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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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ODE TO HUMAX KESD . ( ByDoDstOT . Extracted from "Pigs' Heater the Swinish J / ufeWc . " / Is there , or do the Schoolmen dream ? Is there on earth a power supreme , The Delegate of Heaven ? To -whom au uncontroli'd command , In ev ' ry realm , o ' er seas and land , By special grace is given ? Then say -what signs this God proclaim ? Dwells he amidst the diamond Same A throne . his hallow'd shrine ? Alas ! the pomp , the arm'darray , Want , / for , and impotence betray . Strange proofs of power divine ! If service due from human kind , To men in slothful ease reclin'd ,
Can form a sovereign ' s claim , Sail Monarchs ! ye whom Heaven ordains , Our toils unshar'd—to share our gains , Ye idiots blind and lame ! Superior virtue , wisdom , might , Create and mark the ruler ' s right . So reason * most conclude-Then thine it is to whom belong , The wise , the virtuous , and the strong , Theice sacred multitude . In thee , vast all ! are these contain '*) , For these are those , thy parts ordain'd , So Nature ' s ^ systems roll : The sceptred thine , if such there be , If none there is—then thou art sree , Great monarch ! mighty whole !
Let the proud tyrant rest Ms cause On faith , prescription , force , or laws , An host ' s or senate ' s voice , His voice affirms thy stronger due , Who for the many made the few , And gave the species choice . Unssnctify'd by thy command , Unown'd by thee , the sceptre'd hand , The trembling slave may bind ; But loose from Nature ' s moral ties , The oath by force impos'd , belies The unassenting mind .
Tbt will s thy rule—thy good its end ; You Punish only to defend , what parent Xature gave ; And he who dare her gifts invade , ByNatures ' s oldest law is made , Thy victim or thy 6 lave . Thus reason sounds the just decree , On universal liberty , . 2 fot private rights resign'd : Through various Xature ' s wide extert , 2 fo PB 1 VATEBEISG 8 e ' er were meant , To hurt the ges ' bal kind . Avails it thee , if one devours . Or lesser spoilers share his powers , While both thy chum oppose ? Monsters who wore thy sully d crown , Tyrants who pull'd those monsters down , Alike to thee were foes .
Par ofchershone fair Freedom ' s hand , Far other was the immortal stand , When Hampden foughtfor thee : Theysnatch'd from rapine ' s grief thy spoils , The fruits and prize of glorious toils , Of arts and industry . The foes , with fronts of brass , invade ; Thy friends afford a timid aid , And yield up half thy ri g ht ? Ev ' n Locks beams forth a mingled ray , Afraid to pour the flood of day , On man ' s too feeble sight .
0 ! shall the bought and buying tribe . The slaves who take and deal the bribe , A people ' s chums enjoy ! So India ' s murd ' rers hope to gain , The powers and virtues of the slain . Of wretches they destroy . "Avert it , Heav ' n ! you love the brave , " You bate tbe trecuJirous uiUing slave , " The telfrdevoted head ; "Isor shall an hireling's voice convey , " That sacred prize to lawless sway , " "For which a nation bled . "
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TXSREFOKMED ABUSES IN CHTJECH A 2 SD STATE : with a preliminary tractate on the Continental Kevolutiona . By Joffif Wade . Although we but lightly esteem those "Keformers" -who take to themselves tbe special ttle of "Financial , " and are just now "bidding ¦ 'tenmillions" for popular ikvour ; we nevertheless feel under some obligation to them for fte good they are doing in overhauling and exposing the extrarangances and extortions of our rulers . An enlightened "impatience of taxation" on the part of the people is likely to be one good result of the present movement . But a mere impatience of taxation will not
bring "FinancialJMorm . " Mr . Cobden may talk , Mr . TVade may write , and the Liverpool " Kefonners" may print ton-loads of tracts , but all in vain so long as the tax-eaters can command a majority in both Houses of Parliament . Those who imagine that because Free Trade has been carried , "Financial Reform " "will also be carried in the Parliament as at present constituted , will , we predict , find themselves lamentably deceived . But from their disappointment good -will flow . The " Financial , " will be driven into becoming Parliamentary Keformers . A veritable reform of the representation obtained , we shall have Financial Reform—and something more !
