally cheap—atthe Great Western Emporium . Nos . l and 2 , Oxford-street , London ; the noted house for good black cloths , andpateat made trousers . Gentlemen can choose the colour and quality of cloth from the largestitockiaLoBdon . The art of cutting ta « fht .
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- ' LITHOGRAPHIC ^ ENGRAYINGS ' * . ! ' ¦ - * ¦ 6 ptm ' «¦• ¦ ¦ •¦ •• ¦' - " DUNCOMBE TESTIMONIAL . MA T still be had at the Office of Messrs : M'Gowan and Co ., 1 G , Great Windmill Street , Haymarket , London ; through any respectable bookseller . in townoi country ; or at any of the agents of the Northern Star . The engraving is on a large scale , is executed in the most finished style , is finely printed * n tinted paper , and gives a minute description of the Testimonial , and has the Inscription , &c ., &i :, engraved upon it . PRICE FOURPENCE .
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TO TAILORS . LONDON -wid PARIS FASHIONS FOR AUTUMN AND WINTER , 18 « -47 . By READ and Co ., 12 , Hart-street , Bloomsbury square , London ; And G . Berg-r , Holy well-street . Strand ; May be had of all booksellers , wheresoever residing . KOtT BB 4 DT , By approbation of her Majesty Queen Victoria , and ilia Royal Highness Priace Albert , a splendid print richly coloured and exquisitoly executed View of Hyd Park Qa .- 'lens , as seen from Hyde Park , London . With this beautiful Print will be sent Dress , Frock , and Riding Coat Patterns , the n west style Chesterfield , and the New fashionable Double-breasted Waistcoat , with Skirts . The method of reducing and increasing them * br all siies , explained in the most simple manner , with i lur extra PJates , and can be easily performed by any person . Manner of making up , and a full description ol the Uniforms , as now to be worn in the Roynl Navy , and other information . —Price 10 s . or post-free 11 s .
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CRIMES AND CONTRADICTIONS OF DANIEL O'CONNELL ESQ ., M . P ., In a series of letters , addressed to the Irish residing in Great Britain , by PATRICK O'HlGOlNS , ESQ . Printed aridpublishtd by W . H . Dyott , No . 24 , North King-street , corner of Linen Hall-street , Dublin . Price one penny each . Also the Rev . John Kektos ' s letters : and Mr . O'lliggins ' s letters to Lord Elliot , Right Rev . Dr . Blake , Most Hev . Dr . 11 'Hale , i-c , ic ., &c .
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Now ready , Prio * Om Shilling . THK SEOON * B 9 IT 10 K « F MY LIFE , OR OUR SOCIAL STATE , Puw I . a Poea , by ERNEST JONES , Barrister at Law . Full of wild dreams , strange fancies and graceful iasage 3 , interspersed with many bright and beautiful thoughts , iu chief defect is its brevity . The author ' s inspirations seem to sush fresh and sparkling from Hippo-• rena . lie will want neither readers nor admirers . —Mom . ingJPott . . 'ii ^ It contains' » or « pregnant thoughts ; mor » bursts of lyric power , more , in fine , of the truly grand and beautiful , thananvpoetical work , which has made its appearance for years . W « know of few thing-9 more drainaticaily intense than the scenes betweer Wiilipn , Warren and Clare . —Aiew Quarterly JievitfB .-, ' .. Published by Mr . Kewby , 72 , ' -Uoi timer-street , Cavendihs-squarc . ' ' ' '"• . * ' " Orders received by all booksellers . By the same Author TnE WOOD SPIRIT ; An Historical Romance , in Two Vols . An unequivocally strangt and eventful history—Ossiaiiic in its qualitj . —Morning Herald , In every page before us inay be discovered some fresh vigorous and poetical conception . The fearful brea king down of the dykes is beautifully brought into the mind's eve . —Morning Post . - In reading " The Wood Spirit , " we would , were it pos sible , gladly seize the author's pen to paint its merits and shadow forth its excellences im his own ¦ poetie language . We turn to such a work as " The Wood J Spirit" with sensations somewhat similar to those of the weary travellers in the desert , when they approach those Springs from which they draw renovated life and vigour to continue their course . — , Burp and Suffolk Himld . CHARTIST POEMS , BY ERNEST JONES . j Price Tliree Pence . . SECOND IDITIOX , BE VISED AND COBHECTKD ; -i Toe wish having been expressed in several quarters for the author to publish in & collected form his Poems that have appeared in the Northern Star , he begs to announce that a revised and corrected selection under the abore title is now on sale . Agents arc requested to send their orders to the author or to Mr . Wheeler , at the offlce of the N . C . A ., 83 , Dean Street , Soho , London , or to M'Gowan < fc Co ., Printers , 16 , Great Windmill Street , Haymarket , London , where eopies may be procured .
