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THE UNPRECEDENTED PRESIDENT , laof jetrtof iorow now bare put la' elands abova m nabla rtx » , And ihmit bo «• ft * » t iut To pwiib ia a fool ' * embnoe f Tt « world bu wen tbrwrnoitrchi fall , Afcur th out riiei to ear view—A billiud tabh givubli ball , Eii * ce pt » Is a market ' s me t And in the Pittance , to oureyw , The coartiKt la bis ante room Ejfow astonished Europ * rise—The gambler , dandy , and the gross . AndthouandmeBwfao g » voth « ir Tetea Up to the throae to raise this Van , Learn from thtir Sing a taite in coats , And how to ehoote the best cigars . And to the people he muit give A rm 4 war as a bleody sop ; Andfsras—that his power may Ur<—The eagle of the savwge shop ! The earfe of the sanuge shop , That Louis carried o ' er the flooi , Will fly—bat this time , ere he drop , P « rchuee may fesd en human blood J - JPm »« t-Sfiow .
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fke Ethnolog ical Journal . November . London : R . Hatdwicke , 14 , Clemenlfs Lane , Strand . Tke principal article im tail number—an outline of fiiree Lectures on Egyptian Areh « wlogy . by G . R . Gliddon , Esq . '—cannot foil to excite universal inftftMaffc Mr Gliddon , who appears to be a native of Ame * rica , has devoted many sears to the study of Egyptian antiquities . During the last six yean he lisa been engaged in miking knowa the results of his invftb ' gation to the people of the States through the means of public lectures , puUitabonf , &o . As a lecturer Mr Gliddon has deservedly acquired immense popularity . His sadiences have tanged from two hundred to two thousand persons , icoordinr to the population of the place ; and alto *
getter he has made Hot leas than * hundred thousand persona funffiariy aeauinted with tha interesting mbjectsofhisdiseoursea . The newspaper prea bj publishing reports of the lectures have ibU more widely extended the circle of Mr Gliddon ' s auditors . It will , therefore , be easily understood why bo much more of public attention and inquiry an demoted to the subject of Egyptian antiquities in the United States , than in this country . It strikes us that were Mr Gliddon to undertake a lecturing tour in this country , both himself and his English indienoes would derive benefit from the intercourse . The 'Present Position of Hieroglyphieal Discoveries' is the subject of the first of the three lectures , ef which we hare an outline in the article
before U . A etmoustownnt is ewea of the discovery of the key to the reading of hieroglyphies , furnished by the Rosette Stone , now in the British Museum . According to Mr Gliddon , the art of writing was fajsiUutothsbuUden of the pyramids , 3 , 400 yean 2 e . ; and the Egyptians possessed books certainly as far hick as 2300 ao . The BBCond lecture contains some curious statements relative to the religious ideas of the ancient Egyptians . The third lecture is devoted to that riddle—the pyramids . The riddle is , howew , at last made plain , if we aeeept Mr Gliddon ' i version of tha bnildert of those aitoiiuiung structures , and the purpose for which they wen do * signed . The lecturer having reviewed and rejected the theories put forth by a multitude of writers , prooeedsto give his own as to
THE PYRAMIDSWBUT , AND BT WHOM BffltT , AND EOS WHAT F 0 BP 0 SK ? I . As te the epochs of the pyramids of Memphis . Thete were all built between tha timis of Hoah and Abraham in the scale of biblical chronology , and these of Slents , the first Pharoaa of Egjpt , and the founder * f the first djnuty atHsrafhis , and the thirtetnth djnaity in collateral B * jpwanbitt « sljpaic « l chronology . Thus all the Ifanphita pyramids edited and were aadent 2 , 000 years before Christ . All the pyramids In Lower Egjft ere 4 , 60 8 years old , and taking thepjrunld of Hcnrii , icoordtog to LepduV Ittfcri , bum tetwew 2151 and 2194 years before O&rirt , ntne last of this series , the reminder will succeiii ? ely recede toaboTe 5 , 000 years ago .
2 . The bollders ef the pyramids were Mizrslmltes , children of Ham of the Caucasian race . Whether then psople were avtostima or terras gatiti , or whether they came orlgiaslly from Asia , it a aaestloa Mr QUddon discosies in otbtr Ucturss , referring in the mtanttms to Morton ' s . Estjtuca . It Is sufideit to say , that they were Canoaiieas , and white men , and Egyptians . 8 . la their objects the pyramids were exdarlvel / Kf&chral . Ther repreasat the tomes of the Pharoahs who ruled in Xtmpfcist prior to the invasion of the Ajkhos tribes , and are , therefore , the sepulchres of a Img line ofEgfptUn Kings who reigned from the first to the thirteenth dynasty of Hanetho .
Some idea of the altitude of the Great Pyramid maybe formed by comparing it with thtt of other monuments . 'It is forty-three feet higher that St Peter ' s at Rome , —afxwt 123 feet higher than St Paul ' s in London , and more than twice the height oi ike Bankers Hill Monument . Boston . If converted into fricMhe materials of the Great Pyramid would build the entire city of PMed&pMa V A' Critical Analysis of the Hebrew C hronology * continued from a former number , will command the attention of the class of readers and thinkers to whom this periodical is specially addressed *
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The Rtatowr . Part 30 . Lmdont J . Watstn , S , Queen ' s Head Passage , Paternoster-row . The' Ressoner has for some time past contained a valuable series of articles froa the pen of Mr Collett , on * The Rise and Progress of the Swiss Republics . ' Mr Cooper ' s « Orations' -redly eloquent compositions—take up a considerable portion of this month's Part . No . 126 contains an extract from Louis Blanc ' s « ¦ History of T « n Years ; ' the extracted matter being Gedefroi Cavaignac ' * . defence , when triad i ~ x- ~ * i «> rana uourfi or jumti for holding meetings at which more than twenty persons attended . The deceased Godefroi Cavaignao was bother to the present General Cavalgnac Tha following wards might have been addressed by a Jnne insurgent , to him who now disgraces the urne of the late leader of the Republican party . 6 ODEF 10 I CiVllQHAC ' s DEFISCB .
We are , you say , the enemies alike ef society aid the government , bat to this I hare alreadyreplied ; what ws bate in sodety are its Tioes . We are the real friends of social order , for we with that it should be corrected , and we believe that it Is snioeptible of being so . Too , if ho say tfaat it is good , flitter it ; you , who « ay that it willahrajs remain Tielem , ealnnnlate it . Further * more , I may , span this occasion , onea again demaid , where is that organisation which we intend to destroyI Religion , science , labour—what is there constituted and settled ia existing sootsty ? Religion ! Aikaprlest , ] £ . deLamtnnais , Science Ask Bstpaif . What scientific organisation is there in a country that is destitute of popular instruction ?
As for labour , inquire of all those who are derated to it , if it be organised , Eaaimber Ljons ; examine all that b gaid , all that ia done far want of laws to organiielabour . Strange calumny ! We are diiorgulien lnaioti&tyln wilch orgialntlon is wanting , and in which we detire it may be at Iut established . Is it ia religieat We are for the absolute liberty of cocscWncs ; we are for taring no priests who , under soy pretenoe whatever , should govsrn the affairi of the world ; neither do we adopt a faith which refers everything to heaven ; which redaoes equality to equality in theejesof God ; to that posthumous equality which paganism proclaimed as well as Catholicism .
