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Rational 2an& ©ompai^
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REPORT OF THE AUDITORS OF THE NA. TIONAL CHARTER ASSOCIATION .
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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' Fellow Countbymen , —We have this day aufiited the books of the National Charter Association jnd found them correct , comparing the income with the receipts , as published in the Northern Star weekly . The income being £ 194 9 s . 7 ., and althoug h tt > e whole business has been conducted with the strictest economy there is a balance against the Society of not less than £ 14 ; and it seems but justice to state that this arrear is exclusively for wges due to the members of the Executive Council . Mr O'Connor , although a member of the Executive , has not received any salary , and the balance is principally due to Messrs Kydd and M ' Crae , also to Messrs Jones and M'Douall .
In examining the books , we are struck with the fact that many of the most important districts of England have contributed but very triflingly indeed towards the Liberty Fund , and many of the principal towns and cities of Scotland have not contributed a penny . Messrs Jones and M'Douall are sow , unfortunately , in gaol for political offences » p inst the powers that be , and the greater responsbility , therefore , rests on those who are their
colleagues in office , and still enjoying the liberties of the subject " . A respect for the wives and families of the unfortunate sufferers ought , alone , to stimulate you to support the Executive by your co-operation and pecuniary support . Yon cannot bring back liberty to these men who are now suffering within the walls of their prisons ; but you may , by rendering to their wives and families the means of support , alleviate their mental tortures , and encourage others to give to popular freedom their energetic aid .
The avowed Chartists in England are numerous , and although many of them are suffering from poverty , we feel assured that if they would but exercise the means at their command ample funds for all useful purposes might , with no difficulty , be raised . We call on each district to take up this subject immediately , as the necessities of the case call for immediate consWefat&n . therefore , let all the bcal committees and district councils adopt such measures as , in their judgment , seem best .
We have felt it to be our duty to make this appeal to yon , apart from the discharge of our duty as auditors , fer we have an attachment to the great abstract truths of the People ' s Charter and a soul , felt hatred of Whig domination , and we hope yet , in defiance of the present lawless reign of tenor , to live and see the principles of . the People ' s Charter the basis of the British constitution . We have , however , felt the duty of appealing to you to be imperative , from the fact , that when we asked Mr Kydd
to do so he refused , saying , Gentlemen , IJriU write xo more appeals for money at present , for although 3 have received no wages for a month , I would lather do anything than constantly beg for money . "We can bear testimony to Mr Kydd ' s attention to your business and can easily account for the feeling that makes that gentleman refuse to appeal to you for funds , which is a subject of constant reproach by the enemies of the people , and a source of jeering insult for the hireling press of England .
We are , fellow Chartists , yours fraternally , John Arxgit , August 28 th . James Grassbt
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StouBBarpeH —At ameetiagheldon the 26 th uft » Mr Peter Chance in the chair , Mr O'Connor * * ptopodtiom were discussed , when it was unanimously rewired : — 'That this meeting is not in unison with Mr O'Connor on the point of raising the price of shares , as it would be a solid foundation for bickering , - disappointment , and dissatisfaction , partly from the resources of the members being very much cramped at the present time . 'That the proposition of lowering the rentof allottees from five to four per cent would be inexpedient , as it would greatly retard the progress of location , except that the bonus jtid down will not be lest th&n £ 50—that is to fay a sum the interest of which would cover tie redact turn in rent .
MABCHKBTgB . —Mfetings of the member * of this branch were held at the People ' s Institute , on Monday and Tuesday week , for the purpose of canaderine ihe propositions of the Directors with regard to certain projected alterations in the constitution of the Company . Messrs M'Grath and Clark , two of the Dir ector * , were present at heft meetings . The fol lowing resolutions were carried : —' That we do not aeree to wmd up the affaire of the Company , but are determined to continue its operatien . ' That no member shall be permitted to withdraw msney from the funds of the Companj- , f « t that it shall be com * patent for any member to sell or transfer his interest in the Company . * ' That location shall be decided iy bonus , as proposed ' Jay the Directors . That wa
agree to the continuous weekly payment ? , as proposed hj the Directors—namely , that members holding two ¦ hares , shall pay twopence each weekly ; members holding three shares , shali pay threepence each weekly ; and members holding four shares , shall pay fourpence e&eh weekly . ' 'That we agree to leate estates to the allottees for one life in reversion and ninety-nine years , and then sell the estate ? , as the readiest and most effectual mode of reproducing the capital of the Company . ' 'That the aid money granted to members shall be refunded to the Com * pany , and that the repayment of said money shall commence at the date of three months from the time of location . ' * That the Company shall remain dosed against the adais-ion of new members '
Ecciz 3 . —At a general meeting of the Land members of this branch on the 27 ; h nit , Mr Worthington in the chair , the following resolutions were adopted : —1 . ' That all location ehaUba by bonus . '—2 . ' The repayment of aid money after three years in half yearly instalments . '—3 ToabolightheExpeasa Fund , and pay Id . per share weekly . '— i . 'Left for the Directors' consideration . '—6 . ' The affair * of the Company nut to be wound up till all the members be located . —6 'To gnbstitHte a lease for oce life and ninety nine years in reversion . '—7 and 8 . 'Left opm fsrf the Directors * consideration . '
Abebdk 5 —At the usual weekly meeting of this branch of the National Land Company , upon the 11 th nit , the following ImportaHt matter was taken up and discussed by the committee : —' Upon the breaking up of the late Convention and Assembly held in London , Mr Shirron , the Aberdeen delegate , upon his arrival here , at a great pabiio meeting called for the purpose of hearing his report from that body , pub'icly stated that the members of the Land Com pany were duped . He was summoned to attend the first weekly meeting of the bracch , when he not only confirmed all that he had said at the former meeting , but made many charges against the direc ^ L ^ iri ^ A ^ *? . ^^^ Ms charges , referred to the committeeof
us the Dean-itreet locality , London . We have sinca tkea corresponded with the eecretary of that locality , and he has officially written to us . explicitly refuting each of the charges , in CJDsequence of which the following resolution was passed unanimously at this meeting . Moved by John Fraserand seconded by James Jack , 'That this cemmittee are folly convinced that Mr Shirron has been proved , byjhis own evidence , to have fabricated a v&riety of wilful and malicious falsehoods , against the promoter and directors of the National Land Company , and after Bearing the correspondence from the party he referred ns to ; we are folly of opinion that the false assertions were made with the intent to shake the confidence reposed in Feargns O'Connor and the directors by the shareholders of this branch .
