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€o *\ eaaersi & Cotrttuoiffiai t&
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THK NORTHERN STAR. SATURDAY, DECEMBER 12. 18«.
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. " MJI 17 i ——""^ Kowretdy, Pric» OaaShiUtn?. THK SRCOK* SDmOM OV «r LIFE, OR OUR SOCIAL STATE, PirxI.
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The Lettek tl.—The letter U, savs Dr. Johnson,
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SEIZURE OF CRACOW.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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a ¥ « em , byBRNEST JONES , Barrister at Law . Full of Wild ' dreams , strange fancies and graceful inrmges , interrpersed with many bright and beautiful thought * , its chief defect is its brevity ; The author ' s in . spirations s&mi to gush fresh and sparkling from Hippo , erene He will want neither readers nor admirers . —Mom . ing Post Jt contains moro pregnant thoughts , more bursts of lyric power , more , in fine , of the truly grand and beautifa :, than any poetical work , which has made its appearance for years . We know of few things more dramatically intensa than the scenes betweer Voilipp , Warren and Clare . —New Quarterly BerAevo . Vanished by Mr . Xewby , 72 , Mo ; timer-street , Carendflis-square . Orders received by all booksellers .
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LITHOGRAPHIC ENGRAVINGS OP TBE DTJNCOMBE TESTIMONIAL . MAY still be had at the Office of Messrs . M'Gowan and <" , » ,, 16 , Great Windmill Street , Htiymaiket , Irondon ; through any respectable bookseller in town or country ; or at a » y of the agents of the Northern Star . Tbe engraving is on a . large scale , is executed in the most finished sty ' e , is finely printed » n tinted paper , and giv . « a minute description of the Tustimouiui , and has the Inscription , &c ., &k , engraved upon it . PRICE FOUKPEXCE .
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IMPORTANT TO PHOTOGRAPHISTS . AK application was made on the * 22 nd Sip timber , to the Tiee-Chane-ellor of England , bj- . dr . Beard ( who . acting under a most extraordiny delusi j . i , considers hini 6 eSCtbe «) fcpateiit € « of tha Photographic -kmjess !) to restraiti MR . ESERTOX , of 1 , Temple-strt « . and 148 , Fleet-street , rom taking Photographic Porti . uis , which he does by a process entirely " different fror and very superior to Mr . Beard's , and at one-half the cl « rge . . His Honour refused the application in toto . No license , required to practice this process , which is taught by Mr . Egerton in a f-vt lessons at a moderate rharge . AU the Apprratns , Chemicals , tc , tobe had as usual at his Depot , I , Temple-street , Whitefriars .
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A GOOD FIT WARRANTED . UBSDSIiL aKD CO ., Taiiors , are now maVlnsnp - complete Suit of Superfine Black , any size , for £ Sa Superfine West of England Black , £ 3 10 s . ; and the very best Superfine Saxony , £ 5 , warranted not to spot or change colour . Juvenile Superfine Cloth Suits , 21 s , liveries equally chesp—at the Groat Western Emporium , Fos . l and 2 . Oxfurd-street , London , ; the noted house fi . r jroed black cloths , sud patent made trousers . Gentlemen CUl GhOOSe the colour « n < l analitj at cloth , from tho iMgest stock in London . The -it l « f citting taught .
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' A PUBLIC MEETING WU 1 be held in the National Hall , 2 « ,, High Holborn , On Wednesday , December 16 th , at Bight o ' clock , ¦~ . D » . Bowbiso , M . P . in the Chair , To express the abhorrence of the English public at this last proof of the determination of the Three Despotic Powers to exterminate the heroic Polifih People .
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DOMESTIC MONITOR . On Saturday , December tbe 12 tb , and every succeeding Saturday , will be published , price One Penny . THE DOMESTIC MONITOR , Or Literary , Scientific , Legal , and Medical Adviser . Edited by Hermei . Contents of No . I . —1 , Tho Past ana Present . 2 . San RodriRO , from the Italian or Mangoni— Chapter I . 3 . The Nosegay . Poetry , Anecdotes , Maxims , and UUcellaniei . 4 . The People ' s Corner—food for tha many . 5 . Corre-• pandence , Literary , Scientific , Legal , _ &c . 6 . Medical Advisser , Address to the Readers , New Practical Observations on Consumption . 7 . Letters to Jurynun , by LL . D . —Letter 1 . Plea of Insanity . 8 . Literary , Scientific , and Dramatic Reviews . 9 . The Liwjer—No . 1 . Address—No . 2 . A case of extremp hardship resulting from the New Law of Descent . Published by E . Mackenzie , 111 , Fleet Street , and to bo had of all Booksellers and Newsvcnders . Letters ( o be addressed , post paid , " Hermes , 31 , Tonbridge Place , New Road .
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On the 1 st of January will be piluliahedi No . 1 , ( price 63 . ) of THE LABOURER , A Monthly Magazine of Politics , Literature , Poetry , &c . Edited by Feabgos O'Connob , Esq ., and Ebsest Jon em , Esq ., ( Barristers-at-Law . ) With contributions by several ablt coadjutors . " Tk * Labourer " mvjH consist of 48 fall pages ot nutter ; it will be printed in a superior style on fine paper , and brought out , in ali respects , equal to any Magazine of the day . No . 1 , wli ; contain a " CaRisTHAS Caboi , " in verse , by Mr . Ernest Jones . Further particulars will be givr-n in fnture advertisements .
