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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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REVELATIONS POLIT 1 QUES . LES TROIS TICTIMES . Pab us Comib bb Wiixbho * . [ Political Revelations . Tie Three Victims . By the Count deWilibrod . ] LoBdon : Armand , hathboae-place . { Continued from the Star of August 28 t& ) In 1813 . Fonebe then was thrown , bj a eoojono fare of events , into the very midst of the camp of the enemies of Bourbon . With him were associated Talleyrand , Lafayette , Yoyer D'Argenson , and others , upwards of a hundred members of the Chamber of Representatives , aod ( last , not least , ) Paul Dirlier . A series of plots were then set on foot by these men , the last link in the chain of which was broken on the night of the 29 ih of August , 1830 . Talleyrand and Fouche then sought eagerly to
return to their former posts at Pan ? , not merely to lender themselves necessary to the government , but iq order to hare the power of overturning it on the firstfarourableopportunity . Their greatest hindrance was the presence of the allied armies in Paris . But although Louis XV 11 I . was nominally King , the Duke of Wellington was the real governor of France . Nothing wa 3 done without his command or permission . Loui 3 , indeed , attempted to shake oS the joke , but he was ill-seconded by his ministers , who bowed deferentially te every decree of Lord Wellington . It became , therefore , of the first conseqneace to the conspirators to ascertain , at least , whether Lord Wellington felt personally indifferent to the head of the French government ; which they bed soon reason to believe was the case .
In fact , if Russia . Prussia , and the other absolute governments , considered that Louis XVIII . as the direct heir to the crown , carried a greater premise of stability to the government when centred in his person , the case was very different with England , who sought a cession of territory as the guarantee of good faith , and would have countenanced any candidate for the crown who could offer such security . Bad the Prince of Orance , on those terms , Calvisized France , or the Duke of Orleans acted over again the English Revolution of 168 S , substituting the younger for the elder branch of the royal family , such a change « f affairs would have been too consonant with the religious and political opinions of England to have been very warmly resented .
The first care , then , of the conspirator * , of whom the tiro disgraced ministers were the heads , was to assure themselves of the neutrality of England , should unexpected circumstances again place the crown of France in the hands of the people . We are , indeed , ignorant what means were taken to discover the secret feelings of Lord Wellington with regard to a change in the dynasty , and what the representative of England really pledged himself to do ; but the colour given to certain events—the conduct of tha Allies , and of England particularly , after the disasters of the 20 th of March , the facts alreadv
knows , and those which this boGk will reveal , all Indicate that the Allied representatives at Paris had listened to every vague rumour , which tended to make the state of France appear very different to what it really was ; which could prove to the Sovereigns of Europe that the Bourbons were incapable of governing the country which had received them with so much enthusiasm ; that there existed a thousand secret causes for hatred of them . ; that , for the tranquillity of the State , it wa 3 necessary te leave France free to choose another chief , and that this power must once again be confided to a new Chamber « f Representatives .
The events of l& > 0 proved that England had no ejection to aid such a change , if a manifestation of public feeling sufficiently imperative to justify her in doing so , could be obtained . In 1815 all was prepared far such a manifestation of popular sentiment to complete the difficulties of the moment , before the Conclusion of the treaties . One . thin * » to be remarked that in all these dark transactions the asme of Kapnleon was never brought forward at all . However adored by the soldiery , and in the provinces , he was hated , and his same was raised by the nobility , gentry , and even the common people of the capital . It was from the camp of the liberals that the deadliest bkmshad been given to the Imperial power ; and it was to eombat with violent aggressions of this great loader that foreign armies had twice trampled under their noises' feet the soil and the blood of France . Each
ef the Allied powers had , in turn , contributed to the full ef Napoleon , and there could be no possibility of bricgin .- him forward in » connter-revolaiion which the Allies were to permit , if not to countenance , and the mass of the people , who hated him , and had profited by his fall , were to plan and carry out . But as the leaders in a revolution are seldom the ttea who fight for it , it was particularly requisite at that period to have the aid of the licentious soldieiy , to whom it was nc cessary , before they would take up arms , to show that tricoloured flag which had waved above them in so many gierieus campaigns ; when , therefore , the , insurrectional intriguers wished to be prepared with the executive part cf their plan , they were compelled to invoke the same of the hero of the age ; that name which had bo magical an effect on the minds of these whose enthusiasm and devotion were indispensable to its fulfilment .
_ It wa 3 a base and infamous deception , but ambitious agitators are seldom very scrupulous ! Things thus far advanced , little more was needed for the preparation for the final scene . Emissaries were speedily dispersed over France to Hnite all the elements ef disorganisation into one common head . Appeals were made to the patrioticremembrances of oar unfortunate armies ; the resentment of those ? hose prospects had . been injured by the Restoration * as excited : some were reminded of Napoleon and bis eagles ; others , of the expulsion of the nobles ; * Sl , of the humiliation of France . In October , 1 S 15 , the organising committee inscribed en its banner * Jhss words— ' Society of National Independence' A * appy motto for the union ot so many different intere ; ts , since it exeladed ao party nor compromised aar .
it was in the name cf tie National Independence that there toon appeared in each town one or two Persons who made it their business to prepare the minds of the people ; to enlist the determined , and drill the discontented . Itwasinthenameof The National Mependaice that Grenoble , whose treason bad , eieht months pre-2 Joosly , decided the fate of the Monarchy , was WMcn te give , by one daring blow , the signal for the msurreetton . Further , it was in the name of this same National Wfp &dmce , that Didier was ordered to present aunself under the ramparts of Grenoble as if on the Part of the Emperor , tnd to obtain admission by Mat very gate which , on the evening of the 7 th of Jjg hadopeKd to Xapotanand Ms handful of s >
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Before ^ roce ^ / urther , it is of imjsrtance to os to know in what hands rested , at tJB thesupreniBpower , and what were WmeSfSs Kovernmentpowessed to couriter balanw ^ ac tive " force * of the revolutionary party Te mum m § && en ? inl S \ r . haTebeeiiaPllinfu » yP »« Wng OnlNi ' nhJf't ? , ^ tllB rhouwn . i an * XS £ S * j ° 8 leep for a centnrJ to awaken in dnrS *? F " ** ' R « helieu had forgotten , dunnghw long alaeneeand governmental the Cril S wants , the passions , even the modes and customsi of bis country . Neither a statesman nor a man of business Richelieu had not even the strength ot intellect , and spirit of conviction , which can alone give power to govern others . Weak and irresolute , always taking the wrong side of ia argument , the nrst minister tf Louis XVIII . was constantly hesitating between the sincere desire to govern well , and the remorse that the gad results of his political supremacy invariably caused . Thou « h his birth , the high offices he had always filled , his position , and the circumstances in which he whb placed , all made royalisra a duty in him , M . de Richelieu bad a decided inclination for Liberalism and Revolutionary _
ideas . . Such was the man to whom the deepest interests of France were then confided—whose presence was one of the most injurious circumstances at the critical epoch of the Restoration—who , almost unaided , negotiated and agreed to the humiliating clauses in the treaties of 1815 , and who only ventured to present these treaties for the sanction of the ministry , at the very moment when it was necessary to sign them . Associated with Richelieu , were Corvetto . the Minister of Finance ; de Feltre , Minister of War ; and Dubouchage , Minister of Marine . All wen
plausiblemcn , but totally unacquainted with internal policy—and . indeed , finding employment for ever ; thuujhtand tnergy in their own disorganised de . partrnents . These ministers , therefore , took but little part in the general government . They were . not orators , and were , consequently , incapable of taking part with effect in discussions—and when two theories or two ideas came betore the council , they gladly left it to the Minister of Justiee , M . Bart e-Marbois , to satisfy the parties , and interpret—as well as might be done—certain would-be liberal opinions , uttered by Richelieu , under the inspiration of M . de Decazcs .
