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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Gs ' S ttWzBCTS . OF TBZ SIX POTSTS OF ' THE CHASTER ™ AMERICA . ' BT AN iiUHCiK BiBHSTEE .
jK ^ gsisi ffiSTS 55 S !?«« 2 Lua uaBBiii . unflwtw . J ^ c rstL sy V-em the people of tha free Bute . hav . Sen to s b ? her condition of inteWgenc * , coaifert and iTacpcaaence . tbaa any other people on tbe face of the ° * The eaesikl tf demOCTaCJ atQ in the habit of refering
to the stete of society ia the Slave States , there , sp . y they , one may behold the evil consequences of democratsc government . I have nothing to say in favour of the people ef tbe Slare States , their character is formed by the abominable imtitHtion of slavery . Bat m the free MgtMci we tee a very different state of ttins * , There thepiopkara well educated , at the expense of tne state , and all Earopsan travtlleK we astonished at their intelligence , manly bearing , and prosperity . One may travel for atnsassnd miles throug h many populous parts of the country B-i&ont seeing a beggar , or a prostitute . in
Ko nations ever advanced se rapidly peculation ana wealth as the free republic of North America . _ Sixty years ago there wat not a single white pewon xn the territory now forming the state ef Ohio-there are now 4 * o nuUUons . Splendid cities have risen , as if by magic , and there isnoressen to doubt , that at the end of the Bre 5 « tc « turydltiieEttropeanHnsaoms ( if there be any then , ) will ha iuHgaiBsant , In eomparisoa mtU the great American tepublic . Is tha free states the cittern feels bis dignity , 88 one Of the mass from srbich all power emanatea _ he becomes Bkilleg ia wnst concerns hisi—the sfiairs of his republic , sad of As nniaa . —and he derive ) amu sement from his study of those affiiiB . Tas American working man is b =: ter acquainted with the constitution and laws of his ctraatrr , * than i « the English gentleman with the Coartitutio ' a ( so called ) aud laws of England . The direct and immediate consequences of popular government io the United States have beea as follows : —
The pssple sre provides withan excellent Education , yone bat men of talent can rise to eminence—masses of property CSBnOt be accumulated in the bands of a few £ a » Ul «—thera are bo aristocrats . Uatler these circumstances tbe people are filled with encwy and patriotism . As energetic , intelligent , and patrioiic people , tbey are widening tbe difference between themselres ana the poor aristocrat-gOTerned creature * oftMskitlgaom , every day and every b our . Ths psople of the / res states are eminently a mom and religious psopla , not being eursed with a bloated Charch establishment , like that of England and Ire'and . Each teacher of the espel is chosen and scpported bj-his congregation , or by the Church to which he bilongs . Instead Of being appoiated by an aristocratic lavm-ia . Tha consequence iB , that tbe American clergyman is as mech distinguished for his zeal , piety , and ability , as the English clergyaan too often is for the MMiitegaality . t
, la tna free states cf America , there is abiolnte poliUcsi equality , and the most perfect freedom . Justice is administered without unnecessary delay , inconvenience , aed expense , in all cases , c ' vil ana erl . nriuil . The Americas cif " zen is not like the Englishman , afrsid of appealing to the Courts of Justice , on Secca = fof the dslsy and eipensa . A free people , like t ii- Africans , ^ o-Ai not tolerate for b Bingle hour the £ a ? Hsb C . " > nrt of Caancery , the English Ecoleiiastical Courts , the Eng lish Justices of the Pesos , nor , isd « ed , any part or parcelof the English sjstem of admiautering justice ; it would nst suit freemen . > _ Tae enemies of democracy talk nbont < Lynch law in America , bat they kn « w , oronght to know , tbat in the fre = states the law is far more potent than it is in tbis couv . ty , Q 2 d that the citizens have ranch more confi-Qsncein the courts than the people of England have in tiieirs . Ljn = h law is confined to the slave states , and the extreme froncUrs ,
Another consequence Of popular government in Ams . riesis the- simplification of the transfer of land . In thaf country land is coavsyei at the expense of a few shillings , but in Essl&nd the aristocracy otject to a registry of deeds , because they do cot like their affairs » J- tuomi to the public Moreover laws hava been sodelo England for the purpos ; of preventing tae division of large estates—such is the object of the laws of p rimogeniture and entail . TJndtr the democratic government of the United States a totally different system has prevailed , and we there £ ni tfeat almost every man working on a farm owns that farm , and most Kachasics own the houses in which tfcey dwell . Similar eensegnencfS Would result from the adoption of democratic legislation sal government in England . ( Toltcor . iinu ' . d . )
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• LOTALII' IS PESZAXCE ,
TO THE EDITOK OF THS XOBTfllSK STAS . 5 Ib Editos . —For the information ef the public , and especially those friends of the cause wbom poverty and misrule fca 3 forced from their homes to seek employment ia distent tOWD 3 , 1 Bend 30 U a 6 hort sketch of the procec ^ ings of the vrissscrea of this town , Btyling tbemee ' v £ 5 ' tfcs anthorities . ' On Monday morning last , the walls of our town were extensively placarded , sflaoan . cicg a public meeting , convened by the mayor , for the puroo 58 of expres ^ isg our loyalty and attsebna ^ nt to her M = jestj s ptrsan find throna , the result of wh ich was that ebout fifty of the most rabid supporter of cGrrupiioa and misrule assembled , headed by the chief fonc tic-Dsrj—thaa whom a greater tyrant never esistcd nor Ci 3 ericed tbs oScehefiMs . This worthy having been
csi . ' ed to the cheii-, MmmeECBd a tirado of abuse and low slang agaiast tbe ' firebrands , ss hs designated ths Chartists ; in the coarse of which he ssid that he had teen informed thst fhej , tha Chartists , amounted to 5 , 003 m tkH town ; bnt for his part , he did not btlieve tha : there were five to ba fuand professing this obnszlaus creel ; aad when a raipectabh Bhoplseejer rose to rsply this empty-patcd braggart , hs was met by such a bowl * by these respectables that would have been disgfscefai w an assembly of savages . But , not content with G 0 t 7 . 'in ? , tbey set three blue dc-rils a ;> on him t » expel fcini from tue mssting , which , having accomplished , they p 2 s ; ed an ad 3 res 3 congratulating her Uaj ^ sty and government en their tecen : ' escape from anarchy aad confusion . ' Tfce Ed 3 re ? 5 is to be presented by tbe cfesinnm , "be having presented a similar one in 1339 , for vbiah JC 50 of the corporate funds was granted him . On the following caoraTog two spECtras of newspapers , one bearing the cognomen cf tbe Ff . sziKCE Big , the other
conebyibs ex-tditor of the said raj—who fjrmerly dii the dirty work of the proprietor for the high salary of S ) 3 . ptr R-eek , bnt , failing m tha necessary talent reqnlTtfii of LU fcdiiCT Of b « Ch an important paper , commcncea th ; - second rag . This jolly pair—theee lyinp , dirtj , fou ! -nionthed sinks of corrnptiOD , ceme out with the astounding news , that * tfae meeting of yesterday wss ons of ihs largest and most inflaetnial tbat had taken plac 2 within the rr . Emorj of tbe oldest inhabitant !' Tbii was a SU ^ jiCt of merriment fortes whole town ; see this merriaent wai greatly heightened in tfee course of the tsj by the bellman going round , callir . g on all IojhI salij ^ cts to sign tke address ; the response to which vou msj ja ^ es of by the fact that the bins devils were feliiicmei at tbepoV . ca-office floor to Eeiza on alipassers by , sfttli , womsii , and Children , to 6 ! gn « 5 e aforesaid ad . dress , bat , to ihe credit of theworki-s b « It spoken , tLej oa ¦ : and all risolutely refused .
