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Saufcruutsi
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gmpenai fjaritameut-
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Prated by DOUGAL M'GOWAN, of 16, Ore*'. Windmill-
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them they returned into the country and commence the work of destruction . Upwwto of oneJ ^ ndred oeeroes hare been shot , seren have been condemned . sifsJssftiftt ^ -re-H ^ ItsStatuttot bsdbees a r . ntt . 1 He » fc pS = ssss = gs J nW £ m 2 ft « i aL stated that four negroes weSeTdi ' ring the infection at St Enstttu .
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HONDAT , Acscst T . JI QUSE OF LORDS . —On the motion of the Marsnis Of ClAMiciBDr , tbe K ; proauc ; iTe Insu £ aud Institution ( Ircisar : ) B . L was read a « econd time . Oa the motion of Lord Momteagle , tbe Jareoil * Offeaders ( Ireland ) Bill <*« s rea
reafllDj of bills taring for their object to pkea EUtjests on a more satisfactory basis . A somewhat hostile debste enjued , in the coarse of which tbe postponement of the measures until next BEsrioa wai s : rooS ! y urged , more than cue hon . mmWT moving that they bo read a secon 4 time that day three m' -nths , others sa ^ estlag the propriety of effirmicg the ptincip les of the meagHra bj reading them a second tine , and tbe then postponement of them , in order that thap-opie of Scotland might h » ve an oppanunlty of considering tfea suggested enactments and tbo amendinsiit * , of which noiice already had besn given , iu the interval batwjen this and the ensuing sesiisn . At length tbe motions for delay were withdrawn , and the bills were read a second tim \ the Lard Adtocate taking till Friday to consider whether he would press the bill further thU
sewon or not . At a quarter past three thj sitting was sutpended tili fite . On resuming , Mr LlBoucHm , is answer to Mr Huxb > Etsted that it was not the intention of tho government to insti ' nt' any farther ivqairy into the management of the Merchant Stamen ' s Fund until ths bill for altering the navigation laws had basn pwied . De « zstios of Seises at Quebec —And in answer to a qars-ion from Mr Xossell , the right hoa . gentleman stated that tin Eirl of E'g ? n and the mirchan' . s of Qicbec were engaied ia devising : tneins for patting a itop t-o the des * rtion of merchant seitnen at that port . Scoas Duties . —Lord J . Russell , in reply to a qiestian from Lard Q . Beniwck , naidit was not hU intention to bring oa tha Sn ? ar Dntiei ta-night , but he wsuid give the noble lord timely notice of his iatention to do so . .... ..
CosarsciAtDisrtMs . —MrHtBS « 8 asked tb . 8 Eofela lord whether he could find a day t jr dlienising the repert ofthe committee on commercial distrets , at the home would not stand well with the country unless somo dUcassion was had before they prorosnei , ani tkat wi' . h a ¦ new to pledge themselves early next seEsioa to brisg forward cme remedial measures . Lord John Russell soggested Taetdsy ai the only d * y « pen to the right honourable gentlemaa for such , a discussion . Esigbatiost . —lard J . Bcsseil , in answer to Lord & 5 HLET , fRid that the government woald be happy to assist in ipresSing information as to emigration , but that government could grant no funds for this purpose . Lord G . Bestwck seked when the half-million loan lo the W ? st Indians for labour emigration would be pro-> osed by the government . Lord J . Rdssell replied after the Sugar Duties BUI ms passed .
Business of the Hocsi . —Lird J . Russell gave aotics that be shonld move » ha suspeasion of the order iS ' . ctln ? Wednesday's sitttnsrs , and propose that during the rem& ' nd r ot the sessJoa , the house skoold , oa Wednesdays , sit from twelve to three , to take the orders of tha Say , and frora five o ' clock during the remainder of the evenin ; to go into committee of supply . Ahibicik Postage . — Lird Palmesstoh , in answer to Hr CiEawELt ., eald that he conldnotlay en the table the jorresposcknee relating to the Aneriean postal tariff , as negotiations were still pending , l £ r P . Howaed beggel to R * kner J £ 3 j ;> ty * s Sscresarj for Foreign iffdrs waetier it was the intentioa of her l £ aj ? stj's government , either tiagly or in concert with her allies , to mediate between Sardinia and Austria , for tbe sidfication i f the north of It » l j ?
Lard PALKEasTos a « sured thehons : that her Majesty ' s government wat deeply sensible ef the importaace of palling an end to tbe war In the north of I ' . aly , and he was happy to be abls to say that this gsntiment waB shared by the government of France . Tfee result of which was that In concert with France ministers were tsKafj s : fps ia order by am ! cab ! e negotiations to bring that war to a termination , ( Hear . ) Pcblic Health Bill . —Lord Moepeth moved that the honss resolve itsslf into a committee to consider the Lords' emindmenti oa clause 8 , find said ho did not mean to propose to disagree to tke ameBdment made by the [« rds on the cltusa at tbe instance of a most reverend prelate , but he proposed to add an amendment to the lords' amendment , to the effect that waen mortality
ihould trceed the rate of tweaty . three in l . eOD in anj locality , the Board of Health ghoald have power : o send Sown icBp ^ c torB without any petition fcem oae- ; enth of the inhabitant * . He considered this the mora necessary in coasfqaence of the certain approach of the cholera . Oa thii subject he did not wish to excite any nxdae liann , bat he felt he should lot act a fair er friendly put either to the home or the pablio if he was to conseal the fact , that it had been ascertained that the dioleri was advancing in precisely the same track which it had puMueJ in 1832 , and that its approach had baen herslScd as it was In the last visitation by the same preenrs ^ rs^—the inflaenci and diarrhoea . He regretted to Etats that it did not come in a softened degree , and therefore ha thought It necsiiarj to state a few factt
and pirtijulars which had been reomed from British ministers end consuls abroad . He found from a return received from St Petersburg up to the latest date , that In that city there had besa 17 , 090 cases of cholera , Of these there had been 10 , 138 deaths , and 4 , 618 cases of cure ; so that the proportion of deaths from tost malady at St Pitcrsburc had been in the proportion of fifty , eerea is £ MPy 100 , ¦ hil § ths cores afire snly twenty . iii in every 190 , At Mososw there had been 9 , 457 cast * , of which there were 4 , 309 deaths . It was farther stated that tt Odessa , the ether extremity of East is , there bad been 1 S 3 c »» e « , of which forty-f jut fended in death , fiad oaly tbtrty-three fead recevered . Ia varieu 3 pans of Bessarabia the cholera was advancing rapidly , aad in Fou « sriOia , Bucharest , and other places , the greatest
alsrm prevailed . At 6 oa , during the last wees , the choleri has increased , thotuh tha mortality bat not been grsat , but in a village distant about one hour ' s ride from taat dty , nearly tha whole population had pariihed . At Jitsy th » deaths had been « t the rate of 100 to ISO per day , and the consul stattd that the malady appeared to ba of quits a novel character , teing so rapidly destructive that the Tictims ware carried eff in two er three noun . This wu attributed to the extreme heat of the season , asd it was aided that all the tribuaals and tcaools were closed ; and , to increase the misery of the population , aa enormous swarm of locusts had appeared iu all directions . In the neighbourhood adjoining to Jassy the chslera wu raging with great violence . At Salgrave it was prevalent ; and a twarm of caterpillars ,
such as never before had been csen , had appzared in tbe valleyt , and destrojad every plant—the roads were literally bltxxk with them , and with their presence the cholera raged . I t was subsequently stated frota Belgrade that the malady raged in a mott dreadful form , and tho cos . &ul stated he had not heard of a single csse of recovery . Tbe last extract to which ho should call attentian wat from Grand Cairo . The consul-general stated that there vie Asiatic cholera had appeued ia a form of unusual iEi \ Uoi ' S- Hitherto its ravages had been confined to the ev . y U ^ f ; but what wu most melancholy and extraorcUairj tea * , that alth « ogh the suSerers had received all passible aid from msdloil men of great eipsiienoe , and acca stcmei to treat tbe disease , not one ca ^ e had been tarei , bat every patient bad died In the course of a very few hours after the first attack . He ( Lord Morpeth ) did sot suppose that tha adoption of thii bill , or any of i s