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TO TAILORS . LOXDOX ind PARIS FASHIONS FOR AUTUMN JCSD WINTER , 1816-47 . "" By HEAD and Co ., 12 , Hart-Jtreet , Bloonisbury square , London ; And G . Btrgtr , Holywell-street , Strand ; May fee had of all booksellers , wheresoever residing , sow r . EiCT , By approbation of her Majesty Queen Victoria , and iiis Royal Highness Prince Albert , a splendid print rii'hly coloured axd exquisitely executed View of Hyd Park Gav&ns , as seen from Hjue Park , London . With tnis beautiiui Print will be sent Dress , Frock , and Biding Coat Patterns , the n west style Chesterfield , and the New Fashionable Double-breastud Wuistccat , with Skirts . The method of reducing and increasing them fbf all silts , explained in the mosz simple manner , Witn 1 jnr extra Plates , and can be easily performi-d by any person . Manner of making up , and a full description of the Uniforms , as now to be worn in the R'jval Nary , and other information —Price 10 s . , or pest-free lls .
Bead and Cfts new uiduDitable System of Cutting , in three parts—first port , Coats , pr ice Ids . ; second , Habits Dresses , &c , 10 s . ; third , Box and Driving Coats , Waist-COttts , Ireecfces , and Troasers , 10 s . ; or the Whole , i' 5 S ., lacluding the system of cutting Chesterfield and other feacy coats , understood at sight . Any person having one part , may hare the two others for 15 s . A Method of Cutting Gaiter Trousers , with IS plates , including 5 full > Ue bottom parts , price , post free , 2 s . 6 d . Patent measures , Eight Shillings , the set ; the greatest improvement ever introduced lo the Trade . Patterns to measure , \ rfeviTj description , post free to any part of England , Ireland , Scotland , and Wales , at Is . each . The amount may be cent by casli , post-office order , of Tost stamps . Bu , i& for fitting Coatsan . Boys * figures , . foremen provided . Instructions in catting as usual . N . B—The Talent Measures « r System of Cutting , "« . ( like thera ; liki : t ) : eientp * stfree , by Is . extra
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In his eariy edhioiis of his grammar of the English language , " se : ikua , perhaps never , begins any but the first syllable . " Ti » e author of this remark , said the celebrated Wi ! kes , pustbe s , mau of " quick apprehension and comprehensive mind ; " an ill-timed sarcasm , which so deeply galled the lexicographer that he never furg&Vc him . Notion nm Y :. cso Ladies in "Wast of Pocket JJojcbt . - A yuan ? lady who wished to go to Paris , advertised a week btslort'in one of the London paper ?
for a husband . $ be stated that she had come of age iastsiontb , an heiress ir her own right , and waswilling to share her property with any one she tb' -ught worthy ot h » T affwlionB . letters , enclosing a ^ stage-stamp , were 10 be sect to a certain pastry-cook's in K&msgate . Such , a handsoine proposal naturally brought thousands of applications , and as each answer coutaire- ! a Queen ' s head—that is to say , a penny—the clever young Jadj cleared with herp «) sta £ e- ? tamps not eniy suttieicnt to piy for the expensse ofher trip to Paris , bui to buy a handsome Pamela bonnet into the b-: rgain . —^ l ? manac / t o f the Month .
CilCCLiTlftS . —There is a person at Presion who can tell , in less than one minn e ot time , the day of the week on wbich the day of the month fell , in each year , from th < - birth of Abraham to the birth of Carist , a peri , u of 1 . S 99 years , according to the old style , and als » m > m the beginning of the Christian era to the present -J&Ur , or for any length et time to come , both aw-ordinglo the old aud uew styles . His son , only ten jears of age . can a so do the same without the ! . e ! p of books or tables . Ths same person says that the 1 st , 8 th . loth , 22 nd , and 29 th of January , in all csnturial years , nev ^ r f ell on Sunday , Tuesday , or Thursday , nor ever will whilst the present ( Gregorian ) calendar remains unchanged . Captais Masbt sot Dead . —We arc requested b y Captain Miijby to contradict the report of ilia death-The worthy veteran is in the enjoyment of aa good health aa can be rxpvcted at his advanced years .
Rsp £ al or the Malt Tax . —On Wednesday a publie meeting of farmers and otht re intere .-tcd in thu repeal of the malt tax waa held at the York Hotel , Blaekfriara , Mr . William Lamb , presiding . The chairman announced that communications from almost aU ti . e agricultural caunties , liad been received promising bearry cc- (< peratiou in the cause . It appeared , inptosr . ee the last public meeting deputations had ' oetii sent throughout the country , and the gdJemen composing them were called upon to reportprcgre 3 s . L . FariHgdon , Norwich , tla-. leston , Ipswich . Lvnn , and throughout Surrey , Su .-sox , and East Ksnt , ta < Ueputatinns had been caurteoual y r e-
ceived , and their efforts had been a ?)! y seconded , although the aristocracy stood aloof , and were generally opposed to their proceedings . The amount of subscriptions received up to the present time wat £ 713 . It TSM than put to the nicetiiig whether if would be politic to continue to sand deputations throughout the couatry , and the other means already taken ; whercapen itH-asunaniinoush-resvlved , tfcat the must prompt aud energetic measures should be had recourse to for the immediate and Mai repeal s the tax on malt , deputations being sent to a ! l those neighbourhoods from which special invitations might be received .