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IGNORANCE OF THE WORKING CLASSES OF THE ART AND iiVSIERF OFPETITIO . WMO . VGERIXG . Hr Editos , — The honest , har ^ woTking , unsuspecting operatives , who have served a full seven years apprentice , eaip at trades to obtain honourable snbsistance , are far from bdng an fait at the fr . &ui mystery of petition , mongerlng-, as nnlerstood and practised by tha aristo . cratic factions of tbis realm ; they had need to serve egain under Whig masters to be qaite u ? to the mark . Having had , Mr Eiitor , much to do personally in the getting up , gigniag , esd subsequent polishing c £ f of p : titiOH 5 , I beg to give them a biat or two , as Wtiga are Tcry snrswd about peiitions . First tilth , entrust not apetiticn sheet eicspt to a tried and known in < 5 ivi . dull . 'Whigs never do , but generally select loaktrs-np
fbrplscssor well paid assistant * offlexiDleland at penmjnihip , to avoid space ? , which parliamentary committees or their subi max Sil up , perhaps not guite to the petit i oners' minds . Seconilly , never leave a petition e&esr at cay pkee , hon 3 e , or tbop , without dneEurviillance , or enemies may help you wi-. h a few queer names , and help the : rosvn party in ths house , bIfo , with a know . Ie ^ g 9 of this in ? eniou 3 stratagem . A caie in point . Tbsre lay a pititicn steet of jora at a reipectable Tory boo k 3 t : 2 ! er , called Carson , ia tbe Hi ^ h-street , Ereter , agaisst Catholic Emancipation . A larking yoang lad , called CJcs , an acquaintance of the eoasand a visitor at the ikop , in ? he abssnes of the grave and venerable master of tha premises , put a pm in the paw of a fa-Tonrite dog-, " Poor dog Tra . v , and by the help of Master
Coles , Tray inscribed on tho pttitiOU Sheet to the Lords Jj Tbat . Tais being a Wfcis trick , of courEe beer me gulyfenown at higher quarters , for , as Sir O ' Connor remari-ed , —' Tbote who plsced such there , know « hirj to fiad them . ' Conseqaantiy , lord King , in the House of £ o-ds , announced the grand discovery that Dog Tray iad signed egainst the ri S ht 8 of Cataoiief , and io Exeter , every subs- ojitnt petition against tbeCathoHes , obtained tho sobriquet ef Dog Tray's petition . Thirdly , previous ti sending off a petition , select a few chosen friends well to be depended upon-be vay cautious ef pretended ones cr spies—aad in some sanetom mnetorvm In -diquietldown-give tSs s heets an owphaB :-ao ,
y accid = ntal ! y left with open spacee , cartfoHj-fiU m a . BgoUiBfthe hand each time , and it by chance any Tray trick * , or cond-.-mnaWe names have been inscrted-n at the bottom , cut oS tbe strip , if higher up-wart ^ not ether geod namrs , bat with a little oxalic acid , eitnc aeia , or splria of salts , take 'Sanbno = e > ,, ' PcgnOEe 8 , He . ni « ly > ttt , and insart btttef nemes 8 t discretion ; above ait titogs leave not even one sing le place open for commute ? nse when ont ofyonr hands . The very last petitions for Parliamentary and Municipal Reforms prestnted from Bsvon . by Lard JohnBassell , to tbe Tor ) govemmeat when they were la power , were thus finishtd &nd catefiiUy paU&ed , The laBt en the same subject .
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for the City of Ereter , was by myself , my neighbour , Hr , bookseller , of the High-street , ( at whose parlanr issideVhc shop , with closed curtains , the operations were ftrformed , ) and three or / our others , including an attornej ' s clerk , and tbe bill-sticker of the Westebh Tikes new ? paper , according to the above rules properly prepared and sent off / or Whig delivery . Ay , and there were sooie queer names too , but genuine names of city tradesmen , qtiitoa match for tbe * PognoseB , ' and' 8 nubnosQS . ' eg . One a respectable Fore-street linen draper , ' yclept Shaffl -. bottom , and Clap , and Badcock , and Screetch . and Stubbs , and Tibts , HitCb cecls , Tancock , Ocoek , TreKecock , Nocock , Sheepshanka , ( and vreh 3 ve an Archdeacon Sheepshanks , and o Lady Elizabeth Sheepshank ! , an aristocratic Whig 'Kewton Fellowg , ' ) aud names Coo that woaid be called © bscene ; one I 6 aw On an EXeter Tory petition , quite unmentionable , who nererlbeless was a very respectable tailor and lodging houss-keeper , whose address has often quito perplexed Innocent , unsophisticated lady lodgers .
So much for names , , I have not myself tbe slightest doubt that' SnnbnOBe and Pugnose' may beceal Individuals , for among working men especially with colliers and Other miners it is a common thing to bear throug h life familiar plysiognmio cognomens ; its an old degrading custom , nevertheless , descended from the times of feudalism and ssrfdom . 1 remember reading an enecdote in a review ( I believe the Qfabteblt , ) ones of a sheriff ' s officer having to serve aa attachment on a collier ; he enquired and enquired , could not find the man , he met a yonng woman of the
going with her father ' s dinner—the daughter very man he was in quest of , he inquired of her—ahe diJ not know the name . Meantime an old collitr came up , and the XOUOg WOmaa willing to find outtbeperson ' for tbe gintleman , ' asked of him , — ' ' Wboi tea tby f&atber , ' said he , Ms aid Blackbird , he need to be called BrowD , ( the name enquired after by the bailiff ) when a youngster . ' The siquelwss , the joung woman quite innocently conducted the nuwelcome guest ^ to old 'Black bird / ner fa ther , Yours &c , A Di 3 GD » iED Middle class Whig of otheb Dais . Eieter ,
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A VICTIM OF WHIG TYRANNY . TO THB EDITOR OF THE NOKTHBBH 8 TAB . Sia t I beg to inform my ChattiBt brethren tbat I , too , have become arietta beca&ie I objected to be sworn in to nee the weapon ofsggreesion against my fellow zaan . On my doing bo , Mr CarleeB , the managing man coaoeeted with tho firm of , 'Messra Brandram anl Co ., ssked me if I w&a a . Chartlft t I said I was . He asked me again whether I was aware that they wanted no Property Qualification , which meant tbat we were a / 1 to share dike , and tben itart again to create mere wealth ? and I had great traablo to f xpl&in to him tbe meaning ot the point . I am happy to bear my testimony to the good feeling evinced by the men in tbe factory towards our cause ; and I wish to tell our oppressors that tbey will fiad tbemselvet Eaistakfn when the time arrives , if thej trust to special constables . YaiiM , Biaoersly , William Dba&S .
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HOW TO GET THE CHARTER . 10 TEE EDITOR OF THE HCETBEBN BTAB . Six , — . ifueh has been eatd and done , with a view t > t forwa / ding tl »« People ' s Charter ; but I fear much remains to be done before the Charter will become tbe law of the hnd . But there is a plan which might bs adopted , which , in my opinion , would eooa bring oar struggle to a triumphant end—and tnatis , for the people to be determined not to oge any taxed article till tbe Charter shall have passed into law . If this p ! an shon ! d be acted opon , the government will goon be glad to yield to our wishes . I , therefore , think it advisable for every Chartist , Bad every man who wishes for political freedom , and every woman who wishes to see her batband find eene in
possession of those liberties and privileges which are their naural rightf , to abstain from the use of tobacco , all kinds of intoxicating drinks , coffee , tea , and sugar , till the People ' s Chirter shall have become the law of the land . I bave been a total abstainer from tobacco and intoxicating drinks for nine years , and can recommend the plaa as a beneficial one to my brother Chartis's ; but whes it is to fjrwBrd the Charter , I think it a double duty to give them up . I have lately added c ffee , tea , and sugir , to the list of articles tbat I have given up , for wbile I am ^ represented . I am resolved that I will not pay tai > e 8 bUt 6 UCh 88 I caanot avoid . Yours , most respectfully , Wm . Colliks . Branston , sear Daventry , Northamptonshire .
