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XO THE WORKING CL4S5ES.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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jfr DEAR Children , — It is no ? " ten o ' clock fon Thursday night , £ l have been in a perfect jelly for a whole ^ gk so much so , that I feel it impossible to tfcmit to you my notions upoa a free constitution this week . I shall be up till two o ' clock ? m orning at your business , and in a few j ^ js after that shall start to Minster Lovel , ~ ° prepare for the reception of eighty of my " vjjdrea onMoadsy morning , and must be back f ^ u in the Houses on particular business , at 2-r o ' clock on Monday evening . It gladdens 1 ? heart , however , to hear that THE
MONcfER is daily increasing ; ana now attend to Ljr father , and be obedient Some , in their Vgh-mindedness and magnanimity , say that S gv will not sign the Petition . But mark , re mark well * that the object of the Petition jj oot to show confidence in the House of ComoD , but to inspire confidence in our own ysnks , by showing the extent of our confederati on ; aad , 1 say , every man who refuses ta jj ( rn , isnot only a willing slave , but is the fo rger of fetters for others . The carriages are being made—one to be drawn by six horses .
convey ing the People ' s Representatives ; the o ther by three horses , bearing Labour ' s Will ; jail I Trill sho * - you how Labour feeds its stee ds . Now , my children , be prudent , be cautious , and be brave ; and , always bearing infflind that the poor gentlemen who were too idle to work , and too poor to live without labour , deceived us before , elect no man for the Convention in whom you have not thorough confidence , and who shall leave his work to represent you , and return to his work when he has discharged his duties .
We bad three glorious days in Lancashire . The Free Trade Hall as full as an egg on Friday night , the Town Hall ditto on Saturday sight , and a quarter of a million of people on Oldhain-edge on Sunday ; and oh , my children , it was a glorious sight when , uncovered , and in presence of their God , they swore with me never to abandon the Charter until all lived under its influence , and partook « f its blessings . The rascally Press gives us 15 , 000 for this meeting , but f tell you how 1 estimate the numbers , and I think that I am a better judge than the smooth-faced , unfledged chickens , that report for the Press-gang . I
carry the Free Trade Hall in my eye ; it used to hold 8 , 000 fat economists and stall-fed parsons , sitting . I estimate it to hold 10 , 000 of Pharoah ' s lean tribe , standing ; and I estimate that the ground covered by the gathering ¦ K-ould give space , if covered in , for more than thirty Free Trade Halls . I then multiplied 10 , 000 ly thirty and I have 300 , 000 , and I then deduct one sixth of , the space , or 50 , 000 , for the galleries , and I arrive at a quarter of a jniflion as the result . 1 will teU . you Low to arrive at something like a gness at the numbers attending a Chartist meeting : take all the numbers stated by all the papers to have been present , add them together , multiply them by four , and then you may make a
gness . But , my children , the most glorious part of onr ^ three glorious days in Lancashire was tie Union proclaimed between the English and the risn people . A Union which will bid defisnce to the hypocrisy of the sneaking sycop hants of Conciliation Hall , who , under their new showman , would present a new version of Punch and Judy to their gaping hacks . They have got hold of a poor little lord , and fids poor little lord is spouting his poor little nonsense , while the beggars are filling their pockets . But-they have arrested Smith O'Brien , Mitcnel , and Meagner , and now , that they have got them , I should like to know what thev will do with them .
Goodnight , my children . SIGN ! SIGN !! SIGN !!! And do not allow us to be laughed at when ne conrey yonr will and pleasure to the door of the Senate Honse . Your affectionate father , FEAB . GUS O'CtJKJfOK .
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GREAT MEETING AT MANCHESTER . TEATEBittSATIOy OP CHAETISTS ASD EEPSAIER 5 . TMs great tsestiog took place on Sfc P * fcrick & > day , in the Free Trade Hall . Great precautions bad been tsien bj the magistracy ; but this magnificent meet * isg , that wouia ~ 5 ave paralysed opposition , was coninttei . with the most majestic crder . Long before EX o ' clock , the appointed honr , large crowds had ssembled . A charge was made for admission of la . to the platform ; of 4 A . to the gallery , and 2 d . to the
body of the hall . Numbers of persons had assembled in front ihereof , < Jrosra * s of tAcm regained la the gtreet , apparently to catch a view of the speakers , who were expected to bs present . A band was pl 2 cad in the gallery , that played appropriate and Inspiriting sirs . Mr Feargns O'Connor , Mr Meagher , Mr Dobeny , Mr W . P . Roberts , and other ? , entered the hall at a quarter past seven o ' clock , and vere received with loHe-continned and slm « st deafening applause . At this time the tall and the Enrronnding spaes presented a magnificent spectacle , an imposing multitude being congregated In all part * .
Mr JihesDois , of Manchester , was called to the chair , and alter a few introductory observations , he read the following placard : — 6 XSAT BEPEAiDrKossTEiTios . —Ths public of Hsn * Chester end its vicinity are ret psctfully informed , that s pablie meeting will be held in the Free Trade Hall , on S : Patrick ' s Day , the I 7 ih of Harcb , to take into eengidiritioa tlie b-est mesns ^ f-eeeompUsIiinga repeal of the bgiil&liva onion between Great Britain and Ireland , upon which occasion a deputation from ths Irish Canfelerstloa will attend , and speak to the resolutions , and the following and other distinguished advocates ef liberty wai attend and address the meeting : —W . S . O'Brien , Ssq . 2 £ . r . ; F . O'Connor , E £ < $ , H . P » ; T . C . Aurtey , 2 «? . iI . P . ; C . G . Daffy , Efq . ; John Mitcbel , Esq . ; J . 3 Isrlin , EEq ., ofLonghorne ; P . T . Heagher , Esq . ; P . O'Hig ; in ? , Esq . ; 17 , P . Robert ! , Esq . ; T . D'Arey
Ksgee , S « . q . The committee for getting op tbe public meeting on the 17 th of March , and the Ua party in the Town Hall on the 18 th , call upon tie friends of freedom snathe loTtrsGf universal justice , who wish to see 8 locg--Etifiirisg and down-troSden eocnfry restored to its rights , to rally Teend tnesa , fill tbe Dili to overfJswiug , ana , by their united voices , efcow that they are not cnsanidfal of the important events « hieh have taken place ia glorious France within the last few days , and are determined that Ireland shall be restored to her racial a sation , and that they will pursue their onward march to Independence nnlil they sea etfery people , now ttrng . gling against tyranny end oppression , in full possession of all the rights of citizens o' a free state . Irishmen , Eog . iishraen , Scotchmen , evince , by your c « -oper * tioB in the good cause , to fsolter now would be treason against liberty and suffering millions .