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/ On the 1 st of January will be published , No . 1 , ( price Gl ) of THE LABOURER , A Monthly Magazine of Politics , Literature , Poetry , ic . Edtied by Fkabscs O'Connor , E 30 ,, and Ebsest Jones , Esq ., ( Barristers-at-Law . ) . With contributions by several abl « coadjutors . " Tke Labourer " will consist of 48 full pages of watter ; it will be printed in a superior style on fiue paper , and brought out , in all reBpects , equal to any Magazine of the day . No . 1 , will contain a " Chbistmas Casol , " in verse , h ) Mr . Ernest Jones . ¦ Further particulars will be given in future adver-
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ROYAL MARYLEBOXE THEATRE . Licensed by authority of the Lord Chamberlain . Propiietor ... Mr . Lovebidoe . Les 3 ee ... Mr . John Docglass , Theatre , Marylebone ,
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A BENEFIT In aid of the Funds of the Assembly and Reading Rooms , 83 , Sean Street , Soho , will be given On TfESDAT EvEwrNO , 8 th ot Decehbeb , 1846 , At the above Theatre , under the Patronngo . of T . S . DUNCOMBE , Esq ., M . P ., Who will honour the Theatre with his presence on tbis occasion .
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The Performance will commence with the Hghly papular Comedy of JOHN BULL , or , an Englishman's Fire-Side . Job Thornbcrry , Mr . Gates . Sir Simon Rochdale , Mr . Biddell . Hon . Tcm Sliufueton , ( on this occasion ) Mr . J . Raynar . Frank Rochdale , Mr . Lickfold . Donnis Brulgruddery , Mr . T . Lee . Dan , Mr . John Douglass . Peregrine , Mr . Cowle . John Bur , Mr . Pi-nnett . Simon , Mr . Phillips . John . Mr . Stilt . Lady Caroline Braymore , Mrs . Campbell . Mrs . Brulgruddcry , Mrs . Lickfold . Mary , Mrs . John Douglass .
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To he succeeded by a Pasticco in which Mr . J . Rob-Bisa , the Eminent Buffo Singer , will sing the Horticultural Lover , aud a new song composed expressly for this occasion . i ! r . Edmpnd Still wood , at the earnest solicitation of numerous friends , will make bis first appearance on the stage , personate the character , and deliver the celebrated recitation of '" Mawworm . " Maiter Wilcox , w ill sing " Jack Rag , " and give the Mock Heroic Grecian Statues . Mr . John Douglass will ( by desire ) dance his celebrated hornpipe .
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To conclude with the- Musical Drama entitled tho LITTLE DEVIL . Ferdinand , King of Spain , Mr . G . Ponnet . Fraz Antonio , Air . Lickfold . Gil Vargo , Mr . Biddle . Don Rafael de Esturngo , Mr . J . Rayuer . Count Mvdoro , Mr . Ball . Antonio , Mr . Robberds . Carlo , Mr . Rickards . Carlo , assuming the character of Asmodeua , Miss Martin . Isabel , Mrs . Campbell . Casilda , iliss llubberds .
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Boxes , 2 s ; Pit , Is . ; Gallery , 6 < 1 ; Private Boxes , £ 1 Is . ; Doors open at half-past six , performance to commence at 7 precisely .
