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• 'Aad I will war , * t leutin words , ( And—ihouldinj chance so happen—deeds , ) With all who war with Thought : " " I think I hew a little bird , who sings The p » jple bj-and-bj will be the stronger . "—Bt « os . THE AMERICAN AGRARIAN REFORMERS . The following carious document is from the pen of L 90 U Mae ^ ukbiep , an eminent member of the National Relorm party . ( From Young America . ) THE THOROUGH PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL SCIENCE , OR RIGHTS AND WRONGS , EFECIF 1 ED AHAL 1 SED , CLASSIFIED , A » B CONTRASTED , Showing the Cause of Good , of Evil , and its Remedy . XLEXEKTS . OBDEKS . GENUS £ I . I Sovereignty Equality ) f Personality -I Liie Individuality > RIGHTS , 4 ^ labour InaUenaWen « v | j (_ Property 1 Domain ( Products fufficery Inequality "j { Slavery «{ Violence Combination VWROSGS , ^ ( servitude Alienation ) I Monopoly 1 Ln . d : orldrj '
\ Crofimongery To facilitate tlie progress of knowledge in political science , it is here attempted to reduce it to a more tyae > tsmtlc form . TL « thorough princspUs and caunes of rights and , wrongs , are jet bat crudely developed in the j works of ra . deta one-ide * reformers , and reqaire a ] more specific nomenclatur e \ rith * n « nalysis . classifies . \ tioa , not contract , before ttiej can be made tw stand out in a sufficiently bold relief to strike the apprtfcension of ignorant and suffering humanity ! Owing to the pans of thesame or ofcloiely ceauected sciences tttiog-scattered in voluminous work * , nun gtt-such a limited association of Has that it causes tkem to seiee upon « ae or pun of a principle , to work it into a system , and presence it as « panacea for vvery v oug , and thus society is jet torn ¦ b y one-ideu reformers , parties , and sectet
Although a party ^ breach right and erong or single • principle is far prtferab ' e tocoue , yet , whin we reflect , i that , as-the prinoiptes of e-ery right arelhe same , it will , take but tittle more thought with a few more names of j rights , end the cotyunction owi to liukthem together , to \ Agitate for erery tight , it is to be regretted thet there ! should be so much wear and tear of bialu upon a one , ! instead of the five-idea reform of the Xational-R = foruiei s ! Then wby should the-rigbts of roaekiud , so intimately connected in their bodies , be discussed in-such ki isolated manner , aud have so maay revolutions exhausted upon 4 htm ! f Rights are ft man ' s title to his personal properties and a Ehare of the womb-like surrounding elements ; laws are the uniform rnles by which they are protected , and liberty is the exercise « ud enjoyment of evsiy right in . proper per * on ; while wrongs are a deprivation of title , anarchy , a want of -law , and oppression , the practical destruction of liberty .
ELEMENTS . A thorough , complete , end . perfect -right is composed of the three esseatial and constituent elements or principles of Equality , Jadividualiiy , and Inalienablencss ; while a wrong is compounded of the three opposite properties 01 Inequality , Combination , and Alienation I ! That equality a « one of the secetsary elements of rights , the palpable fact , that bach man ' * natural wants and powers of production are so nearly the same , is conclusive evidetice-that his rigutsare aUo-eaual , and that the opposite principle or inequality is to destructive ts equal rights . The fact , too , that the God <> t Kaiuxe > bas only apportioned a-sufficiency of natural products wnen improved by healthy laloor Sot an easy competence , k ¦ also an additional proof that rights most be tqual , aud ; that a monopoly by a portion of mankind is the Uestitu- tion of the rest .
That Individuality is also-a necessary ingredient of-a perfect right , the -ubvious tact of the identity of eauh man ' s penon , wants , and emotions , and of his leis mti- , mate connection >» itu the bodies of athtr * than with the surrounding elements , is adequate proof that bis ngbtc mast be individual -and cannot be mixed , combined . or « gg ' utiuated with those of others as iu a community of property . An associatiun of persons as individual sovereignties in the pr « puniouate nt > mberE lor the mutual enpplv of eaub other ' s wants witu their jttculiar and sue plus produciions , as the true principle . ; but a combination of persons , rights , . and property in -common , is but an bleratnt of evil ; while a strictly isolated state if mine and thine tends to preserve « fiicieutry the individuality of r ights !
That Inalienablecess is the other most indispensable ingredient of a completu right , the glaring fact if tie inseparable connection ef the organs of . mini ' s body and their propertieF , such as life , mation , sensation , and thought with each other and with the earth , air , ana light . of t&e external world , is incuntestible jiroof that hie rights . must be inalienable , and that the opposite ev . ] priaviple of Alienation is fraught with so much aauuiatioa « f one portion of the human race by the other . The same reason that proves the InalienaUeness of a right from its inseparable connection with the means of existence , also proves the necessity of its individuality and reparation from that of others , aud also Chat of its equality . £ » ery combiuatiou cf rights , titlue , labimrs , and enjoyments is . community , instead of individual associations of them , is destructive to the nature of a perfect right . E qualness—Oneness—lualienableuusare the triuusdeiSt ; principles of man ' s redemption ! OSDLEA .
Kights £ rsi naturally class into the two orders . of Personality and Property , and Wrongs into thuse uiffilavtry and Monopoly .
GEKCsES . Man ' s rightsand wrongs to hi : personality or properties of his body , divide according tu its triple divbiun by the atrreuF , vascular and n oscular system into three genutes , and these again subdivide iuto species . Mind , depending on the nervous > ystem , [ constitutes the f jundaUun and distinction of the tqual , itdilidaal , and inalienable ri ght of sovereignty or will , aud . of its opposing wrong of ofiicery ! Vitality , tempeiaieie , and sustenance , tbe properties ¦ elaborated by the vaecmar osgans , btcoine the source cf She equal individual , and inalienable right 01 life and of its opposite , violence . lijtion , the property < if the muscular and osseous system , is the basis of the equal , indivi' ual , 2 nd ina ienahle , righi of Uboar or production , and of its must prosunept trrorg of servitude or nun-productiou .
Ti ps , this uiune systiE of the body , is not only the origin , but tbe natural demarcation , not oul / for the cl&ssisqxtion of organs uid diseases , but also of the rights aad rrruDgs of man , to the properties of hi 3 personally . Man ' s rights and -. vrongs to property , divided according to tie jpast oLviouVoirisios ^ of tlie ezttrnal world into the soil , constituting the rigLt of domain , and into \ Js man-iu ^ noved productiocs founding tbe right of products . Land . inits-Goi . created , wild « nd uncultivated itate , or with its mat-made improvement * , is the founlation and distinction . of the equal , individual , and inalienable right of domain , sad of its prominent wrongs of lan '_ - . Jordry , tenure , and monopoly .
Commodities , tlie detachable and moveable produe-Csss of the earth , isprored by the laSnur of man , are thehasU for the < iUti ££ tioa of his tqual , individual , and inalienable right cf products , and the opposing nroug of prcfiimongery . Let application bow be made of these priaciples to the raforaof the present insUaitions of society .