Mr George Akchbeacojt proposed the fi rsfcresoltt ilon , which was as follows : — That the right of Ireland to be governed by a dfstinet aaSiafiepeBdeBtlegMatiire is undeniable , and what every caantry shoali ficjoy , fifld that she was deprived of the ttae , by traui , corruption , and treachery . The English people had now coree to the same condoaonas ike Irish on this subjfct , in proof ' of which is called on Mr Rinkip ^ n Eniliahmar , to fraternise ffilh him , aa Irishman . Mr Thouis Risanr . in seconding the notion , said the English people fead always been in favour of repeal , i he Chartists were there that night to show thss they were friends of nnirersal freedom . Tbe great enemy of Ireland was the great enemy of England also . ( Cheers , j _
Mr W . P . Rcbertj Fttppcrted the motion . He iiongbt Ireisna was entitled to be gorerned by a distinct legislature , and if it was necessary that Ireland be annexed to some other country . It wonJd rather be annexed to France than to England—to a ii £ tjon © f freemea rather than to a nation of slaves . KeYolulion 3 were * now becaming fashionable ; and , as Piench boot ^ hafe , and lace ? , had been in vogne , be thought fce mizht live to see a French revolution teceaie fasbionabls here . Ireland 6 cghi lo be entirek Eeparsted from England . ( Cries of ' Never . ) People might differ as to the Eort of force which Bust be nsed to accomplish this reTolntion ; bnt be begged io declare his . fa . ith . io be , tbat so the thifip was dope , he was not particular . ( Cheers . ) The resolution was carried unanimously . Mr Jiires Leach moved the second resolntion : —
That the set of 1830 , called the Act of Onion , has become a signal failure , end a curt e to both CEUnlriei , En innotationcrimiHa !—a partnership unfortunate , fearipg in-CitAiBiSaghni ' s texes , and sukipJiei & tkoanni-Ulci Ireland ' s poverty . He said that one of the greatest causes of the misery 2 nd degradation of this conntry and Ireland was the Ml of TJnion . If onr ralers coalJ reac ! { he « igC 3 o ¦ tb e 4 ime ? , they TroBld become wise ia time , and give ihe people tbat which , if notgiven . they must eeb tbe f-witeiffflw prepared to take . - ( Cheers . ) The reso-
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lution wag no milk and water one . ( Hear , hear , } £ u ' i tog *** ' ) . He h 0 £ « d erery one ppeseat would , after the meeting was over , retire home peaceably and thus strike a deeper terro ? to the Hearts of the oppressors , and show that they who understood liberty , know how to achieve it . Mr Johs Joseph Fdjhioik igeconded the regolafcion . He , like Me Leaob , considered every man w } io held np bis hand in favour of the resolutien as binding himself to do all he could to carry it into effect . He had been opposed , on another question , to Mr Leach ; but that night he would fraternise . witb . him ( taking his hand ) , and help him to ' the utmost ta procure liberty for Ireland , and justice and freedom torn iversalman . ( Cheers . )
Mr Chairman , Englishmen , and Irishmen—If I were to ask you what brought you Here to-night , and if I were to receive a true and consistent answer , that answer should be—to receive absolution from me . ( Cheers . ) For now thirteen years I have been advocating the very union which you have thus tardily confirmed—and when I proposed tbat union against adverse circumstances , which would have intisiidared one man in every other thousand living , I was told the day would never arrive when Englishmen end Irishmen would stand together upon the tame platform , advocating the same principle * . to
( Cheers . ) I thank God I have ^ ived see the day . I have spoken before ia detail npon this resolution , for I hare always declared that , whenever the peo . pie of both , countries united , the oppressors of both countries would fall . ( Hear , hear . ) You must have understood , if you have a particle of common Mnse , that the govemnent of every country is the exact reflection of the mental power , the strength , and resolution of that country- ( Hear / hear . ) And the fact you know—the fact that you are now governed by a base , brutal , and bloody faction , who , not satisfied that the air of Ireland smokes with the
incense of the famished , thirsts for the blood of the slain . ( Cheers . ) Not satisfied with the lesson that has been read to them , they are still endeavouring to perpetuate this miscalled thing ' the Union . ' Would you consider " yourself in reality united religiously and morally to your wives , if you were for ever tearing each others hair ? Such is the case with England and Ireland . Yet we are called sisters , said to be united . The resolution tells you , my friends , what that Union is , and what it has been up to this time . The English and Irish people have had sorry days of it . I am astonished , In / act , that it should require such a demonstration as this , after forty-eight years of suffering which we have had , to
dissolve this Union . I speak here precisely as I speak in my place in Parliament , for I should hold myself unworthy of your confidence and affection , if I were capable of using one laaguage to you and another to the legislature . ( Cheers . ) But , if you want an earnest ef the . value of these first fruits , of , fraternisation , I have it here , on my left and on-my right . I have it in tbe presence of the press ; and if ever the institutions of this country should tumble about the ears of the aristocracy of this country , that corrnpOhat venal , that prostitute , and lying press , which has kept your oppressors in ignorance of your will , and your resolutions , and power , will be chargeable with the crime . I have met you
in meetings , ten times , twenty times , forty tunes , and fifty times larger than this , at times when we were not able to speak out so boldly as we do now , although we were not intimidated . We did speak out f and we suffered for U—we were imprisoned for it . Many of us went in part Chartists , and came out confirmed ones . But what was that suffering ? Who would not suffer to take the trammels off maa ' s intellect ? Who would not suffer , and who would not contend , to speak those burning truths which must for ever destroy oppression and tyranny ? ( Cheers . ) We were speaking these truths ten years ago , nine , eight , seven , years ago—but it fell like a dead weight &t the feet of the reporters ( hisses
and cheers ) of tbe newspapers . Now , my friends , we lire in other days . I am not of very luxurious nor aristocratic habits . I don't generally travel with liveried lackeys behind me or before me . However , on leaving London to « day , I discovered I was attended by two government officials . I found at every station I stopped at , these suspicious-looking men , whom I knew , from the extraordinary shape of their hats , the extra cut of their whiskers , and the . Bmeothness of their faces . I soon discovered what they were , but I told their master last night there was no necessity for sending after me , for I would save them the expense , and give them a verbatim report of what I
said . I have shown you bow Irishmen are governed , and they desire to govern you Englishmen in the same way . Well , my friends , if I am to measure the government by the Irish representatives—speaking of the whole of the Irish members of the House of Commons—I shonld say that the government is far more liberal . Now , is it not necessary , my friends , tbat you should repeal this union , to pkee our own representatives under a vigilant popular control ? Do you suppose that if I were asked my name or my country , that I should not be ashamed to deny either or both , if I opposed the separation of Ireland from England . England , it is said , conquered Ireland , but I know no statute
at present on the statute book to prevent a conquered people from regaining their liberty . ( Cheers . ) These ar e the precise terms I use in the House of Commons , and I believe the time is not far distant , when tbe Irish people will determine upon subjecting the Irish representatives to that vigilant popular control , which can alone keep them within the bounds of moral obligations . Talk to me about the Union , which was only a Union of the aristocracy , and not of the people , a Union effected by bribery and corruption , wfeen nothing but destruction and bloodshed reigned throughout the land . Call that a Union I Tell me that you were parties to that Union !