clauses , would he expected to arrest the approach of this maUgean t and mysterious disease , which seemed to be brooding orer the whole of Earepe ; but still all testimony on tha subject want to show that it they could n ° t arrest its progress to prevent the arrival ia this country , they stlU might very materially modify its effects , if no ; save goals districts altogether f'oa Its ravages . He had with him a very able volume of the Bbitish afd FoillSIt MtDICAL AtTD CHIB 0 S 6 ICAL REVIEW , COa ' . ein la ? aa ar ticle which showed that in any country it was possible W foretell the locality ia which the cholera would appear , and tha class of people who woul ! ba » ffectsd by it . The locality would be where the air was damp from exhalation , from rivers and marshy grounds , or where vegttaDle and animal matter « u , by negl ' ct , allowed to accumulate , and the cla «* ot people who would most severely tuScr would be tho < e expotid to these noxious influences . In fact
during the last visitation of the malignant disease i < ragei roost severely in Hnchetter and other large towns in the vicinity of the water-oeunes , aad in district * which WJT 8 notoilousij in a bid sanitary condilion . Th 3 S 6 were the locilitiea which invited aai wooed the a pproach of the cholera , and tee cliis which had been decimifltei by its ravages vrers the poorer classes , that exp * sed to the attixfcs of tfeis most malignant and mve ^ tto" * di ^»* e - Oa e'onnda he felt justfiad incasing upoa theoommlttes to adept this ameadment . convinces that in m « Hng the propDeltioa he had doce whati a bim Uy to prevent the extent of thii most amoral pnttleuoe . ( Hs » r , hesr . ) A . contlderable portion of the evening wu spent In dUcatsinc the Lord * ' cmeadaienU ,
S « veril of the amendments were agreed to , and some ethers distested from ; sad it wu determined to ask s eonfereoce with the Lords oa the points open which tbe tiro hoaiES differed . Taxamo " . — Oa th » Haaaa tilt tie haauKtolult . « jf isto C « aaittM «< Ssj ^ jr ,
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Hr Bwak rote to aeve ' that it is expxdtent there bs a revision of our present system of taxation ; especially with a view to extend the commerce of the country and to increase the employ » ents and oomforto of the people ' The timo had now come when it became necessary to consider the taiatlon of ths country with a view to It . revision , and he begged to guard himself In the o « tiet from being supposed to advosate any vast or m . den change from the eystem of Indirect to that of direct taxation . Tbe present system of taxation wao a eemplete mate and labyrinth , asd the Chancellor of the Bs . chrqatr could confer no greater benefit on the country th « Wr redaelog to order the present undigested mass . They ought to do something to convince the people ot tHi country that they appreciated the patience with wh ' ch tkey endured the ' r privations . No people could
b > more deserving of attention at the hamds of the ge . varnment . In consequence of the events on the coati nent ( ha value of the exports from this couatry had fallen off two or three millions . They could only make up for this loss by extending their trade with China and Amerioa . The first tUlns , »«* - ** « , they . boaid dO would be to reduce the tea duties , audas soon as possibla the tobscco duty . The system of indireot taxation principally affected tbe poorer classes . They were alio ? be greatest snffarers from tbe adulteration of articles on which high duties ware placed . These considerations should have weight with the government and the homo . Bat tho principal consideration was that these duties tended to Halt the extension of their commerce , and , therefore the emp loyment of the ] people . The people
w-re beginning to complain loudly of these duties . At Liverpool and Manchester associations bad been farmed , for tbe pnrpoie of pointing out to the government and to the country tbe most practicable and feenefiolal modes of redistributing the taxation of the empire , and in especial of relieving commerce from the burdens with which it was opprcgEed so injuriously , not onlj to tho trading classes but to thi whole community . The duties upon tea required thorough revision . Tea w » a an article which , from belne merely a luxury of the rich , had beeome a n : cef eary of tbe poor , and were the duties upon It placed on a propar footing , there would scaicely be a limit to the consumption of the article—a result which , while practically most productive to the revenue , would create an immense Increase in our trade wltn
China , and thereby a vast addition to tha employment of the poor . With a duty of Is . on tea , he had no doubt that England would beeoma tho great depot of tea for the wholo western world . The duties on tobacco , also , required Immediate and thorough revision . This was a tar which fell very hardly upon the poorer classes , with whom tobacco was a nocef sary of life . There could be no doubt tbat a proper reduction of the duties on tobacco would ma . terislly augment the revenue , for at present , the exceesive amount of the tar so encouraged fraud of every description in the conduct of the trade , that the far greater proportion of tte article sold as tobacco , was either smairglsd altogether , or so extensively adulterated , as to produoe , iu comparison with the consumption of the commodity a vsfy inadequate revenue . A slmpHfica .
tion of these and similar duties would enable the governmeat to make larger reductions in the cost of our customs department , and almost to dispense ultimately with our coast guard , a service alone costing the country nearly £ 400 , 000 per annum . The course upon which the rizht hoo . baronet tie member for Tamworth had entared . In the abolition or reduction of duties , had bees attended with such beneficial effects to the country , In every respect , that he was only surprised that the present government had not more determinedly followed in his footstep * . There was the artlole of soap ; it wa ? generally admitted tbat cleanlineis was something beyond a m re eimfort , that it was am abtoluta virtue , a circumstance essential to the public health , but the erciBeduty on the article , while it interfered most
injuriously with trade , effectually preoluded the dueprac tice of this virtae . He considered that it would be an excellent thlnp to abalUh altogether tbe duty on soap Another excise duty which be would fain sweep away , was the duty on paper , a duty materially impeding the progress of education , and consequently the progress of social happiness and well being , aad at the eame time greatly cramping a branch of commerce which might otherwise be largely extended . He objected , farther , to tha duty on biiek « as interfering more especially with the comfort of the people . There were other taxes in relation to which commutation might bs adopted — tho window tar , for instance . There was the duty on fire Insurances , again ; H this duty wftra reduced one-half . there tfould be at least thrice the amount of revenue
derived from it . The dnty oa advertisements was oae which might be reduced with infiaite advantage to the revenue , aB well ss to tho community . In the United States , where the advertisement duty was on a proper footing , the number of advertisements which paid duty to'he state , was 10 millions to 700 , 000 in England . Tho siamp duties needed cIobo revision , fcr at present , while on a basis least calculated to benefit tbe state , they operated most Injarinndy upoa tbe poorer classes of the community . Mr Stewart , in bis able eisay on the 'Facilitation of the Transfer of Landed Property , ' had poieted oat in a most lucid manner the Impediment placed by the unequal imposition of these duties on the proper circulation of land . A » to the legacy aod probate du ' . icg , the iatereit of the state and of the commuoity would ba best consulted by abolishing them altogether , and placing on them duty applicable to the ao .
qaUUion iy beqaest of erery description of propefly , landed as well as personal . Mr Huskisson had emphatically urged the commutation of onr taxation , and the transference of the main burden from commerce to pre . perty . Ia this view . Mr P . Tbompion , Sir H . Parnell Lord Akhorpe , and many other abla politicians had fury concurred , and the rigVt hon . member for Tarn , worth had practically admitted his a&hertnce to the principle ef the income tax . Oae preat benefit from the system of direct taxation would bo the enormous economy in collection . Fully two-thirds of tha present expenditure under this bead would be gav d by carrying out the viewi which he advocated . Ha a-ked for no wild change . He only sought to raise the necessary revenue of the em . p ! re by means lesB oppressively weighing upon the in . dnstry of the country and the happiness of tbe community at large .
