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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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~~ THB AGE OF PEACE . . BT OSttt J 0 HS 8 . , tfen ! exolt wift one anether , ge ' s bow wrong ana bloodshed cease ! Vsfl iBtn » n behold * a brotherjps—ohI ' as the « ge of peace ! jeac e ! b »! *»! b * wind and tapanr , foolish thought of feeble son ] , jeep alight thy twinkling taper , fftBe the whirlwind seeks its goal «
jkrfc ! from distant eastern waters , ¦ jo the farthest western ware , gjae * thstoie * ef many riaaghterg , O ' er the earth ' s undoiing grave , Hirk ! in tta « of China booming , How the load artillery roars ; And a thonsand masts are looming On La Plata ' s battered shores . Hark ! the Cafflr groans unheeded , Saratged by strong iavauer ' ahana ja& tie Iadian lance is needed ' . To defend the Afignan ' s land . H ark ! along the niie Zahara , B ings the ToUey—flames the Bteel jrem Morocco to Baccara , ' Columns march an 2 sqaadroas wheel B 6 rk ! byOteheite ' s garden .
Threats and flames the French corvette ind the blackened bodies harden , * ^ jhewthe west its iri gwam se * . Hark ! to slaughter ' s raddy riot , Where ffew Zealand ' mountains soar * AoS the gathering storm's unquiet ' ( her Uadagaiear ' s shore . H ark ! between the Grecian islands . Speeds the fleet with captive crowds Hark ! along Albanian highlands ' lie the dead ia bloody shrouds . Hark ! beneath Cireasda ' amountains . iloloeb . iporta with hnnwm righT ^ Vdns are torrents , hear ts arefountaint . For the streams of Freedom ' s fight . Then ! exult with one another
See , how wrong and bloodshed cease ! Utn ia man beholds a brother—Tis-oh ! ' tis the ageofPeaee ! Peace ! the li ghtaine-ahaft must shatter Chains , the sunshine cannot part . Peace withall yeurcanting dator Sword in h and ! and hopeiuheaiil "Oh ! bat this is all the ravage Of untamed barbarian life V Sot so—European conge J It is you who brooght the strife . Go to each enlightened nation ! Little need afar to roam—Bidjour mild dvilisatiao Look at home—ay look at home I
Hark ! Ia plains of Poland blighted . Murdered men in myriads fell ; And the fires of faith are lighted In the Minsk confessional . Hark ! the Austrians in Ferrara . And the Goth haspas « ed the Po , And the Pontiff ' s peace-tiara Is a helm to fight tke foe ! Hark ! there ' s murder in Messina j Treachery rules ia Saples' bay , There Sicflia ' s crowEed hjana
Beigns t * trample , lives to slay . Hark ! In Spain the armies gather , Myriads fell where myriads fall I In the Astnrias stormy weather , Treasoa in the capital . Hark ! Oporto ' s lints are tinted Bed with sally and assault ; And the fields of fight are stinted But to nil the prison-vault . Hark ! The Swiss to battle soaoctiag Clans on clans def ying call ; 'Mid the bayonets all-surrounding Of the Austrian and the Gaul . Hark ! the mason ' s horrid clangour Piles the fort round Paris' streets , To defy a nation ' s anger At a crowned impostor ' s cheats .
All thy canson will be wanted When thy withered pulses cease , Tot thy aeath-ted wHl be haunted , Thou Napoleon of Peace ! Hark ! " midMexico ' seurrender , Comes a challenge ill repressed . Where ' s thy honour ? poor pretender ! Shame ! Sepufelieof the West , Talk no more of freedom ' s glory , Manhood ' s truth and people's right ; Thy " rfiipa" en slavery's back are gory ,
Thy « stars" shine truly , bat in night M' -uin to mark tby institutions , Vice ' s kingly semblance trke ! JHjhty child of kyoI at ions , Young America , awake ! - Hark to bleeding Ireland ' s sorrow ! Tyrants , take yosr fill to-night ; 'Tis the people ' s turn to-morroir—WaitawhQe . 'Twill soon be light ! Hark to England ' s TOiee of wailing ! 5 ot alone the People rue ; Commerce tarriec—banks are failing , And the smlter '* smitten too .
Baffled League and palsIedTacticn , Leids of land and lordB of trade , Stzggtr ' neath tbe vait reaction Of the rum they have made . Hark ! the poor are starring daily ; Gold is jingling bayonets clank ; Hark ! tha great are living gaily , And corruption ' s smelling rank . Bat the sands ef time are runnirg ; Ever hope , anda « ver fear ! Oh ! the people ' s honr is coming ! Oh ! the people ' s hour is near ! Then ! exalt witfc am another ,
Then shall wrong and bloodshed cease Man in man respect a brother , And the world be won for peace !
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Sa ^ fSKrt ^*^ - s's-siil sebssss |! » 3 SBS 3 Hr" **
sSStbbSsS ^ ton M abMta . Miiw-m 4 . ft u ™ ™ ! The 9 tt " ' H » eyou lettted down in the schoo l 1 ^ K ^' with things as they are I W ° " ' C 0 Dtent ^ SSi SSSH ssfs ^ s ISSHHSJ * V , W . ° . fc ' yon at least there is little hepaj you w . e ialeading . srring 8 , tndc « nnothelpjonr « lfc ? Butthoh from we net
^ you may e ^ VeTeive sympathy , yetthfe is muchto be hojed for from the JrL s resB , oaofman . Tune is the freatwolatton » t , the recbfierofall andlhe reign of evil wiUyetpassawayfor the empire of good . No branch of hUtory , literature , or science ev » n now , is free from inno « tioa . Carlyle has gtveahistory anew dress ; Lamartine has ehanged the garb of Robespierre ; Lyell bas been at the falls of . Niagara , and found for creation a new date ; Charming has n » u » an old creed the alembic for a new philogopfcy ; Eood has rendered the distresses of needla -women as immortal as the death of Hector ; and Mackie . with the foresightof poeticprephecy , has said truly , ' There ' s a goodtuaeeoming . ' No institution is safe from the naw Ideas in which the spirit of the age has clothed it * self ; and , better kcowa in the workibop than tbestudy , itutmttlt&t ws * with old book * , and unfolds its
influence orery hour . Thenewthoughtt are every where , « nd reflect signs in onr benefit-societus , sick-clubs , tfaaes , naions , land » oetettes , eo-op «» tiTe lab « r asso . ciatioaE , &c . Instinct is begetting a coasciousnsss ef tetf-r « UaBCe , aadabaBdofbold men preach nan-conformity . These mea will yet aid in dunging the pritciglesof our commerce , and destroy usury and gain for love and reciprocity . All the good tendencies will grow ; the old Become formal ; agesmay passjbut progresston will remain young , and its influences leaven tie whole mass ; man is a reformer , therefore 'bet man . '
^ Traaeirinyetbepnrgedo'its filta . aaa the mean rapt » city end monepollslBg sprits of merchants and manufactures will be both corrected-and prevented from disturb ingthetraatailliryof the state ; aad tint , too , when labour leans its own powers , aad man fetls the true mission of life . Society caanot be changed as with the wandafasnagleian ; buttheresaK is mt less sura that tbe procres seems slow , and tke » r « ent condition of the maMesaoites the diseaie and tflemeans for ttwremody . Give , tfeen , to the reformer joar aid , and your labour will one -dsy bring iUrewari . At the dese of its first year ' a existence , and on tlra ere » f commencing its third volume , we wish * good s ^ eed " to the ' Labourer , ' and sBocess to all wto labour in its pages to promote the regeneratioa of mankind .