Religion , as we understand It , comprises the sacred rights ef humanity . We deem it not eaongh to hell up a scare-crow to crime aftar death , to offer the wretched a consolation ipon the other side of the grave . Morality snd well-being—that Is to say , equality—must be estsbiished in this world . The title of man must avail to obtain , for all those who bear It , * common reUgteoi taptai for thJr fights , s . pious sympathy for their wants , Th 3 religion which we profsu Is that which will change horrid prisons into psnltentiuiei , and which will aboliih the penalty of death in the name of human Inviolability .
For science , we demand that it be organised so as to facilitate labour , to multiply production , wealth , and comfort , to tlBam isstraetioa , and to defend mankind gainst the econrges that befall it . We demand that it be organised , to that when a manlike Brousiais shall present himself as oandidatehe may b « elected , and that he may have as electors men who will not thrust him asida ; for well-organised election is In its turn pre-emi nsnil y « iaw of orgeaisation . We say as much for letters , anJ for srti . We give them , we say , social utility , glory , liberty , public examinatien , election .
At far labour , we demand that it be so longer made snbordisste to the isterests of the greedy and the idle ; we dem&xdthat the working naa be no . longer made * e hel pl «« drudge of the capitaUst ; that the lsbonr of bis hands be net his whole source of gain ; that he find u the eitatlhlrent of public banks , ia the diffusion of initruotion feoth general aad special to bis calling , in the uge administration of jattlce and the equitable adjasimsnt of tcxatioa , ia the multlplicarion of the E ^ ans of inUteommunicttllon , and in the gower of as-¦ o ^ Mlou itself , thameans of UghteniBg his teaks , of
emssc ipalisg MscapabllitiM , and of reeempeniing his industry and courage . We demand , above all , that labour shall constitute the first of all claims to tho exereue of political rights—for societies subsist by labour * c d not by property .-A * - this-word I pause , messieurs . I feel it needfalstill archer topursue my-explanations ; for we are accused oi dxtrlues hostile to proprietors , and I mult add that , In French Eoeiety , amidst the general existisg want of or 8 » olutioa snd life which I have pointed out , property Pr&entt itself under an aspect of strength and organisation , Oar first revolution estatlisbed it oa new bases ,
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imperfect laaeed , but founded ob a UHf al prlielpls—that oidividen . That division is effected solely by Uniting the right of laherUaaee , by enacting the equal partition ef patrimonies and prohlbitiag entails . This was not the only means it Bight have employed ; for iaitanoe , it ought fnrtiwr to have oxtcsdad tta * right of inheriumw—« hatl touy , that th « prladple of ths divisions of property woald have rseelved intruied forea and eoBpletansii , if there had been Isvled on every iaberitMte of a certain value % sort of duty , which should be thrown Into a conunoa fund to be divided ameag the pauper olasi . • # Tke sentiment of property Is on * of thorn that are natarsi to man ; but it is precisely becaaie man longs to possets , ana because we mu < t not slight or overlook this Instinctive tendency , ths * we would have it satisfied la the greatest possible number of men . Instead of being gratified only ia a few exceptional InttttCM ., ' ¦ ¦¦ ¦ ii . ii mm ¦ m i ¦¦ ' ¦ " ¦¦ ii » ¦ ¦— ^ — ^ . isDcrfeot Udead . bnt founded oa stiMfalDrfmatolt—th *
There woald be no more great fortunes ; there would be no more excessive poverty . Folitloally and morally this wooM be a blessing . It Is alleges thrtthe accumulation of capital is neoHiary for certain purpoiei of prodoofioa . Bat there always will be a luffitieutlr large eapitalUt—tke budget , B « sides , what will compeaiato for the subdivision of eapltal * Once more , Aieedatioa . We do not contest the right of preperty ; only we estimate above Itthe right which seciety poneitei ef regu . latingit for the greatest comnen goeo . We eannot admit the right of doing what oaa wiU with one ' s own to tha extent of abatis * it to the detriment of tke serial state .
These are noble sentfcaents , nobly expressed . How would the pure spirit of Godefroi Gavaignc suffer if conscious of the perfidy , tyranny , and cruelty of his unworthy brother ! It was a sad day for France when Gedefroi Cavaignae dies ; it was a day still more anfortanate when General Cavaignae was
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TO THE PEOPLE OF ENGLAND . LxirsB III . ' So , go , without a sigh or sob , and do my will , ' he said ; For know , without the peasant , girl , we none of as bad bread ! Tls from the peasant ' s hardy stock the race of giant ** are—The peasant is ne plaything , child—No , God forbid he were J ' Sis Rogd Bigtoess PrUvx Albert . Fxilow Cobnistmes—I knew your feelings . They are my own . Pleasure and gratitude in reflecting that oar Prince does net forget he if one of ui' The peasant is no plaything , obild-Ne , God forbid he were . '
I do net address you en the subject of the Norwioh Riot for the purpose of exciting the angry passions of class aiainst class . No ; ray hope is , that therein I shall discover just cause that willint ' aoe every class to unite in striving to obiaia the repeal of the oriel and unconstitutional Act ef Parliament which was the cause of that riot , and has done mere towards the entire separation ot the different daises than any other circumstance—that unchristian Act of Parliament which has in this case overcome the power of the Choreh , the authority of the constitution , and the strongest sympathies et the peaple by physical force ! That Act of Parliament which has made a
pretenoe of appointing law makers for us all , although ( 1 state it on the authority of the late noble and learned Earl Eldon ) , the Constitution has nowhere given to parliament that pswer ! Fellow Conntryvei ! Seeing that the officers who , by the tew Poor Ltw Act , assume to be authtriaei to make laws , in direct oppoaititn to those of 6 « d , the Chnreh , and the Constitation . to break the onion of man and wife , are still retained , though their persons and title ? are changed , it is impassible that jour attention ean be too closely fiatd oa the unconstitutional nature of their appoiitment , which was , indeed , admitted by Lord Chancellor Brougham when he introduced the new Poor Law Bill to the House of
Lords . ' Oa that point the venerable Earl Eldon solemnly anured me ke had no doubt , although time and physical foresmay have sancfonad those oMiers , and , to our disgrace , familiarised us with their oppressions still , eo long as a plank of' onr glorious constitution remauu , I hope we shall tske every constitutional plan andepportuity to rectrd onr detestation at the usurped power of parliament—in setting up suoh tyrants to rule over us . To rale with despotio power over the clergy , the nobility , the ratepayers , the guardian * , and every poor law officer , aa well as over the paupers !