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Shzffuid . —A general meeting of the Chartist cumbers was held at the Three Cranes Inn , Queenstreet , on Tuesday evening , Aneuet 22 nd , for the election of officers for the ensuing quarter , and for the better organisation of the Chartist body . Mr WiHey in the chair . The following members were nominated for tbe coming quarter : —John Taylor , John Hudion , Joseph FeanesB , Joha WiHey , Frederick Lever , Willia m Conwood , Joseph Benson . William Cavill ; Beery Taylor , sub-secretary ; George Cavill , eudtrtasurer . Ten shillings was voted to the Victim Fond ; and the meeting separated . The council will meet for the dispatch of basinets at seven o ' clock every Sunday evening , instead of eight as before , in tha Democratic Reading-room , 33 , Queen street .
. DiwiBOBT . —A district delegate meeting wa ? held m the Chartist meeting room , on Sunday , August 27 , * aen delegates attended from High Town , Heckaondwicke , Birstal and Daasbary . Mr Ebene « r Uegg in the chair . Tie minutes of the last meeting were confirmed . On the motion of MrStainthorp , « e following resolution was agreed to : — ' Taatalevy ° » « ne pens ; for ew 7 fiTe paying members per month {¦« aide to defray the district expenses . After other P ^ uku the meeting vti adjourned to Suadty , Sept ember 10 . The following plaoesare earnestly rented to send delegates to the next district < te !« - R * meeting : -Ckekheaton , Little Town , Batley , F"cken ! ey , Onett . Horbary and Wakefield . The ui ding Chutist * of the various Tillages in the district « w included in the above list , are requested onee gg * to cooperate with their brethren in tbe dii-
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tu " " GHiu .-Tlie Land members will meet at Si . u * Bridle « rita Gate , on Sunday evening , a i £ mfer 3 . at seven o ' clock . KaHpVf— meeting of the sharefcpldew of the everl . Land Company will be held on Tuesday rS , - *" ' ^ Herbert ' s Coffee-house . Exeterto attin j ^ stree ^ when "U members are requested " end , 8 b important business will be transacted .
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WORKING CLASSES . ' Words are things , and & small drop ef Ink Falling—like dew—npoa a thought , produces That which makes thousands , perhaps millions think . ' Biwm . THE FRENCH REPUBLIC . Broihxb Pkolktakiakb , In former letters published in this journal I explained the facts ( as opposed to the falsehoods of the Press gang , ) of the movement in Paris , on the 15 : h May . I showed what were the objects of the Democrats , as proved by their demands at the tribune of the Assembly ; namely , bread and work for the people , a Ministry of labour and progretsjustioe for the Rouen democrats , the immediate adoption oi a democratic constitution , armed intervention in behalf of Poland , and a tax on the rich to save the people at home from hunger , and save freedom abroad frosa again succumbing beneath the blows of royal traitors and assassins " . I demonstrated the pure motives of B abbes and bis friend ? , and defended their principles and aims . But I deplored the impolitic course they had taken . The end they had in view was godlike ; but their means were ill-advised , ill . timed , and ill-directs .
In the Addresaof the Fraternal Democrats dated ^ V ^ isiS ^ was tonoured by the n otice of that verysenaiblFsTatesman , H . Dbumuohd , and that very liberal legislator , brown-bread Josrea ) . I vindicited the democratic combatants of June from the calumnies of their French assassins and English slanderer * . I showed that the Insurrection was caused by the oppression and treason of the ruling faction—that the working men of Paris revolted because they eaw themselves betrayed—the promises which had been made to them falsified—their leaders thrown into dungeons—their petitions mocked attheir associations put down by brute force—their
right of publio meeting rendered a nullity , by the atrocious law of the 7 th of June . These wrongs justified their revolt , and the stand they made at the barricade * to the cry of Labour ob Death ! ' They were crushed . Every hellish art of war was employed to subdue them ; not cerely cannon—red-hot shot , the mine , the rocket , and the shell were ruthlessly used to csnquer and destroy them . Vanquished and in flight they were pursued by flying artillery and cavalry , anamowed down without mercy . Hundreds of thoie who fell alive into the hands of the conquerors were butchered in cold blood ; and the very forms of law and justice were superseded by an undisguised and sanguinary terrorism .
Snch was the version which two months ago I gave of the June Insurrection , a version given in no other paper in England , and which , notwithstanding the daily lies of the Press-gang for sixty days past , aad the'revelations * of the pretended 'Commission of Inquiry . ' I am still prepared to maintain , as the only true version of the terrible combat of June . I showed in my lastletter the nature of the charges preferred against Ltobd Roujn . Lodb Buho , Caussidiehe , and Peodbhoh ; and made manifest tha truth that the ' report * had been artlully pre . pared , for the purpose of excusing the premeditated destruction of the abovenamed patriots . I come now to the ' evidence' on which that report is fonnded .