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SE LABOURER , A JbntMy J&sgssua « f JWftia . literature , Poetry , &x . Edited by Feargns O'Connor , Esq ., M . P-, andErnest Jenes , Esj ., Lonfioa : Sorthem Star Office , 16 , G « at Windmill . Krset , Ilaymarket . Thisnamber condaSesthe second volume of Thh LiEanuia , which has acquired a circulation nnparalfeiin the history o ! siaUar publieitions . A portalt of Mr O'Connor U -eontained in iMs number , fcdvillbea fitting and admired embellishment to fceTolurae . The splendid poem by Ernest Jooe 3 , even abore . is extracted from this number . We Sjard that poem as one of the very iest of Mr taes ' 6 fsetical prodactiens . The glowiag account ^ tbe straggle * , trinmphs . rererses , and-fete , of the defeated Tribune . Rienri , reflects great -credit on Mr Jones . Poland , too , is a favourite Iteme mih 2 atg « ntleinaD , who , this aionth . in additentohis sdrtirrinz « Romance of a People . ' favours his
safes with a rerieir . ( anfimshed , bat to ee com-Jfetsd in tke nest nomber , ) . of Count Kraaaiskis a ! ebrate 4 worfcrthe 'Inferaal Comedy . ' Our old &nd , Kvdi wiib sppears teSe quite a rising man , fehas an orator and a writer , contribntesa leagthy Wide , on 'The U ^ talitjM ^ Gumntwe ' which jiangh thosflamed . is really " fii ej ^ osore of the * Koralit < f of the commercial classes . Mr Kydd ^ ksabriefiaqoiry intoour esmmercial moralit / * q >? ortune , and , thereupon , he sammons into cp « rt 'itetofwitneaeV , celebrated mea belongin ? to ah fcfitieal parties ; who gire evi&eace of a most ^ oasdirg character , respecting the kidnapping of ? 2 ? children and the cruelties Inffieted npon them * tk factories ; the rascalities of the 'track sys-^^ the fabricatioa of gpnrioas caUery , doth ? , S ^ eic ? , ic . ; the adalteration of food , Ac , 4 c *« jrire the cone ' -fiding portion of Mr Kydd ' s ^ de-
—Iraa € , condacteaon «« present prindjas * cOBtasu' ^ a ll that it touches . The famished blg&Iander or { s » aatd pauper , weigh as nothing in tha balance feast tte practices of trade ; the morality of lore and fe&sfiy of natural feeling must be laid aside , and man ^ esit and practi ce impos tu re ; he musllie , pilfer , 63 tteal to support the glory of our country—to malE-* * the wmmercial dignity of Eng land—and say to ^ J on ? ooi * r ' S » e our commerciel greatnsss ! mark I wealth of our merchant p rinces «• If I w » re asked ^ ^» stion « ' Would you prefer the present sta « of ** , if fixed for ever , to a returm to sawge life ! I ^ tnii rer . 'Perish the presrat system , ltt what may
^ ° * ; bnter that man shduldroam In wtods , naked jjttec born , than forge a clsim on ^ rtue with the deed , * ee ! better that progression should emerge from tte refits infancv and in its ner deTelopemsnt inn all ^ s . than bafised as with * ' '^ n gr *« P " » t h « Jaws ^ S elcrneliyanarapadOTlstBlSihoods / Yet such if 7 ? as-i iob « greatness ; tfcat . in haughty self-esteem , ^ toasts tf aiming at tfas oirilisaticn « f the world , and ^ as within her tery heart ' theiiapmra blood that Jr ^ of die itch of gold ; and whm stripp » d of her /*« of fine linen , presents s boay cor . red with sores ?* the * ole < , f the foot ' to tfce crown of the head—a S * Boral ulctr filled with und « anneis and all Tile
gjbs man rapjcity , and monopolising spirit of saer-^ tiand manuficturers , who neither are nor ougfas to l" * nt ' ers of nsuikind , ' as written by Adam SmHh , ^• u stone the T ! Tj .-prJccipleUi « t gOTerns aff ;~ It rules ^ « ?^ n ' 8 andMgnlales the ExchangeittpKaches < rM'oJ > it , and penetfttei- ' ttesaactiiyof the domwtic 2 * , «* n life U as n&thing ' in ' iu bklsice . What fc ^ if a hundred colUers be buried ia a coal mine ! ^^ rnjlea boflfe g and weeping wins , are as nothing
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WORSHIP STREET— The Poisohikq Ci « e at H « shsy . —William Stuart -Shiridan , a clerk in the Ettise-office , wbo stood charged with the wilful murder of his mother , Mrs Traaces Sheriaan , was placed at the bar before KrBamnuU for-final examination . —George Yawow , an nnaertaker in High-street , Ssereditcn , stated that tht prisoner « ame to his house aboutmid . day on Saturday , the 38 th October , and after stating that that was the first undertaker ' s he had seen esfcis way from Hackney , at which witness expressed some-surprise , told him that he wished fcim to take instructions for the interacnt of a woman recently deceased , and which he wished to be performed as reasonably as possible , as ihe 'had died in redaced ^ oirsumstances . The prisoner ap . 'pe&red at the time to be labouring under great
excitement . In about aa hour afterwards he proseeded by appointment to the house in Hare-street , where ha found the prisoner , and was shown into a room in which the deseased lay . in < rder to measure the corpse-for a coffin . He afterwards returned to the room where hefcadleft the prisoner and his sfetew , and complained to them of the slorenly manner in which the body hid been laid out , to which they simultaneously answered that they had paid a woman to do what was rights and that their orders had been properly executed . He was struck with the ex . tramely livid aad dirt ; appearance tchieh the corpse presetted , and thn general aspect of the place produced ac unfavourable and painful impression opoa his mind . On the same erening he took the coffin to the house , and made au arrangement to proceed with the prisoner the
next morning to theSeaumont Cemetery , at : Mile-end , to pnrohaie the ground . ; -bat oa the road there they were met by Mr Tidy , one of the surgeons who had been in pievions attendance cpon the deceased , and while con-Yersicg with him the prisoner disappeared . Witness therefore hastened taek to the house , which the prisoner had reached before him , and shortly after his arriral was joined by the parish beadl * , to whom he had caused s communication to be made , and who intimated to the prisoner that it was absolutely necessary that an inquest should be held upon-the body . The prisoner objected , saying that it was crcalltd for , but upon witness
remarldcg that if he -valued his respectability he mould throw no obstacles la the way , he at length gave a reluctant assent . 'Some angry words ensued between the prisoner and his sister . The inquest was tubse . quently held upon the body , and directly after its firet adjournment the prisoner again called npon him and urged him at once to complete the funeral , bat he positively declined all farther interference . Dating the time this witnets was swing -his ' evidence , he was-repeatedly interrogated ky the prisoner , who exhibited the most violent eicitement , declaring that be was the "victim of a couple of fiends , who had engaged in a foul « onspiracy against him , and he hoped that some one from tbe