The Chakcelloe of tbe Exchequer said tbat he agreed for the most part ia the principles enunciated by his hon , friead , andhebad endeavoured toaot upon them as close ! ? as the circumstances of the country had enabled him . It would be a source of the highest gratification to him to proceed further ia the course suggested by bis bon . friend , as tbe finanoes ef the country should admit of his doing bo . He fully acknowledged the in . rqualities which so injuriously characterised many features of o « r taxation , and he could assure his hon . friend that he would apply his best endeavours to their removal , ( Hear , hear . ) After a ebort dtacuuion , the motiga was negatived without a division . Mf Hdme prstfited against going into Committee of Supply at that hour of tbe night on the Naval Eatt mates , especially as the evidence taken by tho cemmittee on thoit estimates had not yet boen printed .
This led to some conversation , which terminated in Lard John Russeli's& 3 seotiag to the postponement of the Committee of Supply till Wednesday . The other orders of the day were then disposed of , and tbe house adjoarned at a quarter to one . TUESDAY , August 8 . HOUSE OP LORDS . —Amaibb of SiciLY . —Lord StinLCT , in punutnee of the notice he had given on the previous evening , asked tbe Marquis ef Lansdawne whether this country had in anyway interfered with respect to the form of government that should bs established by the Sicilians , after their succeaBfal revolt , and
with respact to the individual who should be placed at their head ? It had been said that her Majesty ' s ship Porcapine hadbsea dispatched fratn Naples , wit ' * a genleman named Fagan , belonging to the British Embassy , for the purpose of intimating to Sicl ' y that England would not recognise Its independence if a republic were established there , but that it would be recognised as a kingdom if tbe son of tha King of Sardiaia ( the Duke of Genoa ) were declared Kin : ; . He hoped the government wonld be able to give a distinct denial to these rumours ; but from the qaarters whence he had derived his information , he could scarcely bopa that the noble narqaia had it in hU power to do so .
Ths Msrquls of LANiDoWKE said the government had ao participation , direct or indirect , in the separation of Sicily from Naples . When it became evident that the two countries conld not remain uader one government , her Msjesty's minister * advised the Sicilians to eleet a Prince of the Neapolitan liae for their Sovereign . Tbis advice was not accompanied with anything like a threat , or anything that could be construed into one . Tbe Sicilians declined to act upon the suggestion , and ber Majesty's government thea advised them to elect their Sovereign from amongst the royal families of Italy . In the course adopted by the government in reference te Sicliy , her Majesty ' s government had nothing to regret .
Lord S tahley thoaght , the answer of the noble marquis anjtbing bat gatisfrctory . The noble marquis had not explained how it was that the English government hsd so far abandoned their positloa of neutrality , as to express their intention of acknowledging at an independent kingdom the rebellious provinces of a friendly power , before the Insurgents had sufficiently established themielves to justify us acknowledging their independence , A short diacusslsa fallowed , after which Lard Stak . lei withdrew his motion . SCFFBSS 6 IOW OF ItLEOAL SOCIETIES ( I *« LAN ») jBlU .. — On the motion of Lard Coixmbah , a bill with this title , and having ( as he observed ) , special clauses relating to clubs , was read a first time . Public Works ( Ireland ) Bill was read a third timo and passes . _ ., „ .... .. the other bills the table
Their lordships forwarded on another stage and adjourned . THE HOUSE OF COMMONS met at twelve o clock . TheSPEAKE * informed the house that he had just received a letter from tbe Lord-Lieutenant , stilting that Mr Smith O'Brien , a member of the bouse , had been arrcstcd , and waB now in custody on a charge of high treason . The Tcrnplke Roads ( Ireland ) Bill , the Canada Government Bill , and the Militia Ballot Suspension Bill , were S everally read a third tiroe ond passed . The reports on the Churches BUI , oa the Proclamations of Fines Court of Common Pieas Bill , and on tbe Poor-law Union Charges Bill were brought up and received . The Westminster Improvement Bill was then read a second tae . Poos . L i * Usiox DisnicT BiLL . —0 fl tho quuUon that & fccusa ttnii g 9 fate ecamittw ea this Mil ;
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Sir H . Willouohbt said tbe bill would iarolve the compulsory education sf the poorer clam a of this country . It was alw objectionable at Inoreaslng parochial burdens , already too heavy . As the law stood children were better educated le workhous « 8 than tho children of the poorer class of mechanics ; and the establishment of dlstriots of fifteen miles radius would have the effect of separating the children from the parents . Ho decidedly objected to the mode of meeting the cost of tbeBO new establisbmentE ^ namoly , oat ef ( he peor rate . Air Bolieb gaid the hon . gentleman was undei some misapprehensions as to the provisions of the bill , which ha wag glad to have this opportunity of removing . At this period of tho session he should not have ventured to bring forward any measure which would really increase the pressure of tto poor-rates . It would , ia faet ,
diminish that burden , by producing a wise and economical expenditure of money . There was nothing whatever in the bill to comp 1 any increased expenditure By the act of 18 * 4 children In woikbouaes ware taken from their parents and placed under proper care . He had no fear of their being over-eaucatea ; but tliO ICgialatUTO WftS bound to take care that they reoeived some education , otherwise a constant succession of paupers was growing op ; for those whe had none of the attractions or aseociations of borne to deter them from the worhhoiiBS were too apt to return there . It was obvious that the expense of education was greatly increased b y having a schooImaEter and schoolmistress in evory workhouse aod this bill provided that four unions mi ght be formed into a district , to the school of which the n-hola of the
children is those unions would be sent , and the commissioners might form such districts , bat they could do nothing more ; the erection of the school and ever ; 61 tier ou lay would have to bedetermised on by the guardians . Tha act of 1844 had been rendered Inoperative , both in London and in the country , by tho limitations oft be diBtitetB in the country to fifteen miles , and by tbe limitation of the coat to ene . fif h of the annual outlay of the union in London . The total number of children in the workhouses was 51 , 237 , of whom not more than 11 , 030 wore with tbeir parents ; bo , that , under nuy circumstanees , tho evils of separation could not be great . Many unions Id Hampshire and Berkshire were prevented from establishing schools by tho limitation he bad referred te , Tbe workhouses were greatly overcrowdedan evil of moit serious magnitude ; but , if schools were provid 4 , tbe woi hocuses would be sufficient for tbe adult paupers . Bat the maia ground on which be proposed tbis bill was the welfare of the children themselves .