Permit me te refer you to the opinion of Mr Ptankett—afterwards Lord ChanoeUor of Irelandon the question of parliament having the power to make lawmakers . These are his words : — ' I eall on any man who hears me to take down my words ; yon have not been elected for this purpose . Ton have been apptmted to make laws , not leiialators—you are appointed to act under theoonetitstion , not to destroy it- ^ yon are appointed to exercise the fnnotiens of legislators , and n * t to transfer them : and , if you do so , your act ia a dissolution of the government , you resolve society into its original elements , 8 * d no matt ia the land is bound to obty you , '
Words , foil of the same import , were addressed to me ky him who perhaps better than any other man understood aad appreciated the principles of the English toastitution—the late Earl Eldon . The words of such a man are aot to be forgotten . Though disregarded then , their solemn weight must now be felt ; for the meat powerful excuses advanced in support of the aeknawledged unconstitutional Aot are proved to hive been fallKlous ; they are—that it would restore toindnitry its doe reward , visit idleness with its appropriate punishment , reinstate property ia security , sad lift up onea more—God be praised 1—the character pf that noble English peasantry to the frond eminence where , but for the ( old ) Poor Laws , it would have shone untarnished ,
the admiration of mankind , and the glory of the osuntry which bouts it as ita brightest ornament . '—( Lord Brougham ) The failure is complete ! It is acknowledged by Lord Brougham himself ! It is written in facto that cannot be mistaken . Now , it may be said with truth , 'all property is shaken to pieoes . —[ Lord Brougham . )—' Tha new Poor { Law was proposed at a tuns of great party violence . '—[ Lord Brovgham\— ' Then , those who had been blowa into significance by the moBt ' violent and unsera pnlous agitation '—{ Lord Brougham ); men who had bsen thrust into office by the revolutionary ' pressure from without?—( LordBroughun ); ' statesmen ,
whose only qualification for office was the influence they had obtained over the minds of the unreflecting ; , by ' pandering to their basest pjassions *—( Lord Brougham)—thesa new-fisdged officials resolved to try their hands at legislation by making' playthings ' of the most sacred right of their former tools and patrons—the' peasants ! ' Attempting to consolidate the power of the law , they removed tie foundation on which all law must rest—Ihe right oi the poor to liberty and life ! Those patrons of Reform were deaf to the warnings of the wise and venerable Earl Eldon , they , at the bidding of Lord Broufham , laid the foundation of onr present miserablo state ! Pity , that others assisted them in th&t revolutionary act .
Now , however , seeing that Lord Brougham ( who perhaps uneonsoiously . has done more to revolutionise Europe thai any other man ) is siok of revolutions , and that Lord John Russell , with the whole power and energy of the government , has been engaged in putting revolntrtns down—it may surely now be expected that the opinion ef the late Earl Eldoa will be regarded , and that those who were most instrumental in passing the revolutionary new Poor Law Act will ( haying read its true , character , ia the rw lationuy spirit it has created amongKhe ' peuants' ) be anxioas to prove their repentenee and their respect for the judgment of Lord Eldon by instantly adopting meaiores to repeal the unconstitutional act . With this hope , I respectfully , once more , remind them of the sayings of that learned , venerable , and noble constitutional lawyer . May his words find a biding plaoa in yeur hearts , my fellow-countrymen !
Never forget , that persisting ia errar eannot change its ouaracter—time cannot justify injustice—neither can might make wrong right . While the new Poor Lav Bill was under discussion in the House of Lords . I had the honour ef an interview with the noble and learned Earl Eldon . 1 was exceedingly anxious that bis lordship should attend tha house and give bis opposition to that mea . snre . I moBt respectfully urged Mm to do so . Bii Lordship answered me thus— ' I have withdrawn from the House of Lords . I can do no good nov > . It is an unconstitutional bill ; but it is sure to pass . No w-a days , they will pass anything . ' Earl Eldoa also assured me ( and permitted me to use hu name as
authority fur tha opinion ); 'that there was ne authority to empower the legislature to pass such a bill , nor , when passed , any constitutional power to enforce it . ' ' If , ' ( said that truly learned aad constitutional lawyer)—* If matters have indeed come to this , a National Convention Bhonld be assembled . ' - To his friend the Earl Stanhope , Earl Eldon styled the new Poor Law' the most infamous law that ever was enacted in any Christian country . ' Convening with the same benevolent and truly patriotic nobleman , Earl Elden said , in refertnoe to the Anti-New Poor Law movement , 'If the parliament will not do its duty , the people most do theirs ! ' and again , ' nothing can be done till the country is ready for it , which it 8 &on will be !
Sorely the country has had eponrh of that revolutionary edict when her Majesty ' s commission is dishonoured , and her royal authority is perverted , to violate the law of God—to trample upon the autneiity of the church—to break the sacred union of man and wife ! Itis vain , fellow-countrymen , striving tOBtrengthen an ediSeawhen the cement that binds its Btones together is removed . It is hopeless to defend institutions whea their foundation is destroyed . When the life-giving principle u withdrawn , the body muBt decay ! Oar social edifice did rest securely on the equitable right of the poor ; that has been removed , tad since thea every ^ laas and every interest haa been shaken to its very base , and now totters at every " * " l \ lnoes ,
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i — I . - I rumour I Depend « pon it , Englishmen , yon Prim * uttered a solemn and most important truth , when his Royal Highnwi deolued 'the interests of all ol&nes are the same !' Te the royal oerapant of the throne—to the noble Md titled peerage—to the landlords , bankers , mer «{» ^ » a » nttf * etarers ; farmers , and shopkeepers ( to th 8 el « ey , Ishall « peakin my next ) , I would MSpectfull y appeal-urging them , as they hope ( amidst theorumbling of throne * , the levelling of distinctions , we destruction of property , and the wasting away of commerce ) to « mom their rights and privileges , by naming thote ef the poor ! May they listen to the voice of Eldoa—may oonscience speak—justioe prevail—remembering that principles are not playthings ! Like water , they will find their level ! Henos the tide of calamity flaws upward > None is secure ! The Throne is now the object of attaok ; it must be weakened when its onlypropg are bayonets and cutlasses ! How firm was that Throne—how bread its basement-when every oottage was a foundation stone ! ' Ths peasant Is no plaything 1 , ehild-No , Godl forbid ke were ' . ' I am , fellow onntrymen . yours faithfully , Richard Oastmcr * Fnlham , Middlesex ' P . S . Would that I eouUl convince every rank of my countrymen ef the immense importance to the prosperity of tu « nation of the parochial iviteml by it , all ranks , from the paw to the peasant , were uni * ted ; they were bound together by the cords ef sympathy ! The union , or centralising system , makes slaves of them all j it chains then , peers and peasants , to a despot , who it himself , in spite of his kindlier feelings , forced to be a tyrant ! -R . 0 . ^ nirann » 1 r »«~ , _ j n « -t . n j
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nii ** *?* * Wit you with the fraudulent praotioea med to make the poor agricultural dupes fiT'iu ^^ " ™ ' to exchange their native fields *™ 2 aud gloomy mills . Sufflee it to say , tttoagands upon thousands of those poor unhappy wretches were cut upon the manufacturing districts , ineonuequence ofttie suggestions oi Messrsr Gregg MUAlhwwlUmat of spaofr forbids me to qaoto from Mr Gregg - , iettor to Mr Edwin Chadwiok . imuit , however , bring this subject direotlyhome to the middle clastei , the shopkeepers , aid other tradesmen' of Bradford , who , through Mr William ana , are the present complainants . in spito of every caution from the working elaiKB , they resolved that they would have that great 'boon tae _ ... .