the members of the Cabinet , therefore , whose especial duty it became to act in the management of general affairs , were—M . Deceass , M . Vaublanc , and 85 . de Richelieu—or rather the two former—for M . de Richelieu had so completely merged his opinions in those of D ^ m ^^ , Minister of Police , that it would scarcely be doing him justice to say he had a will of his own . A man of conviction , Mergy , and upright principles , M . de Yaublano was perhaps the onlj member of the Ministry who acted on any fixed sjstem . He had desired that , in connection with foreign power . ' , government should have acted with more independence and nationality ; without entering into any unworthy intrigues , he thought it possible to render the sovereign feared and respected by all parties ,
simply by abstaining from the degrading practice of alternate severity and caresses , which could only inspire contempt . Bat M . de Vaublanc hated intrigues—underhand dealings—in a word , all that savoured of trickeryand diplomacy : all that is usually the essence of the life of statesmen . lie went straight to a point , without turning or winding . He might break , but he would not bend . But , unhappily , by the men with , whom he was associated , his firmness was termedobstinaey ; his opinions , visionary theories ; his zeal for his sovereign , a l « ve of despotism ; and , after six months of struggling , with the irresolution of Richelieu , and opposition to the fatal determinations of M . Decszes , Vaublanc quitted the Cabinet . We will , hereafter , notice under what conjuncture of circumstances bb resignation took place .
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THE PROPOSED ELECTORS AKD NON-ELECTORS LEAGUE FOR THE ABOLITION OP NATIONAL W R ONGS . Bb men , be what jou were before ! Or weigh the great occasion , and be more ! TO THE EDITOR CF THB KOMHZBH STAB . EXEKT TO NaTIOXIL WSOKQS , I return j on man ; thanks for the insertion of my ar . tide upon this subject , because , tBongh I liave no ambition to firm such league , yet I trust it will be formed , and by enemies to wrong generally . We tare wrongs upon wroEgs , andin nearly every case one solitary society to 'set rid of (?) them . These societies ( which are
seldom heard of ) cost a great deal of money , and serve to split the people into paltry little sections , rendering them more disunited ( and powerless for good ) than they otherwise might he . These societies are selfish , too ; each aims only at the abolition of one particular wrang , and to ask them to' go further , 'is to incur the displeasure of all the black-doth and blacic-lege of Exeter Hall , whew sock-ties against National Wrongs usuallj mert : very wtH—taese societies , as I have stated , are very expensive , and effect so much good that you cannot see it . Woaid it not be much betttr for the' prime movers' in each affair to form a National union against National Wrongs ? Ay , and taorj especially since such prime movers ire nearly all agreed thai every wrong ought to be abolished , for the same party which denounces at
Exeter Ila ' . l oae wrong to-day , will denounce another on the ; morrow , and so on , through the week , though they will not ' come out' ( as they ought to do ) against every wrong at once . So much for these political hucksters , these vendors of pisce-meil wrong . Let us not be like them , not let us deal with National Wrongs as auctioneers deal with disagreeable articles , put them in one lot and knock them down for a trifle , for a trifle only from each it would he , to get rid of all the wrongs this nation is aSictod with . if they adopt the caurse suggested . There would be no league like our league , and good M . P . 's instead of abominableM . P . 's would prove whether or not we bad united fcr a good purpose : If we were as terribly in earnest as we ought to be , no advocate fur National wrongs would venture to come forward as a candidate , therefore our candidates would have a clear
course ; and if we could not send to Parliament better men than the ' respectables' have ever yet sent in , we would consent [ to call ourselves' respectable , ' which would be a heavy day indeed for Chartism , seeing that to be respectable is ; as the world now goes , to be one wlo is lest even to common deccecy . Let us come but then en maue against all wrongs ; let us no longer' tinker the sate' with patchwork remedits for wrongs , and in expensive little societies which sre seldom , if ever , heard of , but let us be resolved , as the enemies to the Game Laws have been , » o send into parliament men who will do more good than little societies oculd . This is t ! e way to go to work . Poland nevtr went to work in tb ' s way , had she done so , she would net be fallen as she i »; unless we do so , or rather , unless we look more to the representative system than we have dono , 'the fate of Poland may be ours , and we shall deserve it !' Tours , against National Wrongs , Heset Doweii Griffiths , Republican . Marjlebone , August 29 th , 1 S 47 .
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TEE QUEEN 5 N SCOTLAND . The court is now fairly settled amongst the Gram , pians , and perhaps , since the days when Robert the Bruce iras bunted by the bloodhounds of his dutiful subjects , no monarch has ever dwelt in suck absolute fastnesses as those which have been chosen for the autumnal residence of Queen Victoria . To be sure , the Jameses used occasionally to make Highland progresses , to the terror of evil-doers , a class which unhappily comprised no inconsiderable portion of the lairds , who ruled the roost among the Mils , and who had most confused notions of meum and luttm ,
particularly when the proneuns referred to any body else ' s cattle . James V ., I think it was , who held the most famous of these assizes . The proceedings , as might ba expected , were by no means characterised by the law ' s delay , as indeed the delinquent chieftains sometimes felt to their cost , when the ; were triced up without the slightest ceremony to a convenient branch of their own trees . Queen Victoria ' s reign , however , is more pleasant , both for subjects and sovereign , and although huzzas and triumphal arches may be somewhat stale , most assuredly they are more agreeable things than the ancient features of a royal progres ? , pit asd gallows .
loch Lajgan is a stern black-looking lake , lying in sullen stillness amongst wild mountains and dreary moor . It has no historical features—no features of peculiar beaaty . The lodge , a small but snug building , lies dose to the water , backed by belts of flourishing pine trees , while all around rises a sea of dreary hills and brown moors , dotted with shapeless blocks of granite . Cluny Macpherson , at the head of some thirty armed men of his clan , received the royal party , A green silk standard , bearing the family arms * , was displayed . This ancient fit ? has seen some service
and a few changes . __ The Macphersons were keen partisans of the ' King over the water , * and the emblazoned banner which on Saturday floated over Queen Victoria , was unfurled in 1715 . under the leadership of the Earl of Mar , and ini 1745 in the army ef Charles Edward . Surely it was an apostate banner . But Cluny ' s sword was not much better . It wa 3 a claymore which his Igrandfathec winded at Gulloden , not exactly upon what is the popular side now-a-days , while the targe which the chieftain carried bad been once bone by no less a per . sonata ttaa tte 'lousg Cfceydlec' himself ,
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™ B' S ^* WE 8 TIGATI 0 N AT BLBAFORD . ' *"'"* ¦* " *' ' * ' * ¦ " ¦''¦• • - ^ J ^ ,, ' ^ i ' i _ fcL _ ' " ¦ ..-.-.. AiMon M the decision ^• ' magistratas ' waa jnaie f VllL r „ hi Meeting was addmsedby Ernest Jonw , R ^ KnT ""•**««<»¦¦* of the same is taken from the hounds , ' snd heads the report — ' ¦ ' 0 UTRA « B «» EXHIBITION OF WEDNESDAY » ob .