SOVCEE 1 GSIZ . —OFFICERV . As equality is a constituent of sovereignty , wtry man ' s right to it most be equal , and no one can acquire more than his stare of it , so as to become an officer , ( ezcept iu the rery slight form of arbitrators , committee , &c . ) any more than be can ibira more land than he can use to as to become a landlord !! All sane and guiltless adults , wherever resident , are equally qualified for the exercise of sovereignty ! How absurd to presume that the destitutioaof any right—that tbe want rather than the superfluity of property should disqualify f r the exercise of the erroneous principle of delegating sovereignty I
At Individuality is als » an ingredient of sovereignty , it eaUDot be equal uulcss it is also individual , it can only be properly exerciseable by each man in his own proper person as an individual sovereign ! A union of wiils in tbe form ot parties , tects , maj . rilie ? , or cliques , destroys more or less that of the balance of Eoriety and even that of a portion of themselves . For tbe body of individuals of all associations only help the aspirants for office to alienate thdr sovereignties and te tax the product of their labour . The only just principle is , for ev ry one to exercise big iuFereignty in Ms own individual capacity , and then where there will be no salaried or gratuitous offices , there will be no tyrannical party or class legislation granting itself exclusive privileges . When a law hall be needed , which will be very seldom when men are in possession of their ri ghts , it will be such a one as will be , with rare exceptions , unanimously enacted . In this way all would be self-governed in tbe strictest sense of the term , and tbe distinction of society into governors and governed would be annihilated !
But the nght to sovereignty is not only equal and individual , but also inalienable 1 Fur it is as impossible fur officers to represent or exercise sovereignty , or the wills , wants , and interests of thtir constituents , as it is fur landlords to hold more than their share of the domain fur tl . e benefit of landless teoauU I The inseparable contuciion of each man ' s nil ] , wants , and sensations with each otUer and the surrounding elements , proves that sovereignty eaunot be alienated or delegated ; but that it must be exercised by each nun in his own proper person , and not by agent or repref entative . Universal suffrage , then , is only the universal alienation of sovereignty as much as nnivertal tenure be that of the domain . The
commonplaxe aad demagogue doctrine , therefore , that sovereignty sever departs from tbe people by what is called a delegation of it , defrauds the understanding by its spec » ousness ; and is tqually absurd as to suppose that life is not alienated by homicide , labour by serf itude , or the domain by tenure . The sovereignty of the people is as much alienated by a representative government as by an usurped or heeditary one . The only difference U , that in the former , it it alienated and realienated at certain periods , and in the latter , in perpetuity . Th » deeply-rooted eTil of all the present government * , is not wholly in the want of Bnivertal suffrage , that all officers sboald be elected , or to tbe m ercenary seeking for office instead of principle
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but it is in the existence of such a thing as office or efficery itself , the great . pposingMilof soverei gnty ; which should be exercised as an equal , iudWidual , and taallen . able right , by evsry man in hit own proper person This can be most practically done by the whole nation oreanixlng into townships in the proper ptoportions to produce , distnbute , and consume the necessaries of life , and to meet in a central village Hal ! , where all can discust and vote their w . lli the majority of which , when Elected over the state , will become the law ; so that there may be no delegation of sovereisnty , bat in the slight form of a committee of a few philanthropic citizens , who can meet at the capital to perform the few idle ceremonies of state . ( To he concluded in our n « it . ) — m ^ i ^ i ^ ^
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MOVEMENTS OF THE WEEK . Sototnayor and his gang of Afrancesades have at last been favoured with «< the dirty kick-out . " These high-minded Spanish dons exhibited far less " good breeding " than the dog , who , seeing preparations made for throwing him out t * F the window , put his tail between his legs and quietly walked < a " owu stairs . "Rw AfntBcesado cureiuid to be kicked trat . Isabella wanted to get rid < yf them long since , tfct budge they wouW not . At last one of the gang
gave way , anrl consented to countersign the decree Cor the dismissal of his colleagues . This sufficed : ; the crew "were sent packing , stridst the jeers w » 4 execrations of their countrymen , and the expressed contempt-of honest people everywhere . "Wheflter ( he -new Ministers -will be found "nrech better than their predecessors , is very questionable . Pacbceo and iits colleagues'belong to the Moderado party . 'Pachecs himself las been nicknamed a Puititmi , ' having been thought more nice than wise , in occasionally objecting 4 a the sanguinary atrocities
i > f Narvan , awl some of ttte most gkrirrgiyjirffamous acts of Louis-Philippe ' s " tools . But his associates in iheTiewlfitmstry are precisely , some of < henvai least , ( he "very men who were associated wifii TJnrvaez in the time -of that ruffian ' s most sanguinary rule . "Benavides ' ( Minister of the Interior ) -was Political XJhieif of Tikdrid under Itfarvaez , and remorselessly ¦ executed the bloodiest decrees of "that butcher . "MazarreQo was War ISfinister of the 'Gonzalez Bravo Cabinet , and the horrible executions , -without any form of'tnal , ordered'by him during lihe
insurrections of Alicante atifl Garlhagena , -commend his name'tomniversal execration . Salamanca , the new Minister of Finance , ts principally known as a leviathan stock-jobber and money-juggler ; "if not a citizen of the world , % e is a citizen df every bowse in the-world ! " The-difference between the mass of the'Moderado party , and PachecoTvithTiis two or three-adherents , amounts to this— 'that the old Mo-3 erado -ruffians would rule by force and terror , iVhilst fhe . Pari / an-gentry desire to -attain the same ; nd ¦ b yfcaud , and'fbe profession of-sham-libera'lisni . rhe present Cabinet-combines both .
Nevertheless , thececent change may lead io other and better'dienges . The Pacheco Cahinet is not iikely to last long . In all likelihood the Progresiistas -W 3 H ere long return to power . The pardon of Olozaga may he-considered as sn indication of future events . Indeed , according > to The Times , it is already intended to attempt the -reconciliation of " all parries . "" The London embassy , according to the same authority , will be offered to General Espartero , and -the-Paris mission to ¦ General Narvaez . Such a combination , we think very improbable ; although the Teturn of Espartero 'may not be -far -distant .
The Portuguese insurgents have made a tnow-« nent , the results ^ ef which have yet to be seen . Nearly fifteen Hundred tronps , under the command ¦ of Sa da Bandeira , have left Oporto , ^ breaking through the blockade , and gone -south ^ whe ther * for the Algaires or Lisbon was not -clearl y known when the packet left It is just possible that while Saldanha is watching Oporto the i » sorgent trooiw
way capture Lisbon 1 That Mrtwotildnot be a very difScult undertaking every one will admit , always provided the Portuguese could be got to act with that decision which teems to be so utterly foreign to their nature . We should add , that H is also just pGss&le that now Optxto has been , to a considerable extent , denuded of troops , Saldanha t » ay make a dash thereat ; but of the two " possibilities " this is the least probable .