* As well m « y the lamb with , the tiger unite , The moase with the cat , or the lark with the kite . ' ( Tremendous cheering . ) I have toldyou , precisely as the resolution tells you , that the Union was & benefit to the aristocracies , but an injustice to the democracy of both countries . The dissolution of the Union" to-morrow would be an advantage to both countries . The Union causes a competition of Irish labour in the English market—it takes over thirty millions a year out of the pockets of the English labourer , without giving anything to the pockets of the Irish . I would to God I were the pilot of a vessel , if to-morrow ( because there are not 100 Irishmen willing residents in England )—you have
been exiled by persecution , and prosecutions and fasrine , —( cheers . )—if to-morrow I could see a fleet wafting its way across tbe channel , to take us back to Father-land , thehome that we love —( cheers ) —English people would find by that that they would receive thirty millions more wages , which you , the Irish , take from them . ( Hear , hear . ) The middle classes of this ceuntry like to see poverty amongst the people . The English manufacturers . know it is only by tbat poverty that the competition can be kept up which enables them to reduce wages down to their own point of profit , and your point of degradation , famine , pestilencf , and want . ( Hear , hear . ) I blush to think
Ireland should be obliged to appeal to England for a Repeal of the Union between tbe two countries . When the withering blast called the Union was wafted from the sister country to the shores of Ireland , she was yet in monrning for her slaughtered sons ; her green fields were dyed with the crimson blood of her children , sacrificed at tbe shrine of English cupidity and Irish perfidy . I ask you , was it at such a time such a change should have been forced npon an enlightened people , when the guardians of their glory were prematurely consigned to a cold grave , or banished to some foreign land , to sigh over the departed Jibeities of their country ?
( Cheers . ) Jfy friends , I might he more temperate with my language . I mean to be temperate to-night ; though , God knows , I have never been very choice in my words . If I have sought the lion ' s share of popularity I have been satisfied with the lion ' s share ot oppression . I am now older than I was . ( Hear , bear . ) I have attended more public meetings than aay man that ever lived before rae , or , I believe ,, than any man will have to do that may come after me ; because I bave been tbe pioneer , and cleared the way for them . ( Cheers . ) Well , my friends , I see my rray before ais now .- I see aa amount of power at ay back « rhich defies the power of shorthand writes and dsiaciirfs . ( Loud laughter and
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applause . ) Now , my friends , those who have come here to-night from Ireland , and those who have , for : the 'first time ^ fra ternised with the English' , ' should know and understand—although you have been kept in ignorance of the fact—that , in 1842 , the English people , to the amount of 3 , 378 , 000 , signed a petition for the Repeal of the Union . ( Cheers . ) Where , now , is your boasted' love of fatherland ?—you of Ireland , when you cannot boast of one-tenth part of the moral force to rescue yourselves from slavery , and yet you are told to look upon the Saxon as your enemy ! ( Cheers . ) It is not the people , but the unjust laws of which you , as Englishmen , have to complain—but look at
another side of the picture . We hear it with sorrow , with grief , and remorse , if ten , fifteen or twenty thonsand people , are cut off by war , or in battlemowed down by artillery , or cut to pieces with the sword ; we listen with horror to tales of men cut down in the front of an enemy ; but so debased is the mind of Ireland—so untutored is the mind of England , that more than a million of brave , virtuous Irishmen , women , and children , hate died of pestilence and famine inane year alone , and we have made no attempt to save them , of prevent the recurrence of such things . , ( Hear , hear . ) Talkio me of Union witK'lfegland—talk to m& of living under English dominion , i ? hen more fall by misrule
than have fallen by the sword in the most bloody times . ( Cheers . ) Are we , then , to be so modest as to petition parliament , in the hope of this grievance being redresoed ? ( Cries of ' No ! ' ) What do I ask you to petition parliament for ? Is it in the hope of having any efffict on the legislature ? No ! ( Cheers . ) Is it in the confidence tbat five millions of men will be strong in the knowledge that they have fraternised and united together fdsHpw you their strength , and hot to show the government jrour strength , that I ask for a . monster petition , which I shall have the honour to present before the house on the 10 th of next month . When we see a ty rant-robber , a plundering king , hurled , from bis
throne , and his despotic ministers sent- the same road after him , we find an English prime minister telling us that it is not his intention to repeal the rate-paying clauses in the Reform Bill . ( Laughter . ) I am now going to give you an instance of Irish depravity—of the manner in which the Union was effected . You saw the revolution in France marked and distinguished by excessive clemency , and mind me , my friends , never mistake me in the heat of argument and great bustle of politics—I am always , and shall always ^ declare myself , against tiie shedding of one drop of . blood ; but mark the lesson read to us in the fate of tyranny in France ! ( Hear , hear <) - -Goserve , that-jjaaa , ? ho , ajew , days aco .