' -. '' NIGHT r . ^ n ^ J ^** it > ito address the lie ' eould SSJSE . h i "" ' * * ** « lin ? of B « at pain , to Itm . au ° h ^ MM 8 i 0 ' klch Called him among S 2 ^ "i * reference to that . eeaaien , if ever cSd Z 8 ! t •*«*>«*¦ ¦ & * «« tiou , if .. jibing SuZZ v , tOrCh * ° « tbWto on the path i aBlll 8 ^« ce , it « ras ^ , b , found in f . . <« 8 » atP 89 ioutB 8 thae . whioh had recently l ^ . " * ?^*?** " * « r i «*«*»« Uilrfot . } but he onfessed he baa ne « P before . witnessci such , an wUIbi ton m that whieh had just terminated ou . the St 9 : rial btnch of Skaford . ( flear . ) , That which-bj * SteL ^! i " * ^^ oom of . , hU town whhin the las " could
U . ree day ., not ha « happened in JUncashire . Tn York 8 h ; r ., in Bottingbaiashire , or In any oJthe populous m . nufaetumg . distriets of , BHgland ; and wh y . f Did W ?? \ * ' Weal * ' PfMl'Be * claB « e » ,. the administrators . f the law * which they them . olres . nade , for their own . bsnefit , were more lovers * f ordep , more attached to Justice , more tender in their regardsfor the work , ng clasps , in tliOse dlihricts . than they were in SleaforU t Not a bit ; they were much on a par in those respeitB . The reason was , that the wen were moredetormined and anlted- the people better organise * , more actire advocates of the principles of progression ^ m . re aealous drfehdew of their owa-ri ghts and privilege than they were here ; and from that fact alone , the privilwed classes dare not tjrannue . om them as they here had
recently . »« en them dOi ( Cheers . ) Could they doubt that they iu LtneolnBhire possessed equal power if thev were but detc ? mined to exercise it ! True it was , that in agricultural districts such M-this , the population was morn widely scattered . than in the large manufacturing towns , but so also were the Dambers of their oppressors ; and if the opportunities of the people to unite were ' less , the power of the ariitbcrac ; te oppress them was less also . ( Hear . ) Ho was agreat enemy nnd opponent te anj breach of the peace ; he would uphold the law ; . he wimltl support Justice and not aunrchy ; but be tainted it ' was iinposBtbla justice could ever be maintained unless tbe rights of the ptople were properly guarded . Louk at the institution' of' the country ; they never heard of any attempts to tyrannise over churchmen , ores
the army , or the navy , over the great landed aristocracy , or the wealthy lassos ; and nay * because all those classus were npruented ; and he would ask could any maii ' sintereEtBbesowelHoolted after as by himself ? could any one tell where the shoe pinched but he who wore it ? ( Cheers . ) Yet all classes were represented in the state excepting one—the largest and most important —the working ilass . ( Hoar . } They must look for a remedy of this evil to an extension of the franchise ; was it not monstrous , that out of a popalatiea of seven m \ U lions , » W , 000 stone , were tlseiors ? Why was this ? By what right could one-sir th of th » p * cp ! c ckim the power ta legislate for the whola of the people ! IIad thoy all the wisdom of the nation t Was the head of an cUctor six times the ete ofthatof a aon-elector ! ( Heur . l The
only real difference between them and the prlvilsged classes was tbe advantages of education ; but God had implatted in the , minds of all a knowledge of right and wrong ; he defied the humblest individual before him to commit a murder , or a manslaughter , ( groanB } without having a consciousness in big own breast that lie had don » wrong . Would they , be aBkeil , _ be guilty of such riot and turbulence ai had been perpetrated by the mlnitms of the law in Sleuford within tholabt few days ! No . ( Cheers . ) Andyetthey were compelled to toil , to pay by taxation to support an empty authority which enabled others to do it . God had indeed said that men should live by the sweat of Ids brow , but he never said that he should starve by the sweat of his brow ; yet that was what the people were doomed to , with the promise
that if they consented to be trampled on and degraded , they would staad a chance of being cherubim in H . aven . ( Ilearaud cheers . ) How far nobler in tuo wealthy and puwurful , by the exercise of ChriBtian charity and forbiarauce to turn this earth into a paradise for all . ( ApplauBe . ) [ Mr Jenes then proceeded to recommend at great length feme association recently established in tho metropolis under the title of the National Land Company , by a number of Chartists and others , ] lie continued : he would now allude to tho melanchol y event which had caused bis attendance in Sleaford ; as he had before stated , he had frequently come in contact , and bad something to do with other county mtigistrates ; but he had never seen such an extraordinary exhibition of justice as he had witnessed that day in that roam ,
( pointing to the . sessions-house ) . He had produced six . teen credible and respectable witnesses , souio of them special constables , who had all sworn that the unfortu . nate deeeased . DodflGn . was not concerned in a riot—that there was no riot at all—that no policeman was struck or laid hands upon—that no rescue was attempted—that Dudson was innocent of any outrage . Other witnessts bad accounted for what he hud done from tho time of the election up to the moment at which he was struck down by the pollcuman ' s staff . In opposition to this , the counsel for the defence had produced twtlvo witnesses ; aud they proved—what ? that the deceased was under the gateway t that the police were struck ! that there was a row ? No ! every one of them corroborated the witnesses for the prosecution ; ' no policeman wae
struck ; no mm laid hands upon tho constables . Two only swore that they taw the deceased at all ; and one ot them confessed [ that ho hud . never seen his face , and might have bean mistaken ; and the other said , that though he had seen his face , he also might have been mistaken . ( Groans and applause . ) . And yet , in opposition to , and in the face of this weight of testimony from both sides , these men , bigotted—ignorant of the laws of their country—who dared to call themselves pjagiatrates ( groans)—had given a solemn decision . ( Loud applause . ) Nay they had done more : when Mr Bedford was ex a . mined , on the point of the policeman ' s sobriety , he said , ' I believe he was not intoxicated , but I did not take par . ticular notice , as I was attending to the wound .. ' He ( Mr J . ) wanted those words to be put down , as thoy