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SMM ; L . FARMS . THE PEOPLE THEIR OWN LANDLORDS . The old adage " when I have a pig and a cow everybody bids me good morrow" has been capitally illustrated this -week by the respectful way in which the papers , daily and weekly , have noticed the Laud movement . Two estates bought and paid for , houses and school-rooms of a tasteful , commodious and elegant description erected , and , an Exchequer into which upwards of THIRTEEN HUNDRED POUNDS poured in one week , are facts which have effected a marvellous change in the demeanour of our " best possible intructors" towards Chartism At once , as if by consent , the metropolitan and provincial papers have broken the silence so long
resolutely maintained l > y them on the subject , or , in the few exceptions , broken only for the purpose of vilification and misrepresentation , and have yelped a chorus of approval . The charm works already . Their first essay betokens still more cordiality in their future notices . Chartism has become "respectable , " that " open sesame " has placed them already within the pale of society , if not of the constitution ; men who possess landed estates , pretty villas , and handsome school-houses , can no longer he treated as " pariahs . " The instinctive money worshipping tendencies of the press have brought it , cap in hand , to salute the new power in the State , backed bv solid acres of land and thousands of
pounds of real gold . Tho people are on the right scenl , they have discovered the way which will open the columns of the press to their real opinions , and the doors of St . Stephens to their real representatives . A peasant proprietary will be the foundation of a new political and social era . If the possession of property is , per se , the reason why political power is granted to one class , the same reason will compel its concession to other classes . There can be no selection or choice in the matter—the { . rinciple must be rigidly and equitably applied . What will be the result ? The thin end of the wedge will find an entrance . The continually augmenting strength of the people ' s party outside will soon drive it home .
It is with feelings of the most delightful description that we mark the rapid growth of this great and substantial movement . For years has the seed , formerly sown , been sleeping in the ground . At length the crop appears above ground , and its grain promises an abundant harvest , in due season . In the remarks entitled " A New Yeomanry for the 19 th Century , " two weeks ago , we showed , by reference to the condition of France , Jersey , and Guernsey , and the statesmen of Westmoreland and uraberland , that a proprietory peasantry , or a division of the land of a country into such small
estates as gave a considerable majority of the population the feelings , interests , and independence inseparable from the possession of the soil , was in all cases accompanied by social benefits of the most substantial and elevated descri [ Hon . Abstract argument , or a course of a priori reasoning , would bring any one who will candidly pursue it to this conclusion ; but the great majority of mankind prefer the solid pudding of positive example and proof to the investigation of theoretic speculations , as to possible contingencies from the action of given forces . Fortunately for the advocates of a peasaut
proprieiary , examples are neither few nor doubtful . Though many in the country , who have been either absorbed in making wealth for themselves , or making it for others , may know little of the external polity of Continental nations , we have abundance of proof , collected by iutelb ' gent travellers , to show that the system exists in several countries , and is everywhere , without exception , productive of industry , comfort , and independence . Mr . Laing , in his thoughtful and admirably-written work on Sweden aud Norwav , has shown that the"latter country
is the classic ground of peasant proprietors , and that the district of Angermanland , in Sweden , in which the same system prevails , presents a strong contrast to the other provinces , in which the system of large estates and aristocratic rule , produce their usual results—high iaxation . low wages , aud an impoverished people . Upon a future occasion we may bring forward a portion of the abundant evidence adduced by Mr . Laingin support of this statement . la the meantime , by way of still more fully strengthening the convictions of the disciples of this svstera , and
to enable them to give all and sundry " a reason for the faith that is in them , " we propose to give a few extracts as to the effect of the system in Switzerland , where , next to Norway , the system most extensively prevails . The late Mr . Inglis , the traveller who occupies a high position in the public estimation , for the correctness of his observations , and the precision of his information , gives copious and interesting information as to the practical effects of the system in that country .
11 Throughout the cantons of Basle and Argevie , " says Mv . Indis , " farming out lend is unknown , with the exception of gardens near the large towns . The properties of th'ise who are cynaidereu rcspeccable Swiss peasants run from ten up to forty , or at most fifty acres ; many of the peasants have amassed considerable fortunes ; but accession ot fortune is never made apparent in their mode of living . I vom itlOOto ^ SOO per annum is the usual ranee of expenditure for persons living , as we should say , in ea ° y circumstances ; and I learned , from authority that admit * oi no doubt , that not a single individual in all Switzerland 8 peuds £ l , 000 perannum . " According to the predictions of the political economists who look upon a minute sub-division of landed property as a social curse , and believe that
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its tendency is to convert the- country in / which 'it exists into a " pauper warren , " Switzerland ought to be overrun with a swarm of idle , impoverished , and thriftless beggars . What are the facts ? Let Mr . Inglis reply . "In walking anywhere in iheneighbourhood of Zurich , in looking to the right or to the left , one is struck with the extraordinary industry of the inhabitants ; and if we learn that a proprietor here has a return of ten pep cent ., we arc inclined to say ' He deserves it . ' I speak at present of country labour , though 1 believe that , in every kind of trade also , the people of Zurich are remarkahle for their assiduity ; but in theindustry they show in the'cultivation of their land 1 may safely say they are unrivalled . "