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Tickets to be had at the following places : Clark ' s Coffee nouse , 111 , Bdgware Road ; Mr . Par . ker , News Agent , Harrow Road ; Mr . Vincent Pakes , 22 . Hereford-street , Lisson-grore ; Mrs . Isaacs , Upper Ogle Street ; Mr . Ernest Jone 3 , 9 , Church Row , llanipstend ; Mr , Hornby , ID , Northaraa Buildings , Somers Town ; Mr . Duddridge , Bricklayer ' s Arms ., Tonbridge Street , New Road ; Mr . L . F . Brown , Silver Street , Kensington ; Mr . Gifford , King Street , Kensington ; Mr . Stallwood , ' 2 , Little Vale Place , Hammersmith Road ; Mr . Cullingham , King Street , Hammersmith ; Mr . Skelton , Cecil Court , St . Martin ' s Lane ; Mr . Barrett , Trades Office , 30 , Hyde Street , Bloomsbury ; Workman ' s O « vn Shop , 131 , Drury Lane ; Mr . Bush , I , York Street , Larabe * h ; Mr . Gimblett , 3 , Howick Terrace , Vauxball-road ; Mr . Joha Arnott . Middlesex . place , Somers Towh ; llr . WUcox , ! , Avery Farm Row , Pimlico ; Mr , Cuffy ,
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Maiden Lune , CoTchtGardeu- ; : Mr . Milne , Union Styiat , Berkeley Square ; Madgin's Berkshire Coffee-house , LittlePulteney Street ; . Mr . Sowter , G , Little Windmill Street ; Mr . Parkas , 32 , Little Windmill Street ; Wes ; torton ' e Library , Park Side , Knightsbridge 1 " ; Colliver ' s Coffee House . Holywell Street ; Mr . W . J . Yeung , 33 , Park Street , Dorset-square ; Mr . James Harris , Cursitor Street , Chancery Lane Mr . J . Grassby , 1 , Noah ' s Ark Court , back of the Amphitheatre , Lambeth ' ; Mr . G . J , Harney , Northern Star Office ; Mr . Gover , Marquis Court , Drury Lane ; The Silver Cup , Cromer Street ; . Mr . Rogers , Cooper , Lambeth Walk ; Mr , J . Gathard , Page ' s Walk , Eerraondsey ; Mr . J . Cleave , 1 , Slioe Lane ; At the Assembly and Reading Rooms , 83 , Dean Street , Sobo , and at all places of meeting of the Land , Charter , and Trades Bodie * throughout the Metropolis , and of Mr . Morgan , Printer , next door to the Theatre .
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Omnibuses from Huugerford Market to the theatre , — eharge 2 d .. \ S
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1 st . To appoint a Finance Committee to examine the accounts of the Treasurer and Deputy Treasurer from the formation of the Company . 2 nd . To consider the propriety af raising funds upon the property of the Company by sale , mortgage , or the establishment of a bank ot deposit . , 3 rd . To decide upon the plau of a cottage for the respective classes of occupants .
4 th . To consider the practicability of locating members of the same family upon the same estate , without detriment to those who shall be entitled to ballot at the same time . 5 th . To decide what expenses aliall . be paid out of the expense fund . -: . V- '¦ : "'¦ % ¦ * - 6 tb . To decide upon the means by ' which the salaries of officers shall be levied . . " f th . To decide under what circumstances the Directors shall be empowered to erect SchooMiouses . " 8 th . To decide upon the mode by which Schoolmasters antl schoolmistresses shall be appointed . > 9 th . To decide as to how far the . Directors shnll be empowered to expend monies in the improvement of land from purchase to the location of occupants .
10 th . To decide whether the Directors shall have the power of increasing the funds of the Company by the sale of estates . ' , . lltb . To elect Trustees . 12 th . To elect Treasurer . 13 th . To elest Deputy Treasurer . * •' . ' ¦ , " Uth . To receive the Report of the Finance Committee . : 15 th . ; To elect Auditors . - : . . ' " ' 16 th . To consider the propriety of investing the district officers , with the consent of the Directors . * with the power of rejecting Persons of bad character as Members .
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THE CONFUSION . Ix these days of HONOURABLE SPECULATION , when crowns play at hazard for nations , the mind becomes so expanded by the immensity of the stakes , that we are inclined to look upon our large . 4 domestic ventures as " little goes "—a mere round of " chicken hazard . " One would naturally suppose that the annexation of Texas to the United States , of Cracow to the Austrian crown , and the no distant prospect of the addition of Spain to the family dower of the lfourbon famil y , should absorb all considerations . of railway fluctuations , short time ,
manufacturing anticipations , and even- the price of bread itself . However " small in-importance as the latter item may appear , we have a misgivings that ils consideration will create louder thunder . in our domestic arsenal than the distant guns of foreign artillery . In truth , we have always-loolied with great respect upon those opinions that are formed , " and actions that are guided ,. Jwselfijbiteresi / ' - There is an instinct in human naturei'as ^ lell iyrtiabits , mannars , customs , and propensities ,. ' which is implanted in the human mind , and with whose ascendancy even Socialism itself has not dared to grapple .
It is true that infant training may lead the growing mind to revolt against acts and institutions tolerated by the unlettered and uninformed . It is true that anew system of education , may lead to new habits , manners , customs ; and even propensities ; but it is equally true , that no system of training in which the infant or adult ' mind can be schooled will destroy those natural instincts which are implanted in the mind , and cannot be eradicated by education . We fear , moreover , that not only the natural instinct , but the cherished habits , manners , customs , and
propensities of those who are destined to . be the gunners in the next great domestic struggle , will have a powerful influence upon the settlement of those questions which have yet to be adjusted for the completion and realization of Mr . Cobden ' s notion of Free Trade princip les . We" allude to those timely and prudent concessions ^ nade - par t and parcel of the whole measure by ' Sij Robert Peel , bul barred by the influence of the capitalist , as well as to the Edinburgh letter of the present Prime Minister , so fall of promise to those who dreaded damage from the inconsiderate settlement of the question .