Certainly things altogether look—hut for foreign intervention—favourable for the Junta . Saldanba , instead of ¦ marching to the assault of Oporto , has been wrivvng begging letters , containing a considerable amoust of insolence , to the Queen , demanding more money and men , and intimating that unless he gets both he shall cut connexion with her Majesty and take hi&iself off to another country . The Queen has been trying t » raise a loan , but not a dollar can she get . Under these circumstances , when , in all probability , the natural course of events -would send Doana Maria in the course of a few weeks hence to this refuge for destitute royaltv ,
England , —at tliis moment the British government is about to interfere to prevent the triumph of the people , and prop up the throne of the Queen with Britkh bayonets ! Yes , on Saturday last orders were received at Portsmoutfefot the Sidon stetm-frigate to prepare instantly for * trip to Lisbon with a reinforcement of 220 marines . There can be no doubt that Lord Palmerston intends to make British soldiers the hateful instruments of maintaining Donna Maria on Wer throne , in spite of the Portuguese people . Wfeile our Government thus acts , always fighting for monarchs and against the peopte , is there any wonder that England is hated by the people of everv other land ?
Remember , thai the present ( British ) government has refused to move a finger for Poland ! Everywhere for tyraats , everywiu » re against the oppressed , is the maxim of those who usurp the soverei gnty of this nation ! 1 British intervention , if successful iu putting down j the present revolt , cannot prevent future revolts . Tlie struggle is not so much between the Septembristas and the Queen , as between the people who are weary of bein g taxed and plundered , and tbe tax-eaters , with the Queen at their head , who live
upon public plunder . " Constitutionalism , " " Liberalism , " and all the rest of the humliugismsM \ c fallen into disrepute in the Peninsula , because the people have found that they hare been heavier taxed and more cruelly plundered by " Liberalism , " than they ever were by Despotism . Hence the popularity of Dom Miguel amongst the Portuguese peasantry . The " Septembristas" are popular with the people of the towns , because they use the language of the partisans of Miguel , as regards taxation , associating therewith democratical sentiments . But if the Septembristas
were in power to-morrow , unless that day , or the next , they reduced taxation to the level demanded by the people , they would tX once become as unpopular as their predecessors . The Oporto correspondent of the Times shares these views , and puts the whole question into a nutshell when he says , " I believe that all government is impossible in Portugal , which does not address itself to the heart , and leave untouched the pockets of the peasantry . " What wickeduess , then , for our government to bring odium upon the English name , by interfering with arms to
prevent the Portuguese people doing themselves justice ! We trust the attempt will meet with discomfiture . If British red-coats are landed at Lisbon to fight against the people , we trust they will be driven into the Tagus . If the Portuguese Queen sanctions this intervention , and should , after all , fall into the hands of the people , we hope the people will do themselves justice . We suppose the laws against treason in Portugal are not milder than elsewhere , and a monarch who makes war upon the people , and calls in the assistance of foreign arms , is a traitor donb . - ¦< :
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The news from Italy this week is of a more cheering character than last week . The journals have resumed free publication , in spite of the Austrian . A change of ministry would appear to be impending in Greece . The Times of Wednesday says , " Before this , Coletti will have ceased to be a minister *"
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SPAIN . Chasob op Mmistrt . — Queen Isabella has at , length dismissed the Sotomayor cabinet . Iu the course of the day , on the 27 th , tbe Ministers of the Interior and of Finance had transacted business as usual with the Queen . At a late hour of the evening ! M . Roca de Togorcs , Minister of Public Instruction and Commerce , attended her Majesty at the palace on public business . The Queen expressed to this minister her wish that the cabinet should resign . The minister replied that personally he was ready to do so , but that fee did not belicv ? hfe colleagues would consent to retire . Uer Majesty then proposed to M Roca de Togores to countersign two ordinances , the one dismissing the Duketf Sotomayor , President of the Council , and the other nominating M . Pacbeco to
thtt office . These two ordonnaaces accordingly appeared next mormng in the Gasttte . The list of the new ministers is as follows : — Pacheco , President , and State ; Benavides , Inteitor ; Salamanca , Finance ; Mazarredo , War ; Pastor Din 7 , Commerce ; Sotelo , Marine ; and BalMWRonde . Graceand Justice . On the 39 th the new minist rs gave , in the Congress , through the President of the Council , the usual explanations respecting the crisis and their nomination to office . Gonzalez Moron , and some others who are known as the most zealous members oftheMon-Pidal traction , moved that a statement ef the accounts between the late governments and Sener Salamanca ¦ should be presented to tk house , imd every explanation given tending to elucidate tker o .
After a rather exciting scene , the proposition of Moron was rejected % y a majority of 153 to 59 votes . This result is important , as it shows the probability of the present Ministers having a large majority . General Cordova has been definitively appointed Capt .-General of Madrid , General Oribe , Inspector of Carabiniers , and General Manuel Concha , Inspector I-nFantry . General Serrano emerged from his concealment on the ^ th ult , and presented himself to the reporter of tic commission charged with tin inqinry regarding his conduct . This affair willol course be dropped .
'Olozafja has been pardoned . His brother addressed a petition to the Queen praying her to allow M . ( Blozaga to return to his country . 'Her Majesty , with her own hand , wrote upon the isargin of the memo , rial the words , " Concedido eomosopkle" ( the reqiteat is granted ) . The petition was then presented to the president of fee council , who laid it before his oolteaeues . The ministry , before acting upon the eHer , waited on her Majesty , to asoertam from her mouih ¦ whe ther this favour was her spontaneous act . The 'Qneen , it 13 sa ' rd , replied in these-words : " Yes , I do this spontaneously , wishing that we should enter upon a new era of conciliation and amnesty ; and , desiring to give the first example I have taken the initiative of pardon and oblivion . "
1 he new Home Minister , Senor Benavides , has published a royal order , reducing the heavy internal postage on newspapers to one-half . It was previously 109 reals the arroba , U . four reals , or 10 d ., etch pound weight ; and operated most materially to prevent the circulation of newspapers in the provinces .
PORTUGAL . The Cmi , War . —News from Liibon of the 31 st of March state that the Queen ' s government had tailed to raise a loan either at home or abroad , and was consequently unable to prosecute the war with any effect . Disaffection was becoming very general amongst the Queen ' s cidevant supporters . Sa da Bandeira had sailed out of Oporto with a force of near 2 y 809 men , in two steamers , breaking the Government blockade with ease , and it was apprehended at Lisbon that he would attempt to seize the capital by zosupde main . News has been received from Oporto to the 30 th ult . Things remain instatu quo . Saldasha had not left his old quarters . The Mindella , Porto , and Vesuvio steamers had sailed with an expedition , consisting of 1 , 250 men . Ibis is the fo ? ce which had excited so much
appre hension at Lisbon . It was rumoured at Lisbon , just previous to the sailing of the packet , that the Oporto t * oop 3 had landed at Peniche , an important tort on the sea , and after a smart action with the Queen s forces , in which the commander of the latter was killed , have taken that place . In the Alcmtego a guerilla chief , named Galamba , had taken a hundred and odd men , and killed nine or ten of the government forces . A smart affair lias been accomplished bv toe Junta troops , who are besieging the castle of \ iana . Hearing that one of the Queen ' s regiments was advancing lrom Valenzi to raise the siege , the 7 th Cacadores marched against it , and deteated it with considerable loss . Tliis success is the more grateful to the Junta , as the Queen ' s troops were landed at Vigo , and allowed to march across the bpanish territory .