As the law stood they were placed in wards apart from their parents , who had no control over them . Constant communication between the children and tha adultpaapers was absolutely unavoidable , and nothing could be mora demoralising . The girls , in particular , by their intercourse wiih the women paupers , were eiposed to almostcertala corruption . In the union of P . niance , in Cornwall , the least pauperised district eoutfa of tha Trent , the average rates were lOd . in the pound ; in the adjoining union of Falmouth , they were 2 s . 3 d ., In tbe former union there was no separate establishment lit the children ; and the girls , as sson as they reached the age of sixteen , and were admitted to the women's ward , invariably turned out ill , and tbeir history waB most deplorable , Tbe Falmouth union had a separate Bch ; ol ; and the resultB to the javenlle paupers were most beneficial . The parisk of Lambeth had also a separate establishment for their pauper children at Norwood ; and the remits had been moat favourable , It was dc
sirable that the pauper children should rather be taught to do useful work than io spead much of tbeir timo in what was usuall y called book-learning . ( Hear , bear . ) Bat instructions in useful arts could only be gives where large numbers of children were brought together . At Norwood some were taught gardening , soaae agricultural « ccupatlone , some tailoring , some shoemaking , and other useful trades . By enabling unions to combine for this purpose great good would be effected ; and if the limitations were removed the schools would only be established where the expense might properly be incurred ; and the results to the obildren themselves , ia rescuing them from vloe , aad puttiog them in possession of useful knowledge , would be moBt valuable .
Sfr W . Jolifie admitting tbe kindness and bonevolence which bad dictated this measure , disapproved of the means by which it was proposed to be carried oat , A much greater benefit would bo the removal of the wo > men ' s wards in workbouies , which might be tffected at considerably less expense . Their disorder and insubordination rendered a Btrioter discipline necessary—tt : cy corrupted the obildren and rendered tbe old paupers miserable ; and all these evils might be avoided by providing separate wards for the women , some of whom might , with great advantage , be sent to some of our colonies . ( Hear , hear . )
Mr Herlet believed that the bill dealt with a much larger subject than was generally supposed . Tho old law only applied to a very limited class of children ; the present bill might be comtrned to include all . The right hon . gentleman's speech was tha most perfect condemnation of our workhouse system ; for he admitted that a child could cot be placed ia a workhouse without being exposed to almost certain contamination end ruio . ( Hear . ) Gases had been olted of sneceseful unlcn schools , why , then was cot that system carried outthe excellence of which be believed to couslBt in a small number of children only being confided to one snperin . tindence ? He doubted whether in very large schools , sDch as thii bill would authariBe , the game success would
follow . The Norwood eohool had been referred to ; bal there the children were at no great distance from their friends . Another objection to the bill was , that it medt ni provision for the religious inatructlon of tbe children ; also , that tbe children would be separated from tbeir parents . It was true they were so at present ; but In cases of sicknesB , the motber , who was at band , instantly beoama the nurse ot the child . What was proposed to be done with a casual pauper , who entered the work , bouse with five or six children ! Were tbey suddenly to be separated from their parents , and sent to a distance of fifteen or twenty miles J rVith eo large a question it was impossible to deal satisfactorily in tbe present seeslon ; he hoped therefore tbat the bill wonld be withdrawn .
Vticount Ebbington said the expense likely to be Incurred under this bill appeared to excite great alarm ; but were hon . gentlemen opposite aware of tke great expense incurred at present in classification , and in tbe coast&nt alterations required in workhouses for this , purpose * Every week plans were sent up from the country tor the approval of the poor-law beard , relating to alterations which might be dispensed with if tbe children were removed from tbe workhouses , The expeaso of providing fever wards was also great . It was obvious that , by a combination of unions , the necessary accommodation for tbe children might be provided more cheaply , Alluiion had been snisSe to the necessity of separate wards for able bodied women , Io many work , houses there were already separate wards for able-bodied women of gosd and bad character , As experience of many years as vice-chairman of a board of guardians ,
led him to the conclusion that tha Intercourse , even incidental , between tbe children and adult paupers was degrading and contaminating . In few of the work * houses bad the children any opportunity of acquiring practical instruction or learning houseb « ld work ; hence the difficulty of obtaining situations for them out of the workhouse , aud the consequence was they sooa returned , The evil of contamination was not oae that had arisen under the new law ; it was well kno ^ a that many of the workhouses under tbe old law were eobools of vice and sinks of iaiqulty , and the new law had confessedly introduced great improvement . He denied that schools were better managed where the number of children was small ; their different ages offered obstacles to classification , which was much eaeier in large schools like those of Norwood , Lim . eb . ou 99 , or those oonneoted with the hospital at Greenwich .
After some further conversation the committee was postponed till Thursday , The sitting ot the bouse was suspended at a quarter-paet three till five o ' clock , when Lord John Eossell moved the suspension of the standing orders with regard to tbe Wednesday sittings , with a view to tke house , for the remainder of the ses . slon , meeting on Wednesdays at twelve o ' clock , and sitting from that hour till three o ' clock , the sitting to be then suspended till fire , at whioh hoar the house should reassemblo for the purpose of going Into Gommitteo ef Supply . Colonel Sibthoep , amid the general sympathy of the honse , stood up for the old and laudable praof . oo of making Wednesday a regular holyday , and protested against the innovation of making It a day of hard work , br taking the estimates upon It .
Mr Bbothestow observed , that the Wednesday ' s Bitting at twelve o ' clock had worked well , and thot a great deal of business had bees got through . He hoped tbat it was not the intention of government by this motion to get rid of the morning elttioga oa WednesdBya ia future sessions . He endeavoured to show that tbe present practice was much better taan the laudable practice alluded to by Colonel Sibthorp . In twelve Wednesdays under tbat old system , so dear to the old members of the houBe , tbe house had only sat thlrty . fivo hours ; In twelve Wednesdays under the present system It had sat BSTcnty-tws hours ; An hoH . member asked , amid Iona oheerg , how much practical business had been performed in tbat time ? ( Cheers , and cries of ' None !')
Mr BBorHsmoM admitted that there hod been a great deal of talk and very little work In those seventy-two bears , and he was sorry that members ladnlged is such long speeches which retarded publio business very much , Lord John Rusbeii observed , that his motion had referenee only to tke remainder of tbe present stssloa . The motion was agreed to . Mr Raphaei , then moved for leave to bring in a bill to exempt from the legacy duties all charitable bequeBtB , not to private individuals , but to public bodies . The Chancellor of the ExcHSQusa appreciated the motives whioh had indaoed the hon , gentleman to submit bis motion to the house , but declined assenting to It , for the stereotyped reasan of the present state of the finances . Leave was ultimately given to bring in tbe bill , on tho distinct understanding that the government did not theraby pledge Itself to its principle .
Tbis Ballot —Mr H . Bebkei . es rose to mure , ' Tbat it is expedient in tbe election for members to serve io pirlasienttbat the votes of the electors be taken by way of Ballot . ' He observed that , after the able man . aer la whioh the ballot had been advocated by Mr Grore aud others , he might perhaps be aecussd of vanity and presumption ia meddling with bo kaportant a subject , of which It might truly be said , in the language of Cicero — ' T < AOa vtndtx tatfos tAtrtaUt , ' i 8 ft £ &e ballot was
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one of tbat olnufl of quesilene which bad always sue oeeded more by tho foroo of their own merits than by tha ability of their advocates ; and on this ground he trusted for the house ' s indulgence for a few moments while be t * espasstd on their attention . Since the passing ef tba Reform Bill , such bad been the onward mnroh of publio opinion that the ballot seemed only a very minor question . Frem roeent coDceaslons made to free trade by the leaders on both sides of the bouse , h « was not without hopes of seeing them come forward as the advocates of tbis question . The ballot had been already affirmed by this house in 1810 , but had been rejected by tbe upper house . AsStt&ldg that the merits of the ballot were fully known to the oouatry at large , he would address himself to some of tbo more prominent objections .