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THE KENSINGTON COMMON MEETING . TO THE EDIloa 07 THE NOBTOTBH BT 4 B . Sis , —Having 6 ent a letter to J . A .. Smith , E « q ., M . P ., refpecting a statement made by him in the House ef Commons , concerning the size of Kenningtoa Coalmen , ( twenty acres ) , and the number of persons there assem blad on tfcelfltb inst ., and receiving no reply cither pnb lie or private , I forward you a copy of tho same , that yonr numerous readers may be undectived upon the subject , as I bave every reaBon to believe that many , very many , hare been betn grossly deceived by a corrupted and venal press . Wm , Tap ? . April 27 ib , 1843 .
TO J . A . SMITH , ESQ , II . P . S : a , —Ia the Times of tbe 14 th inst ,, you are reported to have stated in tbo House ' of Commons on tfce preceding evening : — ' That at an early hour « n tho morning of the IOth Jnst ., means had been taken ( I presume by tho nuihariliei ) , to ascertain how m » nj persons it was possible coald assemble on K «» nington Common , and the reBUlt was , not more than 90 , 000 ; also , thst yon were present with the commissioners of police , and at no part of the day was the Common more than half filled . Ptrmit me , sir , to state , with all due deference to your opinion , that I twice with difficulty elbowed roy way across the common on tbat day , aad was kindly permitted to sarrey the assembled mulvitude from tbe van containing the petition , &ad also the chaise in which was themarBk&l of the procession , and my honest conviction was , and now is , that the common was fully twe-thirds
filled . I have since measured it , and find the spaco from Hip north to the south wall , fronting ( he terrace , to bo 1 35 J f . et , irom az&l te > west , G 25 feet ; making 843 . 750 Bquoro feet ; aa < i at the south end , a corner strttches out 3 C 0 feet / ana at tho extreme south is 76 feet wetk wide , and 175 wide , at the end running parallel with the south wall fronting the terrace ; and measuring 45 080 square feet . maMnginthe whole 888 , 759 squire feet . By allowing four persons to stand cu six square feet of gronnr !( which is ample , wtthoat any pres 3 nre ) , tfels space would adroit of 592 500 persons standing without inconvenience on
K ^ BUingtonCjmmon . Thehuga m « 69 of human beings who crowded round the van containing tbe members of the Convention , did not occupy one aqure footof ground per man . Presuming what you have stated $ 0 bo correct ( to doubt the veracity of an M . P ., however qnsstionable , may be , by 6 cme , considfcred criminal ) . Ih . re mast iave been prtsent on that occation , by your own showing 800 , 000 persons . Those adjacent to tfce B ! ephflUt and CaBtle , on the road leading to tta Common and aTound it , could not have been lets than 20 , 000 , who were aniiously waiting So s ? e the huge precession ( which had it been ^ allon-ed ) would ia all probability have been the most orderly ever witnessed in Great Britain .
The measurement given above is uader , rather than over-rated . I have thrown off sixty feet on tlic length , account of the north west corner , und not allowed anytbiag fur the extra width in tbe centre of the common , I jnmt now leave the subject for your most E « riou < consideration and rtflectfon , trusting , that if in the Irani ) 'h Of debate , or in an unguarded moment , jou have incautiou-ly let slip an inttmperate remark , or have been grossly imposed on by some hired cr unprincipled underling , tbat yon will take tho earlieBt opportunity of ackBOwledi ' mg your error , and setting yourself ri ^ ht w £ : h tbo Honso of Commons . lam .
Your hamble , though not very obsSiont servant , Wa , Tapp FiH 8 bury Market , Loadon , April 25 th , 1848 ,
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ROYAL EXTRAVAGANCE . TO THE EDITua OF THE VQSTBBBd sr * B , Sin , —If you are a real friend to tMe lower and middle classes , and the country in general , you will make a siir about Crown Landa , wfcich might do ao much good to hundreds , and to tbe revenue , instead of lying usthes . Wiiy , too , should not n prinee pay rates and taxes on farme , < tec , i jn 3 t 23 well as any one elsfc ? Besides £ 30 , 000 a year , tbe ooantry is to give sertral thousands more of taxless ' pickings . ' Bat Bugland caneot now afford £ 30 , 000 a year , even though the whole of that sum were spent m Great Britain . It is 3 much greater sum thtn is necessary .
To defray the expenses of everlasting building , repairs , ic , at tha different tojal residences , and to complete the drainage at that very unhealthy place , Windsor Castle , there is nevtr any thought of touching the royal purses , but taxes are to be increased , and the poor , who are starving is untrained courts and alleys , are to pay Tt : is will not do ; England cannot afford to pay ro ^ ul P'rsonnges , royal children , royal foreigners , for royal buildings and numerous royal wbima , as it could ssme years ago . The country cannol afford it , and , moreover , th < present sga know 3 what is necessary , and it likes not to give mora . It is nothing short of an latult to talk to the nation as it is in 1818 , of laws , gifts , &o ., < Ssc , of Charles ' s time ! Laws and all else must be regulated according to tho times ; aad every individual , from the peasant to tbe Queen , tnu 3 t have their poy pension , ie ., In proportion . It the pn » r man can feed and clothe himself and family for less Shan he could in 1810 or 47 , royalty can also ,
Becauce a certain enormous grant is given in 1813 , is it any reason why it should be an ever / acting one ? There is not a more loyal subject than your humbU eervant , but there is no necessity for such large rayal grants and pensions , and , moreover , Eagland cannot sSori it ! Agitate , for much of tae Charter must be acceded to , now that so strong a Radical party ha * shown itself . Let the nation insist on the royal txpanlltare being shown and examined , and then it will be seen what aaount 13 ncccBsars-.- tie nsUso mast ba satisfied , or
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tbero will be everlasting suspicion , jealousy , and discoEtent . By the government acting / airly to fhfl . peoplo at or . ee * much money will b « saved . What ore the small sums given as charity by royalty in comparison to the enormous incemes ? Its true we see the Queen Dowager and others down is a great many charity lists , —but 'patronesD' often supplies the place of a £ 20 note I ^ TTT ^ TriT ^ n'Tn . h nj be everlasting suspicion , j « aloa 8 F , and discos-
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THE EMPIRE , n . The EogliBuByatom of finance is more critical than in generally imagined , and the basis for public credit i « in a state of hourly fear and apprehension ; tbe minister , under an avowed deficiency of three millions annually , is compelled to throw up his budget and trust to that chapter Of accidents , called futurity ; the maximum of taxation Las bsen atta ' aed , and from the state of profits , the value of money , and the depreciation of wage ? , a reduction of the public burdens is demanded—the criiical hour is coming , when any great party oan act powerfully upen tho itate , and produce cither weal or woe ,
according to the wisdom of its directions . There are two objects to be attained , the dcBtractlon of toe proBont complicated aristocracy , and tbe SnjmedJate re-establish ment of a system of order , tbat can sustain Us position and impart confidence at home acd abroad . Are tbe Chartists qualified to take advantage of a poisible , nay , a piobabla occurrence ? They are a great party , but stand in need of training and organisation ; effectively led , embracing' talent both political and financial , indication oi ability and intention to save tho state , tbey could produce a crisis at the proper time , and take advantage of it . Tha manifestation of tbeso qualities would remove the terror and doubt of tbe middle classes , tbat CbartUm portends destruction .