GERMANY . Riots at BREsr . Au . -On the 22 nd ult . the workwen collected in a disorderly manner and proceeded ta very deplorable excesses . The mob assembled before a house which was building , destroyed that part which was finished , and drove away the foreign workmen ; the rioters then proceeded to the Town lull and impetuously demanded work . A large military force was called out . At seven in the evening the rioters collected near St Magdalen ' s churtihyard , irom which a company of infantry drove them . At half-past eight they proceeded to the marketplace where they evidently deliberated , and then cried March . " They then repaired to the theatre and Government-house , where they destroyed nearlv the whole of the windows . Detachments of cavalry and infantry patrolled the streets . Some of the
notere were arrested , their compnnions endeiv . ur d to rescue them , an affray ensued , and blood was Vu ' iA . trail 1 ulllit ; y was not as yet restored , though , the rioters were often dispersed by the military they assembled again and broke hundndsoi windows , till about eleven o ' clock , when tranquillity was restored . J
1 TALY . Rome . —Another of those popular manifestations ot winch Kome has so often been the scene since th advent of Puu IX ., took place in the holy city on tae -oth ult . Ibat day being the festival of the Annunciation , the holy father was to hold a " Capella fapale at the Miaerva , whither he was expected to proceed in grand state . The retrograde party , incited oy Austrian agents , put in circulation a report that Uustile proceedings were contemplated on the part of tUe populace , in consequence of the recent establishmeat of the ceDSurship . It was communicated to his liobuets that he would be stopped on Ilia route , that his horses would be unharnessed , and that he would be eorupelled t- > proceed by such a route as the people should dictate . In spite of these reports the lope proceeded to church amidst the acclamations ot tiie populace . On his return , the jwplnmotinnc ,. t
the populace were still more enthusiastic . On arriving at the Quirinal Palace , his holiness immediately presented himself on the balcony to thank his affectionate people , when instantly , by a spontaneous movement , the multitude dropped on their knecsaml received , uncovered , the papal benediction , after which they separated quietly . Triumph of ihe Press . —Roms , March 28—The struggle between the Roman newspapers and Aubtrian interference , of which we had reached the crisis wlien 1 wrote last , has juat terminated in the total iKsomfiture of Mettemich and the triumph of the ' reiB . Ihe " edict , " forced on the pusillanimous UiHi , lias , thanks to the firm attitude of our local editor * , become a dead letter ; and yesterday all our jcurnals came out fresh and vigorous as ever , without the ghost of a " government stamp , " and evincin " no trace of meddling censorship . UNITED STATES AND MEXICO .
_ fne jN ew Yoik packet-ship Waterloo arrived at Liverpool on Tuesday evening , bringing New York P ?? L r 8 n ? the 15 tl 1 inclus « ve . Previous to the sailing ( ft the Waterloo it was reported that a great battle lad been fought between the Mexican and United States armies , but just before the Waterloo left the bay of New York it was contradicted . Col . Benton , who had been appointed a Mnjor-General by the Senate , Lad declined to accept the appointment , unless he was clothed with supreme authority over the army in Mexico , and the power of signing preliminaries of peace . Mr Polk having " searched the records , " informed him that he was unable to grant Buch powera . and the Colonel declined the commission ot Major-General . *
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FOREIGN MISCELLANY . Fbekcii Embassy—The Paris journals ef Friday and Saturday announce the retirement of Count St . Aulaire from the Embassy in London . The Kino of Sardinia is alarrainely ill . Danish Constitution . —The Faedrelandet states that the four provincial diets will be specially convoked fop three days , to take into consideration a new organization of the states . The four diets are to name 23 delegates , who are to assemble at Copenbagen to discuss the new project for a constitution , and seek the means of conciliating the interest ot the duchies and those of the kingdom .
Fire is Geruanv . —A fire recently broke out at Wernigerode , in a baker ' a ahop , where trial ' was being made ot a new oven . The progress of the flames was so great thatiu two hours upwardB of 244 houses were burnt down . It is feared that several men who " erisB 1 Dg < MTen children ' and a 8 emnt 8 'rl » Lave St . Miciubl ' s Offered to Engund . —The revoi&F unta of Sfc ' Michael ' s in the Azores , has offered to annex the island to the British dominions -an ctfer which Lord Palmeraton repelled . faSS- ^ T £ 10 HI . -A decree has been published inriffi ^ - ^" * e «« . No . oneoanWctto ^ f ^? ^ 111116 ?* L iabJ » D . »* the time « ema oddly cbosen , the whole country being in a
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REPEAL OP THE UNION . TO TDE ED 1 TOB OP THE FKEEMAN . Sir , —It is n * wonder that the poor people Jn every part of Ireland have been led to believe that the Sovereign ( King or Queen as the case may be ) , has the power te Repeal the Act of Union , when w « see ouch educated and enlightened men a » Mr Kerini ; falling Into and a 4-vocating such an egregious political error . It is true that the Dublin Corporation , and the other corporations throughout Ireland , affirmed this unconstitutional pro . position . The Sovereign has not the power to summon an Irish parliament in College-green or anywhere else , but the Sovereign has the power to summon the imperial pnrliament to asuemble anywhere—in Ennis , if she choose . But that is a very different thing from summoning a parliament abrogated by law .
There is no analogy between the two cases mentioned by Mr Kerin ( thoso of Charles I . and Jamea II . ) aud the Repeal of the Uuion . There was no Union statute in the reign of Charles the First . There was no Act of Union in the rei ^ n of James the Second . Neither of these moparclis was bound by any statute law on the subject . An act of parliament , no raatUr hotv unrighteously brought about , can only be repealed by the same power that made it . Although the Act of Union was accora . plished by the most infamous menus , ana under false pretencps and hollow promise , yet it Is an act of parlia . merit , and must be repealed , ( and I hope it soon shall , ) like any other act of parliament , by the same power that made it—King , Lords , and Commons . No one will deny that summoning the Irish parliament to meet in Ireland would be Repealing the Act of Union to oil inttnts and purposes .
Now the question is , has the Sovereign power , either by prerogative or otherwise , to repeal an Act of Pnrliament ! If thin be the case , then it follows that we live under a despotism , and that the two houaes of parliament are useless—a mere mockery . If the Sovereign have the power to Repeal the Act of Union , the Sovereign must have the power to repeal any other act of parliamentthe Catholic emancipation act , for instance . If the Act of Union be a nnllity . as lias been said , all the acts affecting Ireland passed b y tho imperial parliament must also be null , and therefore should not be obeyod or submitted to .