He proceeds to justify this statement by detail : — 11 When I used to open my casement between four and five in the morning to look out upon the lake and the distant Alps , I saw the labourer in the fields ; and when I returned from an evening ' s walk , long after sunset , as late , perhaps , ashalf-pnsteight , there was the labourer , mowing his grass , or tying up his vines . But there arc other and better evidences of the industry of the Zurichers than merely seeing thorn late and early at work . It is impossible to look at a field , a . garden , a hcdniny . scarcely even a tree , a flower , or a vegetable , without perceiving proofs of the extreme enre and industry that are
bestowed upnn the cultivation of the soil If , for example , a path leadB through , or by the side of , a field of grain , the corn is not . as in England , permitted to hang over the path , exposed to be pulled or trodden down by every passer by ; it is everywhere bounded by a fence , stakes are nhiced at intervals of about a vard , and about two anil four feet from the ground , bouplis of trees are passed longitudinally along . If you look into a field towards evening , where there are large beds of cauliflower or cabbage , you will find that every single plant lias been watered . In the gardens ,: which around Zurich are extremely large ,
the most punctilious care is evinced in every production that grows . The vegetables are planted with seemingly mathematical accuracy ; not a single weed is to ba " seen , not a ¦ single . "tone . Plants * < aro-not earthed up as with m , but are planted in a ! small hollow , into each of which a little manure i ^ put ,, and each plant is watered daily . Where serds ' are sown , theearth directly nbovo is broken into the finest powder ; every shrub , every flower is tied to a stake , and where there is wall-fruit a trellice is erected ng inat the wall , to which the boughs are fastened , and there in not a single twig that has not its appropriate resting placci "
Nothing ljut a feeling of ownership could induce snch unwearied assiduity as is here described , or create what may almost be called an affectionate interest in the land , which distinguishes the agriculture of the peasant proprietor . Still more emphatic testimony to the wonder-making powers of this principle is presented in the instance of a more remote and Alpine district . " In 110 country in Europe will be found 80 few poor as the Eng . vline . In the village of Suss , which contains about GOO inhabitants , there ia not a singie individual who has not wherewithal to live enmfortablv , not asindo individual who is indebted to others
for one marsel that he oafs . . . . In tho whole oftheEngadine the land belongs to the peasantry , who , like the inhabitants of every other place where this state of things exists , vnry greatly in the extent of tli * ir possessions . If a peasant owns from eight to fifteen cows , and lanil sufficient for their support , aa woll as for growing what is consumed in his own family , he 19 esteemed in cood circumstances . . . . Generally speaking , an En ^ adine peasant lives entirely upon the produce or' bis land , with the exception «> f a few articles of foreign growth required in his family , sudi aa coffee , sugar , and nine . . . . Flax is grown , prepared , spun , and woven without ever leaving bis house . He has also hid own wool .
which is converted into a blue coat without passing tbroush the hands of either the dyer or the tailor . The country is incapable ot § reatcr cultivation than it has received . AU has been done for it that industry and an extreme love of gain can devise . Whro ' ever an ear of r . ve will ripen , there it is to be found . There is not a foot of waste land in the Ensrndine . the lowest part of which is not much lower than the top of Snowdon . Wherever trass ' will ^ row . there it is ; wherever a rock will bear a blade , verdure is seen upon it ; wherever rye will succeed , there it is cultivated . Barley and outs have also their appro ; riate spots ; and wherever it is possible to ripen a little patch c& wheat , the cultivation of it is attempted . ''
The Canton of Berne differs from the others in having a smaller number of landowners . The land does not generally belong to the peasaut but to large proprietors , and is cultivated by hired labour-What is the consequence ? Although Mr . Iuglis speaks in high terms of the great industry of the Bernse peasantry and their comfortable living , both of which may , to some extent , be accounted for by the fact that the hired labourer of Berne must , in a great degree , mould his habits in aicordance with the standard set by the peasant proprietors in the surrounding Cantons , yet there is this disastrous difference between it and other countries : Berne contains more paupers than are probably to be found in all the Cantons put together !
In 1828 nearly 20 000 persons were receiving public relief , while the population of the Canton ( exclusive of the Jura district to which the Poor Law does not extend ) amounted in 1831 to only 313 , 000 , so that more than one person in every sixteen was an actual pauper . The same Canton which has the greatest number of landowners in Switzerland contains nearly all its pauperism . ' Here , again , is a recurrence of the same fact alluded to in the case of the district of Angermanland as compared with the rest of Sweden . Such coincidences cannot he merely fortuitous . They evidently bear to each other the relation of cause and effect .
Wherever a few by force or fraud have established a monopoly in the soil , which was the gift of . God to all , there pauperism and a direful array of political and social miseries inevitably follows in the train of this worst and most accursed of usurpations . In advocating a relnrn , therefore , to a more just and natural system of land tenure , we are at the same time promoting the welfare of every class of the community . An extension of proprietary rights is synonymous in our opinion with an extension of general well-being . We do not exclude from the proposition even the landlord class who are presumed to benefit by the monopoly . Look at the state of Ireland ! Can its landlords regard with any degree of satisfaction or ease of mind the monopoly of that soil upon which there now dwells
one of the most wretched and most discontented , rapidly becoming one of the most disaffected , populations under the sun ? Have the increasing nnmber of outrages , the multiplication of violent deeds , and the growing recklessness of life in the country , no warnings for them ? Is there no inference ) dark with future evils , to ba drawn from the eagerness with which the starving peasantry appear to be arming themselves in almost every district ? Yes the Avenger has come at last . Injustice and oppression are reaping their natural returns , a nd the heavy calamity by which a whole nation is afflicted > a landlord class driven to distraction , and a government almost paralysed by the new and appalling difficulties around them , warn us . that it is time to abandon those institutions which produce such hideous results .