Secretary of State's office was . present to watch tbe-. proceediucs . —Georga Downing , superintendent in SbilHbeei ' s funeral establishment 4 n tbe City-road , deposed that on the 4 th nit . the prisoner -ealled upon him , and said that he wanted to make arranptmsnu respecting the funeral of a person for whom acaSn bad alread y been providV . He asked him his . motive for transferring tbe Snuhms from one tradesman to anether , and the prisoner replied that the undertaker he had before employed was in such a state that he was disgusted with big conduct , and < cou ! d fcare nothing more to do with him . The prisoner appeared to be in a state of nervous excitement , and inquired whether the funeral-could not take place on tbe following day ; to which he replied in the affirmative , if the grave had been already taken , and the usual
certificate-obtained ft om the district registrar . On the same evening witness met him by appointment athie residence , wh ^ nie again complained of the conduct of the former undertaker , who , he said , had made himself very busy in the Batter , and that it was entirely through his instrumentality that an inquest had been held , which he would not have had to happen for any meney , as he held a publie ( situation , and it might be his rein . All the preparations ieing completed , witness isent to the hoh = eat ona o ' clock on the following Saturday , the funeral being appointed for four , when the prisoner urged him to Set out immediately , to which the witness objected , as the clergyman would not have arrived at the Rround until the hour of which notice had been given . The funeral then took place in due couree , and the prlsontr was present at the ceremony . —Evan ? , the beadle of South Hackney , was then eaEed , and having deposed to the anxiaty of the prisoner that tbe post mortem examination bjr the
surgeons mi £ ht be conducted as si < crctly as possible , Mr Hampurers , wbo appeared for the prisoner , asked ' the witnets if he had been present during the delivery of the coroner ' s charge to the jury , and whether he consiieredit had been correctly reported in the newspapers s To both which questions be answered hi the affirmative . —Mr Homphrays then said that it bad been his intention to offer some observations to the magistrate on the subjeet of the coroner ' s charge to the jury at the inqneit , which he conli not help regretting had been proved to be correctly reported in the newspapers . &at , under all tbe circumstances , he thought it advisable to refrain from sny comment at present , and should reserce the deftnee for another occasion . —The depositions of ( he several witnesses , which were very voluminous , wer « than read over by llr Hurlstone , tha second ckrk , and tbe prisoner , whe appeared keenly alive to his situa . tim , * £ 3 fully committed to ITewgate , to await his trial upon the cha-ge .
BOW-STREET . —RoBBHsr it Kisc ' s Coiwgb . — A medical student , named William Hood , aged 21 years , was placed at the bar before Mr Hall , charged with stealing five coats belonging to feis fellow students at King ' s Ccll « ge , Stran i—Mr Arthur Yeung stated that her * , sided at the house of Dr Partridge , the professor , with the p r ifonir , who was aho H pupil , and on Friday morning msrning last , having missed his coat from thehall , where he usually left it , he atkedthepriaoncr . intheafteraoon , if he had takf n it , wfata he replied that h » had lent it to his cousin on Ae day previous , and he would bring it to him oa the a » rt d » y , which appeared to him a vtry sin . gttfarsxeuse , and en Saturday he heard that other articles of wearing appsrri had been stolen from other students . r ~ An assistant to Mr luxmore , pawnbroker in ' stMarUn ' s-lan " , produced a coat and shirt that were
pledged by the prfcsner . —Constable Harrison , P division , who apprehended th * prisoner on Saturday night , proved that he . found seven duplicates npon him , among which werethatforthe prosecutor ' s property . —The next charge was for stealing a great coat belonging to Mr EJward John Vvcian , a fdlow student . —An assistant to Hi Jorkhsm , pawnbroker , 218 , Strand , proved tbat sbont five o ' clock in the afternoon of Saturday the prisoner came into the shop and offered to pledge the coat spoken of by * he last witness for 10 * ., and he immediately recognised hita an tbe person who bad aleo pledged two other coats , which upon inquiry be had ascertained bad been Stolen , upon which he gave him into custody , —The pritoner declined saving an / thing in his defence , and he was oxtered t o be folly committed for tri » l to the Middlesex Sessions . —The prisoner ' s guardian then presented himself to tbe eonrt . and said he was totally at a loss to bno < v
what could todtcr Mm to commU V fenoes , as he wasriot only c ^ H ^ —** & *«* ¦ <* great respeetabiUty . but h ! <( ™ ecteu with a family of estravagant habits * r i- " ° * by ao me&M Wdleted-to formed improper eLT ^" ** nothing , nor had be week » .-Mr £ , n ' ^ "f " . ** tog in London only afew stance bu * « tv P wi ™ " a mo 8 t '"" u taMe clrcum' «» e public must be protected .
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THE DEFENCE OF LOUIS MIEROSLAWSKI , Conaemncd to death by a special Prussian Tribunal , for having ' conspired' to restore the independence and freedom of Poland . GENTLBMEs . -If , on one aide , it is just to place tbe . wholc responsibility for theeventa of 1846 on the . Democratic Emigration , it is indispensable on the other , to define the limita and the Bense in which this reTOlationary asgociation are willine to accept this in other terms , it is necessary to know the real in-• A J reasonaWe hopes of their executive committee , inown under the name of Centralisation , ' when it thought it inevitable to summon the patriots of the country to a desperate struggle against oppression .
m I begin this explanation with the profound conviction that the success , which in politics explains and legitimatisesall , could not but popularise what I am going to state . I have long ago sacrificed my own personal causa . This testimony of a man , who has neither fear , nor hope , ner illusions of his own , will , perhaps , gentlemen , find some credit even with our most malevolent enemies . The members of the Polish Democratic Society , of which I have the honour to be just now the organ , proposed to themselves , fifteen years ago , three objects , towards which , they proceeded through thousands of obstacles , with an abnegation and perseveranee , the difficulties and extent of which the caUs > trophe of last year has contributed to increase . These three objects of their csnstant and united labours are , the Propaganda , the Conspiracy , and the Insurrectiott-in order to regenerate , rally , and restore the Pohshfatherland .