Some great jurists have stated that the power to annihilate itself was not delegated to the Irish parliament , and that therefore any act exceeding the power for which it was dele-ated was null and void . Those who made this rhetorical Bourish knew right well , that about II doaen of citizens of Lotdm . delegated corporators , annihilated the law—violated the principles of the constitution—changed the dynasty b y deposing Jumes II . and culling in William the Dutchman . Surely this was an unconstitutional proceeding , which those who advocated the Repeal of the Union by a short cut should cry out against . In this case an attempt was made to set the law Aside by exercising the Royal prerogative . Now , do the Royal prerogative repealers wish to Bee their beloved Soverei gn in a simihr predicament to that of James II . 1 I hope not .
The old corporation of the City of Dublin was elected for the purpose << f protecting the rights of the citiaentthat old corporation betrayed its trust—fold , ay and that too illegally sold—the estates of the city , pocketed the money , and increased the municipal tuxes to mnke up for the deficiency in the city revenue . Now , qb the old corporation hnd no such power delegated to them , why do the present Repeal , patriotic , and liberal corporation , not take back the estates , and relit ve the impoverished citizens from the loud of municipal taxes which oppress them ? Simply because an act of parliamen * confirmed thefruu ' . I hope , Sir , that the days of delusion and tyranny are drawing to a close , and that men will be permitted to make usa of the reason with which Divine Providence has endowed them without the risk of being hunted down us enemies to their country , by drunken buffoons , shves , and place-hunting ? ycophants , with which this country lias been cursed for the last 10 or 15 years .
There is not a man in Ireland more anxiously desirous to see the act of union repealed than I em . But it has long been my opinion that the menns eoployed to effect that object were not adequate to the end . When Mr Grey P . irter brought forward a practicable project for the Repeal of the Union he was booted down , turned on by men who , I have no doubt , meant well , but who were under a species of delusion , from which some of them have not yet recovered . Mr Porter ' s proposition was to apply all the energies of the country to the simple repeal of the act of Union . This proposition was scouted b y the Repealers of the Union . This act of Union must be repealod before the prerogative of summoning th « Irish parliament in Dublin reverts to the Crown . Yet this sensible and really eonRtutfonal proposition had not a seconder in the gruat Repeal Association : and why ?—because tho pnople were kept in a state of mental intoxication .
The Crown sanctioned the act of Union , otherwise it could not become law . Summoning an Irish parliament in College-green would amount to a case of inextricable confusion . It would be the " crown versus the crown and the houses of parliament . " Perhaps , Sir you are not aware that the CONSENT OV
TIIE GREAT MAJORITY OF THE CATHOLIC 111-ERARCHYAND CLERGY WAS GIVEN IN WRITING , IN FAVOUR OF THE UNION . Lurd Castlereugh obtained this consent under the pretence that Catholic emancipation would follow immed ately after the Union . It is nut too late to adopt Mr Grey Porter ' s proposi . vlon , — " To apply ourselves nnd nil our energies to the Repeal of the act of Union , and then let US see Whether the Sovereign Will exercise the prerogative of tbo crown , by summoning an Irish parliament in Dublin , or recommend the imperial parliament to pass a more equitable act of union than tlie present . " In tbe first place , let he Act of Union be repealed , and let Irish patriots cease holding up their confiding countrymen , as objects of pity and contempt in the estimation of every sellable politician in Europe , by the ridieulous absurdities which they induce them to affirm . Dublin , 27 th March , 1817 . PATRICK O'HlGGIHS .
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rw i i ? W 00 B SuiTU AND B * n . xhau . —At tlie house 11 Jl 2 1 Mary IIowitt i became acquainted with Dr Southwood Smith , the well-known philanthropist . He is at preBent engnged iu the construe tionot good tenements calculated toimprovcthe condition of the working people . Hi 8 plans look urornisinp , and , should they succeed , you shail have a detailed account of them . On visiting him we saw an object which I had often heard celebrated and had thought Hould be revolting , but found on the contrary an agreeable sight ; this is the skeleton of Jeremy Benthara . It was at Bentham ' s request that the keleton , dressed in the same dress ho habitually W ( K , stuffed out to an exact resemblance of lite , and with a portrait marked in wax , the best I ever saw , sits there as assistant to Dr Smith in the entertainment of his guests and companion of his studies . The figure leans a little forward , resting the
hands on a stout Btick , which Benthara always carried , aud had named "Dapple ; " the attitude is quite easy , the expression of the whole mild , winning , yet highly individual . It ia a pleasine mark of that unity ef aim and tendency to be " expected throughout the lif e of such a mind , that Bentham , while quite a young man , had made a will , in which , to oppose in the most convincing manner the prejudice against dissection of the human subject , he had given his body after death to be used in service of the cause of science . "I have not yet been able , " said the will , ' to do much service to my fellow-men by my life , but , perhaps , I mny in this manner by my death . Many years after , reading a pamphlet by Dr Smith on tbe same subjeot , he was much pleased with it , became hh friend , and bequeathed his body to his care and use , with directions that the skeleton should finally be disposed of in the way I have described . -Correspondent of the Ntw York Tribune .
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THE WARRINGTON " CONSPIRACY . " NORTHERN CIRCUIT , —Liverpool , Awn . 1 . ( Before Mr Baron Rolfe , and a S . eclal Jury . ) TUB VJEEN V . SELSBT AND OTHEBS . . TbUwwan in < Hctment againBt 2 fi persons , viz .: — Henry Sel . by , William Read , John Bousfleld , Alfred Cbeeseboreugh , p rancis Dawi 0 Il i John Durabgll ( Gilbert j « M * w ? ' ^ rUnay > Samuel MilU - Wm- M » KS «» tr » yd \ Smith , Robert Westwater , Thomas Wilton , T . Wright , Joseph Blem « lr . Joseph Bretman , John l ? irth , George £ t d w-S to | Geor S BSch ° l « . John Thomaton , Rowland Wilkinson , and Elijah Bowman ; the fin mined 1 being he sectary , and all the others , except Read , being shown tube memberg of "the Journeymen Steam-engine , Machine-makcr , and Mill-wrights ' Friendly Society . " b
The indictment , whieh consisted of 2 G counts was said to be about 30 yards in length in the parch ' nu-nt record , and contaiaed between GOO and 700 folios . It had been printed for convenient reference , and in * that shape filled 83 folio pages of type . It had heen found at the last winter assites , and was then removed into the Court of Queen ' s Bench , and now sent down to be tried , according to the usual practice , at niii priut in the county . By this indictment the defendants were charged with having , on the 1 st of July , 1810 , and on divers other da . vs and times , unlawfully and maliciously conspired and combined together , by divers unlawful means and practices .
to impoverish one John Jones , and one Arthur Potts , in their trade and business of iron founders and engineers , who at the time of the offence committed , carried on their trade at the Viaduct Foundry , in th « township of NBwton-in . HtKirerfield , in this county . It also charged the object of the defendants to ba the reducing of the » aid Messrs Jones and Potts to beggary and want , and the preventins and hindering thsm from exercising and carrying on their trade and business , &c . And in seme of the ceunts tke same conspiracy was laid as with the view of injuring the workmen of the said Jones and Potts , by preventing them from balng employed by those masters , or by other masters .