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beyond all calculation—consolidating ahd-giving legal sanction to those peaceful and moral efforts which have distinguished the present race of working men from their predecessors—efforts which have introduced a character of quietness , solidity , and growth , which wealth finds itself utterly unable to cope with , and is therefore determined to crush . But if the present opportunity should be lost , if the judgment of the Warrington magistrates should be suffered to pass unquestioned ~ then , indeed , it maybe said that a death blow has been given to all the exertions of the working classes for their advancement and
happiness . But it is time that we should briefly narrate the circumstances oh which these remarks are founded . The grievance out of which the present case has arisen is , mainl y , that , for thelast year and more Mfissrji Jones and Potts have been in the habit of employing at their Engineers and Iron Foundry , labourers and others who have served no previous apprenticeship ; gradually introducing them to a knowledge of the business , and then using them to supersede the labour of men who had served a regular
apprenticeship . The general evils of this , and its gross injustice to those who made the pecuniary and other sacrifices of a regular apprenticeship , are too plain to need exp osure or comment ; it threatened a gradual deterioration in the character of the men employed , and a concurrent lessening of their wages ; and this , of course , as it was the principal object of the masters , so the men determined to give it their most energetic opposition . The ordinary course in these cases was pursued—a " steady Picquet" was placed on tho works , and gradually , as they became
convinced of the evils they were bringing on themselves and their fellows , the men at work gave notice to quit , and left ; and others who had been sent for , evinced their sense of the degradation intended for them by departing at even a speedier rate than they came . This ia the foundation , and indeed the whole of the charge—that the men at work were induced to leave by the persuasions of the picqnet , " the conspirators ; " and that by similar persuasion others , who would have entered on Messrs . Jones and Potts employment , were induced to alter their minds . No violence is charged —some idle expressions are sworn to have been uttered by three or four of the u conspirators , ' * but with regard to the larger number of them no act is sworn to , except that they " looked at the works , and walked up and down and spoke to people " and many of them , indeed , were never heard to speak at allbut then they " walked up and down . " .
, And this , in the rear 1846 , is called Conspiracy . The worthy Magistrates admitted , that one man mig ht persuade another to leave work , but their worships considered that if two did it the offence amounted to a Conspiracy . A cat , their worships admitted , might look at a king—but it two cats looked at a king , at the same time , then were the cats aforesaid guilty of high treason . But we shall have other opportunities of exposing this magisterial outrage of all the rules of law , and common sense . For the present we refer our readers to the report of the case given in our sixth page . We must add one fact , redounding to the honour of Mr . Roberts , and also to the credit of the men . On the occasion of the first examination of the accused
men , but for Mr . Roberts becoming bound for their appearance , fifteen of . them would have gone to gaol . So little did Mr . Roberts think of the risk he was running , that be never spoke to the men on the subject either before or since ; he knew they would be true to their appointment , and they were so .
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first violation of the . treaty of Vienna . In that treaty ft was set forth , that— --TnfrPoljsh subjects of Austria ; Russia ; and Prussia ahall obtain a representation and national iiulitutiom regulated according to the mode of political existence which ' each of the governments to which they belong shall judge useful and fitting to grant them . Up to this hour the Poles have obtained neither " representation" nor " national institutions" from either of the " three powers . " Violation of the treaty No . 1 . In transferring the Duchy of Warsaw to Russia , the treaty set forth that '
The Duchy of Warsaw , with the exception of the provinces and districts which have been otherwise disposed of in the following articles , is re-united to the empire of Russia . It shall be irrevocably bound to it by its constitution , and be possessed by his Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias , pin heirs and successors in perpetuity . His Imperial Majesty reserves to himself to give this state , enjoying a distinct administration , the territorial extension which he shall deem fit ; he will take with his other titles that of Czar , King of Poland , according to the customary formula uacil for his other possessions .
Alexander gave the kingdom of Poland a " constitution , " which constitution , he declared to the Polish Diet in 1818 , was defended by " solemn treaties j " yet in a few years afterwards he abrogated one after another of the provisions of that constitution . until he had reduced it to a mere shadow . Still there wa enough to swear by , and Nicholas when he ascended the throne did swear to observe it . His word were " / promise and swear before God , that
I will observe the constitution , and that I will use all my efforts ti > maintain the due observance of it , " This miscreant very soon , however , set what remained of the constitution at defiance , and committed the unhappy Poles to the ferocious government of his brutal , butcher brother , Constantine ; finally , in 1831 . he by ukase formally abolished the constitution . Here was violation of the treaty of Vienna , No . 2 .