Mr . Cohden has been recently making a Free Trade tour in the territory of Don Quixote , with a Mr . Salis Schwabe as his Sancho Panza , and so far from the danger of an encounter with windmills , so damaging to the chivalry of bis illustrious master , we learn that many landlords graced his triumph at Seville , while the Commercio of Cadiz designates the attendance of 44 speculators as a GRAND BANQUET to our modern knight . It is not long since
we reminded the Free Traders that of all classes living , foreign landed proprietors have the greatest interest in a Free Trade in Corn with the richest country in the world ; and hence , we were fully prepared for the acceptance of the princip le by them . But thereis ' a comrogue class of theirs , who , although attempted to be silenced by the pigmy thunder of the Times are , nevertheless , preparing for that confusion for which we are now preparing ovir readers .
In England , as long as life can be preserved and taxes paid , there appears to be the most perfect security for property in the midst of the most appalling want an anomaly created by the judicious manner in which the several classes , through possession , speculation , and patronage , have becii heretofore allowed to manage the EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION of the nation ' s industry . Past history , however , tells us that there is danger to the state when change of laws or other circumstances threaten danger to any one of tho&orders . Hence , in 1842 , the bankrupt cotton lords would have forced the country to a revolution in defence of their privileges , and in a struggle for increased plunder .
We believe that the instinct which prompted those men to the daring outrage , will also influence , the landlords of this country when danger threatens their order ; and especially if , upon the next representation of their body after a General Election , they shall find themselves strong enoug h to enter the field as an aggressive force . Perhaps few have turned their attention to the probable constitution of the next House of Commons , —a House of Commons destined to be mote v-gorously assailed from at home and abroad by nations and factions than any House since the days of the revolution .
When the several classes of society were distracted and torn asunder by their own class-quarrels and dissensions , the democracy of each kicking against the rule of its little aristocracy , the House of Commons naturall y . became the representation of this mosaic mind , and by degress the placid contests between Whigs and Tories have been changed into aperfect Babel of class confusion . Thus , seeing
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how , under all circurastauces , the House is driven to a graduated scale of ^ representation , from the newest passion for change to the hig hest veneration for antiquated institutions , we venture to predict the practical effect of this change from without , upon the deliberations of the " COLLECTIVE WISDOM , " and with that view we venture upon a synopsis of the next Parliament , by presenting the reader with what appears to us likely to be the relative strength of parties . Pure Whigs and Free Traders ... 260 Pure Protectionists ... ... 280 . Peel and the Janissaries .. . . ... 70 llainilcar , Young Hannibals , and their Tail — ••• " Smith -O'Brien and the Young Irelanders . " ••• " « £ Duncombe and his party ... 20 : -: > 656 Sudbury , disfranchised ... 2 Total ... 658 Now such , we predict , will be . the strength of parties after the next General Election . Peel and . the Janissaries constituting the balance of power between Free Traders aud Protectionists , aiding Russell in his further threats upon the landed interest , until the Protectionists , like the Protestants after Emancipation and the Tories after Reform , discover the value of the ri g ht honourable
Gentleman as an adjuster of their social grievances , —the only man in whom the monied ' interests can have confidence , the only man , in tlie present state of representation , in whom Ireland appears to have confidence . ; ' and' the man ; who , next to Duncombe , possesses : ¦• -. more of the confidence of the ffiuglis ^ working classes than any other 'jndividuai ^ ho could aspire to the rank of parliamentary leader . As a matter of course the old aristocracy will strain every nerve to marshal their forces under Stanley in the Lords , and , mayhap , Gladstone in the-Commons , if the
pupil can be seduced from his master , but , come what will , Peel must either form an alliance , offensive and defensive , with Russell and the free--traders , or he once more accepted { is the unentrammelled chief of the LAND NOODLES . In the former event we should not be astonished to find Russell accepting Lords Aberdeen , Lincoln , and Dalhousie , Gladstone , and Sidney ! Herbert , in exchange for Lords Palmerston and Grey , Sir George Grey , Laliouctiere and Charles Wood ; Peel going to Ireland as Lord Lieuten ? nt , with Lincoln or Gladstone as his Secretary .
• As one of these results must take place , we show the Chartists the advantage , nay , the absolute necessity , of being prepared with a sufficient amount of parliamentary strength to take part in the , struggle , and to be prepar ed for events , and , therefore , once more we call upon them to use their every influence to strengthen the hands of Duncombe inside , and to prepare for the national representation of the unrepresented mind , by enabling * us once . more to parade the will of millions through the streets of the
metropolis , through the smashed doors of the Senate House , and to its very table ; a remonstrance which tyranny for a little longer may resist , but to which in the end authority must bend its proud neck . From all we learn we confidently anticipate that our next National Petition will outnumber the former by at least ONE MILLION , and we cannot withhold our thanks and praise from those who are working so energetically in the good cause .