o labourers , ' the now Poor Law , immigration and all ! Oa the day when the first meeting of the new roor Law guardians was fixed , sooh was the hatred of the working classes to that' meat infamous' Aot of Parliament , that a very serious riot was expeoted ; the town of Bradford , it was dreaded , would be beiieg « d by 40 , 000 diisaiiB&sd workmen . Te meet his vast army of malcontents , ' the middle classes , the shopkeepers , and other tradesmen * of Bradford enrolled themselves as speoial constables , and caused the magistrates to send for an army of soldiers , with a genaral and his staff to command . Troops ef all jades—foet , horse , and artillery—weredespatched to Jradford , by foreed . marehea , from HiU , Twk , Leeds , Ma nchesterBqrnBley&onet to defend the
aulho-, , ,, » y of the Crown and the Constitution , butte foree S J rorklD R elaues to an unwilling allegiance to three new KingBl Never . hall Iforget that day . The centre of this vastarmy occupied the town of Bradford-Hie advaneed poata wereat Wiksey Baak F « t-the left ™ . L fawned at Stanniagley-the right was posted on Great Horion , with the arm / of reserve resting on Keigbley . .. ° ' . " i there was no fight . ' . The middle Classen , " ! jWfpers , and the tradesmen , ' prevailed . They a IP workin oImms with the immigrants , and themselves with the poor-rates . Thus succeeding in equal ling '—reduoing wages-driviig thousands to pauperism , and now thsv oomolain that the * H&ta
• topay for theirown whistle . ' ' There was , at that time , in Bradford , a man of God-Hii ambasBador-the shepherd of His flook . That man woold have hindered the advance of the devouring wolf ! He was always on the watoh towerwarning his flook of their danger—he was 'instant in season and out of season '—but binn those ' middle classes , shopkeepers , aud other tradesmen , ' would not hear ! No , they resolved to' make Bradford too hot for him . ' They did bo . The Revorend George Stringer Bull was driven away from Bradford becavM he was the friend of the poor ! Let it not be thought strange that God has avenged the contempt aad hatred thus shown to his moat true and holy word .
I am , fellow countrymen , Your faithful friend , _ ,. „ ., „ RlCHAHD OaEW . BR . Fulham . Middlesex .
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THE ORGANISATION OF LABOUR . The minds of thinking men throughout Europe and America , are now directed to the solution of the important preblem of the Organisation of Labour ; and the amount of study and discussion devoted to it will constantly ioorease , as the nations of Europe become posietsed of political power , until it becomes the paramount question of the age . I stated in a former communication on this subject , that the industrial organisation which is now required—and which should be the first question agitated by the working clasiei of this country , when they have obtained the franchise—should be euch as would secure to the ions and daughters of labour , all that labour produces , without requiring for its actualisation
the adoption of the unitary mansion—the common family , and the communisation of labrar and property—those grand theories for which society is not yet prepared . The restriction of the hourB « f labour to eight per day , and the employment of the able-bodied poor in spade husbandry , as ia done in Holland , are propositions whieh , as approximations to a more juBt system than at present prevails , deserve the support of every friend of labour . But their adoption would be inadequate te the extent of the evil to be removed , and the plan which I shall promote in this article for the organisation of the induetrial army of this country , wwld ob > iate the necessity of the first measure by abellsV ' ing the exlstiog relations of employer and employed ; and render the second unnecessary , by securing to every one willing to avail himBelf of the advantages of the svstem . the ! full value and benefit tf his labour .
In proposing a plan of industrial organisation , which shall attain Buch a desirable consummation without interfering with private property , individual labour , and familiar isolation , a direction is given to the future aims of the democratic party ! whioh must have for their object something more than the mere employment of the people as the serfs of capital . The various plans proposed for employing the people and ameliorating their condition , are all inadequate to the purpose , or applicable only to a section of the people . That which I Bhall propose , on the contrary , while it presents advantages unattainable by any other plan , is as applicable to one section of the working community as to another . It comprehends an improved aspeot of the Bnwll farm system , co-operative manufactories , and associations of artisans ; it also combines with the two former , the advantages of eo operative storse .
I , —Agrtewtwal Auoctations , —As these remarks will be read by most ef the sixty thousand members of the National Land Company , I need not expatiate upon the advantages derivable from such an institution by those whose industry is applied to the cultivation of the soil . But believing that no plan of social amelioration caa be reduced to practice until he people are possessed of political power , my object is to suggest the means by whioh a government , based upon universal suffrage , might make the Small Farm Plan of Mr O'Connor , available as a branch of such an organisation of labour as is here proposed . This could be done by legislative enactments to legalise the ballot , ( unless the rapidity ef location enabled the directors to locate the members by
rotation , ) and to confer upon the company the power now given to railway companies of appropriating for its purpose suoh lands as might be deemed eligible upon paying the proprietor the fair value thereof . In order to expedite the location , bo that the hopes of the members might be realised as speedily as possible , a bill should al « o be obtained for granting loana of money te the company , and leases of the Crowa lands . The loans should be iiBued under the authority of a board appointed for that purpose , and should bear interest at the rate of four per tent . The lands should be leased in perpetuity to the company ' s trustees at a low rent , with a power of purchase at a stipulated price proportionate to the rent ; aid this sum should be payable by instalments , such instalments to bear a given rate of interest , and to be deduoted from the annual rent , until the whole of the
purohase-money was paid . The exiting relations be . tween the directors and the located members might be adhered to , with such improvements as the experience of the future may suggest . The allottees would find it greatly to their advantage to carry the co-operative prinoi p le into all their dealings , and psrtioufarly in the joint purchase of coals , grocery , &o ., by whioh the expenses of management consequent upon the co-operative store system would be avoided . All expensive maobinery and implements might likewise be the common property of all the Allottees upon each estate , In the course of time , ai experience teaches the allottees the iacreased benefits to be derived from the communisation of their labour , and aa improved mental and moral culture draws closer the bonds of fraternity , these co-operative villages will become the agricultural communi-, ies of the future social commonwealth .