We come now to the case of Cracow . We extract the following articles from the Treaty of Vienna :- — Article 6 . —The city of Cracow , with its territory , is declared in perpetuity a free , independent , and strictly neutral city , under the . protection of Russia , Prussia , and Austria . Article 9 . —The Courts of Russia , Austria , and Prussia engage to respect , and cause to be respected forever , tho neutrality of tW free city of Cracow and of its entire territory . No armed force can evfir be introduced into it , under any pretence whatsoever . ¦ ^
No words can be plainer than the above , yet , from the first day of its institution as a " ( ree state , " Cracow has been terrorised over by the " three powers . " The treaty declares that " no armed force shall be introduced into Cracow under any pretence whatsover ; " yet , in defiance of this fixpress declaration , a body of Ru ssian troops , in 1831 , invaded the city for the purpose of disarming and destroying the wreck of the Polish army which bad taken refuge there . In 1836 , Russian , Austrian
and Prussian troops took military possession of the city . This was done for the purpose of hunting out refugees , and from two to three hundred refugees aud citizens were seized and dungeoned or banished . la 1338 the Austrian troops were reinforced ; and they abandoned the city only in 1841 . At the period of the late insurrection , the Austrians were in possession of the city , from which they were driven b y the inhabitants . Subsequently the Austrians regained possession , assisted by the troops of ltusria and Prussia . Here we have shown a whole
ser ies of violations of the treaty of Vienna . But this is nor all . According to the treaty , Cracow was to remain / o > - ever a " free and independent State . " Of course a free and independent state has the power to make its own laws , to frame its own constitution , and to will its own institutions without let or hinderauce on the part of any other state , but behold the facts as regards Cracow . In the first place the Cracovian constitution , framed as it was under the auspices of the " Holy Alliance , " was , at the outset , sufficiently aristocratic to ensure the non-representation , and consequent political slavery of the mass ol the community . But
tin ' s was not sufficient to satisfy the " protectors ;" accordingly , in 1833 , they forcibly abrogated the constitution which they had incorporated in the treaty of Vienna , and substituted a new " constitution , " which really placed all the power of the state in the hands of the resident representatives of the three powers . After the military occupation in 18 SG , a further " revision " of the penal and police codes was enforced by the " three powers . " The state to which the " free and independent" state of Cracow was reduced by its three protectors , is forcibly described by our French contemporary , the National : — '
There was a Senate , and not one senator who was not dependent on one of the three Powers . There was a president of the Senate , a creature chosen by their express command . There waa a municipal organization , but any citizen elected could not take his vlace in the municipal council without the unanimous consent of the protecting Powers . Cracow waa free toproduce and to export , but , enclosed within three prohibitive Custom-houses , her exports were reduce J to nothing . Cracow possessed an university , but it was expressly forbidden to any stranger to the territory to tftkelessons there or to receive de-^ rees , antl those degrees , far from being recognised by the neighbouring states , sufficied , on the contrary , to exclude any person possessing them from persuing
li w profession out ot Cracow . 1 he faculty of medicine , for example , waa confined to eight pupils . Cracow still possessed the privilege of coining money , but its coin was not current outside the territory of the republic , whilst it was compelled to receive tho coin of the three Powers . " Government , commerce , municipality , education , were all in their hands . Add to that , a gloomy , uneasy , and tormenting po-Uce . lwatching every citizen , arresting every suspected person , a police formed of spies by the tnree Powers , who made Uoraicilary visits interpreted the mpst innocent interchanged of friendly or family affection into a crime , broke the seals of letters , and caused to be iacarcerated in the dungeons of Spielberg every Pole who might have the misfortune to compromise himself by an indiscreet word .
, Can there be any question that this state of things was a thorough violation and gross outrage on the 6 th article of the treaty of Vienna , which constituted Cracow a " free and independent" state ? Lastly comes the recent crowning atrocity . Unmasked and shameless , the robbers repudiate the solemn engagement they had entered into with the other European powers ; seize upon Cracow , which was to be free " for ever , " and by a bargain amongst themselves , the one mostrecently dyed skindeep in bloody infamy takes the spoil . Austria , the ingrate , fresh from the butcheries in Gallicia , seizes upon the palace of the Jagelons to convert into a barracks for her murderous mercenaries , and sanguinary slaves .
And these crimes against humanity , the series of atrocities we have enumerated , have been committed not only in defiance of every principle of natural justice , but also in contempt of treaties— " solemn treaties , " to which nearly all the powers of Europe were parties , including Great Britain and France . The treachery and rascality of the governments of these countries we will unveil , but not now . People of England and France , why will you allow these miserable governments to act in your name , wronging both yourselves and your brethren of other nations ? When , oh ! when , will you " take your affairs into your own hands ?"
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^————^ . i ^ , ^ . ^ . - ' ¦ * Association ;'' after his abuse of the "VounT ^^ men" of the « Ptahi * , " his dastardly in , ?^? about their infidelity , and his , rascall y inven ^ about the bugaboo " physical force , " andsu imaginary " swords" which"he conjured up to frr ? men s souls , withai ;; after recanting his for mer p " . of Smith O'Brien , and confession of having flatt * " him ; after having declared he " did not care tw ^ pence "—not even "three halfpence , " for You ° * Ireland : he finds , that so completely has he m " 8 calculated Ins forces—so thoroughly is his powe ^ f delusion destroyed , that he must patch up arecon ciliation with the very parties he used so contumci ; * ously by first thrusting them out of the Associate
and then continually abusing , calumniating aJ misrepresenting ! This is a grcat triumph . IlJ break the chain of invincibility and of uninterrupted victory wh 1 Ch he has had the craft to instil into he mmd of the Irish people . It will weaken their faith » n . h , m ; and , therefore , so far prevent him , iB future , from misleadi ng them . It has also taken away from the WUig 3 the one prop on which they relied for governing Ireland . The shameless alii , ance between O'Connell and the party will result in nothing but mutual infamy and conjoint failure
What course the Young Ireland party will pur 8 Ue with reference to the professed olive branch , we are not informed at the time of writing these remarks . But whether they receive H in a friendl y spirit * or the reverse , the result is certain to be the same ! Any truce that may be agreed upon between the two belligerent partiei must be a temporary one . The peace ^ will ; be hollow ; the friendship—a name ; the co-operation—a mockery . They have done and
said too much to create mutual exasperation , ever to be cordially reconciled a ^ ain ; and , above all , Young Ireland has stripped off the tinsel from too many professing patriots , exposed the dark deformity of many a fair show , aud rudely disclosed too many secrets of the prison-house ever . to be forgiven , ot the facts to be forgotten . Besides this , they are pledged to a straightforward and uncompromising course . ' They dare not desert it , and O'Connell dare not follow them .