ought to have been ; tbe magistrates objected t « the latter part of tha sentence ; the room was cleared , and when they were called back , tho bench hud decided thtit the words should not be taken as evidence , ( ' Shame , ') A . jong the magistrates , however , was one worthy and excellent man , Mr All is ; and he at once nobly entered his protest against that decision . ( Three chetri for Mr Aliix . ) Did they call that justice ? ( 'No . ' ) And what did they think of the vsrdict f ( A voice , ' Awful ! ' ) He would tell them what the law was ; if a riot had taken place , and was over , no policeman had a right to Etrike a man . The riot—if riot there bad been—was over when the man was struck . Moreover , if a palicomaa tries to take a man , and he resists the capture , if the offence is only a misdemeanour or a breach of the peace ,
and the policeman struck him . and death ensued , it would be manslaughter and even murder . ( Renewed cheers . ) That was not his opinion alone , it was the law of the country : and he would ask thim , did theeo men know the law ! ( 'No . ' ) Further , if a man re ceived a wound at the bands of a policeman under these circumstances , no matter how unskilful the medical treatment might be , if he died , it would , bo still manslaughter . ( Applause . ) This was tho law , Now when these magistrates had given thsir decision , he supposed they thought the case was settled : be would toll them the case was only just begun . ( Cheers . ) When they had nrnnunccd to him their Judgment he observed , Very well , your worships , that Is your decision , aud we must bow to it for the present ; but I will tell you , that
we shall take thu case to the assizes , and that if we can * not obtain justice at the assizes , wo arc prepared to take it to the House of Commons . ' ( Loud cheers . ) ' X tell you , my friends , ' continued Mr Jones , with much oxcite meut , ' that I consider it a most atrocious and infamcut decision , and if I walk from London to Lincoln , if it costs £ 1 , 000 , justice shall ba dono . ' One of the magistrates said to him , ? If you intended to tRke tho caso to Lincoln i > ftor all , why did you give us all this trouble ?' Hi ; replied , 'We shall take it to Lincoln , nnd we can do so without you ; but wo brought it before you first to try you , ' Yes , it irns the magistrates of Stanford who had been for tho last three days on iheir trial . ( Loud cheers ) He knew very well what these landlord-magistrates were ; . in the agricultural districts they had bad it all
their own way for a very long time ; but ho would tel ) them they had stuuck the wrong man when they Btruck down a membor of the Land Company , ( Cheers . ) In the defence of such a man the Company , ivnd tbe unitrd Chartists of England , were determined to come forward —a body of three millions strong ! rt presented by a most powerful press , in which , by the end of the wee !; , a full repert of all theso disgraceful proceedings would be published for the enlightenment of thousands of readers , tro ; n the Lnnd ' s-End to Jshn-o-Groats , representing these landlord-magistrates as proper objects for the ridicule and contempt of the great , freo , and progressive party in the nation , ( Cheers . ) 'And , continued Mr JoneB , 'I will also tell tho policemen , that I will have my eye upon them ; and that if I hear of any
outrageous conduct on thtlr part—ill find thej have committed any illegal act—even though I am compelled to come down from London at my own expense , ( A voice : 'You shall have a carriage and four . ' ) I will aift their conduct to the bottom . ' ( Cheers . ) Humbla individual as ho was , ho was the representative of a great , a strong , a progressive , an invincible party ; there wero a thousand men much morenblo than himtulf , ready at a moment ' s notice to defend their rights , to prelect them from tyrannical oppression . ( Loud choirs . ) nc repeated , this ease should be slftod to the bottom , and Sf it took £ 1 , 000 , the . money was ready in tbe country . ( Cheers . ) Ho would tell the magi 9 trites another thing ; they had many powerful advocat . es and fp : onds : hud
they never hea « . l of Roberts , the Attorney-General of the worklug classes 1 Had they fovgottcn tho case of two magistrates at Warrington , who persecuted 17 working men for what they called a combination , And against whom the Trados Union and Chartists had set soponcr . ful a current of popular iudignutlcu , that thcBa magistrates were forced to throw up their commissions ? Aud what they had done with th » powerful factory lords of the north , they would eatily effect with the weak landlords of the south . ^ ioud applause . ) Mr Jones then proceeded to advise bis hear-. rs that , as it was their desire and ol > jtct to let liberty and peace go band in hand , they should leave riot and turbulenco te the factious—bloodebed to their opwcHow—and blows to tbe minted of
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the police—while they maintained paneoaa ' d ordrr , beariBjcn » ill-will tovany . man , however , mueh-be might have injured them , ' ( Chem . ) 'And , ' he concluded , ' when the men here ( pointing toi . '»» setsloas-hsuse ) get too extravagant in their . antici , « r to » strong for youthoaghlt-fflll . be your twn fault if y « u M them—write Inmrediatel y to the executive in Louden , ond they will settle the question for" you . ' ( Cheers )
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( Prom the Stahiohd Mbkcost , ) A wry offceting scene was witnesjed in this town on Sunday evening last , occasioned by tbe coaveyis ? to ttuir pfoee of sepulchre , of tfce reronias of William Godson the ^ oung man who wan wfortunatsl y kill . d on WednBBdaytbelthinst ., ( the dny ., election ) , fcy a blow upowhishead from the tnmche » aefapolioe-offlceri nam . d Sharpe . The f . neral proceasiw , buldn a hrgt number of . « ourner » , wa » attendedkj Mmembewof the JMair Start . Lodge , of . 0 * 1 fellow ,, to which society tliu deceased belonged . At ti je wnolusion of tbe usual obsfquisi , a pathctle address was read over the grave by Mr Jscfc « on , a member « f the lodge . A preicnant widow is hit to bewail the untimely and tragical
end of an affoctionatb husband , so cruelly torn from her at the age of S fyears . The now bermed andafflloted parents of this young man reside at tfranwell , near Sleaford . In his boyhood , Wra ; Dodson was- apprenticed to Mr Greenwood , of this place , who slates that a more orderl y , and better-conducted youth wv » r entered his doors . During the last four years he bad bm ' in the employ of Mr George BacoH , and was highly re . pected , both by bis master aud his fellow- < vorkmon leavteg an exemplary charactor for steadiness , gobrUy , and industry . A great number of persons assembled In the Market place to witness the mournful train , and one general fouling of regret nt the melancholy . vent , and commiseration for the sorrowing friends of the deeaased , seemed to pervade all classen .