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A YEOMANRY FO R THE N I NETEENTH CENTURY . " In the merry old times of our ancestors /' before Adam Smith and Arthur Young had inoculated the nation with a love of political economy and large farms , the value and importance of attaching a large proportion of the population to the soil by the ties of proprietorship , was pretty generally understood . But increase of wealth unfortunately became confounded , under the new teaching , with increase of well-being . In studying the science of growing rapidly rich , ; the more important branch of knowledge , that of promoting domestic happiness , and a spirit
of pecuniary as weir as patriotic independence , was forgotten . Small properties were absorbed into large ones , and their former owners degraded from the substantial position of proprietary occupiers into the serfs of wages . The independent weaver or clothier of the old "domestic system , " alternately employed in manufactures and agriculture , was , in the hopeless contest with machinery and steam , driven from his comfortable homestead into the large towns , and transformed into the wage-paid slave of the factory . A social revolution of an important character was effected by the new agencies , both in the town and country population .
That the change has added to our productive powers is undoubted . The old Arabian tales , whose marvels fired our imaginations during boyhood , fade into insignificance beside the wonders of the mill , the machine-shop , the laboratory , the railway , and the electric telegraph . \ ye have multiplied material wealth : but has the morality , the contentment , and the independence of the great bulk of the people kept pace with it ?
The hundreds of pounds now weekly pouring into the exchequer of the Chartist Land Company is the best , because the most practical , answer to the question . Men are heart . weary of the system of splendid slavery under which modern Political Economy and misdirected machinery has placed them . From its feverish excitements , unwholesome excesses , and wide-spread misery , * they look fondly backwards to the time when a less rich , but more virtuous
independent , and happy people , by honest labour on their own little plot of ground , earned a living , amid purer and better influences than those which now poison the moral atmosphere . Their hearts yearn within them to get back to kind mother Nature again . ¦ The manufacturing and commercial system is discovered to be rotten . ' and unsubstantial , though brilliant and eSpttrng ; and after a brief divorcement from a natural and a healthy system , the people are evidently returning to the point from which they set out r
BACK TO THE LAND AGAIN . The excellent articles in the Morning Chronicle , in which the reclamation and settling of the waste lands of Ireland by a proprietary ' peasantry , have been so powerfully and so practically urged , do tiot stop short with the specific Improvement of the pauperised people of the sister country . The facts and reasonings adduced by our contemporary inevitably lead to wider inferences and a broader field of action . In a recent article upon this subject , the recommendations of a Commission of Enquiry into the condition of the Irish poor in 1836 , presided
over by Archbishop Whately , are made the basis of some admirable observations . That report recommends an interference withlanded property in Ireland for . tlie purpose of improvement , quite . as large in principle as any thafcthe Northern Star or the Chronicle has suggested .,, It was proposed that a Board shouldbe appointed , Avith compulsory powers of drainage and other improvements , upon the principle that they should be made at the e ^ ense of the properly improved . The Commission advised , that the proposed " Board of Improvement" should be
authorized from time to time , "to make a survey , valuation and partition , of any waste lands in Ireland , ' ' though the idea does not seem to have occurred to them of making these lands instrumental to effectng a beneficial change in the present pernicious system of Irish tenancy . But while not going this length , thej evidence ^ they adduce as to the great benefit which would arise from the extension o £ industry over this hitherto neglected source of employment , affords , indirectly , the strongest encouragement to reclaim these wastes by the labours of those who are to become their proprietQM .
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" Upon'tl eselawJs ( Mr ; ArthurTouko obwrved * n ' . y wxly jewaago ) js to by practised themtet profitable husbandry in tfo 'King * dominions ^ Ihe Comnr-gHonera ; appointed to' inquire into the state ot the bogs of Ireland , in 1800 , reported to thejike effect ; and committee after committee oftteHouseof CoBtnons have done the same thing . Erorii the report of one / , ef these committees , that of 1830 , the Commissioners make extracts , of which the
following are a part '— "There are three millions of Irish acres of waste land , equal to five millions of English acres , which are considered to be almost all reclaimable It is in evidence that , by an expense of somewhat about £ 7 an acre , land in the county ol Sli > o has been reclaimed , and rendered worth a rent of 30 si ; or , if preserved in the hands of the proprietor , that it is made capable ' of repaying all expenses by three years' produce , leaving all subsequent returns clear again .