The indefutigr . ble leader of the Chartists possesses under the most trjing circumstances , the prudence of NtBtor be is entitled to gratitude , for preserving tbe cauio intact , and for tho endeavour to improve its moral powsr both for declaration and acting . True wiBdoni and activity will prove a tower of strength , securing suoiess and offering a political guarantee for the regtne ration of the empire . Anok .
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UNITY OF EFFORT IN THE CAUSE OF NATIONAL PROGRESSION , HIGHLY PES 1 BABLE AT THE PRESENT TIME . Tho Convention having adTlsed the people to memorialise tbe Queen to dissolve the present parliament , I take It for granted that it will be necessary to find sum cleat funds to carry tbo champions of the Charter a ! a goodly number of places to the poll Bucees&fally , and means will ba wanted for election purposes , registration ^ lecturers , &c . Some good lectures , to &bow tbe advantages of the Charier ever every other electoral system , are blghJj desirable , and to carry it out , I beg to suggest a holiday for the ChartlBts at 'Whitsuntide . I suggest that the Executive give immediate notice ( so as to give every man time to ba prepared ) to the secretaries of each locality to
call a meeting of their several districts , to appoint a committee Of active , trnstwcrtby members , to Collect funds frotado ' . rto door ( in districts to ba assigned thtm by such meetio ?) , onTFhit . MondBy . tbetwofullowingdaysto be appointed to the ont Parishes not comprising pert oi a town district , to as to complete tbe canvass of the Whole country for subscriptions to support the national canse , ia three days ; and lot it be nndernood , that every one calling himself a Chartist will fcs expected to subscribe on Whit-Monday , at least , one penny , and ne much more as he can afford . Tho money eo collected ts be psid into the Land and Labour Bank , on or before the following Monday , to the joint credit of Mrocon . nor and the Executive . The man tkat refUB 88 to g ive up half-a-pint of beer , if a beer drSnktr , or two pi ^ es of
tobacco , if a smoker , or a cup of tea or coffee , if a teetotaler , is not worthy to enjoy tbe benefits and privilege !" tbat the Charter would confer upon him , Who can say that tbey are not prepare-J to make this trifling sacrifice , wh n called on , for the cause they bave bo xmieb , at heart , when so many boast ( aad receive the cheera of their friends ) that they are ' up to the mark V Lot it be remembered that one thousand pence is £ l S 3 . Id ., and jt need not bo stated what one million ptneo would be . Let tbJa beset about monfui ) ^ , and I Lave no dsubt 0 well-directed appeal to the public , for pecuniary old , will meet with a proper response ; such a fund must be raised as will insure tho success of the Charter , and be a fitting reply to the snters of themembors of the House of Commens and the calumnies of the press .
I Deed DM flay the whole Of an old Radical ' s family are ready with thair pence , although tbey never mako o boast that they are ready to fight for the Caarter , believlB * it is to be obtained peaceably a-sid legally , with a unity of effort and oell-directed agitation . The means aaggested , if carried out vigilantly , will rai » e such a fund aa will secure tbewholetahBt of tho country to advocate the Charter . I would havo it t-orae in mind that many will subscribe to the cause of national reform , when waited on at homes at their Oiva houses or work shops , whoso patriotism would not lead them to ecck tbe secretary or treasurer to pay In their subscriptions without tha personal appeal recommended . lam , < kc , A Radical of 7 wtwTT Ysaub' Standing ,
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PAUPERISM AND CRIME , TO THE EDITOB OF THE BOEDEK ABVERTISEB . East Lfnton , April 10 , 1848 . Deae Sir , — It may bo laid down as an axiom , tbat every man gets hiB living gomchonr or other ; axiom second , that every man wh © does not maintain himsolf is supported by somebody tlso ; axiom third , that every idle man who is not ostensibly supported by one or tnoro individuals is a somer on tbe public at large ; axiom fourth , tbat it would be more profitable to tbo public , if ic bus to maintain a man at ary rate , to make him do some service in return , than Co ht him go about idle or doing mischief . These premises being conceded , { think it follows that the system of providing work for ull persons out of employment , lately propounded by the provisional government ef France , is not so Utopian , so contrary totound policy , 60 utterly impracticable , nor 6 o pregnant with ruiu to the holders of propertj , as it has been repre * eated to bo .
During the last t-n yonrs , tho sums levied for tho * o . ( iefof the poor in England and Walts have amounted to £ 60 , 000 , 000 , beiug nearly an annual average of £ 7 , 000 000 . In England , one million and a half of persons , or nearly one-tenth of the population , receive parochial aid . In » t year in Iraland , three millions , or more than one-ttird of the inhabitant , were supporud out of the public gvrte , Undoubtedly a considerable propertion ( f tt . oso receiving aid were old an < iinfirm persons , or children of lenrter age ; but evtn granting th . it one-half were of ibis clasp , here we have £ 3 , 500 , 000 in Eagland and Wales alono ex . ptndeil yoarlj te feed aiid ck > : bs 750 000 able-bodied idlers . Particular localities afford statistics jet more Startling . In Manchester , tho number receiving outdoor relief in the qaorter fndiDg March 1817 , was 25 153 , at a cost of £ 8 , 266 12 s . . ; quarter endtag Juno , 43 ^ 139 , at a cost of £ 13 , 53 >) 3 a . ; September , 42 , 008 , at a cost of £ 15 778 0 * . 2 d .: December , 38 552 , at a cost of
£ 13 . 736 9 a . 2 d . ; being a total of 149 504 cases , at a cost of £ 51 , 311 4 s . 9 d . In one we > k , that ending July 3 , 9 , 310 families , comprising 23 , 002 iadividuals , were visited , andrtiitvud with a total sum of money amountiug to £ 1 , 448 93 . ; whilst in the same wotk , thu BCVen wrrlfhouses in the town contained 3 , 4 " 0 persons . 13 , 809 > iuk paupers tvere gramirousJy a'tended by the medical sUff within the year . In the hospitals there were 5 , 071 fever patients , of whom 592 died . In order to enforce the rates , 3 , 766 summonses had to bo taken out from th . ' ra Castrates , and 063 householders had to be s old up . _ Tbe kat borough poor rate for Newport , Monmouthshire , is two shillings in the pound , — ' a levy which r . umbcrg of the rate payers , ' says tha Hebif . bd JiUbnai ., which anounces the fact , ' will be unable to mett . ' I might adduce fifty other instances of tho same kind , but it weuld 6 erve no good purpoo ? , as the abovefuctB are quitt sufficient to pr-ove tbo Intolerable extent of the buHfn laid on the industrious portion of tho community by tbe
present system . The evil Is , moreover , increasing ot afenrful rate . The population of the United Kingdom increases pearly one thousand per day . So that , assuming pauperism to exist in the proportion staled in public return " , 180 pauptrs are added daily , making an increase to the festering mass of 65 , 000 eveiy year . Nor does the sum levied for poor rates represent the whole aznouni r . q ^ iifed to support this formldalik ' pauperclass . We mu 9 tkeep in DiimS that . aniiuu »« nst > sum is Bpent in private charity . Of that sum if is difH cult tofsrmeren an approximate guess ; butitcanmt be too much to eet it down as eq-jal in amount will ] tho legal assessment . Htrj then we bave other thrci millions and a half , or seven milliosss in all , espendtn' not upon old and infirm persons , or children of tender age ,
but upon able-bodied idlers , some of whom arc cooped up in workhouses ond doing nothing , while the rest are suffersd to prowl abr . ut the country like the Pariah dogsof the East Indies , annoying all pnd tundryi Add the sum abstracted from the community in tne shops ct thefts and depredating eoantanllj baing committed by tbe latter class—no inconsidsrable item . Add further the expense of checking , following , capturing , and jro secutin ; to conviction , and maintaining in prison , the many hundreds of juvenile and adult criminals who havt been made such solely through destitution and wsntot omploymeat . And ia this ? vay , to say nothing of tbtdemoralisation resulting ; from pauperism and vagrancy , we shaw an aggregate mm levied oa the country of certainly not Las than eight millions annually for the sup port of tho able-bodied poer , exclusive of what goes to feed ' the widow and the fatherless , the blind and the