The first of these tasks consists in political , social , and military ducation , which the Democratic Einigration inculcated to the countrjby nieansdfthepreES and by their . emissaries . The second embraces the efforts which the same emissaries have made , in order to convert the diverse revolutionary elements of the three portions of Poland to the same doctrine , " to the same mataal responsibility , and to the same initiative . The third consists of the definitive preparation form iHsurrection , which the Centralisation found itself obliged to precipitate , for the sake of saving the conspiracy from a dissolution , wfeich would have delivered it to the enemy without any compensation orexcuse whatever . .
I beg leave , gentlemen , to review these three pkases of the revolutionary force which has agitate the painful sleep of l ' oland , since the fruitless attempt in 1833 , in order to come to thetreble conclusion , namely—1 st . That our revolutionary propaganda was not of s disorganising nature ; thafifc had nothing subversiveoranarehwalin itself ; but that , on the contrary , it has eonstaatly endeavoured to submit every . licentious individuality to the empire of a common and united necessity , and all the active passions to the sublime and sovereign passion ef national safety . 2 ad . That in the conspiring eontact of the
country with the Emigration , the active character , the seinble responsibility , weigh exclusively upoa the EmigratipniWhUat the torn and the function of the country in the common action could not , and was not , to begia , but at the very moment of theexplo-Bion . 3 rd . That this explosion , without anticipating , the rights of future generations , was to avoid , on account of certain political and strategical considerations ( peculiar to the present Etateot things ) , all serious shocks againat the Prussian domination , in order to concentrate its decisive efforts against the Russian domination .
1 came to the first of these three questions . I shall not repeat to you , gentlemen , the programme which the Polish Democratical School has given to itself , and by what means it has proposed to realise it , because its writings answer for it . I shall only remind you that the propaganda of the Polish Democrats was always so frank , bo firm , so clear , even in its errors ( if there wereany ) that neither the calumnies of their moit bitter antagonists , nor the blood in which they endeavoured to suffocate them , could succeed in assimilating them in the opinion of the world , with the powerless digressions of anarchy , 1 don ' t pretend to say that those digressions did not creep occasionally under our flag , taking advantage of the inevitable darkness surrounding ¦ every conspiracy ? but they would never have steodthe power of the insurrectional period , under a government issued from our doctrines , and that is the only thing we are anxious to prove .
1 wish to-say , that all our enemies took advantage of our disaster , to libel our institutions . It is one of the destinies of the vanquished al < rays < io pay both the expenses of the defeat and the viotory . There have been those who recurred to atrocious resources of calumny , in order to withdraw from us those classes of Polish society which a long and various servitude had iramobolieed , confused , and struck with dumbness . In order to banish ! us from their hearts aad their confidence we have been depicted as an -incorrigible aristocracy , who disguised themselves with the borrowed dress of a foreign
liberalism , only for the sake of re-conquering licentious privileges , lost by abushig them . And these people , whose-emancipation and promotion , as well as their civic and moral regeneration , was the sole romance of our youth , the grand problem of all ' our sufieriEgsand sacrifices ; these people have raised against us the club of Cain , and there was now no voice coming from above , to ask them . ' What have you done with your brother ? ' for the unfortunate did not knew what they were about , and in reality God has not given them an Abel to guide them !
Others , and these 1 have just epokea of with them , have at the same time attributed to us—according to tbe audience they were addressing—all the extravagances of sanguinary and vague demagogues , in order to interdict us access to classes which in truth fear only the critical side of resolutions , but who , unfortunately too , don ' t know bnt this side . Thus we who have , during fifteen years , employed all the strength of our will , and of our intelligence , to conciliate the principles of fraternity with the discipline of a military democracy ; we who have at laet penetrated to the martyrdom of our country , only through remnants of a thousand disorders which were in our way ; we are now rendered responsible for what we have continually struggled against .
It is thus that they have imputed to our revolutionary school , I don't know what absurd strategy , in which poison , the knife , the massacre of women and Jews , were to . supply science , numbers , and courage . Thus they accuse us of having misapprehended all the lessons which the accomplished revolutions have left us , in order to plunge Poland into an agitation without object or end , in which the multitude , scarcely relieved from a night of ignorance , was at once to be called up to the sovereignty
of theft , murder , and incendiarism . And then intending to gain some credit with superficial minds , our detractors have imagined to elevate this scheme to the rank of an economical and social theory , to which , being at a loss for any intelligible definition , they have in the meanwhile given the name of 'Communism . ' They were not able to give to our militant democracy any other name but that of a phantom , in order to raise against r it the ignorant prejudices of all the indifferent individuals who have not tht courage to ask it in the face for its real
programme . As to this last imputation , of which our enemies have been prodigal towards the Polish revolutionists , it appears to us as having , in modern persecutions , exactly replaced the same aharacter which the accasationg of sorcery and necromancy performed , in all those atrocious persecutions of the middle ages . This Communism , which , like Larochefoucault ' s 'love , ' nobody has ever seen , and of which everybody speaks , is now the assumed crime of all those ^ ho cannot be convicted of possible , of explicable ones . If at any price a conspiracy succeed , jt becomes simply a historical mutation ; but it it fail to such a degree that it leaves not even a trace to be seen through tbe microscope of all your
inquisitions , lo ! things are then becoming very grave ; it is then Communism of the most fatal species . Arm yourEelres , to the number ot six , seven , or eight thousand men , as in 1831 ; pass over the frontier , battle the whole of a year against the most intimate ally of Prussia , ( for you all know , gentlemen , that such were then the relations between the two powers ) , this will be a mere patriotic thoughtlessness . But if you go to project only this thoughtlessness , without carrying it out , at a time -when a most formidable Polish revolution ought to disquiet you much less than the most tender assiduities of Russia , directly are they at a loss fer the measure of tbe definition of the delict . How do you call that in the legal language ? Try thechance and call it Commnnism , and you will not err more than the judges of the Templars of Jean D'Acre , and of
the wife of Marshal d'Ancre did . * An adopted reform is nothing else than political economy , that is—legislation , administration . But reform in words , in wishes , in painting—Communism . An accomplished theft , a proved murder , an avowed elopement ; twenty thousand gun-shots are nothing else than what they really &re , but a dream about all that is inceraparfibly worse than the thing itself , especially when they cannot find out the reason of , and the koy to it , by the simple motive that there is none . Why , sir , that is—you know it well—Communism ? When this strange word , which we all understand in a different way , is found in an official act of accusatioe , like that , for instance , we have under , our eye ? , we , at least , may agk , what it requires on our part ? if not , what it means ? But , gentlemen ; what have we to a ? k , or to reply , to the anonymous requisitions ( re $ iuiloim ) which the promulgators of * We 5 ogH ? l ) Pienoo'Ji'da 4 l those of Admiral Byng , fo ? example ,
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gwnp . and earry away the insurrectional contingent which the centralisation intended to extract justly or unjustly from them . The preventive zeal of the Prussian authorities of these two provinces has sub-SHfcuted an enormous suspicion for this fact . no matter whether possible pf your repression or not , - but about which no legislation could hesitate or be mistaken ! And now , gentlemen , you are condemned to hesitate and to err without an ond . just as already the inquest has hesitated anderred during nearly two year * . ' In particular , this police zeal , this iufullibility ef the gendarmes , produced the result of overthrowing ail th « conspirihg hierachy , ( with you patriotism signifies conspiracy , ) and leaving in the dark and in : rest its portion destined for the fire and for action , exhibiting to your attention only a detaehed fraction of its evasive and pacific part . Whst are the symptoms and the features by which your accusation recognises a conspirator before the
explosion ? Those , it says , who have taken oaths of obedience to the oentralisatisn £ bufc , if my memory does not deceive me , it i& already four years ago when Prussian Poland alone numbered 3 , 600 conspirators of this kind ; in two years their number has probably increased . by the approach of the insurreotibn . Why , then , don't we see on these expiatory benches the whol p [ of this phalanx , who have taken the oath of obedience ? Tboge , gays the accusation , who have been found in possession of publications i < f the Democratic Emigration are conspirators . Very , well , but how will you call all thos 9 who have taken care not to wait for the visit of the commissary to burn their libraries ? And how tho 3 e to whom the publications of the centralisation are not revolutionary enough ? And those who read nothing at al ) , through fear , not o spoil their energy ?