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( Prom theliKcoLN , Rcm » D , » k » Stampow-Ubbgdi t . Fridi-y , August 27 , 1 W 7 . ) SuAn » B ,-The . Faial Bmction IlioT . _ . The noiu . m « t occasioned by the death of poor Dod 3 on ,. on the 4 th inst , by a Mow Jrom the staff of Sharpo , the iuperinendcntof poHce ai ; this place , still continues a « en fi ° t the thinking part of tbe- community , M well « g amongst the poorer clasBKB , with wh . m Dods . n may be lahl to havebeenaBsociattd . We have received various-communicationn on the subjisct from correspondents at Sleaford and the neighbourhood j and from all we are enabled to collect , we are indiced to believe it will be some time « e that excittment ceases . We regret , also , that the proceedings which have- taken place sinee the decease of tbe poor man , have not been such at to tatisfy either bit relatives or the public . Kothing could have been mora impolitic in tho first instance than the swearingi » of some of the greatest blackguards in ihetown as spi-eial comtablcs ; for every sensible man is aware that thene
are the parties whj are invwiabl y the first to croate a disturbance . There are , also , strong mumurs thnt tbo jury empanelled toin < juir « into the cause of death should have consisted of Mr " Warwick , ; the manager of th » Sl « . ford Bank , and ccunt y . treasurer , ( foreman ) ; and Mr Cbas . Kirk , builder and county surveyor ; for , although their respectability 1 b not disputed , the very cireum « taRe « of their being under thecontrol of the county authority , U calculate * to operate against their unprejudiced opinions . Then , again , with reference to tho . proceed * ings before the magistrates , the public wero not Hkely U feel that respect which could be wished for a p wty © f gentlemen who allowed their clerk to assume the part of an advooate , and to cross-examine the witnesses upon whose evidence the application for u warrant against Sharps for manslaHghttr , was either to btf recalved or rejected . Upon thu whole , a * we have remaike 4 , « he feeling « f tho public has been greatly eutraited , and it will rwjuire more than the usual tact of the party in poww to allay it .
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, Polioe constable Sharps , as well as the late William Dodson , was a member of the Fedfotg Heart Lodge of Odd Bellows—and on Tuesday , the 21 th ulc , a special com . mittce of the whole lod ge was appoinlod to inveitigat 9 his conduct relative to the death of poor Dodion . After a careful hearing of the ' ease , on tho examination of several eye-witnesses of the fact , and in the absence of any palliating circumstances , the committee , in justice to their deceased brother , cume to a unanimous decision that the extreme penalty whi « hthelaw of Odd FelUw . ship pronounctB upon a number of the Order who is found guilty of an outrageous or a disgraceful « imo , should , in this instance , be inflicted—vix ., that of expulsion , Sharpe will , from the step thus taken . be iorever dis « qualified to become' a member of tbe Order—and his name nnd the charge on which he ia expelled , will be printed , and circulated in every lodge connectdd with the Manchester Unity .
The deceased , who was a past ifficer of the lodge , wa * highly respected by his brother Odd Fellows . A more amiable and consistent number of society , there could not be . . The Feeling EcaH Lodge at this town has been established about ten yenre , and this is the first case of expulsion to bo recorded in its history .
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TO THE EDI 18 R OF THE NOnTDEINSTia . The late Homicide at Sleafohs . —After an investigation occupying nearly thrte days , the magistrates have decided thai the act of policemnn Sharpe , iu lulling Dudson , amounts only to excusable homicide . The cuse has excited the greatest interest in that town and neighbourhoed , and the universal impression is , that justice has been sacrificed to party feeling on the bench . Let us see how far" this opinion is borne out by the fauts ond the hw . I will state the facts most strongly infarourof Sharpe . A disturbance tcok place at the Bristol Arms Hotel , at Si ' eafortl , on the day of tl : e South Lincolnshire election . One of the ringleaders ivaj taken into custody , and after a violent and protracted struggle , iuwMch , however , no act of violence to thn policu was proved , h
was safely conveyed to the lock-up . An attempt was then made by the police to secure another man who is stated to huve tsken a leading part in the nfiray . The man wus seized , but made his escape -withous any ossi » tunce from the crowd . He was pursued Uy Sharpe , who being unable to overtake him , turned upon the crowd , who were following him , and struck Dodson a violent blow on the head , which c-. used his death . Twenty , eight witnesses were examined—sixteen on the part of thu prosecution , and twelve on the p : irt of thedcfer . ee . The whole of these witnesses deposed that they never flaw a policeman struck , or molested in any way . Special constable * and others swire that , iu their opinion , there was no attempt at a rescue , nor was uuy oue of tlnir body attacked . Had it been necea 3 ary . hall
the town would have testified to the peaciaWe , inoffensive and industrious " character of the poor man who was killed . These are the facts , stated much tn « ro favour , ubly for Saarpe than the circumstaiicsa warrant . Now let us apply the law to these facts . Homicide is of three kindt—justifiable , excusable ' and felonious . It is laid dewn in Blnckstonf , vol 8 . p . 189 that Homicide for the advancement of public justice is justifiable only where there ia an apparent nscossity on the officers eide . That such a necessity existed in this case has never been , and never can be contended , for one sh . gle moment . The next question then is , is tbe homicide in this ease excuanble ! Excusable homicide is of two kinds ; either plo iwforlunierm , by misadventure ; or se frfendendo , upon a principle of self-presorvation , Blackstoue , vol . 8 . p .
182 , There was no reason in thi 3 case to contend Hint tho blow was given in self-nrttcrvation , and consequently such a defence was never set up to tlic prosecution . The inquiry , thmfcri , resolves itself simply intn this , was this a case of homicide by m sadveuture ? Turn again to Blackstone , and h : tells us , that tvhen an ofik-ei ' punishing a criu > in : il , ' h : ipp ; n 3 to occasion his dtath , it is only misadventure ; 'for the act of corrtction was lawful . ' Blaekstone expressly tontines that case t 9 ' punishing a criminal , ' ' tvlicro tho net of correction is lawful ; ' and even ia such esses , ho says , if the effii-er exctedsthe bounds of moderation either in the mamur , tlio instrument , or tho quantity of punishment , nnd death ensues , it is manslaughter at least , and uccerding to the circumstances , mur er : for the act of immoderate
correction ig un ! uwt ' ul . Apply tins law to tho case before us . If there ia truth in man , if any importance is to attach to evidence , Dodson was innocent of any active psrticipation in the disturbance that had taken place . I affirm ,,. and I challenge contraction to the assertion , that tJiere was no ; thu slightest reason for striking Dodsou . He was tot a criminal . 1 defy legal ingenuity to torture hid acts into criminality and the net of correction must , therefore , have been unlawful . Here 1 might take my stand ; and on this ground alone , - were there no other , I might denounce the decision of the Bench as unreasonable and unjust . But I will go a step further ; and I Bay that , if Dodson had been the most active man in the crowd , the act of correction was still illegal , beonuso it was immoderate . Tws medical men ot