This volume unveils a picture of oligarchical abuses perfectly revolting to look upon . Taxation , the Debt , the Civil List , the Crown Lands , the Colonies , the Church , the Army , Navy , and Ordnance are amongst the subjects treated of in this volume . The author justly deserves praise for the extraordinary labour and ability he has brought to the work of compiling this epitome of reall y useful knowledge . We give ihe following extracts taken at random ; they Trill afford the reader a faint idea of the truly interesting contents of this publication : —
A SAVT WELL OFFICERED . Por every line-of-battle ship in commission thero are three admirals , twelve captains , and fifty lieutenants . The committee on the navy estimates proposed that the number of admirals should be reduced from 150 to 100 . This was resisted by the Admiralty Secretary , who said that the captains looked forward to be admirals , and , of course , that it was necessary to keep up 150 to gratify them . Just as if an extra number of judges , Lord Chancellors , or bishops , should be kept on full or halfpay , that barristers or clergymen may not he disappointed of promotion . In 1192 , there were only sixty-nine admirals , and now , after thirty-three years of peace , almost treble the number is thought desirable : and bv whom ?
THE WOODS AXD FORESTS . The revenue of the Woods and Forests arises from the sale of timber , -wood , and bark , but small are the net proceeds that reach the pubtic treasury . In 18 i 7 , the income amounted to £ 44 , 245 , and the expenditure to £ 35 , 839 , ( Par . Pap . Xo . 191 , Sess . 1848 . ) In forty-four years to 1847 , the average net income received each year from thelfew Forest was £ 2 , 618 , or 9 d . an acre . Of this forest 20 , 000 acres lie waste , though good land , fit for the growth of timber ( Report p . 127 ); and close on the London circuit of the General Post Office . From the extraordinary disbursements in metropolitan improvements , in palace building and alterations , and on obiects of questionable or exaggerated utilitv , very
little of the entire landed revenues of the Crown is available for the public service . For the year ending January 5 , 1 S 48 , the net income from the crown lands was £ 77 , 000 ; from the small branches of the hereditary revenues , £ 8 , 150 , making altogether £ 85 , 150 , the residue of about half-a-million having vanished in traraitu to the Exchequer , leaving a very reduced representative of the ancient patrimony of the Crown sot apart to defray the general expenses o { our monarchical government . In the same year the sum paid for the expenditure of the Ciril list was £ 393 , 982 , so that , in actual receipt , the public has much the worst of the bargain with the Crown , receiving a small equivalent for the life annuity settled on the Queen by parlia mentary contract .
FBOGBESS OF GOVERJfMEST EXTRAVAGANCE . "Without dwelling on trivialities , let us try to fix on general results , on the comparative expenditure of the present and / ormer reigns , and what may be saved by approximating a little nearer to old tunes . During the following reigns to the present , in tune of peace , exclusive of interest on the debt , the government expenditure appear 3 to have been as under : — George I . about £ 2 , 583 , 000 George IL about 2 , 706 , 000 GeorgellL ( 1792 ) . 7 , 670 , 000 George IV . ( 1838 ) 21 , 407 , 670 William IV . ( 1835 ) 15 , 384 , 649 Victoria ( 184 S ) 24280 , 801 Urged by the strong and reasonable demands of t he people * the government made vigorousefforts t ® economise , and the expenditure under William l « was reduced bssjIv six millions . These fiff&rts
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ceased immediately popular vigilance wag withdrawn , and each year the expenditure Bteadily increased . The present government has arrived ' at an unparalleled hei g ht of extravagance , the expen « diture of 1848 exceeding that of 1835 by one-ftaif . This enormous increase has resulted chiefly from the increase of military and naval expense , and far exceeds all precedent in time of peace . For illustration let us contrast the cost of the peace establishment before the last war , with that inflicted on us in the thirty-third year of peace , and the discrepancy is extraordinary . We subjoin the comparison : — Year 1792 . Year 1848 . Army £ 2 , 330 , 349 £ 7 , 540 , 404 3 favy 1 , 935 , 482 8 , 013 , 873 Ordnance 4 M . 863 2 , 947 , 869
£ 4 , 760 , 694 £ 18 , 502 , 146 . hxnibiting nearly a fourfold increase since 1792 . Our more extended forei gn possessions will partly account for the augmentation of forces , but , as res-) ects the army , this defence cannot apply to the household troops , as they are never sent abroad in time of peace . Yet in this branch of the service the increase has been the greatest ; the rank and file of the four regiments of guards , and the dragoons , amounting , m 1792 , only to 14 , 212 men . For a full account of what we may call Mr . "Wade ' s Budget , we must refer the reader to the volume . The following is a summary of the
SUGCSBSIED MDCCTIOSS OF EXPRNDirURB . Merest of the funded debt / reduced onesixth £ 4 , 617 , 538 Civil list and royal household reduced ... 250 , 000 Annuities of the members of the royal family reduced 79 , 000 Salaries of 25 , 000 placemen , £ 3 , 000 , 000 , reduced by a graduated scale , but making an aggregate saving of 1 , 000 , 000 Hereditary pensions on the revenue abolished „ . 20 , 000 Parliamentary pensions for civil , military , naval , and judicial services ( Annual Finance Accounts for 1848 ) reduced one-third 78 , 000 Diplomatic Salaries and pensions reduced onerthird . , 58 , 472 Armv , navy , and ordnance , reduced to standard of 1836 6 , 214 , 374
Total of Reduction £ 11 , 317 , 384 "We earnestly recommend this volume to our readers ; being persuaded that its extensive circulation will do much to arouse the public to a sense of the necessity of a Radical Eeform of Parliament—the only means of ensuring the sweeping away of the Unreformed Abuses in Church and State .