There is one peculiarity attending this projected reconciliation which deserves a [ passing remark . It is , according to 0 'Connell , the only preliminary re . quired in order to procure a sum of £ 30 , 000 , 000 o £ money from England to provide for the distress of the country , and provide for the future crop . This bagatelle of THIRTY MILLIONS is , it appears , only to be a payment of 10 s . in the pound on a debt of SIXTY MILLIONS which England owes to Ireland , and as soon as D . O'Connell , W S . O'Brien and J . G . Duffy have shaken bands and made up their quarrel , John Bull is forthwith to pay on demand . In short , the cool , glib and
offhand way in which the plan was propounded , the certainty with which it was assumed that it would he carried out , when the weighty difficulty of a reconciliation between Old and Young Ireland was effected , strikes us as being altogether one of O'Connell ' s richest displays in this particular line . It is needless to observe that after his late financial displays with reference to the Repeal Funds , we have no great faith in him as an accountant , and regard the debt of SIXTY MILLIONS as somewhat apocryphal , still more doubtful are we of the THIRTY 'MILLIONS instalment . That appears to us a greater way off than a real reconciliation between the two sections of repealers .
Turning , however , from the squabbles aud the projects of these parties to the state of Ireland itself , it is with unfeigned and deep pain we have to record that it becomes most alarming . Our predictions a 3 to the utter inutility of the Government measures have been too fully and fatally realized Distress and destitution of the most intense and harrowing description pervades the country ; three hundred thousand MEN , heads of families and
representing ONE MILLION OF MOUTHS , are employed on the public works , and yet this is but as a drop in the sea of Irish misery . A more alarming feature is the fact that the peasantry are everywhire purchasing fire-arms —the trade of gunmaker is in the midst of a scarcity a more profitable and busy one than that of the com merchant or baker . What all this portends we do not pretend to say . One thing is certain , that it is a state of things fraught with the gravest coasequenceSi
Now is the time for a strong and a bold government . Mediocrity may do for ordinary times ; but extroardinary emergencies demand . extraordinary abilities and resources . In the latter , Great Britain , and Ireland are rich . AH that . is needed is , that the first should be called to the heloi of affairs , and entrusted with the power of steering us safely out of the fearful dilemma in which we now find ourselves .
The task would have been an easier and a cheaper method had it been commenced four months ago But " better late than never . " There is yet time to arrest the incipient symptoms of open insurrection and general anarchy , which are generally too observable . But , if done at all , it must be done promptly , earnestly , openly , and the measures must be commensurate with the evils intended to be remedied . England will not grudge millions , but they must be so applisd ta to return themselves in the com fort , prosperity , and permanent improvement of the people of Ireland .
There is a positive dearth of home news this week , the only noticeable events of the week are those disgusting exhibitions of obese and unwieldy oxen and pigs , in which John Bull delights just before Christmas . The monstrosities which are shown at the Christmas Cattle Showi are abominable in every point of view . In the first place , nobody who has any regard for his health or his bowels , will purchase such meat for the eating of either himself or his family . It is only fit for the tallow-chandler , not the cook ;; the melting vat , not
the kitchen ire , is its destination . In the next place , this over-feeding of brutes by wealthy farmers and politico-economical lords , contrasts but curiously with the treatment of the agricultural labourers by these same parties . Lord Radnor , who does not see why he should give his labourers " enough to eat" if supply and demand does not make his wages naturally sufficient for that purpose , does not feel himself precluded by the dictims of
political economy from being generous to his pigs , for them there is an abundance of barley-meal , milk , potatoes and whey provided The pig UveB on the fat of the land , the peasant is starved by the very man who pets and overfeeds the brute , and then boasts of the prizes awarded to him ior having reared a useless monster . Surely we shall , b y and bye , get a better wading of " encouragement to agricultural improvement" than this ?
There is a rumour that Parliament , which it was said would meet about the 19 th of January , will not assemble until the first week of February . These Whigs justify our predictions , they will protract to the last moment the inevitable doom which awaits them of a speedy expulsion from place and pay .
€O *\ Eaaersi & Cotrttuoiffiai T&
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Fiksbcrt Isi » moTion , GosTJBtL Road Sib , —At » meeting of the committed held December the 4 th it was unanimously agreed , — " That a vote of thauVs ' be awarded to tba Editor oS the . Northern Star for bi « kindnoss and liberality iu inSMline the advertisement reUf . ro to the benefit at Sadler ' s Wells on Wednesday Decembw 2 nd , ai also subsequently noticing the same , and other matters connected with the Institution " with pleasure , therefore , 1 eiecuto their eoamand ' j , and beg you will herewith accept the same . —I am . Sir . your obedient Servant , Samuki . Bbidie , Secretary . Mrs . JoNEi . —itt reply to the question asked by seviral correspondents , why the letter of Mrs . Jooea was withheld from our columns from Mareb 3 rd to Noyembe * 38 th . we haro to observe that tha erroi in the dates waa made by tt « compositor , jmd xw \ tbBttxei until tha Whole © t « w iuipressign , sr » s w «* k « a off , fubllcits
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ANOTHER " CONSPIRACY" CF THE RICH AGAINST THE POOR . We are not aware of any case occurring during the last ten years which has occasioned the same amount ot interest as that which has lately occurred at Warrington . During that long time , indeed , there has b&en much to cause excitement and enthusiasm ; many attacks have been ' made on the few privileges
and usages which yet remained to the various sections of the Trades , and each has been met with a spirit of vigour and determination such as belongsonly to Englishmen ; but on these occasions the interest has been either of a limited or temporary nature , and called for no particular anxiety beyond the knowledge that to resist oppression was a sacred duty , and that to neglect this duty would be speedil y followed by accumulated injustice and tyranny .