Others , it is said , have uttered expressions of rehutment against the German colonists ; of contempt against the Jews ; of menace against the citadel of roseo ; or rage against their counsellor of administration ; : of fraternity towards the peasants ; ' of supportm behoof of the Catholic religion ; of regret for the integrity : of the republic ; expressions of all sorts and of every intention ; therefore , conspirators ! Yet , Cffl 3 ar , who was a better connoisseur of conspirators than any of the attorney generals , ' , never dreaded but one , who did net speak at all .
Thon come the possessors of weapon 8 , asnmunition , and other insurrectional materials . Now obsorvo closely , gentlemen , by what means those audacious fellows pretended to overthrow the coalition of Muanchen-Grsetz . Toys , weapons of tbe chase , arms of laxury , antiquities justas unintellij-dbleaa the accusation they are to support ; quantities of powdor bo voluminous , that the possessors themselves could not detect them when they wanted to destroy them at the approach of the domiciliary search ; morsels of lead withdrawn on purpose from their pacific use , in order to kill , not the Prussian soldiers , but only tho arguments of the defence ; sticks with two ends , just as all sticks are ; which the accusation calls' poles for lances ; ' and the accused' fira-weod . ' And then ,
besides all that , some serious weapons , a bit of real ammunition . But , surely , it rau-t belong to somebody very Bcarce in malignity , and who did not endeavour to conceal it , just because he did not suspect that they would Buspect him of making any use of it . Strange conspirators indeed ! ; Certainly , if the insurrection had had leisure to break out , all those arms could havemade their appearance among others , bnt neither more nor less than all those you have not discovered , aa well as those you have left witk their proprietors , or those which . the depots of the landwehr , the shops of gunmakers , and' smugglers , would have furnished us with ; neither more nor less , at laBt , than the scythes , dung-forks , and all such things , which cut , pierce , or kill . _ _ _ p € « p-f ¦ ' The depositions of our insurrectional plan buot perfectly well that we counted chiefly on a nocturnal surprise of some military depots , and not on old worn-out weapons , to arm either the expedition
from Prussian Poland , or the volunteers whom this expedition would have caused to rise in the kingdom of Poland . There are others who throw themselves headlong into the peril . Yes ! but do you know why ? Exactly because they did not conspire ; for , had they only the slightest practice , the slightest experience in ccraspirades , the ? , surely , would have looked about , a » d before daing so . Do you intend to punish them with more severity than thoss who , after having conspired during fifteen yean , avoided the actual embarrassments of those generous men , only because the had the gtod sense to draw back their pin 8 from they play at the very mom ? r , t when the others dropped theirs into it ? Who , then , are those prudent m « n ? All those who , the day after the victory , would have come forward to claim the price of their character as patriotic veterans . Give us , gentlemen , one , one single day of success , and the next morning we will furnish you with their names in our official
paper . : There is , finally , a laBt , bu * . infallible Bietn for the accuser of participation ; namely , the knowledge of the plot . No : doubt , that in such a case , nothing would be risked by accusing the entire population of Prussian Poland , especially little children and women ; for , if to speak of a thing , you must know it , then no plot in the world was ever known more generally understood . Still , aga-n ,. gentlemen , yon ought to he able of better defining the plot itself , for in the actual Btateof its definition , the knowledge of it explains nothing at all , and the aocssation is not a bit move advanced .
In short , gentlemen , it suffices to tell you , that with its impossible pretension of detecting a palpable and organised conspiracy in tho country itself before the day appointed for the outbreak , the act of accusation must necessarily pass by the nineteentwentieth of revolutionists , ] anil endeavour to fix itself on a handful of predestined individuals , who have reason to be rather astonished at this preference . This deception becomes unavoidable , as Boon as , instead of limit ! nt ; the prosecutions against the immediate agents of the centralisation , against its emissaries and its direct plans , the inquest wanders in a vague attempt to grasp the whole conspiracy , which is thejvholo nation or nothing at all . We have not the slightest doubt that this gloominess of mourning nnd regret surrounding tbe torment oF Poland , that this atmosphere , full of tempests compassed only by material violencs—we have not the slightest doubt
that all that would have been condensed , and acquired forms and proportions intelligible to your laws on the day of insurrection . But , betore that , there is no matter for a law-suit in what yon call the conspiracy of theJDuchyofPogen and of Oriental Prussia . There is only occasion for reflection on the power which an antl-Ru 83 ian insurrection of these ancient Polish provinces would have delivered from the mort poignant apprehension for the future . But will the procureur of tho king object— ' I cannot draw back with , my bands empty of any condemnation . ' There has b en a conspiracy : I must get one . '—Why ! there have been even two ; we declare it peint-blank to you ; only that tho one of them ia seizable and the other not , and your error consists in that that you intended to confound them together ; the logical result of which is that they will both escape you , inasmuch as the absurd snatches away the evident one—that of all Poland , the conspiracy of the Democratic Emigration .