The report last cited contains a passage from which it might almost be inferred , that a glimmering of the desirableness of giving to the occupiers of the soil some greater hold upon it than that of cottiers or conacrc-men , had dawned upon a committee of the House of Commons as early as 1830 . " If this work , snid the committee , " can be accomplished nntimly would it afford a transitory bu t a permanent demand for productive labours accompanied by a corresponding rise of wages and improvement in theoonditionofthepoor ; opportunities would also be afforded for the settlement of the
peasantry , now superabundant in particular districts , on ' waste lands which at present scarcely produce the means of sustenance , or arejsuited for human habitations . This change wouldibe alike advantageous to the lands from whence the / settlers are taken , and to those on which they may hereafter be fixed , and may facilitate the means of introducing a comfortable yeomanry and an improved agriculture in _ the more fertile districts . The severe pressure of the system of clearing farms , ; and ejecting sub-tenants may thus be mitigated , and the general state of the peasantry improved , " t
A Yeomanry ! that was the old English appella . tion for a peasant proprietary , or , at least , for farmers who held their land oa fixed conditions , and who could not be dispossessed , ( by custom if not by law , ) as long as these conditions were fulfilled The yeomanry of England were , however , as a general feature of English life , blotted out of the country at an early period , and an agricultural system , very [ different and by no means so favourable either to the physical comfort or the independence and dignity of the cultivators of the soil , succeeded it . In one corner of England , however , there still exists a yeomanry in the antique sense ; a race of
peasant farmers who own the land they till , paying nothing for it , except some customary dues to the lord of the manor . They occupy a considerable portion of Westmoreland and Cumberland , and are known by the local name of Estatesmen or Statesmen . It was airongst this class ; not the care-worn , down-trampled . agricultural serfs of England , that Wordsworth found the originals of the peasantry delineated in his poems . In his descri ption of the 8 cenery of the lakes , 'that poet describes the state of society which existed for centuries in the upper part of the dales as
" aperfect republic of shepherds and agriculturist ? , proprietors , for the most part , of the lands which they occupied and cultivrted . . . . Among whom the plough of each man was confined to the maintenance of . ' his own family , c to the occasional accommodation of his neighbour . Two " or three cows furnished each family with milk and cheese . The chapel was the only edifice that presided over these dwellings , the supreme head of this pure commonw alth ; the members of which existed in the midst of a powerful empire , like an ideal society , or An organised community , whose constitution had been imposed and regulated by the mountains whichAprotected it . Neither high-born-nobleman , knightAnor esquire was here ; but many of these humble sons of the hills had a consciousness that ' the . jan ( I wftich they walked over and tilled had for more than five
hundred years been possessed by men of their name and blood . . . . Corn - was grown in these vales sufficient upon each estate to furnish bread for each family , no more . The storms and moisture of the climate induced them to sprinkle their upland property' with outhouses of native stone , as places of shelter for their sheep , where , in tempestuous weather , food was distributed to them . Every family span from its own flock the wool with which it was clothed ; a weaver was here and there found among them , and the rest of their wants was supplied by the produce of the yarn , which they carded and spun in their own houses , and carried to market oitlier under their arms , or more frequently on pack-horses , a small train taking their way weekly down the valley , or over the mountains , to the most commodious town . "
" Notwithstanding , " says the Chronicle , "the changes in the economy of modern society , from the progress of commerce and manufactures , the more migratory habits produced by improved modes of communication , and especially the encroachmeats of the great landholders , who have long seized every opportunity which accidentally offered of enlarging their domains by buying up the little estates , a considerable number of these happy and independent peasant-proprietors still exist ; and if an example is wanted of the admirable results of a state of agricultural economy in which the occupation of land and the property of it are vested in the same hands , all that we have seen , heard , or read of these people unites to assure us that the Statesmen of the Cumberland valleys are such an example . "
Here is testimony from high and unexceptionable sources as to the moral benefits which a return , as far as changed circumstances will permit , to the old system of proprietary occupation would produce . But it is not only in a moral and domestic aspect that the subject recommends itself . The example of France , since the revolution , can be adduced as forming a triumphant refutation of all the economical predictions which a dwindling section of English economists once indulged in as to the effects of this territorial division . - Time has made sport of the dismal forewarnings which , some twenty years ago , used to be heard from this side of the Channel , respecting the destination of France to become a " pauper warren . " Within that period , says the Chronicle : —
" France has entered into the most brilliant career of prosperity yet known in her industrial liistery . Every authentic statistical account of the condition of her industry and of her people has shown , and continues to show , that within that peried the state of her rural population , who are fourfifths of the whole , has improved in every particular ; that they are better housed , better clothed , better and more abundantly fed ; that their agriculture has improved in quality : that all the productions of the soil have multiplied beyond precedent ; that the wealth of the country has advanced , " and advances with increasing rapidity , and the population with increasing slowness . We challenge investigation of these facts , and throw down the gauntlet to all gainsayers . "
Jersey and Guernsey may also be quoted as examples . The surface of these islands is parcelled out into a great number of small properties , most of which are cultivated by their owners , and acre for ajre they produce more wealth than any other land in the world . Every one who has seen them has spoken in the highest terms of the industry of the people , its bountiful reward ) and the garden-like beauty created by their labours . In such countries itii needless to add , pauperism is almost , if not entirel y , unknown , " and the squalid destitution , with the consequent vices which emanate from a monopoly of land in the hands of a few , are not to be found .