2;—Manufacturing Asi $ ciations ,--Thet 6 can be no reason demonstrated why the co operative prinoiple sheuld not be applied to manufactures , and in fact to every department of mechanical industry , as well a 3 to agriculture . Mr Kydd took a prospective glance in the right direction , when he said that co-operation could baild manufactories and workshops , as well as it purchases land and ereota cottages . It is indeed only by this application of the co-operative prinoiple that maohinery ean bo made benefioial to the labouring classes , by becoming their servant instead of their deitroyer . Manufactures would then be conducted by labouring capitalists for the mutual benefit of all concerned , and not by monopolieUg capitalists holding the labourers in as veritable a Btate of serfdom ,
as ever existed in the days of Norman feudalism . The same means whioh have brought into existence the National Land Company , and enabled it to purchase land and ereot cottages thereon , would suffice for the establishment of manufacturing asaoelatioBs . Much less land would be required for these , but the CMtofthe faotory buildings and machinery , would probably make the shares of equal value with those in the Land Company . The same powers should be given to the Company of manufacturing industrials , as I have propased for the National Land Companyboth as to the Ballot and the power of purchasing eligible premises already erected , and the grant of money from the national treasury for the purpose . Ia this respect the white slaves of Britain may take a lesaon from the emancipated negroes of Demerara ,
who , by means of dubbing the savings of their slender wages , have purchased a number of estates in that colony , which the English proprietors deolared ; themselves unable to cultivate with profit without slave labour . On most of these eitatas the negro cultivatora hayo oommunieed their labour and produce , thus Bhowing themselves to be in advance of tke proletanans of Europe . The proposed plan of manufacturing . companies would combine suoh portions of the various systems of individualism , association , and Communism , as the present generation of workmen may be deemed prepared to adopt . The factory buildings aud machinery should be held in oommon—the raw material would be purchased by co-operation—and each man would labour individually for his own benefit . The last , however , is a matter whioh might be well left to itho members ; the shareholders of each factory - adopt-
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ug inch & fonm fa of distribution as might be most ¦ uitable to the . nature of the manufacture and the ? f 8 « 8 » te opinun of the membsra . In some , perhaps , the members would divide themselves into groupa or classes for tho greater convenience both of SSniSft ¦ H . dotation j and in others they SJi ^ « T 5 * hoW tte Pro * " * »< " cSSf ' f k jW beiD K Bn » e « either equally or u . SS&Af" * "T faot c b « lw Fourier , as the natire of the manufacture made one or the other mSsfflJ ^ t * W ?!* " ? ? «« M « t *> Pwtoce ^^! r » ssf 9 tis mmbeJ- PleMin 8 Tariety ef "nployment to the
j , S . ' }! . ft 0 turin ( E 8 yilt <) m of the present day reffiS SMttax-is ^ ShfSlTil " T # ^ "SBTwuS unite the laboured and the capitalist in the «« a pewon-wouldafford the workerg&lr ^ for intellectual improvement-would restore woman t 0 J « J } wP ««« n > i P <»> ti « n . and children to home andohildhood ' s artless joys ; production would be regulated by the actual demand , and exports would csasist only of the surplus remaining after the home denunu had been , fully supplied Instead of tha squalor , miwrv , and disoentent of oar manufacturing towBS , these co-operative faotoriea would present pictures of oompeteace , happiness , and contentment .
8 .-ij « wtat «» w of Artiiatu . —U these I propose to provide for those departments of industry not comprehended in the plans of the agricultural ant manufacturiug associations . Justioe requiring for labour such an organisation as will assure everyone wt ling to avail himself of its advantages the full value of his labour , it is obvious that this can only be done by the union and co-operation of workmen for their mutual advantage , instead of hiring their labour to a master ; These associations could be best oartied out locally / snder the sanction and protection of an aot of parliament , for I must suppose the enhre people possessed of politioal influence before suoh changes can be practicable . In each town the workmen of each branch of meehanioal and manual
industry would form these associations '; the building trades forming one , the clothing trade another , and so on through every department . Contracts and jobs could l » aa easily undertaken by these asBooia . tions of working men aa by matters , and with advantage to both the publia and tke men in union . The suggestions given in reference to the manufacturing associations , as to co-operation in the purohase oi materials , mode of wwking , and division of profits , will apply with c ^ ual force to these associations . Some modification of Fourier ' s plan would probably be adopted in most oases , and under the arrangements here proposed , would give to &n a share of comfort and prosperity now enjoyed by comparatively few . Positive equality of remuneration , however , can enly be attained by Communism ; but that grand ideal of society must be reserved for some future generation . It may be objected that these associations would not be countenanced by the non-producing classes ;
but to this I reply , firstly , that patronage would flow to them on account of the advantages which they would be enabled by co-operation to offer to the public ; and secondly , that when the prosperity of the working classes is secured through these associations , thepatronage ofthenon-produc ere will be a matter of no conscience . vYhileelass legislation prevails , every attempt of the working classei to ameliorate their condition will t > 6 vain , or its utmost snccisawiil only show a miiiatura ot the picture whioh will be presented when they obtain their politioal rightp , and know how to use them . I truit that this consideration , and my humble endeavour to demonstrate what may be done by the working classes when they have their affairs in their own hand ? , will inspire them with resolution to commence another campaign of the war of right agaiast might , by renewing the agitation for the People ' s Charter . Croydon Common . T . Feost .
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THE ROYAL COLOSSEUM . To attempt a deaoriptioa of this amphitheatre of art and b « auty , would bo indeed a task . The multiplicity of objooti , their conception and execution—each of wtloh demands more than a formal nolle *—would be a work of study and labour beyond our power and means , We must thwefore Invite our readers to go and see for thtmielvti , and nit contented whh a few general re . marks bj way of lntredactlon to their visit . The muMumof aculpture contains statues of the most celebrated men of anoUnt and modern times , aleo biBtorlcal scenes of interest—among whioh may be observed * Canute rebuking his flatterers . ' The figures In this group are executed with effect , and are a credit to the urtiit , B . 0 , Lueaa . They are worthy tho attention of the King ofPrueBla , and other monarebs who vainly attempt to item the ungovernable tida of human progression ; and . If widely studied by kings generally , would save their subjects the shedding nf muoh blood , and themselves a few heads . ' The Houseless Wan .
derer , ' by J . H . Falley , a tingle figure , must oause the most oareleas of admirers to r « fl : ct on the outtr world . The Shepherd Boy' by Thorswrisden ; ' Study of a Cnild , ' by Lsgrsw ; « The Flower Girl ; ' and a hundred others wo could name , are works of genius , and Indicate the true expression of nature . If art be nature ia mlalature , tale hall of eeuipture Is a world worthy of its ereatori . In the list of great names represented in 8 gares , we have the traly great—without distinction ef creed or party—from Chauoer , the rich and quaint old father of English poetry ; Bacon , the great inductor of the world's philosophy , down to Sir Walter Scott , the sovelist and poet of the north ; Benjamin D'Israeli , famed amidst 'the curiosities of literature ; ' whilst two fine figures of 'Conrad and Medora , ' conceived from Byron ' s tale of the ' Corsair , ' administer a silent , but stvwe reproof to that spirit of intolerant bigotry , tbat prevents bis famed statue finding Its proper place among th ? monuments of the ' mighty dead' in Westminster Abbey .
The Suits cottage , to eminently simple , and forming so marked a contrast with the Gothic aviary and extensive promenade will always be Interesting to visitors of tab , As we look on Its spacious hearth and simple walls , ana see the apparently simple cottage girl plying needle and thread right busily , we think at once of the Industrloas citizens ef the Snlssoantons , whilst adjolniag rolls the tumbling flttaraotover rock and promontory . " and tha troubled waters seem to rest ia the still gulf below . We have visited most of the glens and dens of Scotland , and unhesitatingly pronounce this attempt to imitate mountain toenery , at once picturesque and complete . The panoramic view of the sunny City of Paris , with its ine walks , extended Isndicipe , graceful monument ? , splendid fountain ) , sparkling rivir , gay ihopi , and lumbering cabs , has been criticised by the most intelligent foreigners in this metropolis ; and , as a work of art , they pronounoe it uncalled .