Separate only from this confusion the precise action of the agents of the centralisation , and you will get hold of all bearing a responsibilitj and a serious character , which can alone satiate your revenge and furnish a reasonable basis to the prosecution . Attack theprO ' pngamlaandrte revolutionary missions of tho Democratic Emigration ; examine its writings , its trustee ? , its real instruments , its plans of insurrections and of the campaign ; limit , gentlemen , your interrogation to this part of the accusation . Stay there your investigation , and you will come to & result . And if , even then , by condemning this category of incriminated individuals , you will commit a great political blunder , at least , gentlemen , you will not inau gurate your era of judicial publicity , by the most lamentable mistake into which a tribunal did ever
fall . Ah ! gentlemen , if cursing , both aloud and in silence , the violence , the spoliation , the calumny , and the inexorable and dark rage of the strong against the weak , meaDS conspiring ; If clinging at every remnant o ? a perpetual shipwreck , it exposes one to this penal vengeance ; If agonising for eighty years on the cross , soaked with gall ^ and vinegar , without baing able either to descend like Christ , or to transfigure ourselves upon the mountain of futurity , means participating in a oonsplracy _ ; It working oneself out of an insupportable constraint , in which congresses keep us crushed , thus forcing us to consume ourselves by rage , and despair ; if , I repeat , working oneself out cf such a distressing state . byall the faculties which God has bestowed even upon the weakest creature mi the world , is to bo guilty of the crime of hi « h treason ;
If defending our own life , and working one ' s own emancipation , is to exposo people to death and irons ; Why , in such a case , not we alone , but all Poland have conspired . Bring , then , beforc this bar—bring all our saints and heroes—bring all who groan , all those who , on this vast surface of an-enslaved sell , called Poland , curse the hour of their birth , and the wombs of their mothers . Extend the enchaure of this h-ill to the four corners of the world , because everywhere the bones of Poles , who have died for the redemption avcSs ! ^ ' , f ° f accomplicel ami
From this point of view considered , are they not » tt «» wpi « ngT Th j lnfantwho listens totti r « S 8 of the massacres of Human and Fraga . The old man who narrates them , and those , too , who have not forgotten that your father came to strike ours from behind on the fields of Szizekocing and Wola . And those , again , who escaped the deadly blows of Saela ' a knife , and the Muscovite gibbets of Siedlce , did tlioy not revolt also ? Are they not guilty of high treason , all those who have not yet despaired of Ihe justice of God , and appeal from the earthly tribunals to His sacred promises ? And it such is the case , why are there so few conspirators and rebels in this court this dw ?
Where are the otherB ? ~ , The inquest plunged for a moment its nets into the immmse , unfathomable , and not to be dried up stream of our agitation , in order to pull out by hazard 260 grains of sand , whick the accusation deigned to elevate to the dignity of raartjrdom ; and you believe , gentlemen , that you have at Jast got hold of the radical evil which troubles its floods , and crimsons them with blood ? . Ah ! gentlemen , do you see that it is tho source of this agitation itself which oug ht , to be dried up , if you wish to prevent us from slmdding continually our blood aud eur tears in the face of the Christian world ? And this bleeding source , what is it , if npfc the dismemberment of our fatherland ? Therefore , of
whal consequence can be 260 grains of sand , more or loss , to th « unavoidable and eternal consequences of this plil ho ' ocaust ? Is it possible to wipe out a hundred years of revolution , by passing over them a sponge saturated with the gall of a cede ? Be not astonished , gentlemen , if we repeat incessantly , if we repeat even to the extinction of our voiocs , that we are punished , not for . our resistanoei but for the irreparable harm inflicted upon us nearly a hundred years since . But our oppressors would like to forget tho past , they like to turn away their sight , in or « er that thev may not perceive that every convulsion which shakes Poland is nothing else but the unavoidable cbuhterstroke of the attempts committed
against her by the very powers which now affect to be aurpriwd at our acts . The most timid , the most inoffensive being whom you weuld deign to crush under your feet , will resist and use its utmost strength to pretect itself , by biting the hoel which tramples it ; and can you pretend that a whole nation , that a giant buriedalive in a too narrow coffin , may not shako to his last breath tbe brutal plank whieh oppresses his heart . Are the Titans , whose despair the jealousy of . Jupiter has crushed , sleeping quietly under the mountains i And is it the fault of these poor tortured creatures , if the rattle of their eteroal agony , piercing the craters of their tombs , troubles sometimes the banquets of the eelesvial autocrat ?
The orator wa 3 proceeding to furthw develope'the intentions of the Democratic Emigration , when he was interrupted and silenced by tho president of the Prussian court .
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^ TOE REFORM MOVEMENT IN FRANCE .. BPLIT IN THE CAMP . —THB ' kKFORME' AXD THE . 1 NATIONAL . 1 —MARCH OF DBMOCRACr . Since my last the banquets of Lille , Avesues ; aaJ Valenciennes , have been held . Avcsnoa was merely constitutional ; Valenciennes half-and-half ; Lille a decided triumph of democracy over Middle-class intrigue . Here are , shortly , the facts concurring this , most , important meeting : — Besides the liberals and tho party of tho National , . the democrats of the Reforms had been invited , and Messrs Ledru-Rollin and Flocon , editor of the lastnamed paper , had accepted the invitation . M . Odillon Barrot , the virtuous middle-class thunderer was also invited . Every thing was ready , tbe toasts were prepared , when all of a sudden M . Odillon
Karros declared ke could not assist , nor speak to his toast , Parliamentary Reform , ' unless that reform wasqualitied by adding : ^ * as a means to insure tho purity a » d sincerity of the institutions conquered in July , 1830 . ' This addition excluded , of course , the republicans . Great consternation , of the commitiee ensued . M . Barro * was inflexible . At last it was resolved to submit the decision totbe ¦ whole meeting . But the meeting very plainly declared tkey would have ne alterations in the programme ; they would not violate the understanding upon which the democrats had come to Lille . M- Odillon Barrot , along with his tnil of liberal deputies and editors , scornfully retired ; Messrs Floeon and Ledru-Rollin were Bent for , the banquet took place in spite of the liberals , and M . Ltdru ' s speech was rapturously applauded . Thus the treacherous plot of the middle-class reformers resulted in a glorious triumph of democracy . M . Odillon Barrot bad to decamp shamefully , and will
never dare to show his face again in the democratic city of Lille . His only excuse was , ho had understood the gentlemen of the Reforme intended to profit by ' the Lille banquet to get up a revolutionin the very depth of tranquillity ! A few days after , M . B . irrot got some consolation in the Avesnes banquet , a mere family meeting of some middle-class liberals . Here he had the pleasure of toasting the Kitifr . Bat at Valenciennes he was again obliged to pocket his favourite sentiment , dropped so sadly at Lille ; no Kitig ' a health was to be drunk , although the formidable getters-up of revolutions , at the shortest notice , were not at hand . The discomfited thunderer will have to devour his virtuous indignation until another hola-and-corner banquet will allow him ta denounce ' anarchism , ' ' physical f ' orcism , ' and ' communism ' t = > tho astounded grocers and tallow-chandlers of some petty provincial town .