la this ' evidence * Asagodrops the mask of his sham Republicanism , and avows himself a thorough aristocrat He invites the opportunity of betraying the real Republicans , at the very onteet of his deposition , by saying to the President of the Commission ( Odoloh Bahroi ) . ' I am inclined to eay all I know . ' Of course Honest Babbot was only too happy to oblige so candid a witness . In the Provisional Government , ' gays Abago , 'there were twoelements—the element of a moderate republic , and that of a more ardent republic' For ' moderate' read bourgeois , and for more ardent' read democratic . 'Lxdru Roma's circulars , ' says Ahago , ' were deplorable . ' He avows that he opposed the creation of a Ministry of Labour and Progress ; and that when Lepeu Rollin and
Louis Blaxc desired to bring the batchers of the Rouen Democrats to justice , he opposed them , and carried his point . The villaneus object of the Commission is shown in the manner in which the President questions the worthy witnsss , to wit : having called the movement of the 16 th of March ' a manifestation , ' he says ' What was tha object of the counter-revolution of the 17 th of March ? ' Nownote the enormous lying conveyed in these apparently simple words ' manifestation' and ' counter-revolution . ' What Barbotcalled ' a manifestation , ' was in reality a movement of the hoargtoif portion of the National Guards to effect a counter-revolution , but which movement was foiled by the masses . By the conmer-revolaUotf Barbot means the glorious
manifestation of workmen on the 17 th of March , which for the moment saved the Republic , and for a time struck the intriguers with dismay . Straws serve to enow which way the wind blows , and these questidSB show the real object of the * Inquiry , ' namely—the making out ' a case' againBt tbe founders of the Republic . Abago , Bpeaking of the clubs says , 'I should prefer seeing the worst theatres in the world to those dobs . ' That is , he would preferseeing the minds and morals of thepeople utterly debauched , rather than see them acquiring a knowledge ot their social rights , and the means by which to remedy their social wrongs . ' Honest , honest Arago V He confesses that when he west to the barricade in the RueSoafibt . the starving insurgents told him' he had no right to speak to them as he had never known hunger . ' True , and tor the game reason he had no right to speak / or them by being placed at the head oi France
in the days of February . He who has not known hunger is not fitted to legislate far hungry men . Lst this be a lesson to the victims of hunger in all landB . It appears from the deposition of Goudchatjx , one of the schemers , that even bsfore the revolution the moderates' had concocted a Provisional Government , from which Ledbu Rouin and Loots Blanc were ex eluded . It was this worthy ' s opinion from the outset , that ' an effusion ef blood was necessary' to put an end to the hopes of the Democrats . ' A man' was wanting in tbe Revolution of February , now that ' man * was found—General Cavaignac . ' If , ' says this precious Republican , 'he ( the blood-stained dictator ) can be kept at the head of affairs , it may be hoped that all will go well . ' In the Provisional Government tbiB fellow was the creature of Gabnbr Pages—it will be concluded that the master must have been not unlike the man .
From the evidence of General Lamobicikbb , I glean the fact that the triumphant faction had to expend two miUion cartridges before they succeeded in crashing the insurgents in the combat of June . General Chakgabkibb , giving hn evidence on the 11 th ef July , said that' the insurgents weregre » tly discouraged , but they were regaining courage , and seem inclined to recommence the struggle . A very active correspondence is established between the insurgents and the provinces . ' The evidence of Marie , ex-member of the provisional government , and new Minister of Justice (!) is very similar to thatof Abago . He statesthat the working men desired before all things the organisation of labour . Unlike ment of the ether witnesses , he denied that the national workshops conspired tha insurrection of Jane . These ( the real ) ' conspirators ' contradict each other .
The depositions of Tbocvb Chatjvel ate principally directed against Cauesidieke . It must be borne in mind that this witness has got Cadssidibek ' s place , which he hopes to keep by helping to destroy his predecessor . There is nothing very remarkable in his depositions , unless I except the following : — Sitting of Jult 4 . h . —The witness said that great measures enght to be taken without delay for the relief of trade and manufactures . He conitdered the pro . gpscts of the future to ba alarmtog , and he bad worse apprehensions now than after May 15 tb . Tbe defeated part ; were exasperated rather than In despair . Bere is a specimen of the sort of evidence received by the Commission : — M . Biqxan , Sew ., Jolt 7 . —Witness heard bit ion peak of a sum of £ 11 , 000 sterling invested im England by II . Ledra RolUn ; bat be has himself no preciss information to give on the subject .
That accomplished traitor , Mabbast , is as ' candid ' aB Akaqo , bnt after all his revelations of the dissensions in the provisional government , he tells very little that was not well knawn previously . Speaking of the working men , he says : 'The population have seen the effects of cannon , is defeated , and it may be hoped that it will not revolt again . Elsewhere they with to begin once more . ' The flighty evidence of LuuRnra , shows that be did not hesitate to use his' poet ' s licence' when before the Committee . The following words are worthy to be extracted : — 'Each fraction of the anarchical party has always acted separately , and it is that which has riven as the victory . The dissolution of the ateliers nationaux seems to me to secure it infallibly for the future . ' . . "
With one exception , the most infamous evidence was tendered by Tbkiat , ex-Minister of Public Works , who was so shocked at Louis Blano ' s doings , that , although an 'old friend' of his . 'he had bo longer the heart to apeak to him I' This sensitive seal leaves nothing undone to destroy his foimer ' friend , ' pretending that he ( Louis Bunc ) had not merely indoctrinated the working men with his ideas , bat had also influenced them to adopt his words , his accentuation , hia gestaref , 'in fact , all his peculia .
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rities 1 Of course , therefore , when questioned asto the several movements , this honest fellow , Tbkut , declared that Louis Bianc ' bad done it all . ' In the recent debate , which ended in the impeachment of Louis Blanc , this rascal Tbhlat , taking advantage of the fact thathis « old friend' was born in Madrid , although of French parents , said that Lows Bla . sc bad inspired the workmen' with Spanish hatred more than with French fraternity . " Well might the proscribed patriot denounce this treacherous viper as an mfamons wretch ' .. _
The last on this list of 'informers , ' is one Adolphk CHKHtj , compared with whom Thomas Powell appears to be a highly respectable and consbientioui personage . According to Ms own story , he had b 9 en in the confidence of the Democratic party from some time before tbe revolution , and assisted in the for . mation of the Provisional Government ; he profeises also to have been for some time in the seoretaof Cujssidiehb , Louis Blanc , and Albkbt . It appears in the course of his evidence , that he had been promised certain indulgences and rewards if he would
tell everything he knew ; and , on the strength of these promises , he has built up a very pretty romance-quite a model for spies and informers . I shall not waste space by extracting fram , or examining his evidence . It wi'l be quite sufficient that I Btate on his own authority , and in his own words , that he had been long suspected by hisown party , and though he pretends to know the whole of the arrangements of the insurgents of June , it is evident , from his own words , that he had no admission to their councils , being regarded by them as a traitor . He Bays : —
In consequence of the indalgtnce you hold out to me , I « m tell you > U the truth . * # ? I was not quite well informed with respect to the plot , owing to the state of luiplcien In « htch I was 4 * * / admit the * , in order to prevent every hoitile demonstration on the part of thoie who tttew my former life , Itooh iht resolution of pretending to take an active part in the ituurrttlion , * * + I tOTe on | sera Birbast and Hignotie , and before them / boosted «/ fnyeo . op « ratt # nintt «» iMttrr « Cton , ti » tin hops ( hat it vsorMftte me / ton suspicion , and save me from the vengeante xkithmhichlvxu threatened ? On the evidence of this wretch , Chhnu , and others not much better , whose names I have already enumerated , the memben of the Assembly , called ' National , ' have decreed the impeachment of Louis Blahc and Cadsbidibhs .