lame , ' Who are the only parties having a natural fight to such snpport . Here is a gangrene ie . at eating in : o tbe vitals of the country , and * tbreatening society itself with diisolutiou—a gangrene which our vast pecuniary sacrifices have hitherto increased instead of diminishing , 6 inC 9 so far from the aggregate or relative amount of destitution being sensibly lessened , and its pressure OH individnals mitigated , it has of late years been gradually widening in its range and derprning in Its intensity , Wto that knows anything of the vital statistics ef our large towns nill deny this ! Thtra aro hundreds in every densely peopled locality , who lave no homes of any sort , nor any ostensible means of living , an 3 wbom our beneTOhnt and charltaMa appliances fail altogether to nach . Husdreds pick up a miserable livelihood by the meanett and most degrading shifts—gathering cinders , rags , &c , en dunghills , and sleeping at night under open shed * or ia coaimon . « talrs , Enter the liooaes of the
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nnnrPRl class—such as ore the usual applicants for ad-S to SOUP Wtcbena-and you witmSS cwrjwbere rlcene onnaeBcribable misery . In many of them yoa M ^ not find a single article of furniture ; perhaps a few rtiXVta a corner and an old rug form the family bed , ndto or three stones placed round the hearth Ber . e « BtoolT You will sometimes find that the only income tha Znaata of these hovelo have , nriees from lodgers who pay a trifle weekly for permission to sleep o » Aa odd hearth before tbe grate unnentcious of a nre la other case * the parents are kept alive solely D ; % h thievin g gains of ** " f **™*> £ ? ?[ ZTanLol betide them if the , return BB pl ^ h- nW . Saiing to encounter their unnatural parents ' wrath J " , lfl 8 _ such as •» . he usual applicant , for ad . poorest class—sucn aa ore < ue usu f ^ v
, thTse poor creatures desert their homes , and feecome ^ outcast ,, sleeping in any outof the- way comer associating With the lowest description of criminals aTdKi upoa ihatthej wa P > - * up . In many of our large towns , forty or fifty ch . ldren of this sortaro lodged in the police-office every night . Our gaol , are full of them for trifling offences ; indeed , they may a ! . mo » t be said to reside there ; for do sooner are they liberated than they return to the name courses which sent them jo gao ) , and in these courses they must continue , almost of necessity , nntil thoy do enough Io trawpOK them to the penal eolonio& , since nobody will employ . Mich wretchep , ond starvation or theft is their only al-Phi
ternative . From 0 report lattly published of the - lanthropic Society for tbe Reformation of Juvenile Offenders in St George ' s Fields , Southwarb , it appears ( hat out of the 200 , 000 offenoes which every year occupy the courto of justice , one-tentb , or nearly 200 , 000 , are committed by children , and onu . fourtb , or nearly 50 00 O by yoathful transgrtssors under twenty years of nge . Nor is thia all . The clf » BS of public prostitutes is a Jorge and increasing one in moat of onr large towns . It ia , perhaps , ImpoBBible ts get e , correct estimate of tbeir number . But I have seen it stated that the females rescued by the various institutions set apart for that purpose la London ^ average about 500 annually , whfeb ( B said to be less than one-tenth of the prostitutes in
tbat city evejj year passing into eternity . Dr Byan c&loulted some years ago , that , within the preceding ninety fears 14 , 000 individuals had benefited by these societies , while to less than four millions had been sacrificed alive to Chemosb and Pricpuo , It was stated at the same time , tbat in Edinburgh , while 614 females had found refuge in the Magdalene , 162 , 000 had perished In their in ' qnity , Oth ' r towns would present tho came results in proportion to tbeir size . Now , wbile It Is quite true thftt intemperance it one of « he main proximate causes , both of such doetltnticn t > a I have alluded to above , find of those abandoned haUtt vrbicb lead to proslltuticn for
hire amon ; the lower class of femalas , It ie iqually true that intemperance is , in the rmjorlty of cases , a result of soolal and materiel discomfort . And vfbilo that discomfort exists , the efforts of tbe benevolent to put down intemperance , prostitution , and crime , wilt ba comparatively barren ofgfruits . It seems to me , howevtr , that a radical change in our Poor Law , ¦ accompanied with such Sanitary and Educatknal arrangements as al ! enlightened statesmen now allow to be necessary , Wftuld go far to extirpate these evils , or at leBSt to mitigate them to such a degree , tbat society would bo longer be endangered by their existence .
The main feature of my plan is , tbat It would ensure employment to every member t < f the community , entirely suppress public begging , and in a short time nn . turally iua-jasc tho fixed capital of tbe nation , without interfering with the industry and enterprise of individuals . With your permission , I shall state Its main features ( n a second lettir . The present seema to be a time when all vrbo ibiuk they can do anything , however little , towards enlightening the public minds on such sntjects , oug&t to come lorrrerd with their propositions— -flfigutd dctrimeirti respuhlita capital . 1 remain , deer tir , yours truly , William Bbockie .
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LETTER FROM A POLE , TO THE STATESMEN OF GREAT BRITAIN , ON THE PRESENT COMMERCIAL AND FINANCIAL CRISIS . Sib , — Tho commercial and financial crisis with which England has been eo Inopportunely visited , and tbe present position of public affairs , icduee me , as ft Pole , t j submit to you certain considt rations which may have an influence on tbe commerce and Industry of your country both now and hereafter . Tho principal cnuoe of tbe present crisis is , vtlthont doubt , the famW in ifekud and a bad honest in England and Scotland . It has been nece&s&ry to , dlsbuTsu an enormous amount of capital in specie to bring grain from Poland by the Baltic and the Black Sea , because Prussia aad Russia who export from the ports of Poland , admit scarcely any En ^ lich merchandise , and inundate tbe unfortunate country they have partitioned with their own . But if Poland were independent , Eagland would have no nted to pay in specie for agricultural produce , because tho Poles would willingly exchange tbeir staples
fur the manufactures of Eagland , which are much Better than tb . 050 Of Qtrmiinj and Russia , Thus , corn , masts , timber , wool , leather , honey , war , taJloiv , hemp , pot&eb , and even oxen and horses could bo exported to England in case of need , against the merchandise tbat comraoBly encumbtra tbo warehouses of her manufacturers . Sho cou'd eTen carry on a lucrative commerce ia Polish Btfiplo articles , in transporting them to tbeBe countries tbat are not agricultural . To give an idea 0 / the immense outlet for English merchandise In this new direction , it is sufficient to consider that ancient Poland extended from tbe Baltic almost to the Black Sea , with a population of some twenty millions , exeluaively agricultural , without manufactures , and which , still possessing an uncultivated territory capable of Maintaining a population of twice the amount , would have no seed to occupy herself with manufactures , while she could exebarige her agricultural produce for good manufactures nt a reasonable pricG .
It would remain , then , for England to protWe for tWs population of upwards of twenty millions , not for some years to como only , but for centurice , since the wellbeing of the population would be angmentod under a natioaal government , and consequent !; the means would be augmetsted which the country is at present forced to rejoct , under governments which drink up her riches and her blood , nnd leave her in exchango but misery and despnir . Add to this , that if the price of agricultural products In Poland , which at present u much lowor than in any other country , though tbey pass tbroogb tbe rapacious hands of co partitioning states , and it is evident that such products would bo cheaper if received directly f / om Poland .