It was said that secret voting would be aa Innovation oa the present electoral system ; that it would not prevent bribery , if it prevented intimidation ; tbat tho ballot box would not aooure seorcay ; that it wat un-English , ond calculated to prod-ice immorality , lying , and deceit . First , as to its baiag an innovation , ho denied that such 8 &B iho oaoo . Tho franobiso waa originally uncontrolled ; but persons of influence gradually undertook the control of the opinions ef those beneath them , and then bribery and corruption crept 1 b . The ballot was a most cDEfervative measure , aa tending to protect tbe franohiso , and convert it from a mere Homings umbra . mockery , a delusion , Into a real and substantial right , At present , tfee franchise kept tbo word of promise te the ear sud broke It to tbe hope . The arguments by
which it was contended that the ballot would not prevent bribery were very sophistical . Would any one purchase goods without tbe oertalnty that tbey would be delivered t Look Bt Great Tarraouih—aeo the agenta there with bowls of sovereigns before them ; the voter entering at one door , receiving bis bribe , and going out at the other door to vote as he was expected to do . But would cny ono invest a mm of money—would tho Duko of Rlohmond send down Lord A . Leanox—or would tbe monBtcr speculator , Mr Attwood himself , undertake such a traffic if there was no certainty of the result beiBg obtained ! He could sot believe that 6 Uth would bo the case . Even if the evil were not cured in small constituencies , the good effooted in large boroughs and countied , by the ballot , would bo a tuffiolent counterbalance ,
( Hear . ) Tho small boroughs would notbs 'nra worse state than they now were , aad public opinion might operate beneficially upon them . He could not believe that the ballot box would fall to ensuro seorety . America bad been referred to , but In America there was no reason for concealment , for property was bo generally diffused , and tyranny was fearce . In America tbey hnd the ballot , and needed it not . H « re we needed it but had it Bot , In answer to the allegation that tho ballot was un-English , he wonld refer to the practice of tbe clubs , where were assembled va . lour , learning , and wealth , Tnese all sought protection —from what ! Perhaps from lll . will , intimidation , or tyranny . No one would accuse these men , members of parliament , and others ol unmanllneB ? . But they
sought proteotfon from the bully , from the Sir LuoiuB O'Trigger of society , who if excluded from a club , would consider it a very pretty quarrel as It stood . ' ( Hear , hear , ) But was tbera not a bully ofpolitios , as well as of society f Undoubtedly ; and be eschewed cqunl arms , and nought to wound in tbe dark . If the victim was a tradesman , his credit aud custom were assailed ; If ' a tenant , let him look for ejectment ; if a servant , for his discharge . ( Hear , hear . ) He accused not hon . gentlemen of unmanliness because they adopted the ballot : but he asked them to ex lead the eame protection to otbero . It waB Bald by the opponents of the ballot that tbe statements of the deplorable degradatien of constituencies were exaggerated , No one would believe this who bad read the evidence before the com .
mittee of 1885 . Before the committee of 1835 , Mr A , Cockbura stated that tho only method of detecting bribery , mutually agreed upon , was by making it uncertain whether tbe agreement would be carried out . A number of wttneaaea connected with Westminster stated tbat much luflaeni 9 was exercised by the government officers , and by persons of wealth ; so tbat tbe tradesmen were much more influenced than those in a small borough would be by direct bribes . Out of 13 , 000 registered elec . tors in Westminster , only 4 , 690 bad voted at the preceding election ; and a great number of others avoided being placed on the register . Such was the oharacter of the election In Westminster in 1837 . In 1811 the election at Westminster was of a strong political character , as hou . members would , no doubt , remember ! It WflS when the
question of free trade flaurlehed luxuriantly ; th - Prottctiooists worked heaven and earth toretura a member to support tho right hon . baronet the member for Tarnworth , fvho at that time wasthe champion of protection . ( A laugh . ) Extraordinary exertions were made by the aristocracy Jo support Captain Rou ? , The gallant gen . tleman ' s cause was especiall y favoured by the ladles , of whom large bodies turned out ( laughter ) and canvassed In his behalf nith as much earnestness and vehemence as any paid canvassers could have done . He would select two cases out of innumerable ones whioh hod come to Mb knowledge and the authenticity of nkich he conld himself attest . He should state tbem jast as tbey had been detailed te him by tbe tradesmen thfEBelveo . Tho first case was tbat of a
man ot the west end of the town , who had very strong opinions on tbe subject of free trade . He had been all his life a Liberal , and was anxious to vote for the honourable and gallant gentleman opposlu ( Sir Ds L . Et&Bb ) . In the course of tbe day before tbe election , six carriages i'ri w up to his door , eaoh bearing a corosut oa the panels . Tbe fair occupants of ifcese carrlagos entered tbe tradesman ' s chop , and thire was no cajoling or threat to which they had not rtcouree , in order to extract from bim a promise tbat be would vote for Captain Rous . In a word , they worried the unfortunate man to that extent not only by menacing to withdraw their own custom , but by threatening to denounce him to others of their acquaintance wba would do the same , that although be could not be intimidated to vote aga inst bis conscience
he was Induced to promise not to vote at all . ( Hear , hear . ) He ( Mr Berkeley ) had the curUsity to call tht following year on that man to ask him whether he had succeeded in pleasing his customers , but he aBBured bim tbat he bad not . ( Laughter , ) Of tbe Bix families represented by the alx coronets , four with all their connexions , never set foot again within his threshold because he had refused to vote . ( Heat , bear . ) Tbe man , who was a most respectable trader , had requested that bis name should not be mentioned in tbe bouse , but he ( Mr Berkeley ) would take any member aside and satisfy him aa to the perfect authenticity of the statement . The tradesman estimated the loss to which he was subjected by tbat scaadalous exercise of tyranny as amounting on the wholo to net less than £ 60 per annum . ( Hear ,
htBr . ) The case wob certainly ono to point a moral , if not to adorn a tale . ( Laughter . ) But the beauty of it was , that a few months after Captain Rous turned round , followed bis leaders , and , throwing completely over , board the persons who euffcMd all ( hat Wflar and tfiSPOf conscieuca in his service , voted for free-trade . ( Laughter . ) How well might the ladles who poeroed the unhappy tradesmen exolalm , ' What shadows we are —what shadowa we pursue ! ' ( Loud laughter . ) The other case to which ho wished to call attention was that of an unhappy publioan . ( Laughter , ) HU case had a double aspect . It exemplified evil effects at well or de . mocratic as of aristocratic interference . Here tho ariatocraoy and the democracy were both united in doing tbe wrong thing . Tho publican was waited upon by
a lady of high rank , wko , having called at his houeotnd sent for him to her carriaga , made a utraago overture to him . ' You serve my bouse with beer , ' she said . The pufellean replied in the affirmative . ' I uadarstsad that nay servants also uso your house . ' The publioan assented , 1 Well , then , continued tkalady , I have called upon you to inform you tba ' . if you don ' t vote as I wish , not only shall you lose my custom , but any servant of mine who hereafter sets bis faot within your door I shall immediately discharge voie as I wish , and you shall always have our custom , and I will aee what I can do for your son la the Custom House . ' ( Liughter . ) Frightened by the threat , or allured by the promise , the publican got up very early in tbe morning and voted for Captain Rous , but he did not gain much by it either on the score of
psaco of mind or in any other sense , It so happened that there were twelve or thirteen tailors who held their Satur . day night orgies at hlsheaae . ( Laughter . ) They were very formidable tailors , quite of the Cuffay school , ( Laughter . ) Tremendous fellows . ( Ltughter . ) One of them being very enthusiastic in tbe cause , went to the poll at a v * ry early hour , and having discovered that his host had voted for Ciptaia Rous , he lost no rline in cemmnuicatlog the faot to hU comrades . The upshot was , that oh the nest Saturday night they called for their bill , abused tbe unfortunate man in round set terms , told him that ho was not only a publican butn siaaer—( laug hter)—aad gave him to understand that tbey would drink no more of his boer , but denounce him to tho whole trade . ( Laughttr . ) TheBe two ojbbb he had
selectsd from fifty or Bixty which had come to his knowledge . He seriously put it to ths house whether it was to be tolerated that such a state of things should continue . Were they not bound in jo » tlce and in mercy to g ive to tbe victlma of such tyranny tho protection of aeoret voting . ( Hear , hear . ) In 1847 ha was chairman ef a committee appointed to carry out tbe election of the soblo lord now at tbe head of tbe government and other Liberal members . Tha committee Bat at the weBt-end of tke town , and tbe objeot was to enlist tho suffrages of west end tradesmen who had votes in the city . Tbe re . suit of his experience on tbat committee , was the canvlc * tion that tbe evils compliined so muon of in 1835 , ei . istod in an aggravated form in 1847 , and that tbe Instances were numerous , oi tradesmen disfranchising themselves , rather than be subjected u the terrors and horrors of the worrying system . ( Hear , hear . ) A common reply te
those who aaked a trueeiman for his vote was , ' Thank Got , I have ao vote when I was a younger man I had one , but I have Buff . red tco much from the exercise of it of late , and I have become a wiser man—I will ntver vote again . ' In nine caiies oul of t 30 , they added t j ; b saving clause , ¦ unlesB you get the ballet for us . ' ( Hear , hear , ) Tbe same system prevailed all over the country . In Ireland , priests and landlords seemed to vie witb each other In intimidation . The evidence ef 1835 oontaim 6 some remarkable disclosures as to the conduot of two magUtrates inTipperary , who , while strongly denouncing the totlmidatloo of the priests , maintained that theirown was perfectly allowable . One of these , llr Wilcox , said be thought the landlord bad a legitimate right to tbe votes of his tenants . ( Laughter . ) Col . Bruea round ! ; maintained the right of landlorde ' to discharge s&rvai to or eject tenants for not voting as they wished , mentioning laBtonoes where he bad ( Serolied that power 'for purAib inrlhe isafrao'ery , ' . { laughter . ) T * o oleegwnsn > df ..