The present occasion , however , extends in its importance over the whole kingdom and to every branch of labour ; it threatens the existence of every union in the empire—except , indeed , the unions of the master and wealthy classes ; if met with , wisdom and fought bravely , its value may be absolutely
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POLAND . THE TREATY OF VIENNA . —SEIZURE OF CRACOW . "I will teach , if possible , the stones To rise againat earth ' s tyrants . " When Napoleon had over-run Germany , * he pvimahed the Austrian and Prussian monarchs by wresting from them portions of the territory they ha'l plundered from Poland . At the partition of 1795 , Prussia had taken possession of Warsaw and the greater part of what has since been termed the " kingdom of Poland ; ' whilst Cracow and its territory had been seized by Austria .
In 1807 Napoleon tore Warsaw and its territory from Prussia , and transferred it to the King of Saxony , upon whom , in addition to his other titles , was conferred that of "Duke of Warsaw . " Inl 809 , Cracow and its territory was added to the " Duchy of Warsaw . " Here we may , in passing , remark , that Poland owes nothing to the memory of Napoleon , but execration . He had it in his power to have reconstituted Poland and rt-established her
independence , but he preferred the infamous part of adding his name to the list of her " partitioners . " A second opportunity was offered him at the period of this invasion of Russia ; and he was earnestly invoked to secure to himself the immortal title of " Poland ' s deliverer , " by proclaiming her independence , but he refused . The cold-hearted despot had subsequently , indeed almost immediately , good cause to repent his decision . When driven back upon Poland by the frost and the Cossacks , he found an indifferent , instead of an enthusiastic people , to receive him . When , in 1815 , the chiefs of the victorious coalition sat down to divide the spoil , the
disjointed remains of Poland had to be once more appropriated . The King of Saxony having been an ally of Napoleon's , was punished by having a portion of his kingdom transferred to Prussia , and by being deprived of the entire of his Polishjpossessions , The Duchy of Warsaw was made over to Russia , under the name of the " Kingdom of Poland ; " but Cracow was again detached from it . The three robber powers , not being able to agree amongst themselves which should have Cracow , agreed that it should form an independent State . This agreement was ratified by the other powers , and Cracow was constituted a " Republic , " and placed under the protection of Russia , Austria , and Prussia .
Be it observedr _ iu tins . renewed cutting up of Poland , the Polish people had no voice in the matter . They were never consulted as to whether they preferred Russian or Saxon rule , foreign protection or native independence . This treaty of Vienna the Poles have always repudiated , regarding it in the light of another " partition . " The recent seizure of Cracow has been by some called the fourth " partition ; " but , in reality , ; Napoleon made the " fourth partition ; " the treaty of Vienna was the " fifth , " and now we have seen the " sixth . "
On the broad principles of justice , we , too , repudiate the treaty of Vienna ; and we should just as zealously have repudiated it if none of the " violations " complained of had taken place ; because that treaty was but a sanctioning of previous robberies . No arrangement could be tolerated by just men that did not restore Poland to the Poles ; and as the treaty of Vienna did the reverse of this , it was essentially unjust ; and , therefore , according to the rules of eternal right , must , from the moment of its adoption , have been held by all mankind , save robbers , tyrants , and usurpers , to he null and void .
But supposing , for the sake of argument , that the powers of Europe mte justified ( wliich in truth they were not ) in agreeing to that treaty ; still no one can dispute that if any one or more of the parties fail to fulfil the conditions of the cDinpact , there is an end to the agreement . If those for whose benefit the agreement ins been entered into wilfully break the conditions on wliich they were permitted to appropriate the benefits guaranteed to them , they , indisputably , are faith-breakers ; the other parties to the agreement are wronged , and . there is an end to the compact . Now this is exactly the case aa regards the treaty of Vienna . The seizure of Cracow is not by any means the
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WEEKLY REVIEW . The demonstration of " Young Ireland , " in the Rotunda , last week , has fairly cowed and conquered the old bully O'Connell . lie ) lias been accustomed so long to ruin or silence any man who was inconvenient to him , or who stood in his way , that he thought he could in this case play the same game with the usual impunity aud success . But the pitcher that goes often to the well gets broken at last , and so it has fared with Dan . After all his repeated declarations that 'the Young Ireland party could never again be re-admitted , | ato the Repeal
Thk Northern Star. Saturday, December 12. 18«.
THK NORTHERN STAR . SATURDAY , DECEMBER 12 . 18 « .
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¦ * ' ¦; ¦ . . ' ¦ ' . „ .. ? Tj | MNj ^
. " Mji 17 I ——""^ Kowretdy, Pric» Oaashiutn?. Thk Srcok* Sdmom Ov «R Life, Or Our Social State, Pirxi.
. " MJI 17 i ——""^ Kowretdy , Pric » OaaShiUtn ? . THK SRCOK * SDmOM OV « r LIFE , OR OUR SOCIAL STATE , PirxI .
The Lettek Tl.—The Letter U, Savs Dr. Johnson,
The Lettek tl . —The letter U , savs Dr . Johnson ,
Seizure Of Cracow.
SEIZURE OF CRACOW .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Dec. 12, 1846, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1396/page/4/
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