But the actual price would be still more considerably reduced by the CDB&tructfon Of railroads in Poland . England could even undertake this , on conditions extremely advantageous to herself ; nnd would thus seoure to herself r . ot only ol ] tbe profit wbicb a reduction of price would produce , but also a considerable debit from her steam end other engines . The estnbliKbiatnt of railroads in Po'and would not be expensive ; her soil ia almost a continuous plain , labour is cheap , and large masecB of cast iron could be furnished by the proprietors of furnaces at a very low price ,
If , tJureforo , 0 railroad were laid down from the Bailie to" tke Block Sea , across the mirshes of Pinsk , with brsficbes to ! bo othfr provinces oi Peland , tho products oi the most fertile provinces could be transported to the one or tho other sea , at ull seasons , at a very low price , in a few days time , wXile at presmttboy aro obliged to be brought by routes and roods almost impracticable , requiring several months , which incrsaBts their price In proportion . Tbis fcigh pi ice is felt the more when the dimnnd ia considerable , not from corn feeing dearer in iho interior , but from tbo impossibility of transporting a si flicient quantity within a pivea time to a shipping port , I ahull here giro ( be mean prices 0 / some of the products of Podoiie and the Ukraine , tho most fertile provinces of ancient Poland . Those are the menn prices for those ycare in which there has beeB no dearth in other parts of Europe , lor then these prices rise a little Wheat , ou tho spot , fig per quarter , A med ' um sized Oi , at 803 .
A good Horse for light cavalry , £ 7 to £ 8 . The price of other articles is in the enme ratio , and the price of tbeir transport to shipping ports , by means of a railroad , would not greatly Eugmmt them , Oitn COUld be siliuybtircd on tbe spot , and salted for U \ e ue ; . of tno navy , Meannbile , to arrive at all these results , it is necessary thai Poland should be Indegendent . To this end England could contrlbuto much . She uted not make tv « r on the three co partitioning powers of Russia , Austria , and Prussia , nor adventure armies
and fleets , * o succour tho 1 ' oWs , nor even to supply the i-xpt-nses of war ; no , Bbo need do none ef these , for a nation cf twenty millions and upwards of inhabitants , when rasolved co regain her independence , can find all tbe necessary resources within herself to break the yoke of her oppressors ; but the may come to the aid of the Poles by an official conourreBce . Great Britain can do this without any inconvenience , because the destruction of tho treaty of Vienna , by tho Powers who have dis . numbered Poland , has untied her bands , and permits her to act henceforth according to her own views , and in tho interests of her own o- mmerce .
Tho British Government ought even to adopt as a political principle tbat of causing one of these powers . Rub . sla , to enter within her ancient limit * . lias the latter regard to ' the intereatsof England ? No ; but , on tho contrnrj , has she not dcne her all the evil pasBible ? Is It not Russia that has cut ' off all comme rcial relations from Enclund with tho people whom the Czars have sur-Jugateil ? Ia she not lying in wait for a favourable moment to seize with impunity on Constantinople , whose capture would lead , of a necessity , to the succeasive cor quest of all the shorcB of the ancient Greek empire , which would permit her to raise a well manned
uuvy by the aid of Grak marlaerg . tnd to make of tha Black Sea a Russian lake ? Does she not already streuh forth her hands tosvar ds the British possessions In India where she soeks . by covert means to foment troubles and to raise the people against the English ? The prepon . derance which she has secured In Pmia , already odcub tho w * y towarde these countries , and she will not fail to profit by it if 6 he ia not checked . But tbo re-establish , ment of Poland would crumble Xhh Colossus like a poteheni-ouronly resource , wuld we arrive at this grand mult . Meanwhile , an amicable concurrence on the part of England would rt&der tie labour more easy , for it
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cannot be dissembled , the straggle wUl be long andse-Te ' t the statea ^ n of Omt Britain 11 * * rtr , attention upon ttal . importantque 6 tlen . The , « onW" « ° " * ° S commerce and Industry of their ceuntry immense afl vantages , and render impoa . lble the return of famlM , and of every financial and commercial oriiiB . minou having to make any sacrifices . They woold onlj D 6 BIOin * mb bv legal means . . , » ,. It Is with this view that I have the Honour to luvHe every one who comprehends the gravity and Importance of existing circumstances , . to unite to form s society , whose end shall be tho re-establishment of Poland , It is to be observed , tbat tbe laws of the Literary Society of the Fricads of Poland , of which the Hon . Lord Dudley Coatte Staart Is Patron , are opposed to eny uncannot be dissembled , the straggle will be wng an
dertaking of the present nature . . I have the honour , In consequenoe , to pray that an those who wish to take part In 'The AssooifttioB for the RO-Bstablishment of Poland , ' will send thei ? deelaration to that effect to w ? adre , B , 10 , Hamilton . atreet , Camden-tonn . . I shall be obliged If you will have the kindness to induce your friends te add their declaration toyours ; also , If yon will do me the favonr of inserting this Utter in yonr valuable journal . * I have thi honour to be , sir , Yonr very bumble iern&nt , London , April 12 , 1318 . GENERAL BEM .
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THE KBNNINGTON COMMON MEETING AND TEE
LYING ' TIMES . ' TO THE EDITOB Or THE MOUTDEEN BTiB . Sib —The fallowing extract Is from the Nobth BaiTisn Daili MAit , of April 18 th . We may doubt , With 8 OCh specimens of dishonesty before our eyes as the statement of the Times on thU subject , whether the editors arejustifiediu declaring , as fhej did a enOK time since , that'England is proud of her Times . ~ 1 Wbilo on this matter , I may remark that several of the London daily papers , in their zeal to run down the de . mODStration yeBterday , have to-day made a grossly untrue representation of the numbers on the Common . The Times and Chbonicis try to make their readers bfclieve that net 20 , 000 were present . Truth compeli roe to notice this , for the errors of a party afford no
justification of a total iBifrf presentation of their numbers or their proceedings . The Common Is about 500 jardi long and 200 broad ; giving an aero In square yards of about 100 , 000 . Now , at one o'clock , the wkole space was dotted over—the centre very dense , and the out * id « rath : r thin nna straggling . Afttmming only one person to tha iquara yard , instead of dIbo , tho usual calculation in a crowded meetfny , we hare 100 , 001 ) parsons . Those at least were on the ground yesterday , independent of the crowds in tbe adjoining thoroughfares . I went expressly all round the Common to be satisfied with my estimate ; which , had the meeting been for ony more aristocratic party purpoBe , rfODld , 00 doabt , have figured in the ' Thunderer' ftt 200 , 000 SOUh . ' Your » respectfully . Tbdth .
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TO THB IDITOB OF THE NOSTHEKN 8 TA . Z . Sla , «» I wrote to yon en Thursday week la « t , asking jou to Inform me , through the medium of jour valuable paper , what was the opinion of the leading Chartlsta upon the al ' -imporfont subject of Fref . tradB , 8 Bd more e « . pccially the Navigation Laws ( in which all working men la oar neighbourhood »» e most particularly interested , and in Deitbor tho papers of the 22 ail or 29 ( h ultimo tmve I seen any answer . Yon will perhaps wonder that I should ask a question which , I bare no doubt , has been asked hundreds of times before , and tbat , perhaps , 'is the reason that job have taken no notice of It : but the fact
U this , that It is only since the memorable day of tbe 10 th Aprii that I bare becorat > a co&vtit to Chartist principles , and , indeed , I always looked upon tbe Chartists 68 a lawless body , but now happily my ejes are opened , and the veil takes from them . 1 / you can insert this letter with an answer in your next paptr , you will much oblige Tour obedient and hsmbla servant , A LuiEHouaE Snipwaronr , Limehouse , let May , 1843 ; P . S , —I should have given my name and address , but the firm ] with whom I work were leader ? of special constables in tbis parish ; and if seen , it might get me isy discharge .