You will see in the report of the sitting ef August tha 25 th , that the accused representatives manfully defended themselves , and were as usual howled at by the brigand-majority . Well did Lsdhu Rollin say that' hatred and rancour sat at the table of the Committee of Investigation , and dictated its decisions . ' He crushed the * Right '—Thiers , Barrot , and their knavish followers—under the weight of his counter-accusations , remiading them of their cowardice on the 22 nd of February , when they shrunk from the struggle they had provoked ; and he added : —• Tour mission is to follow , not to direct the government , for yon are without idesB , and without principles . ' He dealt some masterly strokes at the hypecrites who have been crying out about' nro .
perty , ' ana ' family . ' He said wiih truth that the American Republic ! was in danger , because of the unequal division of property and the monopaly of land ; and that just social institutions could alone insure the stability of the French Republic . The language of Louis Blakc was simple , straightforward , and bore the stamp of truth . His denunciation of competition exeited ' the murmurs' of the Assembly . He showed that he was not in the least responsible for the organisation of the national workshops . Of course he encountered almost unceasing interruption . Cacssibibbi , who spoke frackly and courageously , was similarly treated . Immediately the three representatives had concluded their speeches , the government demanded
the impeachment of two of them . —Louis Blano and Caujsidibke . In vain did 'the Left' protest against further proceedings at that msment ( it was now day . light , Saturday morning . ) The Moderates voted down all opposition , and the accused members were placed nnder impeachment , for the affair of the 15 th of May , by immense majorities . The demand to place Cadssidibbe on trial for the insurreotiOE of June was however , rejected ; the majority shrunk from that exercise of their power . As usual , the London Presp-gang are loud in their rejoicings at the blow struck at Democracy by the impeachment of Lotns Blano and Caussidibbe . The truculent Tnres exults that the proscribed
democrat * have already become the victims of the Republic , for which duringso many years they—in the teeth of Louis Philippe ' s forces — laboured , and wrote , and conspired . That infamous journal avowB that it regards the measures taken against Louis Blakc and Caotsidikbe as a declaration of war against all professed Democrats , whom it says should be punned everywhere as ? public criminals . ' What an outcry the Truss would have raised , if the real Republicans , in the days of their power in March , lart , had deolared war against all anti-Democrat ? , and pursued them as ' public criminals ! ' Locis Blahc , in a few words , presents an exact picture of the true Republicans and their enemies : —
The men who acousi us were aroired partisans of the Monaroby , and always combatted the Bepublic ; whilst « e who are aocuied are , on the contrary , Republicansare tbe m « n who have shed our blood — who have suffered for the Bepublic—who have fifty times risked our lifsiforit . The Republicans were made over by tbe list f OTtrnmeat to public execration ; the ; wire branded ai men of blood and the scaffold . Bat when they ob . Ulaedpower the ; procMmed the abolition of thepenslt ot death for political offences — ' they did not pronounce a single word of hatred , of vengeasoe , or of ill-will ; they did notsuipend a tingle journal , and they load !; proclaimed in the government respect for the sacred principles which they had preriously defended .
Behold how differently the sharn-Republieanathe monarchists , aristocrats , bourgeoisie , intriguers and military brigands—have aoted since their victory over the insurgents of June . They have maaiaored their opponents by hundreds , and aang thousands into the foulest dungeons , They have deprived their viotims of every safeguard provided by the usual forms of justice ; and by secret , sham trials before drum-head tribunals , have doomed hundieds ipon hundreds to the galleys , crto transportation from their families and eouatry . They have proscribed the very opinions of their opponents , and strangled every journal , the writers in whicb
have had the courage to proclaim the truth and vindicate the cause of the oppressed f Another repetition of the truth eternally taught in hietory . thaB the enemies of the working classes always repay mercy by cruelty ; and when spared by the vietoriout masses , always abuse the magnanimity of their victors , and never fail to conspire until they are again in a position to substitute force for intrigue , when they smite down their opponents without pity or remorse . When will the people learn wisdom ? How often must they be taught that ' those who make but half-revolutions only dig a grave lor themselves ? ' ,
The coBooctors of the ' Cemmittee of InquiryV ' report' have not hesitated to repeat the lie of' the prisoned balls' which it ia alleged the insurgents directed against the government troops in the insurrection of Jane . Speaking of the insurreotion , the report says : — ' It was , * in fact , a savage war . carried on with poisoned balls . ' In answer to this falsehood I extract the following from the Gazette des Hofiiaux ( Gazette of the HoBpitalB ) of the lst of July : — We consider it our duty t ) state , that in none of tbe balls ire have ixtracUd , er have seen extracted , have sve observed tbe presence of any poison ; the wounds themselves have not presented any symptoms of poisoned wounds ; we bavs seen a tolerably large number ot balls of a form more or less distorted , or mud * of uaususl materials , such as copper and zinc ; but the wounds made by theie balls did not seem of anj particular grailty .