the highest respectability deposed to the extvome riolcuoo of the blow , and a host of witnesses swore that , to the best of their belief , it was aimod at his head . I am ashamed of attempting to support , by any . further legal authoritts , a case which stunds on the tirst and plainest principles of justice . But in order to aonvincc the most sceptical , how impossible it is to bolsttr up this snqu with any pretence or shadow either of reason or of justice , I will quote from Archbold ' s Pleading and Evidence in Ci'iminal Cases , lOtu edition , p . i' iS . ' Whene an offlwr having legal authority to apprehend a man , attempts to do so , and the man , instead of resisting flies and U kiilcd by tJie ofllcer in tho pursuit , if the man w * s charged with a breach of the piaoe , or other misdemeanor merely , the killing would be murder ; unloss , indeed , the homicide wero occasioned by swan * not likely or intended to kill , tueh as giving htm a blow from an ordinary cudgel ; in which case , at most , the homioidn
would bo manslaughter only . ' I ask , tan any thing b » more explisit thaa this % It muat be remembered , howiver > th 8 t Sharpe hnd no legal authority to » ppreh » ud Dodson , because Dodson was an myfibntling and un innocent man . Aa attempt was mado to prcte that Dbdso * was enconrngi « g the ? ofeue » f another man . and this is urged as a juatiiication . I deuy the f » ct . ; but admitting ik , listen again to Arehbold . WIimo an omcer is resisted in tte legal e « eoution « f hlsdtfty . he may repel iovceby force . : and if in doing to , ke ^ ill the patt | resisting him , it » JMUBable hoa » tci 4- > . ' What aru tho nerds hero » Rf pel force by force . . " « Kill tbe party resisting him . uOff > out of » be 2 * witnesses wbo weve examined , there was not one who deposed to the fact ef a physical and forcible resistance to the police on the part of Dodscra . Shappe was m * ^ ttompting to appreheudhim , and he twver offered ^ he « light £ Bt resist anc « Again , Archbold say « , ! TUe « i must bean appar » Bt uec 8 « Ujf « rtb « WlUn 5 ; f « rlf fee oSk « r ' wewto Ull
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« ' « tb ! , IMistan S ? had'eea » 8 O , or if thbr . / were ffl , ttffiESStt'BS homtede . wag not ^ tiftabl ., aud that it- L not eVonu We on ( hegroundof B ^ defmce . I havu also prove * that it was not homicide by xniewlventure , becauw Doison was innocent , nmd therefore , tbero wasnoreaioA for striking him nt al ) , » nd btcause , if hohadbeea guilty , tba act ofcorncHon was immoderats and tbera *> for * UJ « gaI . If . then , the homicide be neither justifiable nor excnwH * . it nut bo feleniou . " , and I have shown by tho htob « it'legal nuthorlrlei that il is felonious , and thfet itamosoti t « man * Iaugbter at least .
If the law is as I have stated it , the wngutrates should hava known it ; ignorant e is no excuse ., Whether thvy Slavs knowitffly denied justice to those who sought \ t , i » « question for their own consciences to determiner TSey are the best judgia of their owu motivn . . - As to what these motives wwe , « r «/ y man will form hit owa" opinion . I am , Sir , ' Tour obedient servant , YjsbaX , AugSBt 19 tb , l » ir . . ...
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" *^ ' 1 ** - *** *^ ' * ' *«*>*•*"•**>* ' ^* s ^ ' *^ - * -.- «*^ Vw « i-vvr ^< - / . *^/ ? i , f * J' ? 5 ? AIlNI » - ~ Tlic Baroness Von Arnim , tno Bettrna ' of Goethe , has been at war with th& authomies ofBerhn . According to tho current ex * Uanations , the . Jady takes » a active part in publish " Sl ?*' ^ latel ? began to publish , tha posthumpuB works of her hwUnd . Th « municipal rathoritira pnnonnced this to be tradintr , and required Von Arntm to take o « t her freedom a > - a burgess and to pay tho usual fee . The baroness replied , it issaid , by a ^ very insnltins' letter ; was cited to appear betore the Cnminal Cwirtof Berlin for libet-Ung the . magistracy , and was condemned tothreo months lraprisonjnest , with costs . A private correspondent of owpwn , howerar , gives a further and different explanation of tho affair :- ' This lady fe » for many years devoted her liters , y talents t * a ^ ocating . the _ cause of the distressod art ! - , 2 )» n and labourer hi those remote provinces whinh *«*
scarcely Known to the public inhabitants oftbVme trof . n except from the garbled aceonU " of revolt and military justice « iven by the newspapers . Her shrewdi and simple ¦ comprehension led her at once tf > trace the cause of much of this misery to the Tell which the despotism of the police throws over the rue picture ; and shfl sought to piomoto an inquiry into details , on a modified scale , in tke matler-of-iact manner of those investi fiations which produced many social reforms in England . Many young men wh * nnderteok the mission were criminally prosecuted
, asd fxposed to such persecution that they were forced to abandon the tatk . She has been involved in a direct squabble with the Berlin m ^ istrales , and tue Court . Junder the -mantle of a legal decision ; has the satisfaction bfavengingiitselfof many a bitter truth she has uttered . This singular woman , whoisiriow advanced in years , puts manly writers J" to shame by her unflinching defence of . truth and justice ; . « d this determination of her literary career will redeem the levity of its commencement . —Smetutor . , . r
I olwioal Gossip . - 'The ordinary dullness ofitha political worjd at this season is just now somewhat reneved by the various intrigues at work for the r « - soating of the rejected Ministerp . The « reat effortis to procure a suitable constituency willing to ac eept of the services of Mr MacauUy ; and it is said anegouationison ioot with Sir De Lacy Evans to induce that gallant oiheer to resign Westminster for the connideration of the Governorship of Malta a . post » h , eh , by the way , was offered to Mr More U ierrall , and declined . Attempts are in pro ° rm to induce Mr Barnard to yield Greenwich , to -Mr Ilavves ; but if they donotsuccced . it U hoped that the Under-Secretary for the Colonies will fce acucptcd by the people of Stockport , in the room of Air Cobdon . Mr Long resigns Wiltshire in favour tf Sir J . C . Ilobhouse . The reports in the journals as to tho batch of new Peers arc correct ; Sir It . B . Phillips the Commoner to be ennobled , is to have the title of Lord Milford . '
lkrapath triumphantly observes;— ' The battlff has bean fought and won in favour of the railway interest . Railway candid ates have , when they came forward , nearly in every instance been too strong for general politics . ' It is stated on good authority , that one of the > homes which failed last week made eighty thousand pounds at the commencement of the season by their succcpslul dealings in Indian corn ! All this has been lost , and a lnrge < apit . il besides , by an unfortunate miscalculation , of the fluctuations of the market and the state of the weather ! ' At Malta , duelling is permitted bylatv , under this curious restriction—that duellists are enMnedr in the severest penalties , to desist asd put tip their swords at the desire of a priest , a woman , or a km l" lit .