¦ w& . ftne . c ^ ilie ^ g ^ teat ^ maharelsaEkJgttrbpe ; we " e him 6 n ^ 7 TjMh ^' gf eatest ^ kinga of hts" time on Monday , anoTftmifing away , sansculotte , on Thursday , without ; a second suit of chstb . es and with little money in bis pockets . ( Laughter and cheers . ) We see his fortifications falling or inoperative before a united people ; we have seen the people insulted for eighteen years—destroyed by victory , despoiled by the revolution of 1830 : we see , after eighteen years dating oppression on the part pi this money-grubbing king , that not a single drop of blood has been shed in revenge by them . Mark , then , the great difference between this revolution and that of 1793 , and mark what produced that
difference . . In 1793 , England was & maiden country . In 1793 , the English people were not united with Ireland . That impolitic minister—the most corrupt minister that ever this country saw—who with your money , and English money , in 1793 sent his mercenaries to France to satisfy bis blood-thirstiness and savageness , —it was Pitt ; Pitt it was who created all the horrors of the French Revolution ; it was the people who raised the standard of revolt ; it wa « the people declared the rights of the people , and the minister of England that destroyed the prospect of those rights . What is the reason they do not attempt it bow ? It is because our staff is too powerful . ( Cheers . ) The people will no longer be duped ,
gulled , or deluded . If government were to send their mercenaries abroad to fight the battles of the foreign tyrant , they well know that « while the cat is away the mice will play . ' ( Cheers . ) Well , my friends , I have seen in my time a great many political revolutions that promised great social reforms during the last quarter of a century , from 1822 to the present time . I opened my mouth to declare the rights of the people when no other man dared . I was obliged to fly my country for thirteen months . I bave assisted to overturn the principle | of tie middle-class system jn Ireland . Emancipation was gained by influence out of doors , the representatives , of theraselvei , having no power
to produce any social benefit from thera . The next was the Reform Bill , which was carried by political influence , that produced no social improvement . Then came the cheap bread cry —( cheers)—high wages was to bave been the result of this change , but I think you have seen the reverse . Well , now , I am not one of those who seek to aggrandise myself b y any change that takes place , socially or politically , never having travelled a mile at your expense—never having expected from you one penny by way of gratuity or reward . I am not in tbe
situation of other demagogues . I am determined out of the next change social benefit shall spring . ( Cheers . ) . Political economists tell us that when one channel is closed against labour , nature intends opening another ; but I have great veneration ; having a greater faith in my God than in the free traders ; and God tells you and me that man is to Kve by tbe sweat of bis own brow —( hear , hear . )—but he does not tell you that idleness shall live npon the sweat cf the industrious . ( Cheers , and cries of ' No , no ! ' ) God tells us he created man , and he created tke earth to sustain man with the fruits bv
man ' s labour . ( Hear , hear . ) But sn artificial system having sprung up to benefit capital , by which the working man has no longer an exclusive property in his labour , I consider the only change tbat will benefit him is to locate him upon his own land for his own benefit ( Cheers . ) When men talk to yon about politics , ask them what they mean ? If they say' a change , ' ask them whet that change is to be ? if the millowner will give higher wages ? If they say Yes ! ' I say Pooh ! ' ( Cheers . ) Ask them , if you are all to become shopkeepers and sell your own goods ? And if they ssy 'Yes / I say ' Nonsense ! ' ( Cheers . ) ' Ask them , if you are to
become that class which does not work ? And if they ssy ' Yes , ' I say , Ignorance 1 ' My plan is to make every man work ; upon his own land for his own living , and thereby make idleness a crime . Now , friends , this is the problem tbat is to save the Irish peoplenowsfarvingin Ireland ; the land will not yield its fruits for four or five months to come ; they are a great people and an industrious people ! It is your duty to belie the charge of their being idle . Let us understand each otber before we go for another political change , let us know what that cbangeis to be ; for , bear in mind the old adage ,
that—• The bir < 3 in . hand is better far Than two tbat ia tbe bnsbeB are . ' ( Laughter . ) Do not exchange misery for greater misery . Do not struggle again for any political change , except a social result is propounded to you . Now , what is my social reEultfor Ireland ? The Church property in Ireland , at a moderate rate , is worth fifty millions to-merrrow . And the land , if the landlord was released from the payment of tithes , is worth thirty' years purchase . Well then , my friends , I deny that the Church property in Ireland belongs to the parsons in Ireland . 1 deny that it is theirs by their mission , unless they can show where their right commenced . I deny that all the sheep of the fold should starve , while the shepherd is living
sumptuously upon what does not belong to biro . ( Ckeers . ) Did ever a parson die of want in Ireland ? Did ever the parsons fraternise with you ? Not a single one , and why ? Because they live sumptuously upou that which belongs to you . ( Cheers . ) Then what I say is , sell the Church property . I say let God ' s religion be free and open ; let every man worshi p his Gcd as he thinks fit , Sell the Church property , and give me the fifty millions of money produced by the sale—not of the parson ' s property , but of yours—and I will locate half a million of men on the land , each man having his own free castle , and own labour field . ( Tremendous cheering . ) I will allow five to a family , and that will be two millions and a half . We " shouM Ifcea require no
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poorlaws , no eleemosynary aid , because of all men IiyingS'the Irishman is the most thoughtful of his owri family and wife . ( Cheers . ) Mt > . O'Ce&nor then proceeded at considerable length to expatiate upon the principles and value of the People ' s Charter . He addressed the Irish in their own language , which he translated into English , and resumed his seat amidst the most deafening applause . Mr fsxsB Feenbi moved the next resolution , which ran thus : —
That we recommena to the repealers of Ireland ana England , our brethren in the cause of justice , the obit , vion of their religious feuds-and other party differences asa necessary preliminary to union , the fOrerUDBOr and fosterer of national independence . To show that there was a fraternisation between Englishmen and Irishmen , he shook hands with Mr H . Nuttail , the seconder of the motien Ho said that that was the day he had long wished for , when the English and Irish people united to overthrow the oppresor , and mako ( be was going to say ) thrones fall J ' - 'bat he withdrew thit . At any rate , they abeuld not regr&t much when tbev saw thrones fall . If Ireland would not repeal the Union , Englishmen would do it . for ; them , for they were heartily tired of it . ¦