It ia known , bsildet , that the analyses made by M p 4 louz 3 of the liquids supposed to be polsoned . have in bo respect confirmed the suspicions that were entertaiucd . The readers of the Northebn Stab will probably remember a letter , written by a French bourgeois , which first appeared in the Liverpool Times , and extraots from which were transferred to this journal about three weeks before the June insurrection . In that letter the writer bitterly deplored the revolution , but comforted himself with the hope that there would soon be a battle in which' twenty thousand of the ruffians , ' meaning the working men , would bt killed ; and then he would be ' satisfied . ' A few days after the insurrection two letters from this ' ruffian' appeared in the Livbbtool Truss , In the first , dated June 29 : b , the writer , after giving an ac count of the numerous ' defenders of order' who , in * A oorrespoadent of the Moihino Cbbokicle writing from Paris , on the 2 itt of Aigust , says : ' The | parting of the transported workmen from their friends on Friday night , is described to bare been most har-Mwlng , ' f The Refsesemukt do People , the Ysaie KbrcBLWOE . thi ; Pe&e Dccdene , and the Lampion , after a j very thert . ltved second existence , were again crushed I by a decree of Dictator Cavalgnao , on the 21 st of ! August . Since then two other journals ( one of them 1 Gazette vt Fsarce ) have shared the same fato ,
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his preaenw , bit the dust , and the final overthrow of the insurgents , adds—But we ^ re no * done with It , Our laws are too lenient—the r « pres « lon has not been severe enough . We want ttepMtit ufooitr of the English government . ""' Whataconpliment to ' free-born BritonB — 'the Ent ^ TiTail ^ - 811 ?? 111 e ?™ " ™^ ' Excel , lent ! This is 'holding the mirror up to nature ' S :-. ' WD 8 eaBCe ! Bmo ' good hou Woie > a * » You are n « U cff ln Bnghnd . , - thfl ectao , \ 1 JlRX ^* »*^*" ' **** sg&siL * & ? &iarjz M ^
I had half an hour of huff » ble enjoyment , when tho cannon Uwndered , the charge beat , and General Lebretou launched us forward . ; , * To talk IS ously , we are in open reaction ; no one likes tbe republtc-nobpdy belies in it . If Henry the Fifth had ant heart or manhood , he would tmite many men on his '«?¦ j * * . J ° a PV depend that we shaU . be obliged to return to the ^ ours bf the middle Ages . ' In aj . <^ % ^ date ^ l | ^^ riteB ^ 1 ^ , Oar Cavalgnae goes on well : fie does not mako long speeches or fekqaent' proclamations , but everything he does ii fall of sense . I em attichdd to him I fanoy
. I tee in him anethcr Washington . If he turns out to be a Monk , I shall be none the less pleased . When tbe state of siege is over , we shall have our newspapers buzeing and braying again . The bandits do not consider themsslres to be completely overthrown . They are thinking of a revenge . I think it will fej a good thing to give them another ohanoe , that we msy crush them once for all , snd put an end for ever to these Socialist Communist , and Democratic ideas . We must put down ' philanthropy , * —what we want just now is a Draconian regime , and , above all , some meass of ridding soolety of the miscreants and galley slaves .
Suppose the sentiments and sanguinary tontines , avewed by this Parisian bourgeois , had be « n avowed by Babbks er Louis Blakc , what a howl the truculent Times and tha rest of the Press gang , Englwhand French , would have raised against the ' terrorists I'Mark this miscreant ! When the cannon wm thundering death in every disoharce , and aornbly ilaying men who had been driven by hunger to revolt , he 'had half an hour of ineffablb unjotmbnt I' How fondly he speaks of ? Our Cavaigsac . who does not make loDg speeches , ' but goes on well ' that is
, goes on dungeoning and shooting ! If the Dictator betrays the Republic as Monk sold the English Commonwealth , he will be all the better pleased ! He longs for a return to' the rigours of the middle ages , ' and would like another insurreotion to ' orash'the working men—whom he calls ' miscreants and galley slaves '—once for all , ' and put an end for ever to Socialist , Communist , and Democratic ideas ! We must , ' cavs he , ' put down philanthropy ' -toftafwe want just now is a Draconian regime ! Well , he has his wiBh-a regime of laws written in blood !
This profit-monger Bpeaks out the genuine sentiments of the bourgeoisie , without any kind of circumlocution , hypocrisy , or humbug . He is as candid as Abago , and as bloody-minded as Nicholas . I rather like the fellow for his out-s ? oken scoundreliBia . He makes no pretence to 'liberality' or ' philanthropy . ' He » not an ' anti-Blavery man , ' or a' Free-trader ' or a getter up of ? baths and wash-houses for the poor , ' or a' civil and religiouB liberty'humbBjr . No ; he ia—reader , will yoa pardon the paradox ?—he is an honoBfcyoonndrel . He speaks out whathemeans . He ia a brilliant exception to the generally hypocritical class to which he belong ! . Would tint we could impart his nurne te our readers . Why does not the Liv « b ? ool Times give his partrait ? He is . no doubt .
a beauty . His head , if it be anything like his heart , or his consoience , would be a study for any one in pursuit of' the sublime and beautiful . ' Leaving to Cowpeb the origin of ' country ' and ' town , ' no one possessed of common eenso , can doubt that , if God made the first man , the Devil made the first bourgeois . Loms Blanc has eaoaped from the hands of his enemies , snd is safe in England . This will gladden the hearts of millions in this country , to whom the name of Louis Buno is a household word , Honour to the good and noble exile . Honour to the man who has devoted his genius to the service of humanity , and his talents to the cause of oppressed labour . Stretch forth your armB , working men of England , to embrace this pure , noble-hearted
man' Who , great In his humility , as kings Are little in their grandeur , ' has won for himself a name wbieh will be cherished when the names of his enemies will be forgotten , or only remembered , as are the names of Iscabiot and TiKBics , for their crimes and cruelties . Gcizot is the gnett of the enemies of Labeur—Louig Blahc must be the guest of the people . Let us welcome him in sorrow for his misfortunes , but let us also welcome him with honour for his unblemished worth . Bnt what of the thousands of patriots—dungeoned and transported , in chains and bitter bondage—whom we cannot welcome ; for whom there appears to be no escape but death , no refuge from the cruelties of their tyrants but the grave ? What of their heartbroken wives and famishing children ? 'Eioh now morn , Ntw widows howl ; new orpfians oryl *
Oh ! my . countrymen , ' what can we de for these ? Hone ! Hope ! The hour of retribution will come . For— ' If we do but watoh the hour , Thers never yet was human power , That conld evade , if unforgiven , The patlsnt search , and vigil long , Of them who treasure up a wrong !' G . JULIAN HARNEY . August 31 st , 1818 .
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NATIONAL LAND COMPANY . Messrs P . M'Grathand T . Clark , a deputation from the directors , will visit the following branches during the ensuing week : —Monday , Sept . 4 th , Blackburn ; Tuesday , 5 th , Preston ; Wednesday , 6 th , Colne , Wheatley-lane , and Burnley , at Burnley ; 6 % Thuraday 7 th , Todtaorden ; Friday 8 th ' Keigbley .