Ur Serjeant Wilkins , Mr Monk , and Mr J . Pollock , appeared for the prosecution . Mr Knowles and Mr James defended SeUby , Cheeseborough , Bousfield , Quarry , Dumbell , Leach , Dawson , Gray , and Firth . Mr Baines , Q . I ., and Mr Fry defended Bowman , Mills , Murgatroyd , Platt , Ramsdeo , Roberts , Scholes , and Wilson . Mr Watson , Q . C ., and Mr Denman defended Read , Grundy , Wright , Westwater , Smith , Blamire , Brennan , Thnraason , and Wilkinson . When the case was called on , Mr Sergeant Wilkins required that the defendants might appear . Mr Knowles said it was not necessary that they should appear at the trinl . Mr Sergeant Wilkins referred to the case of the Queen v . O'Connell , where Mr Steele was called upon and compelled to attend .
His lordship , who tried the case of the Queen v . Feargus O'Connor and others , at Lancaster , referred to that case , and said the defendants there , although Mr O'Connor and many of the others attended , were not called upon to amwer to thtir names . Mr Baines reminded the court that in the latter case only some of the defendants appeared . Mr Sergtant Wilkins said all the defendants here hnd not pleaded . The Judge replied that he had no j addiction except iiver those who had pleaded . But he understood that they had all pleaded . He had no authority to compel attendance .
Mr Sergeant Wiikins , in opening the case , said , that whatever might be the opinions of those who had counselled the defendants , their offence was calculated to injure society , and the jury were hound to find a verdict . The prosecutors were the proprietors of tbe Newton foundry , and all the defendants , except Selsby , had been in their employment , A disagreement nros > e , and they attempted to dictate to tho prosecutors as to how they should conduct their business . They came to the masters and almost insisted that apprentices over a certain age should not be engnged , and that no mtn should be employed who did not belong to a certain trade ' * unior ,,
called the Journeymen Millwrights' Benefit Society—a society that had the enormous fund of £ 18 , 000 at its command . The masters would not submit to this dictation , and then fifteen of the defendants left , and those who remained became so turbulent that they were obliged to be discharged . Then the discharged workmen formed themselves iuto bands to prevent workmen from a distance entering the employment . Various mischievous handbill * were circulated , of which Selsby would be proved to be the author ; the learned sergeant having read one of these placards , which was an appeal for assistance fur the meQ out on strike at Newton , and others who were out on another similnr strike at Belfast nhout the snmo
time . With referenno to the Newton strike , the parties stated that " the prosecutors should uot have it all their own way , for that a steady picket had bei-n phi cod upon the shop . " Then there was the usual appeal about '' the Bhrinc of avarice "— " the rig ' its of liberty "— " their Perilous situation "— "their merciless oppressors "—and Eo forth . Thisws < s signed "Henry Selsby , and a subscription of i \ shilling a head was directed to be forwarded to Henry Selsby , Dale-street , Manchester , Upon the 10 th of November a workman of the name of Sbatwell approached the works , looking for a job , and two of the defendants cam to him , and intimidated him from proceeding . They said he would bs called ' a knobstick " if he went , and they called the foundry a "b y hole , " and promised to give him a shilling to ga on the road .
ne went , however , to the foundry , and obtained employment . A man of the name of Taylor , who was also looking for a job , was similarly accosted by the picket ; and he was told that if he went to tbe foundry lie uould be unable to work there or anywhere else in a month . Then twenty-three of the defendants were apprehended . Upon Cheeseborough was found a letter from Selsby , inclosing an order for £ 10 for the support of the men out of the shop of the prosecutors , It was then deemed advisable to arrest Selsby . Jonas , a constable of Warrington , apprehended him ; but Selsby mistaking Jones the constable for Jones prosecutor , he became very cominunitHtWe , avowed himself tbe author of the placards and the writer of tbe letter to Cheeseborough . Then , in Bowman ' s box , a great number of letters froro Selaby were found . A
paper was found giving an account of the money due to the men who were on thu ; picket ; nnd nn important letter discovered , written from Newton , giving an account of the strike , which then had lasted two months , and with a boast it was stated that only three mean fellows had entered the foundry since the turn-out took pUce . It was further announced that the prosecutors had received extensive orders , and were advertising for workmen , but they would be unable to fulfil the orders , unless they came to terrr . s with the turn-outs . He concluded by animadverting upon the strange circumstance that men who were always crying out for liberty should be the first to act with liccntiousnesss , and to prove by their conduct that fhey were unfit to exercise those privileges which even they already possessed .
James Jones , deputy constable at Warrington , stated that , after Apprehending several of the other defendants , he had gone to Selby '*? , fttCl , Dale-street , in Manchester . Ho found a letter from the secretary { Selsby ) upon Cheeseborough . When arresting the latter , Selsby appeared to mistake him for Mr Jones , the prosecutor , and admitted that he was the acting secretary of the millwrights' executive , the author of the placard , and the writtv of the letter to Gheesebovougli , enclosing ten pounds for the turn-outs . At the house of Quarry , the defendant , a number of books and papers and a balnncesheet were found . Papers were also found in Bowmnu ' s box . Witness had seen sereral pickets prior to the appreliension of the defendants . They walked backwards and forwards on the roads in the neighbourhood of the foundry of Janes anil Potts , They walked in twos and threes , sometimes in sixes and sevens , nines and tens and they sooUe to persons going along tbe roads . Quarry and Bowman dwelt together in the same house , at Newton .
Cross-examined by Mr Kuowles : The pickets wero very peaceable . He had never seen . " . t \ iem otherwise than -well-conducted , Selsby said , wlv ^ n arrested , that If they had done anything wrong , it was , contrary to his instructions . He admitted that most ot tbe apprehensions had taken places , and most of tho boies of the prisoners , had been broken open lato at sight . Selsby showed him all the papers he had , and the addresses he had written , When going to Quarry ' s and Bowman ' s house , he had a warrant for ' them , but not to search , Mr Johnson , cashier to Jones and Pott :, was with Mm . B ) wman ' s box they found open , and took papers from it ; but Quarrj's was locked , Mr Johnson broke it open with a hammer , and papers were there discovered aud taken away by witness .
Elizabeth Fendlebury proved that 6 he had pointed out Quarry ' s nnd Bowman ' s boxes to the first witness . Both these men hid lodged at her house , and they had been out of work for three months " . The court then adjourned . Saturdai , April 3 . The further consideration of this caso was resumed at nine o ' clock this morning , Mr Jone » , the constable , was recalled , and produced a number of other papers found in Bowman's box . Iu cross-examination he said , before he opened the box he wbs told it was Bowman ' s . Had no warrant against him . It was now proposed to read the documents .