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scribed tbe disastrous effects which open voting prodnoec " oa the tenantry , and stated tbat the ballot was absolutely necessary . The same state of things bad prevailed In 1837 , 1841 , and 1 M 7 . A stronger case ef landlord intl . mldatlon oould not be conceived than that which was proTfld teforo the late Kinsale electloB committee , The lait objeotlon wib , that the ballot was produotiv * of lying and deceit . Tho right bon . member for Northampton ( Mr V . Sm ( tb ) bad said tbe ballot would convert tbo babits of tbe electors Into one continued He , Surely , then , there was something la the present system which enconraged trntb , So far from this , ho maintained that the eiistlngeleotoral systom was one vast 11 * , and mig ht be summed up in that comprehensive term ' humbug . ' ( Laughter . ) Standing orders w « re passed every session against the interference of peers st election *; but the
most extraordinary illustration of the way In whioh these orders were attended to was furnished by MrDodd , in bis ' Parliamentary Companion . H » gare In a tabular and alphabetical form , the list of boroughs In whioh peers exercised influence in the retura of the membersia all no fewer than 62 in England and Wales , containing 13 . 100 inhabitants , and rcturnfng 88 mombers . Ot these flfty-seven were returned by the direct iofluenco of the arlstooraoy . In all there were forty-nine peers and twenty . five wealthy oommoaere who exercised a direct influence in the return of members of parliament . ( Hear , hoar . ) Ia tbe face of such a statement as that what a farce were tbe sessional orders ! ( Hear , bear . ) Inputting ( hem forth they could goarculy be Bapposod to have any other intention but that of damning their own obaracter fer sincerity , and they oould not surely free
themselves from the charge of deceit . But how well did the candidate follow tbe example thus set him by that house ? The not uafnquc-nt custom was for « candidate to go down to some borough at a general eleotlos , and fully impressed with the trno character of these teBslonal orders , to publish among his constituent * his manifesto , telling them that they ore free and inde pendent eleotors , that Englishmen never would consent to bo slaves , ' and while at the same time he was issuing this address , hn and hio agonts were putting in force cvorj screw and artifice known in electioneering contests to wring and extort from them their promises in his favour ; and when he had At length screwed them Into returning him by means of these abominable appliances , the candidate wonld turn round and coolly tell bis constituencythose bought and Intimidated unfortunates—that ho was the most hooourod man ia tbe world , In being eleoted by their free and unbiassed suffrages . ( Hear , hear , and laughter . ) Then , having been thus returned to tbat
house , whenever such a question as tbe ballot was brought forward , he ( Mr Berkeley ) had always observed tbat suoh candidates were ever foremost to enact the manly British lion , and Indignantly protested tbat they could not support the ballot—It was against their conscience to do so—they were virtuously shocked at the bare idea of the lying and deceit to whioh they believed It would Inevitably lead . ( Ilaar , and laughter . ) He did not hope for the support of tbe Chartists , whom be ; had always looked apoa ss the propagandists of violence , but he hoped for success from the growing influence of enlightened publio oplnioa . He implored the bo « Be to emancipate the constituencies who bad sent them there , atid who , by tbeir reoeat conduot in most excited times , had deserved so well at their hands , ( Hear , hear . ) Give the people the ballot , and they wonld have in their gratitude the best security for tbe stability and security of tbo national institutions . ( Hear , bear . )
Colonel Thompson , in supporting the motion wished to call the attention of the house to one objeotion which had been urged against the ballat , It had frequently been urged that the exercise of tho franobise was a duty , and shonld be performed openly ; but it should be remembered that the members of a court-martini , assembled as they were to perform mott solemn duties , yet were bound by a solemn oath equivalent to tbe secreiy of the ballot , not to dlaoloae tbe votes or opinions of an ; member of the court . Why should not tbe poor man have the eame protection t ( Hear , hear . ) He ( Col , Thompson ) believed ia bis heart that there was ao hos tlllty ob the part of the people to the hereditary ailstecraoy of tbe country , and tkat therefore [ there was no reason for keeping from them a concession which was etbential to tbe freer exercise of tbeir most sacred priviliges . Witb these few observations he begged to se cood the motion , Mr P . HoWiBD opposed tbe motion .
Colonel Sibtuobp did not intend to vote on thia mo tion either one way or the other , bnt should leave Lord J . Russell t 3 settle bis dispute with his mutiaous troopi as be best could . He bad never advocated , and be never woald advocate , tbe ballot . Lord Dodlet Stoakt supported ths motion . Mr TJsqchabt , as the representative of the Chartists and Radicals , [ tbe hon . member must be labouring under a delusion ot an extraordinary character , the Chartists know little of him , and that little 1 b not of a kind to induce them to raake Aim their representative , ]
wished to state why thoBe parties had IobI their confi . dence in Abstract terms and meaningless reforms . lie pretested ugalnst the time of tbe house being taken up nlth such idle motions . ( Ironical cheers . ) Ho held lotbe old fashioned opinion that tbe ballot was an un . English practice . H ? had been sent to that hosae to control the government , to watch the conduot of public men and to use bis best exertions to procure a reduotiun ef tha puhlie iipendituro . He called on hon . members opposite to follow tbe same course , as one more calculated to serve their country then the proposal of sudden and organic changes In Its Institutions .