$ hee ^ H ^ ; * . ' "' x ' - ' ^^^ i ¦ : ¦¦ - , -:-. ¦ :..-. ¦ > . MrF . 3 *? ftfsS 0 HSn » - womscalfea oe sa support ihoresolution ; was'received with most enthusiastic applause . He is a / young man of about twenty-six yeara of age , He commenced by stating that he hadieen tracked from Dublin by a detective officer . He delivered a moat fervent speeoh in favour of repeal . Referring to the great meeting which bad been announced for that day in Dublin , he said that it had beeen postponed until Monday next ; , w hen it would assuredly take place , whether there was a proclamation againat it or .. not . The on ^ chance of putting it down was by a massacre .. and ha should not be surprised if thai was resolved on . ( A voice :
1 Let them not dare . it /) He should go back to Ireland to-morrow , ' preparedTpr whatever might happen —knowing that , as the English government had planted a garrison in Ireland , it had , by its oppression here , planted a garrison in England . ( Loud cheers . ); He would go back in this confidence , that if a foul act was jdone oh that day—if a band was stretched out to strike them , there would be bands stretched out to revenge them . ( Vehement cheering . ) The appeal would not now be to the House of Lorda . The time had now $ one by for appealing to 5 nferior tribunals : for everything upon thja -earth the sovereign ; peoplo had assumed their sovereignty . ( Cheers . ) ; ' ' ; ;
^ Mr . Whittle ^ proposed- the . following resolution : — ¦ - ^¦ •' - ¦ . ' .. ¦ ; . That the treaehe&y end b ' &se conduct of many of the Irish roembersduriag the past end present session cannot in any degreeiweakflnlino right of Ireland to legislative indepeadeove ; tho oWtno or oi'ror of the repre-Beatfitivea cannot destroy tbe sanctity of the cause , Mr Bacoh seconded the motion . Mr jDoHEKi ( one of ^ h ' e deputation ) supported the motion . Hesaidt ^ at-thi ^ hoiUd . go back to-nYorrow to danger in Irelandi / and , witH the support of the English people , tbey . suould go book-to ¦• inejBt it exultingly . ( Loitd ~ cH £ e ? 5-. ) The terms of union
which they offered were fchesfi—Il'eland for the Irish , and England for the English . Should they have a Union on those terms ? ( Yes .- ) It-was said that Mitohel w&isld be arreated , and perhaps / CIS ? cuted on a gibbet in Dublin . If Mitchel wns inured , the gibbet must remain for one after anotker of them . ( Tremendous cheering . ) Nay , mo re ,, before they hung him ( MItchel ) they muai execute the whole of them in the streets . ( Great applause . ) Whatever blood he ha J . was at the service of liberty , and lie should glory to shed it in the constitutional fight . ( Cheers . ) . Mr Johm Mubbat , one of the heroes of ' 98 , followed and said , that though 71 yeara of age , he had abated none of his vigour and energy .
Mr Matihbw Trbanob moved the adoption of the followiog address to the people of France : — Address of tt « Irith and EnglUh Hepealen of Manchester Jo the Sovereign People of France , Heroio Citizens ,- ^? , ( the RepoalerB of Manchester ancLtbe surrounding neighbourhood , natives ef Irelaad and England , aejembleu together on St Patrick ' s dny , —• / or tha purpose of devising means to accomplish the liberty of enslaved Ireland , by annulling tko nefarious act entitled the Legislative Union between Great Britain and Ireland , through which the latter has beon lowered from her position as a nation to that of n despised and degraded province , with feelings of exaltation and pleasure seizs tbia opportunity of congratulating you , our brethren iu the holy cause of freedom , upon tbe
oappy issue ef your late noble atrufgle—a struggle of oppressed humanity against tyranny of tbe blackest 6 yt —« struggle of tha betrayed against tho botrayer , armed with wealth , power , an immense mercenary force , yet fallon to duss before the mighty breath o ? an iacenied and injured people . Tho truculent tyrant , who , by black treachery and perjury of the foulest hue , succeeded in depriving you for a time of your just rijrhtB , has been flung , like a thing of inDlgnificance , with dig . gust , from amongst you . \ The all powerful will of the millioBB was not to be withstood in the land of their fathers , and France now stands erect in her giant might , to prove to despots that they are [ unablo to extinguish liberty—that the illustrious examplo of destroying class legislation , and giving to h « r toiling sone the jast reg ard of tnek labour and patriotism , will be followed
up by country after coantry , until the whole world shall acknowledge the unmeasurable benefit conferred oa mankind by your glorious Republic . The fool wrongs of Ireland are teo well known to you , noble ol tizeni . to require recapitulation , We fcnovr yon sympathise , have ever sympathised , with the people of tbat country . The meB of England , too , have wroBgfl , — deep . ieated wrongs . AH mustbe redressed , A » Franc * has secured for herself her beloved Republic , so Ireland aha !} fcavO her parliament restored , and England her idolised Charter . ! -This , we , and the millions of thin coantry and < Jf 'Ireland , have willed . ' We who have been too long divided by abase and grinding aristocracy , now declare and pramlso , before God , to accomplish thoBe darling objects , -- » pledge , we belieTe , citl-Esns , you will receive from ns a « the best prosf that we are with you heart end soul In your onward meroh ,
Your elections approach , and we knorr tnat every of . fort which the base agents of Mngs snd their creatures can effect , will baput in practice to mar your splendid doslgas for the welfare of mankind . Bat we have com . plete eonfldence In your wisdom to detect and hurl to the earth each wolf in sheep ' s clothing ; and wo look to the result as tbe consummation of that triamph you hare obtained . May God inspire you so to not . Suoh , ¦ c itizens , ts the wish tbat proceeds from the eoul of tho people here , who deBire you to believe that no kingly craft , no tyrant force , shall ever Induce us to fight against the banner of Freedom , wherever reared by tho people against the oppreBGOre . ' Vive la P . epubllque . ' Mr John O'Hea seconded the motion , which amid thunders of applause -. was carried unanimously by acclamation . X . vote ' of thanks to the chairman was passed , and after rapturous cheers for Mr O'Connor , the Charter , and Repeal the meeting terminated u few minutes after eleven o'clock , in the utmost order . ' . ? ; ,
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THE GREAT SOIREE IN : THE TOWN HALL , MANCHESTER . . THE CHARTEB AND EEPEAL . On Saturday evening last , this great deanoustra . tion took place as announced . When the party had assembled for tea , an inspiriting sight , one such | aB if seldom seen , waa witnessed . The moat appropriate deeoratlcna enlivened the scene , and numben of the fair Bex graced it with their presence . About seven o ' clock , Feargus O'Connor , Esq ., M . P ., Mr Doheny , one of tke amba&adora from Dublin , ( Mr Meagher having returned thither ) , Mi W , P . Roberts , the people ' s attorney-general , Mi Dunn , the chairman of the meeting of the Free-trade Hall onthe previous evening , with Mr Peter Feeney , MrTrainorof Stalybridge , Mr Murray , and others ,