In the face of these facts the palpable failure , both in this respect and the results predicted from the extension of Free Trade principles in the commercial syetem , it is hig h time the chattering magpies , who have so long dinned the world into empty noise , should be silent . They have had their day and their say . They must now retire and g ive up the task of advising and governing , to wise , thoughtful , practical men , whose heads are free from crotchets and whose hearts are made of such " penetrable stuff" that they will not sacrifice humanit y to a theory . The state of Ireland demands our first attention , There , a permanent remedy must be immediately introduced . But we will not stop there . In England the yeomanry system has already been introduced . The foundation has been laid at O'Connorville , and with true hearts and clear
heads shall extend from thence over the country untill it shall be peopled everywhere by a " bold peasantry" of whom it may , with justice , be proud . The yeomanry , of the nineteenth century , will , however , possess many advantages which their prototypes did not . To the antique indepeudauce of their i . ,
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• i - i - i ¦ . <¦ ¦> -- ^^ " *~™ """* " ^^^ 5 Hi class , they will be able to add the facilities and en joyments which modern science has placed at th ' command . Rig htly directed , . these will enable them to produce sufficient fora temperate and health * existence by comparativel y li ght , toil and the m \ iU [ . plication of cheap literature , as well as the whole tendencies of the age , will supply the tnean 3 and stimulate the taste for mental developeraent and ex . ercisfil' - :
In whatever lig ht this subject is viewed , it * will be found synonymous . with national well-being . Aa a means of creating greater agricultural wealth , mo te food for man and beast , it is confessedly superior to the large farm system . The creation of a large body of proprietary occupiers , or perpetual leaseholders , would spread a spirit of independence and . patriotism which can never exist where the great mass of the people are aliens on their nativs laud . Education , in the best sense , would become universal , because leisure and healthy influences would co-exist , and the ' physical , mental and moral , faculties of man would thus be cultivated and
exercised in harmony . i Let us , then , spread the cry everywhere for THE CHARTER AND THE LAND !
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POLAND . THE REVOLUTION OF 1830-31 . t \ Oi \! Where ' s the slave bo lowly , Condemn , d to chains unholy Who , could he burst . His bondsat first , ... Would piue beneath them slowly t A _ To-morrow , November the 29 tli , is the sixteenth anniversary of the commencement of that memorable and glorious , but unfortunate struggle , whereby the Poles vainly essayed to break their chains . That failure was caused by no lack of courage and self . sacrifice on the part of the Polish , combatants , as many a gloriously-contested-field testified . Grocow ' s bloody field presented on the .. 5 th of February , ' 31 ,
a sight such as Europe hati not seen since Waterloo . Fifty thousand Poles , with one hundred pieces of cannon , triumphantly withstood the onslaught o f one hundred and eighty-two thousand Russians ( horse and foot ) , supported by three hundred and twelve pieces of cannon . The carnage rivalled , if it did not exceed , that at Waterloo . Ten thousand Poles fell a bleeding sacrifice in the cause of liberty and their unhappy country ; but their fall was fear , fully avenged by the destruction of their enemies ; a whole regiment of Russian " Invincibles '' were totally annihilated , and in all thirty thousand Russians were left sleeping in their gore . If Marathon is a " magic word" to conjure up
The flying Mede , his shaftless , broken bow ; The fiery Greek , his red pursuing spear ; GiOcow will not be the less regarded by posterity as the _ name re-calling one of the most glorious efforts ever made by a people in defence of liberty , perhaps the more sacred because—at least for a time—made
in vain . : But although " the crosser of the Balkan" had been foiled within sight of his prey , vain for Poland was the dear-bought victory of her noble sons . The victories of the warriors were neutralised by the cowardice ' and blunders , if not absolute treachery , of those who ruled in the Cabinet and the Senate . Alas ! that nations should repose trust in princely and aristocratical waverers . Woe to a people led
by " moderate ' men ; so true it is that "those who make but half-revolutions j only dig graves for themselves . " Had the Polish nation throughout all its ranks been appealed to ; had the masses been summoned to take part in the struggle , accompanied by the assurance that the "fruits of independence would include their veritable freedom ; had the war been carried beyond the frontiers of "Russian Poland , " and the entire Polish people been roused to arms against their tyrants , results very different to those we have to mourn over might have been , secured . Grocow ' s fight would not have been in
v . But Polish princes and aristocrats were not the only parties to blame ; France , who by her example had done much to excite the revolution / refused that aid which Poland had a right to expect , not only because France had assumed the directorship of European regeneration , but also because Poland's sons had . poured out their blood like water in that cause of France , and in defence of French interests . We acquit the French people of blame ; we curse not them but their traitor-king , and the gang of villains who , with him , had climbed the heights of power from the barricades of a popular revolution .