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TO THE EDITOB OF TBE N 0 BTHE 3 N STAB . Sib . — Knowing your readinoss to give insertion in the Stab to those usual acts * of oppression , which falls due to the vrorktng man ' s lot , I forward you the following , wktch haii just been put into opcrattoQ in rforthnmbsrland . It appears the working men of West CootHllng ¦ ton Colliery had notice given them by their masters for a reduction of prices , amounting to an average of Gd . per day . This reduction the workmen have nobly resisted , and have , to e , man , left their work , until tbe masters B # ree to allow them their previous prices . This , however , he refused to do , and has had recourse to tbo inhuman but usual mode , of turning them out of their houses ; thereby expecting to drive the men into compliance with tbeir unjust demands , and reduced prices .
The men are , however , nobly dolag their doty , and from What hQS jet taken place , there appear good reasons to conclude tbftt much good will regale therefrom , as very many of the adjoining colliers are taking tho matter up , and hava resolved to organise again the Coal Miners ' Union ; seeing as they do most clearly , ( hat without sueh protection their labour , their enlj capital , is completely at the mercy Of their employers . It is therefore most earnestly desired thateaeh colliery ia tbe Tyne , Weir , and Tees , will set about the good work again , and by putting into immediate operation tho restriction or regulation of labour , thereby establish a permanent union , and a uniform and health ; state of the trade . I am , &o ,, May 2 nd . M . Jcdz .
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ORGAMSATION OF LABOUR . The following is a general exposi of tbe Lrorernm < 3 nt Commission of Labour , sitting at the Luxembourg : — Scarce' } ' a ^ sounsed and installed , thecommlssion waa able to enumerate , by disasters , all tbe defects of our economical By stem . A sockty shaken to its very foundations owing to the too long application of a subversive principle—such waB the prospect of the commission . Trades ruined and crying for assistance , workshops io confusion , interests atwar , workmen and masters divided by ( Hur - ns . 1 disputes , undertaking * suddenly stopped . State interference loudly claimed by tho proprietors cf factories . Stato protection invoked nrllh anguish or aoger by a host of operatives reduced to thoir last shlfte—such is the spectacle which has brought uudcr our notice the system 0 / competition reduced to gtva a formal account of its miseries .
But , on the other hand , it wag easy to perceive lhat there was a fundamental tendency in this diseased society , if not general , at all eveata very energetic , to encourage generous attempts , and to endeavour to organhea better system of labour . To mediate with ardonr the cone of the proUlaires te be emancipated , whilst silently preptriag tke materialsin short , to confine ourselves to solitary studies would not have sufficed . Placed in the midst of a confused medley of interests , pressed by the clamours of misery , eeiz = d by the most legitimate impatience , we had to listen to c& » p ! atat 8 , to allay irritation , to gettla differences wich impartial benevolence , to maintain tbe tranquillity of Paris by a permanent ijetem of arbitration , to welcome the operatives who offered to establish fraternal associations—colonies of the future by the side of a tottering past .
It does not appertain to our province to explain the dangers of Mich a mission . In the midst of the most frightful distress , in the ttmpeatuous intoxication of a revolution , under the weight of the most urgent necessities , and with full consoiontness of their strength , the working classes , by whom we have lived surrounded , have constantly behaved rfitb calmness and t'onfldeece . Facts speak for us .
aicoNciiuTioHa . Summoned daily us arbitrators between masters nnd workmen , we interfered whenever our lnttrference was accepted by both parties . A large number of riconcllia . tions was thus effect id . \ 7 e wiU only mention a tew on account of . thefa cxtrema Importance , far the peace 0 / the eapKsl was staked oa tbe isine . And , first , we have been generall y reproached fer baring decreed the diminution of the duration of daily labour . Well apart from the . o&nsiderntlona of justice .
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humanity , andsoana sconoroy , which militated in favou * of that measure , it is right that the , public should know that the question , on the day following the revolution , was one of ciri / war . What & 4 we do , bStferer ? Not . withstandlsg the ardent and apparently Irresistible demand * addressed to us , we boldly refused to decide ony . thing before we had consulted th « heads of establishments , ond having assembled them in large numbers , tbey hastened to adhere to the demands of their operatire * , 10 e < jB 3 t&ble did it appear to them to adhere and bo perilous to refttsa . of the 29 h measure , it Is right that the . public should know „„„„ . «„„ »» , „ A .,, followlnc the revolution .
Paris w&b not aware tbat on the mornisg ( of March the inhabitants rote without any proapeot of bread . The journey men bakers formally refused to continue their labours unlese their painful situation «« ra ameliorated without delay , They came to the Luxembourg fn thousand ' s to expose their Bufferings and their resolutions . All the baking establishments had been abandoned , and ware noi to be returned to . The masters hastened to us in constersation . The delegates deputed by the masters and the workmen discussed ( thanks to oar lattsfvestion ) all the de . tails ef their respective situations . At length , na ami . cable arrangement was tffaoted ; o tariff was adopted which gave general satisfaction , and these thousands » f men , whose toil supplies the ordinary ncoefsities of the city , retired grateful and mored . Paris was supplied witb bread tbo next day , as usual , and the inhibilantt did net even dream that they bad been reduced to the very verge of starvation !
Some days previously , the traffic in Paris had been doubly menaced . It was at first tbe pavement of tbe streets which still kept Up tbe revolutionary movement . No vehicles could pats . Now tbo pavlors refused to clear the thoroughfares , and demanded tnoro exorbitant terms . ' Recognised as legitimate , in a contradictory discussion between masters and workmen , tha demands of tbe pswiorg were favourably admitted , and tbe streets re . earned their woott d appearance . But no sooner had the pavements been replaced , and the resumption of traffic rendered possible , than the vehicles came to a stand . stUI , in all parts of Paris . Ac first , it wae the omnibuses , favorUts , be ., next the haekfiey eoschei , ca&rtolefg—in ihort , ajl tbe pablio vehicles . For several days a similar discussion took place . At length an agreement was made , and the traffio was everywhere renewed .
It became neee » 8 ary to oomtrnct a provisional hall for the meetings of the new National Assembly , tne old Chamber of Deputias not being sufficiently spacious for the accommodation of the representatives of the Re * pablio . At the very moment when tfce works onght to have been pushed forward with the greatest activity , — tie opening 0 / the Assembly drawing nigh , —tka tllerl descended from the roofs , and refused to rsoBcend , owing to soma dispute with the contractors . Oar Inter vention was again required , and ss snon as we had appealed to their patriotism , the tilera offered to labour gratuitously for the Republic , —a generosity trhicb tbe Republic coald cot accept , for it thencetorth owed a second stipend—one of gratitude .
These reconciliations are sufficient to show what vre have effected . The whole list would be too long . There ara few branches of trade which have not appealed to cu : ire trill oaly raenlf an tbe mechanics of the aMier of Berosne and Fail , those of the atiliir Fareot , tbe paper , stoinerg , tbe zinc-work operatives , tha straw-hat mano . faotnreri , the nfghfmen , and tbe washerwomen of tho banlieu , &o . It should be remarltea that it was most frequently tbe Blasters tbat were tbe first fe > toliflit our arbitration , gai impart their embarrassments to at . The masters and tbe operatives approach the Luxembourg by ssparaie roads ; they a / mest invariably depart by the same ( Tbe proctswbatia of these reconciliations aro deposited it ) the archives of tbe commission , iavssted with tha signatures of tbe parties—modest reeorJs of labour and of concord !