appeared npon the piatform , and were reoeived with deafening applause ; A short-hand writer on tha partof thegtwernmenfc attended the meeting . The Wanohesler Foresters' band played several ^ ellknown airs-in the courae of the evening . Mr Dunk , on the motion of Mr Arohdeacon , seconded by Mr Rankin , was again called to the cbair . Heeaid , thoy were aeeembled for the purpose of showing to tho deputation who had been Bent forth by thfilrish Confederation that the Democrats in this pavt of England , at least , were in favour of ft Repeal of the legislative union . ( Hoar , hear . ) He was no pubJ / c speaker , neither waa he one who had
taken much of a prominent part in public life . But the fcimo had come when it behoved every man to exert himBc-lf in favour of tho liberty and freedom of hia country . He thought it was the duty of the Repeal association to lay the question of Repeal in it ? true light before the people of England , as ho had no doubt or fear-that the Democracy , the people of Eng land , would at ence go with them in their efforts to obtain it , and strike for the independence of Ireland , his ( the chairman ' s ) native land . ( Aiplaose . ) This was the first time , he believed , that tho Repeal question had been brought before the English Democracy by a deputation ftorn a body of men assembled in Ireland who were fairly determined to carry
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out the independence of their country . The day had arrived when the democracy of both England and Ireland knew their own rights , and knew that they had only one enemy to contend with—the united arirtocracy of both countries . ( Cheers . ) His whole heart and soul were set on obtaining for Ireland her legislative independence . ( Continued oheering . ) He was , perhaps , aa loyal a subject to her Majesty ' s crown and dignity as any man in the city of Manohestor , but he stated distinctly and publicly , in the presence of the gentleman who had been sent down by the Borne Office to report the expressions which fell from the speakers at tbat meeting , that he had another allegiance superior , in his mind , to his allegiance to tbe crown—that was the allegiance to
the independence of hia country . ( Loud cheers . ) He found men assembled in St Stephen ' s from the Queen ' s county , the county of Mayo , of Limerick , and other counties ,-vrho were ignorant of the wanta and the interests of the country : It was time , then , to get rid of suoh leRialators—of men who were utterly ignorant of the feelings and the rights of their con . stituents , and of the manner in which to redress the grievances under which the deraooracy labour . ( Hear , hear . ) Without the Repeal of the Union , unless this oountry were allowed to govern itaelt irrespective of Ireland , and Ireland allowed to govern itself irrespective of , England , he knew perfectly well thRtthByBmMrBcypfbotihooHntrjesTroaldb ^ crBBbed byjthei ariatooraey , in brderthat tha latMshielitiive
upon the fat of the land , produced from the sweat of the brow of the people . ( A-voice ; ' They will not do so much longer . ' ) ( Loud cheering . ) He had a num . ber of toasts to propose to them in the course of tho evening , the first of which was— The people , the only true find legitimate source of all power . ' ( Loud oueers ) Mr Roberts , who was received with great cheering , said , the sentiment he was to speak to was one of the most noble—one of the most ennobling—one of the most religions , democratic , and true sentiments that ever emanated from the Deity , from reason or from humanity—and one to which all good men had responded from almost all ages . But , notwithstandins that , like many other great and mighty truths , it had been his fate to see that sentinjent trampled
upon and treated with every possible eoora . ( Hear , heiu \) It was now their business—and God grant that tbey might feel the responsibility which had fallen upon them—to raise that sentiment to ita legitimate vitality . The opportunity was then given to them—earth , heaven , and circumstances saemed io oorabir . e for the purpose—left them 4 S 6 that it passed not idly away—oi raising that sentiment to the dignity which it ought to bear—which really and truly belonged to it . Bub how was tbia ! In war , in legislation , in government , in peace , in the arts , and in sciences ; in wealth and all that wealth could bring ; all tbat he ever had seen , had , been for the advantage of the rich , and the degradation of this same people . ( Hear . ) Ought this to be ? ( 'No . ' ) We witnessed this in our legislation , in the administration of the laws , and in every country in Europe
save one . That country , ibat one , was France . ( Great phecrinor . ) . Tne Frenoh revolution sajd , ( and ho , for one , whatever the results might be to himself , did trust that that doctrine would ere long bo recognised through the length and breadth of thin earth)—that the poor who were willing to labour had a right to baled ; ( Hear , hear , and great ap . plauea . ) Itwae not charity , not a . benefit to feed them , they had a right to be fed . To deprive them . of food was a mighty wrong . ' He trusted it would 8 ° forth to the world } and eventually be recoguiesd aa agreatfculh , that men who w 6 F € subraitttag to a wrong , and were tranquil under that wrong" " BSlLdid not complain of it , were doing a greai ; Bin . ( Granv upplause . ) The Cjjjuumak tb . cn . proposed' Civil and religious libfirt , ? all over the world , and may the oceniitiS of either be erushcd . ' and overwhelmed ;\ to which
Mr Joseph Fiskio&n responded . He . entared into a definition of the terms' Civil and religious liberty and after iickEOwMging the eympathy ho hsd met with amongst the people of this coantry wblio heVaa a lecturer for the leagno , said theonlf way in which he could return that aympathy with gratitude was to assist the English in the achievement of what they considered to be their rights . ( Applause . ) From the' Wood . spilled in tha last-century had sprung many thousand , patriots ; and though he bad been opposed to Mr JWg ' us O'Connor , he still could not but admire the disinterested actions wlucb that gentleman had performed . When he saw him fighting the battles of freedom , he saw the sire
fighting them over again in the son , and he trusted that the time was not far djstanfc when' Civil and Religious liberty' would be fully carried out under tbeir distinguished leader and patriot , Mr Feargus O'Connor . ( Great cheering . ) The Chairman said there wa 8 another O'Connor , who had been fifty years exiled from his country , which he fought and bled for . He ( the chairman ) trusted that he would yet be received in his aative land , that he would yet be buried there , and that from his ashe 3 other Irishmen and O'Connors would arise , to stand up and defend the rights and liberties of their country . — ' O'Conaor . the veteran , survivor of the peril * of ninety-eight . ' and