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Mb Kydd ' s Roots -Oxford , Saturday , Sep . 2 nd ; Charterville , Sunday 3 rd ; Banbury , Tuesday 5 ± i Wallingford , Wednesday 6 th . Sioubbridqe . —Attendance will be given this ( Saturday ) evening , at the Crown ; Rooms , to receive contributions , < bo . Those in arrears are kindly iaylted to attend . —A conversational maeting will be held to-morrow morning , to afford members of the Land Company an opportunity of discussing Mr O'Connor ' s propositions . Noitjh « ham . —The next meeting of the Land Company will be held at the Rose , BridleBmith-gate , on Sunday evening , at seven o ' clock . ?" IT . Land members of this branch will meet in their room , Hyde-lane , on Sunday next , at two ooloos :, p . m . Members in arrears with the local levies are requested to pay the name . The room ib open every Sanday from two to five o ' clock
. BARRBKAD—The Land membere of the Barrhead SUfSn T ? . !! i afllled . ? eetin the Democratic S 3 ; t f * l 3 day evemn fc ? P » nber 5 th , at eight klS ?! [ , taking into consideration the alteration of the rules suggested by Mr O'Oonnor . A full atte n dance of members is requested . All members , of the branch who have left the village are requested to send a note to the Secretary ( free oi K&WeTu £ L theiropinionont ^ _ Davintbi —A . general meetincr of the T . nnH « . om .
ben will be held at the Marquis ot GranbyT on Thursday eveaiBg , Septembarf , at eight o ' etok , to $ wJ « AT idera ti ( m the P P ° sition 8 of the directors . All members are requested to pay up their local levies . Sotjih Losdok Chabiist Hall . —Mr Campbell wiU lecture on Sunday evening next , September 3 , at eight o ' clock . Subject : 'Society as it is , and as it ought to be . A social meeting , conaistins of sing-UKtttd dancing , will be held at the above hall , on Monday eyemng , September 11 , for the benefit of the vietins .
Walwobth and Oaubkbwbll . —The Land members of this branoa are requested to meet at the Society s room , on Monday eve » ing next , at eight oclsok . All member * are earnestly requested to attend . Th Towbs B amutb Dbibict Committee met last rueBday , and came to the following resolution :-'That all delegate * are to bring a correct report of the position of their respective localities , and attend next Tuesday evening , at the Globe and Friends , Morgan-street , Commeroial-road . A letter from Mr Wakley , M . P ., will be read to the committee . Mr Barber will lecture next Sunday evening , at tho Globs and Frieads , Morgan-street , Commeroial-road , at eight o ' clock ,
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THE CHARTIST TRIALS . liverpooTassizes . UNLAWFBL AS 8 BMBL 1 HO . Mondat , Auo 28-Jjhn Fiynn , 28 , James Djwney , 33 , John Mooney , 20 , OweuGunn , 23 ' and Edward Biroh , 44 , were indicted for having , at Newton , with others , unlawfully assembled with pikes and swords to oreate a riot . Mr Pollock prosecuted . Tho prisoners were defended by Messrs Jamea and Fry . ' The facta of the case , as appeared from the Btatement of oounsel and the evidence of witnesses were , that on the 30 th day of May last , there waa an intention on the part of some men in Manchester to
hold a public meeting in Stephen 6 on-Bquare , but it was not carried into effeot . There was considerable excitement , and a number of the police were ordered out , armed . It was understood that a large body of men were to come in procession from Oldham , and the police were placed at the toltbar to prevents junction between them and the paople assembling in MaBohester . Mr Beswiok , the head constable , wob there , at the head of hia men , and , after waiting a aaott time , they saw a ptooession ooming from Oldham , and another from Minohater to meet it . There were about one thousand persons present . Fjynn was ^^^ asffi ^ s ^ la
gate , and Flynn , addressing Mr Beswiok said he wished the gate to be opened , but this was refused , Fiynn being told that no person with arms would he allowed to pass . After some altercation the persons were allowed to go through the toll , bar in single file , when a pike was taken from Moaney . The Manoheflter procession waa allowed to pass through . In a short tfme Flynn returned with several of his party , and the prisoner Garni took up a stone and threw it at ene of the police constables , who was mounted on horseback . Birch also called out to the mob to attack him and tkrow him off his horse . The prisoners wera taken into custody immediately after the riot .
Witnesses were called for two of the priaosers , bat their evidence did not alter the main features of the case . The prisoners were found guilty . Sentence deferred . This conoluded the criminal business , and the Court rose at half past seven .
SENIEKCIS . Tuesday , August 29 . —Upon the opening of the court this morning , Mr Justice Creaswell called up Flynn , Downey , Mooney , Gunn , and Birch , for judgment . They wished to make some remarks on the character of the witnesses and the conduct of their counsel , but were stopped by the court , His lordship then said , they had all been convicted f a riot , and a very aggravated assault or the police officers . He considered that the manifest disregard ot the law , by anamultonpolioeoffioers in ( he discharge of the jr duty , was a great aggravation of the offence of which the prisoners had been found guilty . Some of them who had been convicted were evi . dently the tooli of others . The prisoners Flynn and
Downey were dearly the leaders on that oooasion , and instigated the rest of the prisoners to | a breach of the law . Those two persona , it was dear , had for some time been pursuing inch a course of oonduot and , be repeated , that in their case it was a treat aggravation of the offence .. His lordship continued -You had warning , from time te time , that suoh offences as those of which joa have been convicted cannet be tolerated . You were repeatedly cautioned by the magistrates and the authorities , still you chose to take no notice , but continued to exoite alarm in the minda of the peaceably-disposed members of the community , and the consequence is your prtasnt situation . It is quite impossible that society can be safe if men are allowed to go about the conntry in tbe manner you have done diss eminating poison in the minds of the people . I hope that the time is
not far distant when the lower classes of this country will learn that bo long as these offences continue to ba committed , the trade of this country , in whicb they themselves are so deeply interested , cannot flourish : if the manufactures of this district do not flourish , how can the lower classes expect to be happy ? The attempt to draw labour from Us ordinary and natural channels—to ask the government to find employment for the people—is a most absurd proposition . If you will study not only past but modern history , you will find teat the attempt to provide the people employment by the government has sot sucoeeded in a neighbouring nation : you will see what a disastrous failure it has been in that country , and I do hope that it may have a salutary effect on the minds of the working classes of this country . The sentence of the court is that you be imprisoned in Eirkdale Gaol for the space of fifteen moaths , with hard labour .