• The Lille banquet produced extraordinary discussions in the press . The Conservative papers shouted triumph at the division in tbe ranks of the reformers . M . Thiers ' s old and drowsy Constitdiionnel , and the Sieclb , M . Barrot ' B ' own , ' all of a sudden were seized with , the meat dreadful convulsions , . 'No , ' shouted the indignant Siecle to its siiapkeeping public , ' no we arc none of these anarchists , we have nothing in common with these restorers of the reign of terror ; with these followers of Marat and Robespierre : we would prefer to their reign of blood tho present system , were it even a hundred times worse than it is ! ' And quite rightly ; for such peaceful grocers and tallow-chandlers the white niglitcaji is a hundred times more fit than tha red cap of the
Jacobin . At the same tirao , however , that these papers heaped their vilest and most virulest abuse upon tho Reforiik , they treated the National with the utmostesteem . The Rational indeed , has behaved , on this ocoasion , in a more than doubtful manner . Already at the banquet of Cosne , this paper blamed the conduct of several tleraocrats who would not assist on account of the king ' s health being proposed . Now , again , it . spoke very coolly of the Lille banquet , and deplored the accident which for a moment troubled tho demonstration , while several provincial allies of the National openly attacked the conduct of Messrs Ledru and Floeon . The Refobme now asked of that paper a more explicit declaration . Ihe National declared his article to be quite explicit
enough . Then , asked the Refobme , what was the deplorable accident at Lille ? What is it you deplore ? Is it M . Barrot ' s or M . Ledru-Rnllin ' s conduct you deplore ? Is it M . Barrot ' s impudence or his bad luck you deplore ? Is it M . Ledru ' s speech m favour of Universal Suffrage ? Is it the discomfiture of monarehism , the triumph of democracy , you deplore ? Di ) you avow , or not , what your provincial allies say on this occasion ? Do you accept the praise of the Sieolb , or do you take your part of the abuse it heaps upon us ? ! Wou ] d you havo advised M . Marie , your iriend , to submit , if , at Orleans , M . Odillon Barrot had made similar pretensions ? The National replied , from party motives they would have no controversy with the Refokme ; they- were nofc responsible for articles sent to previncial papers by a ' friend' of theirs ; as to the other questions , the past of the National allowed them to pass them
unnoticed , and not to trouble themselves with a reply . The Rbfohme gave . the whole of this reply with this remark only : — ' Our questions remain . ' Democrats now have the documents under their eyes —they may judge for themselves . This they have done ; a whole host of . ' radical , and even liberal , papers -f France have declared in the most decided terms for the Reformh . The conduct of the Natiosal , indeed , deserves the strongest blame This paper is getting more and more into the hands of the middle-classes . It has of late always deserted the cause of democracy at the decisive moment ; it has always preached . union with the middle-classes , and has on more than ope occasion served none but Thiers and Odillon Barrot . . If the National does not very soon change its conduct , it wiil cease to be counted as a democratic paper . And m this Lille affair , the National , out of mere personal { antipathy against men more radical than itself .
nas n ? t Hesitated to sacrifice the very principles upoa which itself had contracted an alliance with the liberals m order to get up banquets . After what has passed , the Natiosal will never again be able to oppose seriously toasting the King at future banquets . The past ' of tho National is not so very bright as to allow of its answering by silence only the questions of its contemporary , ihink only of its defence of the Parisian Billies ! P . S .-The Reform Banquet of Dijon has come off this wsek . Thirteen hundred sat down at dmnsr . Tho whole affair was thnrnmrM . A ^ ZLit
No toast to the kin ? , of course . All " th « Tspeakevs belonged to theparty of the Refobmk . MM Lou J Blanc Floeon , E Arago , and Ledru-Llln , were the Sn ^ TS *;* M- , ^ . editor of the Rkfobme , ffiW of theforeign democrat ? , and men-. Uonwl the English Chattista in a very fconourable ma n » w « Next week I shall give you his speech at lull length , as well as a full repo ' rt of the whole prooeedings of this most important meeting . ...
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Melancholv Suicide —Early on Saturday moming last considerable sensation was caused in Ripon , b y a report that 'Jflhn Hodgson , Esq ., of Norton Conyers , aboub four miles from that city , had committed suicide , by shooting himself with a gun . The deceased , about 45 years of age , was a gentleman of very extensive property , and much respected , as a magistrate for the liberty of Ripon , and of tho North Riding of Yorkshire . An inquest was held , on view of the body , before ffm . Dinsdale , Esq ., coroner for the North'Riding , and a respectable jury . After
fully investigating the ciroumstances , a verdict of ' Temporary Insanity . ' was returned . ¦ Phoxooraphy , or Writing . ' dt Soond . —During the past week two popular lectures , explanatory of the principles of this art , have been delivered to respectable audiences , at the Greenwich Literary In-Btitution , by Mr George Withers , of the Phonographic Institution , Bath . We understand classes for instruction in the art havo been established at the institution , under the direction of Mr Withers , and that upwards of fif ^ y pupils are zealously engaged in its attainment .
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rSp'fe ^ ajyereign order-but the law in battle-ths dictatorship of the party who has made it ! We communists ! If this word signifies sometlung else than the merest pretence for ihe sphinx SS Jf tehe . 3 ? ver the grave of Poland , it is appa . iS P M tting tog , other ' in common , what is assessed . Now , gentlemen , you know very well , « o a a ^ K ? tate f . ,, an L ati 0 n ' as a society , ™ pos-XSSi ? a - $ bMft ! I 8 e yott haTe deprived us of everything m this respoct ! Therefore , as you intend to accuse us of communism , wait at least until we have recovered , things with whick we could com-, eo any . ¦
fce ^—^—¦¦—MB ^ n—JSStJ *^ * * ^ ?? ^ wreof our prisons and o ^ the tops . ofeur gibbets ? Is it nebesiary forme * ° ¦?™ t ! ° ^ « JlttM » e atrooieus , stupid , and seemingly good pamphlet * ,.. which served as guidance , as presumphons , as inspirations to the investigations ofthe trial ? Is thweany nwd to explain to you the in-^ L ™ ?; = f a ned J ^ e eP ltket 9 'demagogues ' and communists , wasted bycartaihGerman writersupon the missionaries of the Polish democracy ?¦ We de . magogues , good Ileavens ! As if a revolution which has got the conscience of its destiny uld be
raunise . : No , gentlemen ; our militant demooracy has never compromised its good right , by importuning fortune with utter exigencies , with insolent requests-with unreasonable caprices . Th « Polish democracy did never expose the patriotism of oar nation to impossible trials , because all it desires asd hopw , it desires and hopes with determination and sincerity . And first , whatever may be the ideal towards which tlus democracy has resolved to advance , hrough the clouds still unknown of a national revolotion ,, it . sever pretended to arrive at this idoal itself ; it nas very well oonceived , together with the most positive and the . most practical » f . modern writers , that whsit gives liberty is not liberty itself . Paternallydeterminedtopos ' pone itsfruitsftK amore fortunate generation , our democracy ' , has not endeavoured to discount futurity for the benefit of actua .
impatients . Far from leading the country into fallacious delusions , it has , on the contrary , without rest , advised the nation to deposit all its rights upon the unpitjing altar of her duties . It has not coneaaled from the nation that , ia order to become strong , free , and sovereign , Poland has to make . herself before all , patient under adversity , a real slave to rules , and disciplined like an old battalion . May it only please you , gentlemen , to study ail we have said , written , and propagated during ten years , and you will perceive that the revolution , considered by our democracy not only as ft transitcrv means of enfranchisement , but , at the s » me time , as the supreme , synthesis of all the wills ot tr . e people , waa , therefore , ! a very laborious , a vsty severe proof , and not at all one of those murderous fellies into which precipitate themselves sometimes corrupted societies , in order- to escape , no matter how , the hypochoBdriacal effects of old age .