The whole arrangements of the C Iosteum are excellent , the muslo 1 b well selected and executed ; and if wethe poorer tons of Adam—cannot afford to travel to loenes far renewned from historical association , and olassio grandeur and beauty , we oan feast on the rich fruits gathered from varied louroes , and brought within the reach of the citizens and visitors of smoky London . To all who wish to leave the filth and tnrmell of the crowd , the din and craft of the atroet , the bustle and mammon gathering of the shop , and seek for enjoyment and relief anosg the beautiful in nature , and the select in art , and f « el once more a man , we say , < 6 o and see the Colosseum ;' its racks and flowere , mountains and Indescribable caverns its sculpture and paintings , its promenades and panorama , its muiio and cottage , will repay you for time and meney a hundred-fold .
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Poluzchnic Institution . —On Monday some experiments on steam propellers were exhibited in the presence ef the Earl of Auckland , and several officers connected with the steam branch of the naral service . The object in view was to test the powers of a new application of the screw . The novelty consists in plaoing a propeller under each quarter , and not as now , immediately before the rudder . Experience as as well aa theory have demonstrated that when the screw propeller ib placed at the stern of the veisel it worka at a -very gr « at disadvantage . The vessel whioh is propelled bj it displaces the whole body of water through whioh it moves , and consequently the screw has little or no resisting medium to work upon , for the water has not had time to rusk into the
vacuum created by the passage of the vessel bo as to offer any resistance , and moreover the current Sows with the ship , and not in a contrary direction , so that under these two conditions the rate aohieved by the screw propeller , as now applied , can never reach the maximum speed whioh paddle-wheel steamers have attained . Tho objections to paddle-wheels are too well known to require detail here . Captain Carpenter , the inventor of this new application of propelling power , is a practical teaman , having served many years in the navy , five of which he was in command of the Geyser steamer , In the Mediterranean fleet , The experiments gave great satisfaction to the Admiralty authorities present , and particularly elicited the approbation of Mr Loydd , Mr Edie , and Captai ElLice ; all of whom are practically conawted with
tke Bteam department of tke service . Fihb . —On Saturday morninp , between six and seven a fire broke out in Mark ' s Auction Mart , situate in Oxford Street , within a few doors of the Regent Circus . The flameB , when first perceived wvro raging in a long range of warehouses at the rear of tho dwelling , and so Btrong a hold had they obtained , that it soon became apparent these premises would be consumed . Engines quickly arrived ; not a moment was lost in salting them to work , and by perseverance the firemen at length succeeded in getting the mastery of the flames , but not before Mr Maik ' s warehouse and stores were totaHy consumed , the front premises very extensively damaged , and buildings belonging to several other parties more or less injured by fire , water , and removal . ' A wheat stack that was built fourteen years fiinoe is now standing at Lanehester , in Durham ,
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It is said that an immense number of counter , feit fourpenny pieces are in circulation in London The total number of sheep in New South Wales ' in 1847 , exweded 10 . 000 , 000 . " " m T « MP * E *»« a Maxim . —Tho nan who pledges hia health too often will soon be left with nothing else to pledge . Chlobotoru . — An inhabitant of Preiton has dis * oevered that chloroform prevent * or retards the noxious aotion of otrtain kinds if poison . Mr R . O'Gormak . —The Paris correspondent of tha Frbumn states that this gentleman got on boards vessel bound for Algiers , where he lately armed , aad is now on his way to Paris . ....
; A Nbtv WoBK .-Mr Whiteside , Q . U ., wno defended Mr Smith O'Brien , is the author of the work now making a great sensation in the litertry world , entitled Italy ia the NinetsenthCsntury . ' A Climax . —An sditcr out west , wishing to gira some faint idea of a contemporary ' s meanness , saya that his soul is so small that it might dance a horn * pipe in a musquito ' g wateh fob . Bath Srawcs . —Carbenie acid gas , which ia emitted from the mineral springs in the city ef Bath , is , in the opinion of eminent medical men , an absolute protection from cholera . Toe Gaol tibsts ihb Bastilb . —The cost af eactt prisoner in ths county gaol of Carlisle , is stated to be ft . 6 d . per week ; the weekly eost ef paupers in thQ sama locality only 2 * . fid . .
Thb Enliqhtb « ed Middle Class . —At the Rutland quarter sessions last week , tho foreman of tha grand jury handed in a bill thus eruditely endorsed : — Know bill on tha first count ; a true bill on thq last count . ' It is said that the consumption of porter and ale ia Glasgow is this year only about one-half of the quantity oonaumed in 1846 . The total number of horned cattle annually sens ' to England , from Dumfriesshire , Kircudbrightshire , and Wigtonshire , is estimated to amount ta 20 , 000 . Conundrum . —Why is a pawnbroker like the Devil ? Because ha claims the unredeemed . Dbaf , Dumb , and Blmd . —In the four northern English counties—Durham , Northumberland , Cum * » rland , and Wesmoreland—there are no feweB than 6 S 0 deaf aid dumb , and 600 blind persona .
Old Cows . —A labourer , a few days ago , found ia the Pwry Wo » d , Krnt , about five pounds weight o £ Bilrer coins of Henry VIII . and Edward VI . Thel had bsen eonossled in a crook just below the surface , and it is supposed that the late heavy rains had washed the earth from them . A Ciyiii Action . —A woman had a man arraigned for eoming into her house , and putting her in fear o ( some outrBge . ' Besides , ' said she , ' he called me out of my name . ' ' But that ' s a civil action , madam ' said the counsel for the defendant , < No I itis uotsj civil aotion V cried the indignant lady ; ' and nobod * but a lawyer would say bo V A Him . —An Anierioan editor thus logically nudges his delinquent subscribers— ' We don't want meney desperately bad , but our oreditorjdo ; audnodoubfi
hey owe yon . Ify < m pay ui , we'll pay them , and ihej'llpayyou . ' A fine stormy petrel , or 'Mother Carey ' s chicken , * was found a few days sinco at Sacriaton , near Durham , whither it had probably been driven by a itorm » as those birds are very seldom s « en inland , and it appeared completely exhausted by a long flight . Railway . Calls . —The calls on all classes of rail , way shares , including English , IriBh and continental , amount , for the month of November , to * 1 , W 362 , being £ 867 , 356 ta » than the correspond . J 3 F "S * ot last yMr » when there were £ 2 , 042 , 718 . The Mansheiter , Sheffield , and Lincolnshire alone , twnt ^ Lr ^* TigorouBIy ' calu u *
According to the Kolmschb Zerum , the total population of the Austrian empire is 37 , 060 , 000 , thus divided—Solavonians , 17 , 035 , 000 ; Germans . 1 . 285 M 0 1 Italians , 5 . 183 . 000 ; Magyars , i 800 000 : WaUaohians , 2 , 158 , 000 ; Jews , 475 , 000 ; and Gipsya , 128 , 000 . In tha list of grand jury , whose names were called over for tha purpose of serving at tbe late Middlesex sessions , was that of Mr Maoready , who , however , stood excused upon theDaputy Clerk of the Peaca expressing a belief that he was now upon a professional tour in the Unitsd Slates .