Returns moved for by the late member for tho University ol Oxford , show that the produce of the post-horse duties in England and Wales amounted , in 1846 , to £ 173 , 621 . and in 1845 b £ 169 , 873 . There was an flection fight at South Shields , between so many of Mr W ' awu ' s and so many of Mr Whately ' s mob , or between the ' Keds and ' Blues . ' Next morning , says the Gaiakead Obsm-vcr they were black and blue . From a parliamentary return it appears , that in this year ending the 5 th January last , the sum ot £ 10 , 550 523 19 } . 5 d . was raised by tuxes in Great Britain , from sources which in Ireland are r . ottajccd at till , More than half tho sum ari-es- fronv thoilncometax : the other chief items arc windows , '' servants carriages , horaes , dogs , tta £ . e and hackney carriages . ¦ ' ^
There were eruptions of Mount Vesuvius on ^ tha 2 nd and 3 rd of August . On the . latter day tiiu stream , of lava was iifteen feet in width . Two new . but small craters opened , and threw out an immense quantity of fire and stones . All post letters addressed to a bankrupt within three months after thefwt , will boforwanicd by tho Postrcastor-Goneral to tfte assignees . This is ia force since the 1 st ult . A correspondent of the Times complains of having lost documents worth £ 200 consigned to the Post-Mlice , for which there was no redress or ctiui ecsatidti whatever . Mr Josenh Sturgc has presented £ 20 io tho Leeds-Mechanics' Institution . Forged Stourk idar £ 5 notes are in circulation of the date of June 1 , 1847 .
It has been calculated that tliere are 24 0 G 0 pcres in a square inch of the under surface of a pear leaf . Ciiejp Flcur Association . —The working classes of Uawkk , Denholm , and Jedburj-h , have now found out the true mode of making a breach in the high prices ' so pertinaciously adhcied to by the dezlerVof the district , by uniting and procuring large supplies of flour from Liverpool , They have a'first-rate article at a considerable reduction in priec , compared vrith prices current in this quarter . The Prometheus , ju 3 t returned home frrm the coast of Africa , has been very successful in capturing slave-ships , having Lad sixteen vessels condemned as prizes . She has also bcci fnniinntt ; in the health of her crew , having only lost four iiueo she has heen on the station . The Gicenoek liailwoy carried last week the extraordinary number of 80 . 233 passengers .
At tho last meeting of the ltoy . nl Agricultural' Society of Ireland , held , at Londonderry , on the lltk ult ., one-third eftko premiums were canicd off by Scotch farmers .
The number of births in Sweden averages at prosent 225 per day , and the deaths 181 . In every 100 children born at Stockholm , 39 are illegitimate , and in the provinces 29 . There aro nearly G 600 post-tfRces and rereivir : g houses in the United Kingdom , of which about 500 are situated in and near tha metropolis . Scesr is as American' Pomck Coi'rt . —The New Orleans Picayune gives tuefollowing amusingaccuunt of theexamii ation of two juvenile Jemmy Twitcnero before Recorder Gonares . They rejoiced in tho nnmes of James Johnson and Joseph Brown , and wero accused of abstractiag cakes from & coffee stand in the market : — ' What do you say to this chavge V said the Seconder to them . ' Vy ve says nut guilty
of course , said Johnson ; ' no one aint bound to criminate himself . ' Yea , but you wero seen taking the bread by the negro , ' said the Recorder . ' A negro aint no witness against a white boy ; no how you can fix it , ' said lirown . And besides , ' ' . s-. tid Johnsca , ' cakes aint bread no more nor fleas aint ; lobstra—80 there can ' t be no indictment tour . d tor stealing it . ' Rccoider :: ' But another person bo * ide 3 . the negro woman saw you take the cakes ; the commiwavy himself saw you do it . ' Brown : ' Veil , vot of U : it aru ' t no burglary , Vau ' se it was done in daylicht , and there wmi'fc no lock broken . ' Johnson : ; Te % and I should like to ask the e ; em ' en as how ho knows , s pose we did take them , but that wo meant to pay for them . It is not every one that takes tilings on credit that can be prosecuted for larctiscy—not by a long shot . ' Recorder t 'Both of you seem to have had no inconsiderable experience , joung as you
are , in tho rules of court and criminal practice ; have * you ever been had up before a court before $ Johnson : ' We are not bound to answer that there question , ' ' cause ouv kracters haint been impcacucd . Brown ( aside to Johnson ) : ' Right , Jim , mum ' s tha word "; kraoter ! Cuess we aint quite so preen . u ha takes us to be . ' Recorder : Well I shall Bond both of you to tho workhouse for thirty days . \ ou are , evidently too idle , too vicious , and 1 may add , to < - , cunning to ba permitted to go at large . ' Jebny We calls for a trial by jury , your honour , <*; ina a speedy trial at that . The constitution guavr ntces it to every Mexican citizen , and we aiut go . ng to be p . hizaled outofit , nohow . ' Recorder : ' < uailevcnta I wi ll send you to the werkhouse for tho present . I wish to see if 1 cannot learn somer ' aingraofe about you .- Johnson . as tho officer to ^ k them out of court , 4 Veil , tlwc , I ' m Wowed / if We don't get out onlwb / corpy , '
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„ - '"*•* **"" MY 9 LD HOME . » r jns b . v . iostes . Ifiae old , old home , how changed it eiemil How dlent , duU , sad chill ! Si ! tnt , tba « fi l . ramy voices ring Within it ; cold andbUII The roabeaiM fail not to embrace It ; Ana dall , while JO ** * ° d beauty grsMB it . Oh ! thattha chtnge ware palpaUt , Aetasise *** * **^' Could lightnins riv « those walls , And sot one semblance be Of what it »*•—n » J h'art woild miss Its loathing to think what it is . the tin 18 . > ortward guise , u whin jr j consecrated home ; Bot all that made it liolj then Hath fled—death ' s cloud hath come Across the heart's joy of that dwelling All hope , all love , in aogaiih quelling . jly mother!—' twat herangdsmile . It * ns her love alone f bstmade tbe spot «• dear , and now , When ( mile and love are gone , TOiat » & *¦*¦ darkea'd home to me !—Its very air breathes misery J Too well I knot ; the history Gferery trea and flower . And how it hath been planted , In som * departed hoar—Ah ! vihereftre , with the hand that cneriih'd , Have not the trees and flowers § erished ! There is tho garden bench , where we TalVd sammer hour * away ; T < e qawt parlour , whose warm Dearth Endear'd a winter day ; And in tha aaae old corner there . Stands , vacant now , my mother ' s thair ; Asother room , above , ihere ig—( Bat , oh ! my spirit simki , My heart stand * still , my brain , spell-boond , Half-madden'd , often thinks , The mem ' ry , like some frantic dream , Would Taniib if I could bat scream ) . I cannot come nithia that rotm , 'I would petrify my blood ; For I could tell the very boards Whereon her coffin stood . And still can see the empty bad . And ker white face and shrouded head ; The cortain'd window , not one ray Fell on the cold , bare floor'twas gloomy ai my own dark soul ; And when I closed that door And tamsd away , how gladly I Had elosed the gates of memory , farewell ! old home : not willingly Would I ntarn to hsar , Thy talent voices whigp ' ring Their anguish la mine ear ; Farewell ! I love thee not , for thoa Art nrae than nothing to me now .