Study , gentlemen , and study bonajlde ,-our doctrines , and you will discover that it was by all the rigours of a serious , regular , and persevering warfare , that the masses were to be baptised with , and brought to the sentiment of their duties , and afterwards their civic rights . Study , and study again , and you will find that it was under the imperious pressure of an united and ¦ dictatorial power , that the mechanism of our republican administration , essentially centralising was to be found .
Study , ana stady again , and you will be surpris « d by seeing , that it was by suspending individual liberties , provisional independence , and all digressions of tho igfafc , that this revolutionary sovereignty would have embodied all wills , into one irresistible combination , intending to rebuild by such means , a society and . an homogeneous state of the disjointed remnants which the faults ef our forefathers have transmitted to us as our heritage . It is . therefore , not . as you may see , gentlemen , by a rigid corwurse of all faiths , of all opinions , aud of all interests for a common sacrifice , that all these various powers would have eoaquer « n their civic right in the enfranchised state . Where is it , then , that
you perceive anarchy , deraagoguism , or social subversion , in our revolutionary programme ! Is this I ask you , gentlemen , one of those Utopias which , in order to console themselves for their inadmissibility , would calumniate the real world ; is this one of those volcanic eruptions , which purpose nothing else but to discharge their lava , without taking care what it will please God to sow upon it ? If , « ira « Yu ; the principles proclaimed since so many yeata by the Polish democracy , and founded , at least in intention , by the institution of tbe Oracovian government , our detractors believed having met in our disastrous attempt , with other symptoms , this is not our fault but theirs ; because it is the business of those who seek , to seek bonafide .
Such is the spirit with which the Polish democracy has acted upon the country ; Now ,. Ife ia notorious thatthesanrceof every political and social propaganda for Poland , deprived of existence aa a state , is to be found in the Emigration . It ia , therefore , the Emigration which is answerable , both , for the doctrines with which it fosters the local patriotism , and for their coniequeaees . The country plays ,. in this emission of light and heat , but an entirely passive character . The cwmtry is only the reflection of the propaganda , but not the laboratory . And , such is tbe case with all conspiracies , because every conspiracy bring nothing elso , but a propaganda , concentratedon a single point , on an indicated focus of teflertion . It , therefore , concerns us to know , whether you pretend , gentlemen , to incriminate the mirror of having transferred to the focus of exp ' osion the light which the democratic and revolutionary propaganda ofthe Emigration has projected on its surface . ;
% -Observe further , that , by itR position , the Emigration alone is apt , not only to elaborate the revolutionary theories , but also to make a real application of tbese theories for an insurrectional purpose , until an araied force may appear on the surface of the country . Up to that moment the revolutionary elements of the nation repose in a latent state in her brgom , without any . active faouliios , without means ( if waiting for an insurrection . Deprived of every ( ontact between them , sympathetic , but isolated , searching each other jn groping about in the dark and uneasiness of a vigilant opposition , they cannot agree about anything without the mediation ofthe very satr . e Emigration , which already has given to ihein feoih the idea and the temptation of doing it
, t It 19 , therefore , to the initiative ofthe centralisation , and to the mediation of its regular emissaries , and not to diverse local , literary , philanthropic , and eo 3 Komjeal associations , entangled into act of accusation , that you must recur , in order to seize an appr : ciated and responsible conspiracy . Beyond the circle ofthe p lots ef the Democratic Emigration exists a whole nation , groaning nnder the yoke , and interrogating fortune perpetually . There is an ardent desire and vague efforts to re-clench the chain of public life , broken by the dismemberments ; there is , in a word , an abstract corporation of hopes and regrets , exhaling through all the organs of the
mutilateo country , but there is no matter for law-suits , but only for persecutions / In fact , if you put aside the emigrational participation into the Polish agitation of the last ttn year ? , you will at once loso the measure of apprfsation find definition for the remainder . What is it in truth , your law incriminates ? Where from do you take tli 6 elements of acousation ? What are your reasons of distinction between the imprisoned and not imprisoned patriots ? Why only 250 accused , and not 2 , 500 or 25 , 0001 In a " word , gentlemen , whatdo you call , conspirators in a nation * of which every body conspires in one or the other way , but to which your repressive rigours have not left the faculty of succeeding ?
No , gentlemen , there was no conspiracy among the patriots of Prussian Poland , in a precise and intelligible sense , in a sense which every law , however rigorousand intolerant it may be , requires in order to prosecute , as to what the act of accusation , by not having studied our public habit , calls so ; that is nothing else , but . the continual , unceasing , necessary expression of discontent , inseparable from every subjugation , and it escapes as well by its fatality as by its extending to all the legal means of investigation and of reprcssion . lt ib history , it is a political drama , it is asocial romimce—often terrible , always poignant : it 13 whatever you like , gentlemen , but it is not a legal procedure . How will you estimate , be it according to number , or the degree of relative culpabilities , those endless kinds of agitation of which the Polish nation is composed ? Is it not evident , that in order tJexuress this chronic
, incurable agitation , by your legal thermometer , it ought to have grown previously into potent , ami limited action ? Was it not , for instance , required that the assemblages ol insurgents , projected by the centralisation , had taken place , or at least attempted , to a degree which might have beenappnsable to your incrimination . Then only you would have been enabled to review the serious elements of the conspiracy , to count over its forms , touch the real patriots with your finger , —make an equitable distribution of what belongs to the executiorier , and what to ridicule , without injuring the one or the other ; for ,, finally , is it not known to you , gentlemen , that on the day of proof , strange mutations are going en amongst the divereo categories of the same patriotism , and that at those dolicate moments , twenty-four hours are suffioient to alter completely its battle-array . ¦ : .. ...
But , it is said , they preferred to prevent than to repress : that is very Christian-like , gentlemen , but on a condition of which none of you , I dare say , will contest the importance : namely , that the mistakes , tho uncertainties , the ' exaggerations . tlie iniquities of precautionary proceedings , may not surpass the rigoursofa repression . Now I shall prove that it is piecisely to this , difficulty that the prevailing zoal of the authorities ofthe Duchy of Posen and of Oriental Prussia have reduced you . In general , the result of this intemperate zeal wnB to render doubtful to you what a real insurrection would have . made simple and clear as a fact ; viz ., that those two provinces , merely destined to advance to us the first costs of an expedition against the Russian domination in Poland , were hot in nsei of a local conspiracy , and , in fact , they waited without any organisation of their own , for the agents and officer 3 required for this special purpose from the Emigration , who were to come in order to receive , to
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Dec. 4, 1847, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1447/page/3/
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