A Nbw Rbmbdt 7 or Cholbra . —The Belgian japera speak of a i » w remedy for the cholera having been discovered by a youag physician , employed in the hospital at Berlin , where its « ff « ots , it is said , mve been astonishing . Tke agent employed is tha irichloure of carbon ; and M . . ' Damas , the celebrated Frenoh chemist , is mentioned as being engaged ia investigating its efftcts . Tanacre , a Neapolitan physican , state * that thej iuman body oan be rendered insensible to fire by the following embrocation : —One onnee and a half el alum , dissolved in four ounces ot hot water ; to thia must be added one ounce of glue , and half ef an ounoq of sum arabie .
m A Iankee . —You can always tell a Yankee by thel lack knife in his hand , or the cigar in his month . The Yankees are ourious characters . To-day they are swapping horses , and to-morrow building rait roads ; this hour in the gutter , and the next seated in a palace . Their energy knows no bounds . This month you may find a Yankee on the waters of tha Ponobscot , heart and soul engaged in the logging bnsineea ; and a quarter of a year hence you w ill hear of him navigating the Ohio . Let a year paw , aad you may team of him at Constantinople . How to pay Rest in TimmAirc . —On the night of the 3 rd inBtant twenty men assembled on the lands of Knokinglass , near Toomavara , and carried away twenty-seven bags of oats and a Btaok of wheat , under sef jare of rent dne to Henry Cole Browen , Esq . The keeper on the property was locked up whils t a number of horses aad can were engaged ia removing the corn .
• Emigration op Capital and Tndustbt . —Within the last twenty-three years 1 , 737 , 597 persons hava emigrated from the British dominions ; 4 S 0 . 00 O within the last three years . During the last year 142 151 persons emigrated to the United States , and 109 , 688 to tbe North American colonies . Aa ex-Member of Parliament a proteBtant clergy , man , and a physician , head a colony of Wexfordi farmers , who embark this month for Texas , to locata there as Bettlers . They carry with thera £ 50 , 000 ijj specie .
CoNsmrraox op Opium m Eiwt «»» . —Aeiiordlng to commercial Btatemeate . it appears that tiie . quao * wty of opium imported into thin cowntry is on im increase ; Take the month of M * y , for instance ^ In 1847 , during this month , 8 , 0 S # pounds were ad * mitted , whilst during the same month of the pritanfi year the quantity amounted to , ' , 029 pounds . Wa trust that the progress made among the lower classes in habits of temperance , in a great measure owing to the valuable abstinence socieriwj , is not counter . ba ! ano ? d by an increasa in the number of percoas ad . dieted to that worst of vices , opium-eaiW . Thia matter deserves investifration . —iftdtcai Times .
Thb 'Goldbn Acts' Illusion . —The Illusion of a past golden aga is one of the greatest hinderances tot ihe approach ofthegolden age that should come . H the golden age is past it was not genuine . Gold can * tot rust nor decay ; it wmw out of all admixtures and decompositions pure and indeBtructiblo . It tbe golden age will not endure it had better never arise * for it can produee nothing but elegies on its losg - ^ ( A . W . v . SoBlegel . ) Hini 9 to Lovhr 3 of Flowebs . —A most beautiful and easily attained bbow of evergreen may be bad bj a very simple plan , wkich has been found to BBBwee remarkably well on a email scale . If geranium branches taken from luxuriant and healthy trees just before the winter sets in be out as for slips and ! immersed in soap-water , they will , after drooping foK a few days , shed their leaves , put forth fresh ones " .
and continue in the finest vigour all winter . By placing a number of bottles thus filled is a flowec basket , with moss to conceal the bottles , a shew of evergreens is easily insured for the whole season * They require no fresh wator . A Curious Ficr w Bums Making — AocordiogB to Professor Johnstone , the time and frequency o £ milking have a great influence on the amount of buU ter yielded by milk . If a cow be only milked opce * day , he says , the milk will yield only asevbnth part mere butter than an equal quantity of tbat which is ftbtftmed by two milkiaga & Jay . When ihe ml ! k ia drawn three timeB a day , itis more abundant , but still less rich . It has also been remarked that tha morning ' s milkiB of better quality than that obtained in the evening .
Important to Publicans —A point of much frH « portance to publicans was lately decided at the London SeesionB , with regard to' Derby sweeps . ' It appears that Sir Peter Laurie and Alderman Wilson had convicted the proprietor of a public-house o £ having acted against the terms of his license , and contrary to the provisions of an not of parliament , ia permitting a lottery called a ' Derby sweep , ' to ba played and drawn by lot in his house . An appeal was argued at the Lo ndon Sessions , for the purpoaa o £ having this important question legally deoided , when the Recorder confirmed the conviction of the magistrates , and intimated it would bo dangerous foe licensed victuallers to continue lotteries of this kind in their houses , as the ma&isirateB would inquest tionably Btop the licenses if there was any violation » f the law .
Sheep Worried by a Hoitsn . —On the 25 th o £ Ootober , a young horso , out at grass , beloDging to Mr Ashburner , Pennington , near Ulverston , was ; discovered making a furious attack on a sheep . It cetzeiUho sueepmth its testh and tossed it a coasiderablo hei ght three or four times , then kaeelirsz upon it worried and tore with the ferocity of a bull , dog . Ihe Bheep , a large fat one of twenty poupda per quarter , when , with difficulty , rescued from tha savage attaok of the horse , was not quite dead , "' but so mangled and torn that it was killed immediately , there biih g no hopes whatever of its recovery . About a fortni iht before a Bheep wja discovered in the sruio field wot e ' . ed to death in a frightful manner , and tiree oihera very muoh mangled , andthere is no doubt thia was ihe work of the same horse , ; ¦
Paetrp* Sa^Uh
paetrp * Sa ^ uh
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Letter IV . Fellow Couhtrthin , —It was my intention that this letter should contain an earnest appeal to the clergy , with the hope of inducing them to use their powerful influences to stem the torrent of infidelity which , under the matk of 'liberal and enlightened prinsiples , ' is impoverishing and demoralising the people committed to their charge . It is necessary that I postpone that appeal , in oonsequence of a most important letter whioh I have jnst read , addressed to my esteemed friend , the editor of ihe Wakehild JbtrasAi ; , and inserted in that paper on the 27 ih utt—i latter written , not by a bliad partisan , as enthusiastic demagogue , or a furious bigot , but the production of a highly Hspectable , intelligent , and practical manufacturer of the town of Bradford , in Yorkshire ; the letter is dated Ootober 28 , 1818 , and is signed William Rand .
Mr W . Rand is the employer of many hundreds of workpeople ; ke is one of the most eminent manufacturers in Yorkshire—a man of high and honourable character , who has' long had his attention drawn to the social condition of the working classes ; ' he entirely divests himself of the slightest tincture of partisanship , for he says' to strengthen the < Russell , ' ' Peel , ' or' Stanley' party , or any other party , is as dust in the balance compared with objeots of such paramount importance' as tnope on which he treats . I shall strengthen my intended appeal to the clergy by calling your attention to Mr William Rand's letter .