ESTABLISHES ASSOCIATIONS , Whilst t&ns labouring' to reconcile divided interests , we alao wished to oonnect the future with the present by a f < . w new creations . Several important association * have been founded by our care , and these societies ara now at work in the middle of Paris . The Old ( debtors' ) Prison of Clichy is transformed into ene vaat workshop . The journeyman tailors , combined in odo association , are there executing ^ great works for the bUIb . We subjoin a f-w details of the organlaaUon and condition of the society . The principle on which the association of tailors rests is fraternity . A movable one , it is always open to tha workman who presents himself at its portals , asking for work , and accepting tho fraternal conditions of the boase . T ) io » 9 conditions are , equal wages for all the 6565-eiatos , equal partition in profits , and activity ia derotion .
A jnry , appointed by election , is Intrusted with tbe maintenance of order , and , if necessary , dacrees exclueion from tbe society , Tireo delegates , equally elected by the association , repreBtmk and administer its afftirg conjointly wiih a ministerial commission . The commission of examination controls the acts of the administration .
The governmental commission for workmen is represented i& tbe association by an tgtat , M . Frossard , The asgocia'lon is installed , and bat been at work since the commencement of the month of April . The state has given it orders for 100 , 000 tunics at 10 f . each , end 100 , 009 pantaloons at 3 f . each , for the use of the statioBar ; National Guard ( the cloth being supplied ) , &nd fo » io , l 8 fl tonics at llf . coon , and 10 , 180 pantftloonj at 3 f . each , for the movable National Guard . These works are being executed by about 1 , 200 associates . Besides which , the association employs a large number of female breeches-makers oat of doors . Notwithstanding the expenses of installation and materials , the association haB already & profit to divide—' moderate , It is ( rue , as all first profits mast be , but presenting at once hope find encouragement for the future .
Tho considerable number of workmen who presented themselves duricg tbe first few days , and who were obliged to tflfce pert in labour Insufficient to employ it many hands , tha somewhat disorderly icflux of the Na . lienal Guards , who rushed In crowds to the doors of the workshops to ask for their clothes , and the inezpertenco of tbe management , so natural in the outset , at first occasioned some confusion . Bat measures for restoring order wtre taken , and now tho associated workmensome assembled in tse large hall of fhe old parloir , tha others dispersed in groups throughout the cells , —are
working ; with the generous order which is Inspired by tbe certainty of developing a fruitful idea , 'What a noble spectacle in t ^ e midst of struggles of universal antagonism , to behold this great astembly of men united by bonds of the closest dependence ! What a touching sight to behold this priBon becoming the first asylum of real liberty \ The barracks of the AUee des reaves , in tha Champs Blysoen , hare received & second society founded on the same principles of fraternal devotion . The s&ddlerB are there working for the equipment of the cavalry . Tbe journeymen spinners , assembled in a third aesooiation , have also received large orders from the State .
New sodetlei present themselves every da ; to ths commission with their plans and their statutes , soliciting aid and npprobaii <> D . The masters of factories , on their side , come and effer their workshops ] to the State , and place at its dieposal their implements of labour , —some actuated by generosity , and othirs by an intelligent calculation of cbances . Judging from toe forca of tae carrant which . Is oarrjing away the fragments of tho old state of society , the transformation , unless a crisis supervene will be easy and speedy . The impulse , in short , is given , and it is irresistible . Every thing impels , ana is impelled , towards the principle of assaeiatlon—tho saving system , wiiioH will sooner or later be bles 8 e < 5 by those who now decry and calumniate it . The system of competition and
antogonism , that is to say , of hatred and anarchy , of disorder and war , abdicates its sovertignty in the bosom of the calamities which it haB produced . Perhaps its fall may b « retarded by a few temporary compromises , and , for our parts , we shall nol refuse to do onr best to prop up thia eld edifice which is cracking and crumbling en all sides . Tha public may rely upon us , upon whom , since the revolution of February , this perilous and ungrateful necessity has onl y entailed fatigues almost superhuman , afeu . Be , calumnies—and calumnies , too , on the part of tbe very persons whose security we wtro protecting at the risk of our popularity , sometimes at the risk of oar lives . But let there be no mistake . The time for vain palliatives has passed away . A desperate disease require * sovereign remedies . 1
Andwhat ! Wa haca sought the solution ef this ajieu ilon in good faltb , taking account of the necessities of a transition with all tba caro counselled by equity , but at the same time , setting out from this principle—do your duty , and good will ensue . The eommissioH will continue the publication of it * expose ia the coutse of a few days .
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Seizure fob Church Rates .- —A short time since the parhhof St Auatell , Cornwall , was the scene of oneof these disgusting occurrences . Two of the inhabitant ? had their goods taken lor tho purpose o ( supporting that obnoxious thing catted church rates , one whose rate was one shilling and sixpence , had goods of theralue of thirty-four shillings taken and sold for thirteen and sixpence . The other had a agood feather bed and sheet taken for eight and eightpence . After a considerable lapse 6 f time an auctioneer was found bold enough to mount the rostrum and offer the articles for sale , put of which were bought in and the remainder ( two lets ) sold , one to the auctioneer , and the other to & devotee of BaccilUS , who was compelled to remain locked up in the sale room for an hoar and a half , not daring to show his face to the enraged crowd , who remained determined to see an end to the affair .
Pikes and penknives are stated to be tbe order of the day in Dublin , so far aa English cutlery establishments are concerned . JVo otiior article seems ( 0 be ordered or required . In the municipal borough of Manchester , there are 49 , 023 habitable houses . The inhabitants amount to nearly three hundred thousand I The Manchester Guardians estimate the poor expenditure of the enrrent year at £ 120 , 000 , whteh ia equivalent to ihrate of five shillings in the pound . A public meeting held at the Kensington Institute , Has , by a majority of 81 to . 4 , condemned titf Public Heutlt Bill .
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HOW TOMAKB THE BANK OP ENGLAND QUAKE , AND HER CHILDREN TREMBLE . A . correspondent suggests the following mode of converting tbe ' upper classes ' to a compliance with tbe demands of tbe people for the Charter . A gentleman posseseed of £ 1 , , can turn that sum into notes aiao&gBt Ills friends and neighbours , and tben csb& them at tha Bank ef England for gold—return to his neighbours for more notes , tben to tbe Bank again for more gold ; successively journeying from the Bank to his fiiends , and from his frieads to the Bank , until the appoaranco of the Bald gentleman there , would create more alarm than an attack by 30 , 000 armed men . A man possessing a £ 5 or £ 10 note , might alone sap tbe foundation of a country bank . Now if this plan were acted upon with unanimity throughout Great Britain , it would absorb the mighty sea of floating capital , and strike terror ' wto the minis of tlioss who deny tlie people their rights . A Chahtist .
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TO THE CHARTISTS . I beg to say that if ever there was a titae when it bebored tbe Cbartist body to assert , maintain , and tt&'&i by their undying principles , ft Is now . We now see tho middle classes professing to fraternise with us for tbe attainment of our object , namely—enfranchisement , but I fear that tbat profession is hollow and insincere . The aristocracy &&d the middle classes hare begun to see tbat English tyranny and misrule are about to be tested , and may be swept out of Ireland ; aa < 3 if by cnjolery they can manage to keep England quiet , while they bave butchered and subdued our Irish brethren , tht <} ' wonld not hesitate to eat their own nerds , and assist to put down any disaffection that may arlea here from such a proceeding . A Cfubtist of Foubtebn Tiabs Standing . nuddertfleld , May 2 nd .
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- May 6 , 184 % , <_ ** . ^ ' ' ^ - ^ - ^ " - ¦ ¦¦^ S J ^ " ,. ^^^^ TTiT - S »— ' —nnT «^ - - ~
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), May 6, 1848, page 2, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1469/page/2/
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