Lord J . RussBiLin opposing the medon , said that be could only rep at the same aru ; ments which he had employed on former occasions when he had been compelled to oppose similar propositions . Publicity was the rule of eur constitution , andjeecrccy was the eicepllen from it . Our courts of justice were open , and so were the discussions of both Houses of Parliament . Tbe votes of every member of parliament were kaown and published to the country . And so with other practices in our general , political , and social system . This proposal , therefore , was adverse to the whole spirit of our institutions , The bon . gentleman proposes no alteration Id the number of electors . He still leaves us open to that charge which was made by the bonourablo gentleman who is sitting near him ( Mr Hume , as was understood ) , that only one in seven of tbe male
persons of adult sge were to have the right of voting . In this one ia seven he proposes to leave the power of electing members of parliament , uncontrolled by any exercise of publio opinion , and completely concealed . Therefore one . seventh of tbe male ad alts of this kingdom are to havo what the constitutlsn of Venice gave to the inquisitors of tbat state , & secret and despotic power over all the affairs of this kingdom . Sir , in the case of a democratic constitution I could well understand any one saying , ' the sovereignty is placed in numbers . There aro so many millions of adult males in this country , it Is for them to decide ; they have nothing to do but to Bay which party has the majority , and if they choose to exercise their powers secretly they should be allowed to do so . ' Bat such is sot the nature of your present electoral constitution .
The very fault which the hoa . member for Montrosc has attributed to the eleotoral body is , that it is a select body . It is only a portion of the people of this country who have the elective franchise , and , therefore , the franchise is a trast reposed la them which they are to exercise for the benefit of the whole community . Well , then , ths question is new , how can they best exercise It 1 Hew can thoy exerciso it is the manner most likely to be conducive to the good of tbe community t I gay tbat they will exercise it best if they give their votes publicly—if every man is obliged to sey , I give my vato for suoh a person , ' and knews that he must abide by his rots . He
Ho did not deny but that both intimidation and corrup - ti on characterised , to some extent , our electoral system . These were defects in that system ; but it did not follow that , on account of some abuses , they should surrender a great principle , and one which he considered a vital and an essential principle of the constitution . Independently of these considerations , he did not believe that the supporters of the ballot would achieve their object , if the ballot were secured to them . ' Should the motion be adopted , and the honourable gentleman follow it up by a bill , he frould oppose that bill , convinced that the object Bought by it would not be attained if it were carried , and that in addition to not producing any good , it would be productive of muoh mischief .
Mr Cobdxn delivered a lengthy speech ia support of tha motion . Mr Henlet . opposed the motion . Mr Moktz denounced tbe speech of Lord J . Russoll as a mast of sophistical twaddle , delivered for the mere purpose of getting rid of tbis question . He admitted that ( if the ballot could not be made secret , It would be ot little use ; but he was convinced tbat it could be mads secret , and , if so , it must be productive of peace and advantage to all classes . Mr Wood and Mr Villiehs supported , and Mr Napib * opposed the motion . Mr Bebeele ; replied , and the house divided , when the numbers for the motion were—Ayes , 86 Noes 81 Majority in iti favour .. .. _ 5
Tne new opposition , surprised at its own success , received tho annunciation of the numbers with a double volley of very loud cheers . The house immediately afterwards adjourned at twelve o'clock . WEDNESDAY , Auoo 8 T 9 th . HOUSE OF COMMONS . —The house met at twelve o ' clock . The Bankruptcy Bill was read a second time , as was also tho Provident Association Fraud Prevention Bill . The report on the Stock la Trade Exemption Bill was then brought up and received .
Tbe Turnpike Acts Continuance Bill , the Court of Justiciary ( Scotland , ) Bill , the Criminal Law Administration Amendment Bill , the Money Order Department ^ Postoffice ) Bill , and the Fisheries ( Ireland , ) Bill , went severally through committee . The Churches Bill , the Proclamation of Fines ( Gout t of Common PleaeJ Bill , aud the Poor Law Uaion Charges ( No . 1 ) Bill were severally read a third time and passed . The order of the day for the second reading of the Remedies ugainBt the Hundred Bill was read and discharged , on tho motion of Sir William Clay j it beiug understood that the present law on the subject was not likely to work any hardship before the government intro duced a measure to obviate the inconvenience that hnd been complained 0 ( 1 At three o clock the sitting was suspended till five . At that hour the house re-assembled .
Mr H . BsBK . ei . Ky . gave notice that be would early next session , move for leave to bring in a bill for taking the votes-at the election of members to serve in Parliament , by ballot . Kspeal of the Uhcow , —Mr Gbooan was desirous to know . from the government what its opinion was with respeetfto the assertion of many itatemen , that there wat no djffesaace between a Repeal of the Union between
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Great Britain and Ireland and a separation of tht t countries . ™ Lord Johm Rubbeu . replied , that an association whose operations were strictly confined to petition ! ' Parliamont for a Repeal of the Union would be legal » n £ petitiocs with that prayer had been received bv to * house ; but nny association for the purpoie of effectln that object by other that constitutional means was ¦« doubtedlyillepal . ¦ *¦ Navt Estimates . —The house then went into Com mittee of Supply on the Navy Estimates , Mr Wahd oh ! serving , ia Hie course of a speech of details as to the varl ous matters lnvolTed in the several votes , and with re ferencetothe recommendations contained in theriDorf of the select committee on this head of expenditure that the total reduction effected on the votes , as originally nr posed , would be £ 2 O 8 , ono the excess of expenditure , there . fore , for the present ye . ir , as compared with the last would only be £ 6 , U » . Tho first vote haviDg been put a n ' tracted debate ensued , involving the whole for « jr n polio .
01 me country . 1 ne most noticeable point of fact dis . cusslon was the followlug ? portion of Lord J . Hmsnt / i , speech In reply to Mr Cobdem : —I think that If tho nre , sont French government , being wiser than the late government of that country , should deem it proper to rel duce rerj much their na ? al expenaea , which appear to ins to have been extravagant of late years , it would furnish a good occasion for us to carry into effect retrenchments which would not otherwise be advisable . ( Hear aad cheers . ) I think that the committee which has latel y sat has poictod out several sources of expense which might be » ery well the subjects of inquiry and of careful amendment in the course of another year . I quite disagree with an hon . gentleman who said it was not fitting to sub . Ject the estimates to the consideration of a select com . mittee . ( Hear , hear . ) I think it would be very unadvisable and unusual-it would be shirking the responsi .