Mr William Rand is a successful manufacturer , who has been stopped in hii profitable career by what he terms ' s god whioh England has sat up called Cheapness ; " and he complains that 'every thing in the shape of industry is to be sacrificed to it . C » nsumm , ' he adds , 'it seems , must buy ' cheap , ' no matter by what means that cheapness is attained . ' He acknowledges that cheapness ' is considered by the politioal eoonomista an unmixed good ; ' Mr William Rand is , however , now convinced , that' it is a great and serious delusion . ' I will not at present stop to ask whether Mr William Rand has not been a very influential coadjutor and supporter of those persons who he now charges with being nnder' a great and serious delusion . ' It is enough that ho now feels and acknowledges their error .
Englishmen ! You who have been deluded by the cry of Cheap bread , high wages , and plenty to do , ' read with solemn attention the description now given ( by one of its msst eminent manufacturers—by one of its most talented and honourable inhabitants ) of the town of Bradford , a { town which , before the operation of Free Trade , was noted for irs almost uninterrupted prosperity—ay , even when other manufacturing towns were passing ; undsr the cloud ' of adversity , the trade of Bradford has been rery profitable . Mr William Rand describes this epoch
as—A period when tha trade of this important part of the kingdom is in a most deprensd condition—when sootal ctUi of aa extensile and alBrmisg character have , on many occasions , disturbed the pabllo peace , and put in jeopardy the very s&fety of society in the manufacturing district!—a period when our workhouses are fillad witb the deitHnte aod our gaols with the dUsfhcted—when thousands ars out of work—when the middle daues , the shopkeepers , and other tradesmen , are in addition to the almost entire absence of profits , absolutely eaten up with poor rates and other local burdens , in addition to the general taxation of the country . It is very easy to copy that woeful description of poverty and destitution , bat language would fail to describe the agony , remorse , and vexation of spirit endured by a crowded manufacturing population that is reduced to a state of so muoh misery . I will not attempt to dessribe tbat state of Act-of-Parliament . mads destitution and aBguisb .
Mr William Rand oats the causes of this overwhelming calamity are , first , ' cheapness , ' whieh , he complains , in almost all the various branohes of manufacturing industry , foroaa the priees Mow prime ** tt ; and , Beoondly , To that etnstant stream of immigration froa the rural parts of the country iato the large towns and villages of ths mtnufaowrlng districts , which has beea going on for years , accumulating in euch numbers that it is totally impossible for them to find employ m » nt , and , as a nec « ssuj conieqaenoe , requiring an amount of poor rate for th * ir relief absolutely miaous .
The first cause of these miseries is fairly attributable to the operation of Free Trade ; for it iB an avowed maxim with the friends of Free Trade , that , ' Freedom from restraint is calculated to give the best direotiontotheeapital snd industry of the country —the maxim of buying labour in the ehtaput market is the best rule for the trade of the whole natitn . ' And , again , 'The employer of lsbonr is to avail him . self of all circumstances by whioh he can reduce th value of ^ labour . ' Suoh were the lessons dictated by the ' philosophers' of' common sense , ' and when any one dared to question their truth , he was branded with the epithet of' fool , '' big « V' madman , ' or' in . cendtary . ' Whether Mr William Rand may have assisted by his influence in and out of Parliament to produce
ihe' cheapness' of whioh he complains , and which is now reducing the people of Bradford to poverty , is known to himself ; but certainly the constituency of Bradford—viz ., ' the middle olasses , the shopkeepers , and other tradesmen '—are only reaping the harvest they themselves have gown . If the fruit is bitter , they have to blame themselves . Perhaps they fancied it was possible to ' cheapen' corn and labour , to ' orusa the aristocracy' and the peasantry , aud still keep up the price of yarn ! If so , they have learned a very useful lesson . They have been cured of that 'ignorance ' of whioh Prince Albert complainedthey now know' the interest of all daises is the same . ' Mr William Rand ' s second reason fer the calamity whioh has befallen Bradford requires Bpeoial remark
from me . It ia caused , he says , by ' that constant rinam Of immigration from the rural parts of tbe country into the large towns and Tillages of the ma « nafacturing distrusts / 'The middle classes , the shopkeepers , an $ other tradesmen' of Bradford , with few honourable exceptions , have no claim to pity on that score . They well know that the migration branch ef the New Poor Law was especially invented and established for the benefit of' the large towns and villages of the manufacturing districts / and that' the middle classes , the shopkeepers , and other tradesmen' of Bradford ( may the exceptions be honoured ) were resolutely determined to enforce the New Poor Law , in spite of
ihe remonstrance and protest of the working clasies . These latttr were wiser than thtir employers . True , they were devoid of ' common sense , ' so called , but they had read ia a book , whose contents they revennced ^ 'Apoor maa that eppresaeth the poor is like a sweeping rain which leaveth no food ; * hence they refused to be parties in thejoppression of the psor rural labourers . Fellow-countrymen , I beg your most attentive perusal of the following unvarnished statement , then yon will form a correot estimate of the unreasonable * ness of any complaint from' the middle classeB , the shopkeepers , and other tradesmen' of the town of Bradford ^ on the score of the immigration oi agricultural labourers .
When the New Poor Law was in contemplation , a very wealthy manufacturer , Mr Ashworth , wrote to the secretary of the Poor Law Commission , Mr Edwin Chadwiok , urging him to make the migration system a part of the new measure . A quotation from a letter witten by that person will prove that faot ; it is as follows , dated , Turton , near Bolton , June 9 , 1834 : — Full employment in every dtpurtmant was nevor more easy to be fouai \ than now , cinsrquently wages have advanced in most operative emplojmenti , particularly so in tin least skllfol . ' ' Handloom weavers have been much wanted , and their wages advanoed , on an average , ten per cent . This bespeaks a scarcity of
labourers hers ; at the sama time , great complaints are made of the surplus popnlatian of the agricultural counties . ' ' Tie su . « e . t ! on which I particularly whh to make la , that in the new [ Poor Law Amendment ] Bill the greatest possible facility shoald be afforded to fumi . lies of this deacriptioa [ agricultural labourer ] , who should be wlHiBg or desirous of removing from tho agrl cultural eoanties , where work is scarce , to the manu . factoring districts , teft « re i ( is ofandant . ' ' I om most anxious that every facility be given to the removal of labourers from one county to another , according to the demand for lakour ; this weold have s tendency ta equalise wages , as well as prevent ia a ditfree come of tie t « ra-outs which have becnW late so prevfttet . '
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November 18 , 1848 . _ „ THE NORTHERN STAR . ^ ——^ ^ ^^^ ^* * "M' ¦ ¦ ¦ _^^^_^__ . .... . Jt t ' t ~ 1 ^^^^^^^^^ ^ ' ^ ' ^" ' ' *^* f ? ' ^ '' *?*^^^ f ?* ^ £ Z ! £ 2 * ± !?*** ' *~~ ' » 'mmm * u ^ m *~ . am ~
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Nov. 18, 1848, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1497/page/3/
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