Mr Watson objected that , ns to his client * , it wns not shown that they had any cognisance of these documents , and they ought not to be read until some conspiracy had been established against them . He also said that , from the manner in which they had been obtained b y taking them from the possession of the individuals without any warrant or authority , they ought not to be admitted as evidence In a court of justice . His Lordship said they were evidence certainly against some , and must , therefore , bo read us against them . There would be a question as to the weight of the evidence . The mere fuct of some of these documents being found in the possession of a particular individuul would go but a short way unless carried further , Tbe documents were then read .
One of these was a letter from Selsby , found in Bowman ' s box , in which be had said he had only received the note that evening , and stated his intention to be present at the meeting of the following evening , unless something extraordinary should occur to prevent him . Another letter , of September 8 , was as follows : — "Sir . —Would you pleaie toforward me theparticulan
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'"" ¦ - ¦¦ " -- !—a » of Jones ' s shop relative to the number of our im'mlvr . s- » engineers , nun-club men , adult apprentices , labourers tie . —und every other information which would be re . quisite to be made knowu to tlie branches , as speedily & » possible . By doing so vou will oblige •¦ Yourstruly , H . Sbwht . " Another Whs of the date of the 8 th September ; - — "Respected Friends , —I received your letter this morning , and iu reply I have to inform you th-n ( here is a general executive mee'ing summoned for Saturday evening next . You will perhaps bo able to mnnagi ! till then , as there will only be a delay of two days , when I have no douot you will have a remittance . We wer » regretting that jour affair and that of Hocudalc i-liouli have happened at the same time , but you will rcgi-ct still more when I tell sou that 1 have received a letter from
Belfast making an appeal to the executive under nearly the same circumstances as yours , but more aggravated ia constquences . There are nineteen mechanies bound over to take their trial at the Belfast quarter sesviuns on the charge of combination and conspiracy . The Beliast branch charging us with partiality towards the English branches , your app-al is deferred until tho decision o > th » executive in the Belfast case , so that , if thejarw to receive our support , the sumecircular will answer bott . purpobei . I have not yet had an opportunity of consulting with Mr Scotson , on account of the multiplicity of business , but I hope te < Jo so cither to-day or to-morrow . Be as cau » t ' tous in jovr movements as possible , for there i « no doubt lr Jones will watch for every opportunity to avail himself of the assistance of the law . "Yours respectfully , H . Sklshv . " There was also found in Bowman ' s box a book
containing a draught in pencil of a lettor , giving an account of the state of Messrs Jones and Potts' « stfil ) libhment , statinc thnt since the beginning of the affair , sixty men had left their employment , twenty having beon discharged and forty having left . It stated , that of those only three had been got back , so that they bud now only about thirty hands , and that some of these wire drawn out every Saturday . It said also , that Messrs Jones and Potts had some large orders in hand , and that the writer hoped soon to be able to announce a vietory ; forty men hurt beeu advertised for , but tlie writer was glad so say they had hitherto been able to keep all away but the three .
Among the ynpr . rs found was an account « f the arrangements of the pickets at Mr Jones ' s establishment , found in Quarry's box , nnd a printed report ol the proceedings of the society from February 1845 ts February 1816 , from which it appeared that it consisted of seventy . six branches , extending over all parts of the united !> ir , g dom . Th « number of members was 6 , 329 , Thelniluuce in hand in February , 1845 , was £ 9 , 661 , and in Fotuu try .
1844 , £ 17 , 231 . In Quarry ' s box also was found an account of the wages due to pickets from October 5 to October 10 , ur . d from October 19 to October 24 , in which the uauiuK of Bowman , Quarry , Mills , Scholes , Cheeaeborough , and others of tho dsiendants , appeared . They , it would seem , received at the rate ot 5 s . per day for this duty . On the person of Cheeseborough was found u Iwok containing minutes of various meetings , at wliicb iiiijah Bowman appeared to have officiated as chairman . Tnese entries ran through the months of September : > nd October . The rssolutions of one day , for iustauco , ivsro us follows : — " 1 . That every member of the committee be here at a quarter past eight . " 2 . That Williim Kingdom be allowed to begin work on Monday , tho 7 th , ainongtt the rest who g . ive t !; eir notice previous to the committee mettiui ; ot Monday last . *
3 . That Eiijah Bowmau and Joseph Smith come under rule for iunport . " 4 . That no more than four go on picket . " 5 . That one part of the picket ro oa at six in the morning aud leave off at six in the evening , and tlie other at eighi in the morning and leave off at eight in the evening . " 6 . ^ That E . Bowman go as delegate to the executive council at Manchejt -r on Saturday next . " 7 . That men be chosen to be in rendiness U give in their names when required , viz ., Francis Dawson , Tbo-. nae Tong , Benjamin Davis , Richard Phillips , Alexander R igers , George Hackney . 1
8 . That when any person leaves by being drawn nut of the shop , no one be allowed to tako his job without an advance of 2 s . per week on hU present rats ot w » gts . " There was read an addrest , found upon the pwum of Cheeseborough , copies of which had btcn circulated among Messrs Jones and Potts' men , and of whieh ScNby had avowed binm-lf the author . This was set wit in the indictment as one of the overt acts charged . I * pur . ported to be addressed by the executive council to tho JourneymenStenm-engines . Maehine . makevs , au < i Mill . Wrights' Friendly Society . It referred to a monthly trade circular , and stated , tbut in the lust one an bppeal had been made in favour of persons in ihe employment of Messrs Mason , at Itochdale , who were contending against the introduction of illegal hands , und that since that
circular similar applications had been made by the members of the Newton and Belfast branches . It then went on to state the case of the Newton t ranch , saying , that from iafurmation thoy had received it had beeu the practice in Messn Jones and Potts' establishment to engage hands for three anil four years to leurn the trode , at ages varying from 19 jears and upwards , besides avail , ing themselves of every opportuuity ot stocking the labour market by the introduction of juvenile appren . tices nnd numerous labourers , who in many instauces were put to do the work of regular men . It said , that to such an extent hud the evil gone , that unless » stop was put to it the shop would soon be filled with tlie parties described . The following , they stated , were the
particulars : —The shop contained 57 club men , 42 belong , iugto that society , and 15 to the engineers ; 33 nun . clubmen , 8 legal apprentices , 10 adult apprentices , from 19 to 20 years of nge ; 52 labourers , threo of whom were generally kept at the machine-makcrs'jobs ; 22 attending lathes , plotting , drilling , p laning , and screwing ma . chines ; the rest kept drilling and tapping for the erectors ; and about 30 lads , some of wham were of proper age to entur the trade , and all working at lathes and planing machines The address said the men had sent a deputation to Messrs . Jones and Potts , bur . had met with insoU-nce ami insult , and that Mr Jones bud discharged a number of the men , They were , however , determined not to let him have it all his own way , aud a steady picket had been placed in the shop .