These hypocrites , on the one hand promised succour to the Poles which they never afforded to them , and on the other hand Louis-Philippe himself assured the Parisian National Guards that the Poles had triumphed , though at ( hat moment the old Janus , faced miscreant well knew that Warsaw had fallen . When the truth could no longer be concealed , whea all the world knew that all was lost , then Sebastiani announced with fiendish coolness that " order reigned in Warsaw ! " Yes , the " order " of victorious barbarism over fallen freedom—of triumphant butchers over prostrate men , women , and children . The fiends of hell might have pitied the victims of the " order" established by the conquerors of
Warsaw . But treason to the cause of liberty was not monopolised by French traitors ; there were English traitors also . Tbis country haslong been vaunted of as the guardian of liberty . , the protector of nations ; " To aid the threatened rights of man and break op * pression's chain , " we have been assured by national glorifiers has been and is the mission of England ; but behold how different are the facts .
When the first partition of Poland took place , England . passively looked on and permitted the spoilation without one word of remonstrance . When the subsequent partition of 1793 took place , the English government was in sworn alliance with the three royal bri gands of Russia , Austria , and Prussia , leagued against France . While pretending a holy horror at the " crimes" of the Frenchrevolutionists , and making these the pretext for committing this country to a bloody and ruinously expensive war , the English government was associated with royal ruffians , who dealt wholesale in robberry and
murder . More than this ; in 1794 , the English government gave to Frederick , King of Prussia , the sum of £ 2 , 200 , 000 as a bribe to assist the English in opposing the victorious French in the Netherlands . The villain took the money , but instead of marching to the aid of the English , he marched off to join the Russians to help them to check the conquering march of Kosciusco . With English mmxty , the Prussian robber aided his Russian confederate ( for but for that money he could not have moved his troops jto the scene of action ) in crushing Kosciusco , and thus both were enabled , in company with the Austrian despot , toeffect the third partition of Poland . *
We pass by for the present , the share Eng land had in that fourth partition , known by the naraeof the treat y of Vienna , that will form the subject of after comment ; we come to the Revolution of 1830 . That event saw the Whigs in power - the liberal Whigs—the friends and patrons of French , Belg ian Spanish , and Portuguese liberalism . These exciters of revolutions for their own profit , these puttersdown and setters . up of Peninsular monarchies , these roarers for ' civil and relig ious liberty all over the world , " these WHIGS ( that name includes all that is base and infamous ) coldly repelled the nationa l voice , which demanded interference in behalf of tue
Poles . t v But not only did they refuse assistance to \ w Poles , they rivalled the infamous government otn- > , by giving direct aid to the Russian autocrat - " 7 the most efficient charact er-monetary aul . Let ou readers turn to o # 2 nd page , and th ««* F honeat Heary Hunt s e ^ urs of the . Wh . s , tfc .
The Northern Star. Satdttday, Notember 28, 1846.
THE NORTHERN STAR . SATDttDAY , NOTEMBER 28 , 1846 .
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¦¦ ' ¦ . ¦ ¦ : : ., : 9 * ^ * . ftgfr ^ iflfa i !*?!^^
*-:C 5 ^ - - " Books Publishing By U. D. Cousins, 18, Duke-Stkeet, Lincoln's-Inn-Fields, London.
* -: C 5 ^ - - " books publishing by u . d . cousins , 18 , duke-stkeet , lincoln's-inn-fields , LONDON .
Programme Ofthe Proceedings To Be Prop Os Ed By The Direct O R S At The Approaching Land Conference.
PROGRAMME OFTHE PROCEEDINGS TO BE PROP OS ED BY THE DIRECT O R S AT THE APPROACHING LAND CONFERENCE .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Nov. 28, 1846, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1394/page/4/
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