bilityiof a government—to take that course every year but I regret that 6 uch , 1 course was not taken in 1818 and ' 18 * 8 . I regret also that we did not take that course ia 1838 , and I think the hon . member for Montrose ( Mr Hume ) was quite right In suggesting that it should be adopted this year . I believe that inquiries by such committees from time to time—not toe frequently , but every now and thea—do enable ibe government , and the public departments , to reconsider expenses which they may have incurred , and to take a better course with regard to many of the details of that expenditure . ( Hear , hsar . ) I perfectly agree , olso , that thero is nothing more foolish than for the governments of different countries to vie with each otber in attempting to have large armaments . ( Hear , hear . ; I quite agree that , as a general rule , such a course is most univige . I do not think ,, however , that we are exactly in the position of the
United States of America . We are naturally more in . volved in all those questions which concern the continent of Europe ; but still , I think , the powers of Europe would all do well if they modified their expenditure for tho maintenance of armaments . ( Loud cries of ' Hear , hear . ) I can a 68 ure the hon . m « mber that it waB never our wish to quarrel with the eovernment of France- ( loud cries of 'Hear , hear ')—and , even In tUe short time that has elapsed since the revolution of February , we hare shown I think , that it has been our desire to act rather in eoncert , or at all events on the best terms of international relation , with the government of so powerful and enlieht . ened a country . ( Hear , and cheers . ) I am glad to find that the present government of France disclaim , most wisely , those projects of ambition which led France , under the Republic and under the Empire , at first to bril . liant conquests and afterwards to as signal calamities that tbe
present government of France , and I believe the whole of the French nation , concur in the impolicy of such a course —( hear , hear)—that , on the contrary , their wish is to preuervc tbe peace of Eurepe ; and that , if there It a desire to break the peace of Europe , It exietsnot in Prance—but in other quarters . ( Hear , hear . ) I cannot Bay that I think the itate of Europe is at present » o assured that any statesman could confidentl y predict , for any number of years , the continuance of peace ; but , with respect to tho government of France , I believe that they are animated by a sincere desire to preserve peacs . ( Hear , hear . ) I believe that the powerful government of Russia is animated by tbe same desire—( hear , hear )—and , England , Prance , and Hu » tia nit cencurring in a desire to maintain the peace of Europe , there is not the least probability of that peace being disturbed . ( ' Hear , hear , ' and cheers . )
Mr Disraeli considered Mr Cobden theprofesBor of * system of philosophy which was not founded on facts . Wars , bo far from being originated by monarchs or ca . binets , were caused by popular passions and prejudices . Several vot « s were agreed to , and at one o ' clock , the house adjourned .
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( From the OazetUot Tuesday , August 8 . ) BANKRUPTCY ANNULLED . Josiah Joan Crask , of Lowestoft , Suffolk , linendraper ,. BAKKROPTS . John Oatrell , Lymington , upholsterer—Joseph Hub bard , Dorking , Hnon draper—George Webster , < 3 , Hedgerow , Islington , licensed viclualler—Thoma 9 James Champion , Tunbridge . wellB , bootmaker-James Steere , Guildford , watchmaker—Joseph Peace Shuttleworth , fc Birraingham , mathematical instrument maker Thomas Wnkefield , Lenton , merchant-James Crescent Shaw , Bristol , carrier—David Turner , Sheffield , innkeeper—Charles Lowe Swainson and John Birchwood , Manches . ter , manufacturers-Thomas Gillesple Ferguson , Henry Tajler , and George Frederick Manley , Manchester , com . mission marnhnntn .
DECLARATION OP INSOLVENCY . 8 arauel Glover , 72 , Park . street , Giosvenor-square builder . INSOLVENT PETITIONERS . E Asheroft , Kirkdale , Lancashire , merchant ' s clerk—E Evans , Toxteth-park , Lancashire , joiner—J Fittall , Ewell , Kant , butcher—P H Ireland , Muckleton , Shropshire , farmer— IV Jolley , Claines , Worcestershire , cattle dealer—T M'Kinley , Liverpool , lodging-housekeepor—S Pointon , Gillowbeath , Staffoi dshire , wheelwright—J Rowley . Blaok . park . Denbighshire , victualler - —J Snaps , Liverpool , licensed brewer—J Wanstall , Dov < r , journey , man carpenter—J Warner , Henley-upou-Thames , whitesmith— R Woodall , Scarborough , Yorkshire , painter .
SCOTCH SEQUESTRATIONS , Edgley , Emmereon , and Co ., Qlitgon , manufacturers-Edward Braughton , Edinburgh , boarding school keeper —Thomas Henderson Setoa , Glasgow , taTern keeper—Robert Johnston , Aberdeen , shipowner — Neil Blair , Paisley , calico printer—William Frier , Edinburgh , corn merchant—John Cochran and Co ., Glnsgow , wholesale tea merchants—William Shackleton , Aberdeen , woolstapler—Thomas Charles Burns , Avondale , writer to the signet .
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The Whigs . —There is a certain class of transgressors who are never penitent but when they are in extremis ^ and who , upon the sli g htest relief from , the pressure which makes them amenable to law and reason , immediately relapse into their former misdeeds . Pharaoh is an ancient example of the character ; the Whigs are a modern one , though infinitely below , we need scarcely say , the autocrat of Egypt in point of general respectability . In former days , when their political opponents were in office , these patriotic statesmen reserved all their
virtuous indignation for the Government which thought coercion the proper way to deal with sedition ; whence it has been truly as well as wittily observed , how fortunate it was that Lord John Russell was seated on the Treasury bench in April last , because , had he not been there , lie would undoubtedly have taken the chair 011 Kennington-common . Assailed , however , in the seat of power , the Whigs are as ready as any to show their teeth , and to btingm ' gagging' Acts and coercion Bills that mi ght satisfy the dictatorial propensities of Cavaignac himself . —John Bull .
Retjiibutiok — Some of the jury who did their duty before God and man in convicting the traitor Mitchel , have been already ruined by the terrorists Times . A letter from Constantinople , the 19 th ult ., says : ' Last Saturday the Sultan saw his family increased on one day , by two sons , born of different mothers , and to whom were g iven the names Mehmed-Froad ( Mahomet ' s heart ) , and Ahraed-Keniail-Eldin ( perfection of religion . )" The Rising of tub Millions , —The multitude are rising frora the dust . Ouce we heard of the few , now of the many ; once of the prerogatives of a part , now of the rights of all . We are looking , as never
before , through the disguises , envelopments of ranks and classes , to the common nature which is below them ; and are beginning to learn that every being who partakes of it has noble powers to cultivate , solemn duties to perform , inalienable rights to assert , a vast destiny to accomplish . The grand idea of humanity , of the importance of . man as man , i& spreading silently but surely . Not that the worth of the bn ' man being is at all understood as it should be ; but the truth is glimmering through the darkness . A faint consciousness of it has seized on the public mind . Even Ihe most abject portions of society are visited by some dreams of a better
condition , for which they are designed . The grand doctrine , that every human being should have the means of self-culture , of progress in knowledge and virtue , of health , comfort , and happiness , o £ exercising the powers aud affections of a man ; this is slowly taking its place as the hi ghest social truth . That the world was made for all , and net for the few ; that society is to care for all ; that no human being shall perish but through his own fault ; that the great end of government is to spread a shield over the rights of all ; these propositions are growing into axioms and the spirit of them is coming forth in all the departments of life . — jD >* Channino .
Shell out , Ladies . —In an advertisement published at Vienna , by a committee of ladies appointed to raise subscriptions for a German fleet , all married ladies are requested to contribute for this purpose the money vhich , according to the advertisement , all wives are in the habit of secretl y reserving for their own use from the allowances made them by their husbands for housekeeping .
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BIRTH , On Saturday last , August Oth , was registered by Mr-Hutchinson , Eliza O'Connor Shelley Ctoit , the infant daughter of J . Cook , bookseller and newe-agent . Upper OrneU-Btreef , Ipswich ,
Gmpenai Fjaritameut-
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• treot , Haymarket , in the City of Westm ) ster , at t& « Office , in the same Street and Parish , forth' . Proprietor , FEARGUS O'CONNOR , Esq ., M . P ., and published by Wilmam Hewitt , of Ko . 18 , Charles-stroet , Brae * don-street , Walworth , in the parish of St . Mary , Ne «« ington , in the County of Surrey , at the Office , No , K « Great Windmill-street , Hajrcoarket , in the CityotW «* » » minster . —Saturday August 12 th , I 8 i 8
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, g THE NORTHBRNSTAIt ^ August ^^ s ^
Prated By Dougal M'Gowan, Of 16, Ore*'. Windmill-
Prated by DOUGAL M'GOWAN , of 16 , Ore *' . Windmill-
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Aug. 12, 1848, page 8, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1483/page/8/
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