( From our Third Edition of last week . ) CENTRAL CRIMINAL COURT . —Fjudat . This morning waa appointed to commence the trials of the persons who have been recently arrested upon the charge of sedition . The first case taken was that of George Shell , 32 described as a shoemaker , who was indicted for hming uttered a seditious speech on the 28 th of July , at the Chartist Hall , in Webber-street . The Attorney-General , Mr WelBby , Mr Bodkin , and Mr Clark , condaoted the prosecution . The defendant had no counsel . ¦ ¦ • The Attorney-General , in addressing the jury , said that therdefendant _ was charged in this indiotment upon two counts—with being present at an unlawful
assembly , and making use of seditious language at that meeting . The tpeech in question was delivered on the 28 th of July , and it would be unnecessary for him to remind them oi the course of events in neighbouring countries a short time before that period ; bat it wan perfectly dear that those events had had the effect of occasioning a good deal of excitement in England , and had . induced illdisposed persons to endeavour to create disturbance . A short time before the day in question , proceedings ' had been instituted in Ireland against a person named Mitohel , under an Act of Parliament that had recently received the sanction of the Legislature and he oould not help saying , properly convicted , upon the dearest possible evidence , of feleny , and sentenced
to transportation . Mr Mitchel , who , in the speeoh whioh formed the subject of the present indwtment , wasBtyled by the defendant the Patriot of Ireland , wascanvicted of having but too fatally exoited the people of Ireland to rebellion , atd at the time the speeoh in questioa was delivered portions of that country were in actual rebellion . On the 27 th Jaly for some reason or motiye which it would be quite unnecessary for him to allude to , a telegraphic despatch , for whioh , a ? it subsequently turned out , there was not the slightest foundation , arrived in London , stating that Ireland was in rebellion , and that the troops had refused to act . At this time there was no doubt that a oomplete system of organisation existed among the disaffected in this country , and
this tact was established by documents found in the possession of the defendant . The result of the despatch to whioh he had alluded was , that on the following evening , the 28 th July , the meeting ia q uestion took place at the Chartist Hall , Webber-street ? AtthiB meeting the prisoner proposed a resolution , and made a speeoh ; and when they had heard that speeoh he apprehended there could be no doubt what were the motives of the prisoner and the persona assembled with him , or that their objects were spoliation and devastation , and that they were regardless of the rights oipnbho order and publio Bafety . The reso . lution proposed by the defendant was to the following effect :- ; Resolved , that this meeting strongly protestsagainstthe basesndunconstitutional proceeding of the British in
legislature suspending the Habeas Corpus Act in Ireland , and hereby tenders its best thanks teFeargus O'Connor , Esq ., for the resistance he ottered te that proceeding , and we hereby pledge ourselves to render our assistance to our Irish brethren in the hour of trial . ' The iury would remember that thia resolution was proposed on thei day after the report that Ireland was inrebellion , and that the troopB had been defeated . The defendant , in speaking to this resolution , made tome obserrations upon the subject of what he termed the rights ot labour , and the title of the labouring classes toithe wealth of thecountry ; and he went on to say &' u l mnt"had "Prung up , andalthough John Mitchel , the patriot ot Ireland , had been expatnated for teaching his oountwrnen th « ir
duty , yet others were ready and anxious to follow his example . ' This patriot , the jury would recollect , was tho man who had talked of invoking the God of battles , and who had recommended that 'the streets should be strewed with broken glass to prevent the troops from acting , and who inBtruoted the ladies of Dublin to cast bullets , and to throw vitrol upon her Majesty ' s troops . After some other ' remarks , the Attorney-General thanked Ged that in this country jurors were not afraid te do their duty , and he was equally sure that while they would look with a jealouB eye upon any attempt to prevent the people from enjoying one of their dearest rights , they would at the Bame tiae take care that that right was not abused , and made the vehicle of exciting the lower orders to acts of violence and plundev . Mr William Counsel , the elmt-hand writer , was then called to prove the delivery of the speeoh by the
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defendant on the 28 th July , at the Charlwt Hal ) ia Webber-street . A person named Boysen was elected chairman , and about five hundred persons . were present at the meeting . A number of Irishmen , forming a deputation from the Mitchel Club , came is during the meeting . By tbe prisoner : I am quite sure that there was a cry of ' Yes' from the meeting when you asked them if they would aofc as men .
Henry Mannering , a police censtable , deposed that be apprehended the prisoner as he was leaving » Chartitt meeting , at the Chartist Hall , in Webberstreet , and he afterwards searched his house and found some papers , which he produced . The papers were read , Mr Cope produced a copy of the second edition of the Times of the 27 th July . stating the insurrection had ' broken out in Ireland and the troops were disaffeoted . The Attorney-General said thiB was the case for the Crown .
Tde defendant then reed a speech to the jury , in which he said he should not follow the Attorney-Ge . neral through the mtizjs of the law , for he confessed suoh matters were beyond his comprehension . He hoped that it would not be thought that he stood at the bar for any act of dishonesty towards his fellow men , and it was a consolation to him that his honour and integrity as a man were not impeached , and he considered that he waa only placed at that bar for differing in opinion with the government , and no * thing else . Hia speech had been called seditious and various other characters ; bat he ca nsidered that nothing could be more diabolical than to give it such a name . Be was accused of exciting the peo . pie , but he said that history confirmed the view he
had taken of the manner in which Ireland had been misgoverned by this cogltry , and he and every one else wou'd be justified inassisting the Irish people by constitutional means to obtain their just rights . After alluding to other political topics , the defendant said the working classes were now beginning to understand their rights , and were aware that they were the producers of all wealth , end they were determined to meet and discaBs their grievances , and endeavour to obtain those rights ; and if the noble lord at the head of tbe government thought to put them down by engaging extra policemen , and em-Pjoytn& * gk | , he would find himself very muoh mistaken . The working olasses were determined to ob > tain their rights , and they would only do so when
tbe Charter became the law of the land . Ho then , proceeded to refer to the details of Chartist soberae of government , and said that the provision * of the Charter were very much misunderstood . They had . no intention to array one class of society against another , but their desire was that every man of full age and untainted by crime Bhould have a voice in the elecU \ m of the representatives of the oouotry ; and he said that the good conduct and forbearance of the people on the 10 th of April showed that they had no objects of plunder or violence . He concluded by stating that ia his opinion these prosecutions were only instituted for the purpose of putting down public ) opinion , and he called upon the jury to protect their rights by returning a verdiot of not guilty . The Attorney . General replied ,
Mr Baron Piatt then Bummed up , and said that one of the most important subjeots in thia country , and , indeed , in every etb . ts oivilised community , was the preservations of I he public peace , and the material question which thi jury would have to consider was , whether the defendant , by the speech he had delivered , intended to disturb the public peace , and to exoite the persons by whom he was surrounded to acts of violence , and to create in their minda contempt for the law and the government of the country . The jury retired , and were absent nearly an hour , when they a gave a verdict of guilty . James Maxwell Bayaon , 38 , dentist , was then arraigned upon a similar charge . The defendant conducted bis own defence .