The address then stated the case of the workmen , and called upon the mm in strong language to exert them . selves to oppose such attempts on the part of the em . ployers , adding , " While wo thus attempt to arouse you to a sense of the impending danger , and to m-ge upon you the neces . sity of a concentrated action , we would not wish to be miBunderstood . Reason and justice must be our only weapons ; the old and mistaken principles of turn-outs must be entirely discarded , us being mischievous in their tendency and not calculated to effect the object intended . More rational and legitimate modes of action must be adopted , and those under the control of a governing power . " It proposed a subscription of one shilling from each of the members . These documents having been read , the following witnesses were called : —
Enoch Monks . —I am time-keeper to Messrs Jones and Potts , engineers andmachine-makcrs , at the Viiiduct foundry , near Newton , in August Uat , a great many men left their employ . They kept leaving every week . Soon after I noticed some of these men about tlie foundry , sometimes together and somotimes in parties of tw « or three . They hud all been in the employment . They seemed to bo there all the day . They were sometimes walking about and sometimes standing . Have seta people coming towards the works , who seemed to be coming in search of employment . They seemed like working men . The other men went up to them tmd spoke to them . Tho strange mcu then went away from the works . Took memorandum * of these different day * Commenced on Monday , -November lOtb . Ou that day Scholes
saw Choeseborough , , Grundy , Wilson , Dawson , Smith , Brennan , Buusfield , Roberts , Blcmlars , Quarry , and Platt . On the following . lay , saw Smith , Lawson , Bousfieia . Platt , Firth , BUmiars , Grundy , Wrighr , Dum . bell , Thomasun , Wilson , Roberts nnd Ramsden . On November 18 th , Mills , Boustield , Wright . Platt , Scholeg , DawsoB , Ramsilen , Gmy , Leach and Blcmiars . On November 19 th , Mills , Gray , Dawson , Smith , Ramsden ,. Wilkinson , Roberts , Bousfielu and B' . emiars . On Nov . 20 th , Thomason , Gray , Cheeseborough , Wilson , Mills ' , Scholea . On Nov . 21 n , Bjuafietd , Dawsoii , Platt , Cheese , borough , Wil-on , Smith , ScUoles , Quarry Mills , Gray and Waistwuter . On Nov . 23 rd , CbeeseWoUgh , Dawson , Wilson , Grundy aud Murgatroyfl . On the 24 la , Mills nndDawsun . On tlie 2 Dth , Smith , Bousrleld , Wil . "" H ' w-T' Mur 6 alr ° J a < Gr « 3 ' . Thomason , Waistwater aud Mills . Saw at these various times all the defend , ants but Sdsby , Read and Bowman . Saw them at
different hours of the day , as earl y as six o'clock in the morning . On the 16 th , saw two strands , who were conuns towards the works . D . nvson was | h n « with some other m ™ . When the two came up ihey stopped and spoke so , ne mmutes . Dawson then let with the L . / , H > . ° paSSed Wltne 5 s he *« - lv E »«* . ™ tl 111 . T f wantine > l don > t mi «» » f jo » Ja 9 lt ? her \ T 7 ffre 8 bhands that mo "' V S MnT , ° Ok ' Jam ° 8 Qua "y Mt September Mm , ?? ? ° ° ' DMid Thom « «»* Alexander V , ill ' am We fcft Octoher 3 Stephen Travis left Oct . IU . Uiehard Brown is still at work . Thomas Gandj and James Ellis left October 10 . Gilbert Gray left Sept . 13 . James WalUw left Stpt . % . Samuel llcseldine , Oct . 17 . John Bates , Oct . 10 . Edward Grecnoujli , Oct . 24 . Peter Griffiths left November 14 . Saw Dawson speak to other men in the same way on difi ' erent occasions .
Men usuall y give n wcok ' s notice . Upwards of one hundred men had left from the latter end of August up to November tho 16 th . Has seen tho handbill now produced circulated among the men . ( This wai the handbill read in the course of the opening of the learned counsel . ) Cross-examined by Mr KnowleB . —Have been with Jones and Potts 11 years . They manufacture online * That is an employment requiring skill . 1 wa 9 not em . ployed in making engines . A week is tbe u . ual notice on each side . Some of thu men have been discharged without notice for neglect of duty . Some of S" m . J who left of their own accord did not give a week ' s notice . Cheeieborough was diimlBsed , and had a week ' s notice . Mi » , Smith , and Bowman were uncharged witbont notice , for bad conduct . I do not know that Jonea » nd
Foreign Jnobrmeitts.
foreign jnobrmeitts .
Joret'p Melltgence,
joret ' p Melltgence ,
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- - 3 ^ ^ nm ^ MhMHMK ^ HMWBnBatt&ti ROYAL PREROGATIVE AND REPEAL OF THE UNION . V 11 T < L IRI 9 H RBBID 1 NO IN BNOUND . Jdltei P'T'ymen .-Tlie following letter wan published in the Freeman ' * Journal of Saturday , the % l i ! IT v II was writte « in the intention , and in r ! L . A Persuading my deluded , confidinp , and ™ et ? m $ mn t 0 think Me men endowed with ""• ? » they wonM affirm any proposition , no matter hy whom brought forward , or by what clo-2 nSp « £ nW " » U 9 tained -1 " <»^ er that you may undwtanrl the question clearly , that you may cotn-P £ h Vf . e fuU m . eMlin S 6 f ™ y objections to the popular folly , a 8 well as my motive for writing this let ' ' ' ? "" essary that I should state ,-JSSfc I u * T ^' ? ^ cit 5 iens of Dublin was recently held m the Music Hall , a snacioua bnildiW
tor the purpose of taking into consideration the distressed condition of the shopkeepers , tracers , and Mtums of this city . Secondly That ' the Right Honourable the Lord Mayor presided over this meeting . unr I V 1 •»* a gentleman of the " * " »<>< T . D . ve £ &S ° A Warda lieiition Pra ^ « So - S SfS ^ . ^ " ? " > summon her Irish Par-&& ^ £ VteSzz ESsrasrasrsssrssa them to R , ve their sanction to so ridiculous and so absurd * proposition as the following :- ' < That onr Sovercer . Lady the Queen has the power of Repeal . l ? \ r « Aot of Umon > ^ theaere exercise of the Royat Prerogative . "
Fourthly , fhat I was beginning to entertain the kopejbefore this recentoccurrence . before the adoption of this silly petition ) , that my unsuspecting countrymen had been sufficiently doped and cheated for the last forty-seven years by a knave who , under a false pretence , deserted them in the hour of their calamity , without permitting themaefces to be blindly led into a fresh system of delusion , by men who are either politically ignorant or thoroughly dishonest—men wfto from their first appearance before the public , which is not very long Miree , up to the present time , have never propounded even one honest political principle ; nnd who , while they profess to lead the people to freedom , sre the strenuous opponents of the rights of the people . " I am Fellow-countrymen , tv ... , ., Faithfully yours . Dublin , April 4 , 1847 . Patrick 0 'Hiooiss .
Untitled Article
April 10 , 1847 . . THE NORTHERN STAR .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), April 10, 1847, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1413/page/7/
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