Mr Feargus O'Connok , M . P . then rose , was received with tumultuous applause . He said , if last night was the wedding , they might look upon that as the honeymoon ; and he thought the harmony wbicb seemed to prevail gave a happy omen of their future union . In the midst of the chaos then going on around them , the mention of his aged and revered , and venerable uncle was a Bource of . great consolation . In times when they had no fruitful topics for discussion , it might have beeu reasonable to suppose that one wh o suffered so grievously and so unjustly for the rights of the people , that his ' - name might sometimes receive honourable mention instead of scorn . It was some consolation to think that , in the
midst of these'troublesome times , men had not forgotten him . He ( Mr F . O'Connor ) had often told them of the struggle bis country had made ; taking an example from France , drawing an example from America . He had often wondeied that those who had struggled for the freedom of Ireland , should have looked with scorn on the names of Fitzgerald and Bmmett . ( Hear , hear . ) He well remembered bin uncle telling him , when all appeared to be hopeless and forlorn ( speaking of those two ) , not to deplore their fate , for , from every drop of blood spilled of theirs , ten thousand patriots would arise . Those were names vrhich were scoffed at , Rod trodden under foot , and no tear was shed to hallow their sacred memories . Whether or no it should be his uncle ' s
fate to lay his bones in his fatherland , he ( Mr F . O'Connor ) knew not , but he trusted that he saw in what was going on now , that instead of having their stoneless graves pointed to as objects of scorn , that we should see a monument of eternal honour erected to them . ( Great cheering . ) No man in Europe looked with more anxiety of feeling to the present movement than he did ; and no man felt so great a responsibility as he did , seeing the changes which had taken place and what terror and persecution had done aforetime . He was preparing the mind of tbe people onwards , riot only to ask for but to demand their rights . ( Hear , hear . ) It was a difficult thing to mould a sound opinion out of tattered fragments ,
The mind of the people of this country was destroyed by the crotchet mongers , so ibat no man knew scarcely what was tbe opinion of bis neighbour , thereby making despotism strong upon the weakness of public opinion . Now , however , he hoped they were like a rock of adamant , and it was impossible for despotism to resist their demands ; He agreed with Mr Roberts , that in the revolutions which had occurred no cliange had taken place for the benefit of the industrious class of the country ; but he bad shown ( hem tha i Nature ' s pap was full of milk , and ripe to sustain all those who came to her ; he bad told them that the despotism and tyranny of man bad made the land barren and sterile ; but he bad
ehown them how every man could apply it to his ontr sustenance , and the support of his family . No laws of God , of Nature , or of justice , could maintain the right of other men to live upon the proceeds of tbe industry of the poor , while the latter were consigned —pitiless objects—to the poor law guardians . ( Loud cheers . ) But the improved mind of the country would never again let the people of this country hurrah for political changes in order that one set of despots might take the place of another set of tyrants . What was ( be position of tae people of this
country compared with that of any other people on the face of this earth ? Why was it that the provisional government of France had not been able , as soon as the people expected , to advance in their intention and future policy ? It was because tyranny in Fi-auce had not allowed people to commune together ;—they were afraid that they might go from bad to worse . The French people < had been deprived of the powei of speaking and exchanging their opinions , but he thought that' the provisional government , as far ns it had gone ,- bad giveH a lesson rom nature ' s book whicb would not soon be for
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gotten . The great danger ot changes was ,, ( bat those who excite you to deeds , of hardihood , of mad . ness , and revenge , assured them , as the Free Traders did , as the Ref ormers did , and as many other partieg had dons , that from that change great benefits would arise . They had seen what benefits those were but the moment that labour was represented in the House of Commons , its representatives would say , now that mechanical power , machinery , and mventions , had closed up every other channel against iddustry , that the land was the only one left for them * For himself , he would never rest satisfied till t&s Charter became the law of the land . ( Cheers . ) He
told them then , es he had done a thousand times before—be told them in the presence of the Irish ambassador , that if he could prevent it , 4 fe English should not have tbeir liberties one day before Ireland had hers ; when . that was accomplished they could ^ mutually assist each other . We had been told to look with surpassing reverence on our institutions . Could he honour an institution which had consigned a million of his countrymen to their graves ? Was it < or that tbat the people were to be taught unconditional loyalty , while men were sent to tbeir graves , and to the pesthouse , by famine , starvation , bullets , swords , and bayonets ? They heard of a massacre to take place on Monday . Dispel
such a notion from their minds . They dare not do it . ( Great applause . ) The government might perhaps desire , if they dared , to read another lesson to England throught the sides of Ireland—for Ireland had been made tbeir battle-field before now—but they dare not . The country paid three hundred thousand a year for publishing the rubbish spoken in the House of Commons , a hundred thousand to a lady , the widow of a deceased Mug , fifty thousand to King Leopold , ' fifiythpusand to the King of Hanover , and fifteen thousand a year to the Arebbishop of Canterbury . Three hundred thousand a year was paid for printing the rubbish spoken in the House of . Commons , and £ . 150 , 000 for educating the whole
nation . ( Hear , bear and Shame . ' ) Let thw iiialc ^ eapj ; i iito their minds — France had had her peaceable , ' ' . ' bloodless , ' and calm revolution , simply because the Exchequer was not as strong as it was in Pitt ' s time . Sicily- had got a constitution ; fhe King of Sardinia had been obliged to give a constitution ; Prussia , Switzerland , the Papal S Sates , the « ame , and Spain was trembling . Now , he would ask them whether those people wonld allow of a massacre taking place in Ireland ? ( ' No , no . ' ) Mr O'Connor then , after elucidating tbe most important subjects of the day , concluded a splendid speech , amidst the most enthusiastic cheering . The Chaiehan then
gave—The memory of those glorious spirits who bave struck for freedom , whether they died on tke scaffold , lingered out their existence in exile or prison , or gloriously accomplished the independence of their country—Washing , ton , Tell , Hofer , Kosclosko ^ Lord Edward Fitzgerald , Robert and Thomas Emmott , Wolfs , Jones , Hamilton , Rewen , the Shlers ( the victims of the base spy Arm . strong ) , and James Joseph M'DonneH . MrJboHEUT , barrister , one of the deputation from Dublin , rose to speak to tho toast , and on doing sot threa cheers were given for Repeal . Who feared , he said , to speak of 1793 ? Who hid his head fo * shame ? Not those at least who were there that nieht . They had been told b y Mr O'Connor that