The Attorney . Gsneral , in openiag the case , " said , the defendant appeared to be the Beoretary to an association cMled the South London Life and Property Protection Saciety , and the jury would see in tke course df the oibo the dangerous charaoterof that association . The rules upon whioh it was founded were discovered in the possession of the prisoner , and he would read them to the jury . The first resolution was : — 'That this society b 9 known as the South London Life and Property Protection Society , to be governed by a council , secretary , committee , and treasurer . 2 . That every ten members living nearest to eaoh other form a class , with power to elect an officer , to be called a decimeron , and the ten deoimerions living nearest to eaoh other
to have the power of electing an cOber , to be oallei a centurion , and ten centurions Bimilariy situated to have the power of electing an officer to be called a millerion . The deoimerions to form a commutes , and the centurions to be members of the council , and tho millerions as presidents , according to the seniority of service . 3 . That every member , acoording to his own choice , be armed with a musket or price of uniform make and convenient size , to be approved of by the caramittee , and BubBoribed for according by the weekly instalments . 4 . That thia society consist of an unlimited number of members above the age of eighteen . 5 . That all persons who are already armed , or desirous of arming themselves , will be allowed to join us , on comDlviDe with
t le third resolution . ' Tho Attorney-General said that the prisoner waa a member of the association having these objects , and he apprehended there oould be very little doubt of its illegal character . He then proceeded to Btate that the speech whioh formed the sub < jeot of the present indiotment , was delivered by the defendant at the same mees ing on the 28 th of July , at the period when , as they were aware , a report was current that Ireland was in rebellion , and what was more alarming still , that the troops were not faithful to their allegiance ; and although his expressions were more guarded than th ) se made use of by some of the other speakers , yet there could be co doubt of their tendency and object ; besides which , the prisoner would , in law , be answerable for all that took place if the fact of the ntteting bsing of a seditious character was established to the satisfaction of the jury . The meeting was called , as it was alleged , for ma nniinAfifv # t * aviau Ann * « m m a ««**»** Lt * * * *^ li . _ . v uie
^ _ puiyuso VI uapiBOOlug DJUipaiUJ W 1 M 1 b'JB pBOpiQ of Ireland . Mr F . B . Hughes , the government short-hand writer , waa called to prove that the defendant deli , vered the speech in question , and that the other circumstances referred to by the Attorney-General , took place on the ocoaaum . Mr Counsel was also called to depose to the speech being made by Shell , the former defendant , with a view to establish the seditious charaoterof the meeting in question . Bjwater , a constable of the L Division , deposed tha -, he apprehended the defendant , and upon searching hia lodging he found a sword , a file that had been recently sharpened , and the papers whioh he produced , and which were the same referred to by the Attorney-General in his opening address . There was also a card > produced , from whioh it ap . peared that the defendant had been admitted a mem ber of the South Lambeth' Life and Property Pro teotion Society , ' on the 12 th May .
Tho Attorney-General said , this was the case for the Crown .
The defendant then addressed the jury . He described tbe prosecution as an attempt to crush him on account of bis politioal opinions . He had not , he said , had a proper opportunity of preparing hia defence . Pens and ink were certainly furnished to him , but ho was not allowed to have any of the books from which he wished to make extracts , not even that portion of the 'Penny Cyolopsedia' which defined the word ' sedition . ' Baron Platt asked the defendant who it was that refused to allow him to have booka ? The defendant said , he supposed it was the chaplain . ...
Baron Platt remarked , that a prisoner before trial ought to be allowed to havo any books that he required . The defendant then proceeded , and denounced those prosequtions as attempts by the government to destroy their political rights , and he said that if the middle classes , from whence they ( the jury ) were derived , countenanced them , they would find that it was only a stepping-atone to their own degradation , lie then defended bis conduct at the meeting in question , and said that as chairman he was of necessity compelled to take an aoti ye part in the proceedings . With regard to the expression of sympat hy for the Irish people , he expressed an opinion that their position at that time loudly called for Buch an expression of feeling ; and ho said that tbe only reason he gave the answer he did to Mr Rooney was , that if he had given a different one , he was perfectly well aware that a
disturbance would baye ensued , whioh the police , who he knew were outside , armed , would have made & pretext for attacking them . He proceeded to state that ' the butchers' wore evidently bent upon slaughter , and would have laid hold of the slightest pretence to attack those who were present at the meeting . As regarded the 'society' that had been alluded to , he considered it a perfectly justifiable association . A learned counsel had been consulted upon the subject , and he had recommended it should bear the title it did , and he considered it perfectly legal , and a similar one had been established at Nottingham wiihtbo sanotion of the Mayor . The defendant v e&t Uivj a long tirade upon the subject of the Cbsrter , a < d asserted that it would be useless to exp < ctth . 0 w . irking classes to be contented , until they bf d ( total ied their rights .
Tfle . tttorney-General briefly replied . Tne learned judge then summed up , and the jury , after deliberating about hilf-ar-hour in a private room , returned a verdict of Guilty .
J . Shaw was tkon placed at the bar upsn a similar charge . The defendant applied to the oonrt to post * pone his trial , on tho ground that he had only been committed two days , and had not had time to prepare his defence . —The Attorney-General said he thought tbe application was a reasonable one , and he should therefore not oppose it . J . J . Brzer , anether defendant , charged with sedition , made a similar application , and his trial was also ordered to etsnd over .
Rational 2an& ©Ompai^
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Report Of The Auditors Of The Na. Tional Charter Association .
REPORT OF THE AUDITORS OF THE NA . TIONAL CHARTER ASSOCIATION .
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R E ^^^^ HW ^ H ^^ HMM ^ M ^^^^^^ M ^^^^ M ^^ M ^ B ^ l ^ WB ^^ M ^^ B ^ M ^ MH I TO THE VOL- XL No 567 . LONDON , SATURDAY , SEPTEMBER 2 , 1848 . 7 ^ *™**^* I - ¦ - ' " : ' ' . :. _ . five Shillings and Sixpence per Quarter TO TD 1 ? TTtT / AT ) 1 TTXT /^< r \ T k cicii ^ n -i : r \ r I .. '
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 2, 1848, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1486/page/1/
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