Brtmto*
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£ LETTERS ON GRAMMAR . ; ; v No .-2 . . ' , TO THE WORKING CLASSES . / Ifr dear Fbibsds , My last letter to you was occupied principally with the subject of Orthography , and I must mate- a few more observation * on this part of Grammar , before I proceed to tke other divisiims of it . " . . ¦ ; Words , as I told you , weie formed of letters , and I urged on you the necessity of learning what letters constitute auy word ; that is , I advised you to acquire the art of tpelUng correctly . I must now add that it is not sufficient to know only what letters make up any word , you must also learn to divide
words into syllables propeily . Syllables are the separate sounds any word contains . Some words have only one suund—some have two , or more . You must not judge entirely from the length of the word of the number of syllables it contains , the rule being that where one effort of the voice only is- required , the word contains but one syllable , whilst perhaps a much shorter word may require two or three distinct efforts of articulation , " and' be spelt , therefore , in as many syllables . For instance tthought , bright , dream , are words of one syllable ;
whilst ma-ny , ve-ry , a-ny , have two . syllables , though they contain fewer letters ; and e-ni-mal , e-ve-ry , e-ne-my , have three syllables ,, notwithstanding they require no more letters to make them . Words should always be divided as nearl y as possible in the way in which they are pronounced . That is , in the most natural and sensible way . There is no other art in separating words into syllables . Thus you would not divide the word jewel , je-tcel , because you would not pronounce it in that manner—you would separate it thusj « t » -e / . Agony would be divided a ^ -o-ny . not a-go-ny , for the same
reason . You must be careful , when writing , to divide your words properly ; if you have not room to put the whole of a word on a line , write one or two syllables and put after them two little lines , thus — , and begin tbe following line of your letter with two similar marks before you conclude your word , to show that it is only par / of a -word ... . A word ef one syllable must , of course , neper , be divided : if you have not room to write it properly on the line leave the spac « and begin the next line . Never crowd your words together , but write so that the reader of your letter may find bo difficulty in understanding
what you mean . For this purpose you should also strive to obtain a good clear hand—no acquirement is so necessary and so truly valuable as a clear legible , business handwriting .: It not only is a seurce of recreation to yourself and your friends , but it makes you competent to hold many situations for which you would not otherwise be qualified . A bsd hand-writing , ' says Niebchr , * ' ought never to be forgiven—it is shameful indolence . Indeed , sending a badly-written letter to a fellow-creature is as impudent an act as I know of . Can there be anything more unpleasant than to open a letter which at once shows that it will require hours to
decipher ? Besides , the effect of the letter is gone if we must spell it . Strange—we carefully avoid troubling other people , even with trifles , or to appear before them in dress which shows negligence or carelessness , and yet . notking is thought of giving the disagreeable trouble of reading a badly written letter . Although many people may not have made a brilliant career by their fine penmanship , yet I hum that not a few have their prospects ruined by a bad hand-writing' Do not think this a matter of slight importance . To the man who has no ambition—no desire to be wiser or happier , or more honoured than he is—wbo is contented to exist
from the cradle to the grave , just earning enough to feed and clothe himself and his family , and no more hope of raising them or himself , than have tbe chickens that pick up his grain , or the hog in his stye , it may indeed be of no consequence to write well . Such a man , ( but he is unworth y of the name !) can have no thoughts worth communicating , and consequently no use for the blessed power of freely expressing thsught . But I do not suppose that I am addressing such men ; such men would not read my letters . I am writing to those who teish to improve , who desire to ra se themselvesto cultivate their minds , and to show that the
working men of England are worthy of possessing the privileges , civil and political , " which they are so ambitious of obtaining . Beyond question the best method of obtaining a good clear hand is to use 1 Foster ' s Pencilled Copy Books , ' b y that clever and practical man , MrB . F . Foster , who has devoted a life-time to the consideration of the best method of . teaching writing and arithmetic , and whose books , all prepared with suitable and progressive copies , are certainly tbe greatest improvement in the art of teaching , this age has produced . Besides , they are considerably cheaper than the ordinary books which have no copies attached to them
I may as well mention now that it is my intention to bring to your notice any work , invention , or improvement , that may come under my own observation , and that I may consider it desirable for you to be acquainted with . And if you find any part of my letters which you do not clearly understand , I will gladly afford you any further information , provided you confine your questions to the consideration of what / have written , and do not digress into anv subjects of which I may be about to write
Before concluding the subject of Orthography , I must tell you that the letters are divided into vowels and consonants . The vowels are A E I 0 U . The other letters are consonants . They are so called , because they require the help of a vowel in sounding them ; thus the letter B is pronounced BE ; L is sounded EL ; whereas the vowels are complete sounds of themselves . Orthography , then , or the art of Spelling , is extremely necessary to be acquired , because without knowing it well we cannot be sure that we are writing that which we mean to write . I need say no more to induce you to pay strict attention to this acquirement , and will proceed at once to the consideration of Etymology , which teaches the power and changes of words .
All the words it is possible to utter are divided into nine kinds , or , as they are generally , termed , Parts of Speech . They are The Article , Noun , Adjective , Pronoun , Verb , Adverb , Preposition , Conjunction , and Interjection . The first part of speech , and that which also contains the fewest words , is The Article . There are two articles , The , which is called the definite article , and A or An , which is termed indefinite If you are at a loss for the meaning of these words , I will tell you that Definite means certain , fixed , and Indefinite signifies uncertain . For instance , you read my letters to you at definite periods—once a
tceei / butlmay write them at indefinite' periods , two or three iu one week , with an interval of two or three , weeks before I write more . Now , if 1 say , ' A Pole who bled for his country , ' you cannot tell who I mean ; but , ' The Pole who bled for his country , ' marks sorae particular one . The can be used either of one thing or of many ; we may say , 'the tyrant , * or the 'tyrants , ' but A can be used but of one thing , or one collection ^ things , —a field , a plum , a score of plums . An is the same as A ; it has the same powers , and is used before all vowels ,
and before a silent II , for the sake of a pleasanter sound . We say an apple , an hour , because a apple , a hour , would sound disagreeably . "But although we geaerally use an Article bsfore the names of things , we do not do so when we mean the whole of the kind , because articles limit the sense of words . If speaking cf the effects of sloth , we should say , Idleness ( that is all idleness ) is destructive to health and happiness ; ' but if we were Bpeaking of the indoleucc of any particular person , we should say , ' The idleness of that man causes his destruction . '
I hope you now understand the peculiar uses of the two articles . ^ The definite article , The , speaks of some particular person or thing , and when used gives emphasis to the sentence . ' The friend of the people , ' is a very much stronger phrase than 'A friend of the people ; ' the first sentence implies that the person of whom we were speaking . 3 the greatest and most distinguished friend the people possess . A friend' is merely one among many . We will nest week consider the second Part of Speech , the ^ ons ; meantime , I think you will flud in the study of this letter ample employment . You must learn the names , of the Parts of Speech bj heart , and try to Ire q / ite familiar with every word in the klter . lam , Tow very sincere friend ,
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Untitled Article
any ' ' ^ ¦ 41847 - * ^ - THE NORTHERN STAR , , ~
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 4, 1847, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1434/page/3/
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