one cause of Ireland ' s slavery was her own abasement . He agreed with him most fully . He came to tell them most plainly , that they were a despised as well as an enslaved people . Jfever was an unfortunate nation so grossly misrepresented as they were in the present House of Comnrins . There was no mistaking the fact that the reason why tbey were enslaved by the British parliament was because they had not members in that parliament properly to represent Irish feelings . One reason for this had not been stated . Formerly , tho government plundered in Ireland in the name of the Pope ; then the government plundered in the name of the reformation , ana lsfierlv fchev hnd been told by their pretended friends ,
tnat it wss b&tterto truBtthe ^ higB taan tbeEnihsh . people . The Irish believed that too long . He waa one of those wbo clung to that belief with passionate nrdoar , but ho was one of those who believed it no longer . He now trampled upon national prejudices . He believed with Mr O'Connor , tbat there would be nti massacre in Ireland oa Monday . He believed the Irish re nresontativee would not prtvent it . He believed further , that to-monw rooraipg tho soTerament ni ' wht exilBAbooe reprRseatsvlw * . to-places m the colonies for . unfortunately , it km bs * n UOt only in Ireland that plac ^ . and . sitcstionr bejoiia theacar . were just tho things . § o the people might bo buried without coffins in order thai P ' . uob Btora
and Morgan John O'Oomiell 8 &ould 'have places m the colonies at the goveriiraent salwy , \ ' . v ° * ' ™ --t Ha bad been called the Irish ; ambassador . "Ha-g loried in the title and should go back to W » govern * ment and testify--to the adhesion of the British nation . He trusted that after ages would look bnck on this union as tho true date of British freedom . Let them unite- and Btruf » szle for their common causa . They had strugled without the Engglish : with them he was not afraid ef tho consequences , ( Cheers . ) He did not think they needed to fight . No government would frighten him . When the people were disunited the tyrant waa strong : when they wore
united the tyrant was a ieeble child . ( Hear , bear . ) The sceptre , and the bauble , the army and tbe navy , eanfcinfco nothing before tbe netted roefcv Heebonld go from town to town in EDgland , advocating the rights of hia country , which the Irish would not receive as a boon . They would have ' Liberty , Fraternisation , and arms to defend them . ' { Great applause . ) Mr Doheny then spoke of tbe troubles of ' 98 , ef erecting a monument to Eromett , of and tbe present miserable condition of his country , and expressed his agreement with the whole of the points of th 6 Charter except one : he would have open voting . He concluded amid much cheering and hurrahs for repeal .
The Chairiuh then proposed 'The Ropeal of th& Legislative Union between Great Britain and Ireland . ' Mr Arohdecoh responded to the toast . The next was . The men of Sioily , Naples , and the other Italian States who have burst the bonds of tha Austrian despot . Mr Maiihbw Tbaixqr , in an energetic address responded . The Chairman Baid there would not be time for more speaking , he should thercJore read the remainder of tbe toasts intended to have been submitted . They were aa follows : — The United States of Amerioa , the cheapest governed ceautry in the world ; the institutions of which , based on the sovereign will of the people , we nighty admire .
The French Republic ; and may the people of Franca preserve their glerious position , the acourge of fraudulent , crafty , and oallous tjrante ; an example to men of all lands desiring to be free . . Poland ; a speedy restoration of her plundered rights , and the health of bur exiles , who could not crouch or hug the degrading chain of the tyrant ot Russia . The men of Waterford , who voted for Meagher , nai against placemen and Hate pauperv . Tho ladies who havo honoured us with their presence . Mr O'Connor replied to the last toast . A vote of thanks was then awarded to the Mayor for the use of the room , and another to the chairman , who returned thanks , and the meeting terminated about half-past eleven o ' clock , with rapturous oheera for the Charter and Repeal .
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Si Helen ' s . —A general meeting of the land members will be held at the house of Mr James Woods , publican , Parr-atreet , St Helens , on Sunday tho 26 th instant , at six i . 'cfock in the evening . Moiiram . —The publio supper , in commemeratioa ot our Land member going to Minster Lovel , will take place at the White Hart Inn , Mottram , on Saturday , March 25 th . Supper on table at six o'clock . Noitinghak —The next meeting of the Land members will be held at the Poultry Hotel , en Suaday evening , at Seven o ' clock . A Free and Easy will be held on Saturday evening , at sevea o ' oloek , at tbe Leopard , Tollhouse Hill
Liverpool . — All members of . this branch who have gone out of town and havo not sent their address , are requested to do so aa speedy as possible te-William Thomas , sub-secretary , 42 , Christian-street . Chsmbnham , —TJtjig branch will in future meefc in Wellington-pasFage , on Monday evenings , where likewise the Chartist Association will meet on Wednesday evenings . Bermondset . —The shareholders of this branch of the Land Company will meet at their usual place on Tuesday evening , March 28 th to elect officers for the ensuing quarter . All shareholders having local expenses in arrears are requested to attend and pay the same .
Piyiiouth , — The members of the Plymouth branch are requested to attend next Monday night , Maroli 27 th , for the election of officers for the next quarter . Nottingham . —A meeting of tho members of tne National Land Company will be held at the Poultry Hotel , on Sunday evening next , forlthe purpose of electing officers for the New Land Company . Messrs Sweet and Wall . t&o Secretaries to tbe O . d Company having deolined to act for the New Company , Ihe Ch -The ^ B of S branch will meet at ttiTie oYmJtwU AM Market-pkce . ou s tf ± ! £ ? jy ^ iiSS' <* * w «*««* Witt be held * £ Sunday morning , March 26 th . Chair to be taken at nine o ' clock . . ¦
_ HUL .--The rnemhra of this branch willholdtheir auarteriy meeting on WedEesday evening , March 29 th' for the eltotion of officers and other important business . The tea party which was to have taken placo on March ? 7 th , has beeti unavoidably postponed till the 1 st pf May , The Chanists will meet on Sanday ; eveniDK next , at tbe Ship Inn , Cirarca * lane , at six o ' clock . All peraons holding petitioa sheets are requested to bring them in not later than Wednesday evening , March 29 th . - - - ¦
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Xo The Working Cl4s5es.
XO THE WORKING CL 4 S 5 ES .
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I : J 85
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VOL . XI . No 544 LONDON , aAT ^ A ^ LRQft ; r 1848 , Fm JgJg 5 EgS »* W « r
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), March 25, 1848, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1463/page/1/
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