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CHARTIST TRACTS FOR THE TIMES . No . III . —Robberies of the Landed Aristocracy . By theKirkdale Chartist Prisoners . Published by X Barker , Wortley , near Leeds ; and Watson , Queen ' s Head-passage , Paternoster-row , London . Fbom No , II . of these valuable tracts we gave an extract in last Saturday ' s " Star . " No . III . is decidedly a still better pennyworth than either Nbs . I . or II . "We strongly advise our Kirkdale friends to send copies to the ex-Whig Chancellor . -His appetite for useful knowledge is well known ; and there can be no doubt that when he has read the following extract , " his lordship " will hasten to apprise our friends of his desire to have placed at the head of each tract : — "Under the patronage of Lord Bbougham . " THE INFAMOUS LAND-LOBDS . The Puke of Sutherland , although possessed of large estates in England , claims the ownership of 1 , 100 , 000 acres ot land in Scotland . The number of inhabitants on that vast tract is estimated to be under six thousand . They are principally engaged in tending flocks of sheep , and herds of cattle , and live in miserable sheds called "Boothies . " The power which thi 3 Duke possesses , and abuses , is a lair index of the whole tribe of lordlings , and a bitter sarcasm on what is foolishly termed , " our constitutional rights . " We have shown in the previous number that those men have stripped the throne of all , but the semblance of authority . Let
us see how they exercise their own . It appears that his Grace ! has a peculiar code of his own for the government of his serfs . According to his penal enactments , if any of his retainers should have the temerity to enter the state of matrimony before they arrive at the age of thirty , they are unceremoniously ejected from his Grace ' s property and , should any compassionate relative dare to shelter the delinquent , they also are dismissed , and their miserable " boothie" levelled to the ground as a memento of their heinous crime . Also , if a young female should unfortunately swerve from the
paths of virtue and become an unwedded mother , she is also placed under the ban of outlawry , and her parents subjected to the same penalty should they dare to afford her shelter . By such proceedings as this , his lordship has nearly depopulated that portion of Scotland which is cursed by his sway , in order to make more room for breeding cattle , which ho no doubt believes to be the most profitable . The Dukes of Athol and Buccleugh have also furnished their quota towards disgusting the public with lordly domination , by endeavouring to wall in the face of nature from public view . Surelv those men must calculate largely on the
nation ' s endurance . The system of plunder and murder- carried on in London and all other large towns by landlords , through the instrumentality of " groundrent , " " house-rent , " &c , is admirably exposed in thistract . Soalsoistherobberyofthe rights of the poor by " enclosure acts . " The mismanagenientof the Crown Lands , and many other matters of vital import , are treated of in a manner that " he who runs may read ; " and reading , understand ; and understanding , resolve to reform the system altogether . The professed Chartist who has not yet made himself acquainted with these tracts , has neglected a duty , and passed by a treat of no ordinary kind . All who read this number cannot fail to be impatient for No . IV .
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The Ethnological Journal . March . London R . Hardwicke , 14 > Clements-lane , Strand . Circumstances , which it is not necessary we should particularise , have prevented an earlier notice of this month ' s number of the Ethnological Journal . We are gratified by observing that the friends and supporters of this publication are hi course of rendering the aid required by its present necessities . If the
assistance , so well commenced , is furnished on a sufficiently extended scale , the editor will surmount all present difficulties , and be enabled to establish his magazine on a firm foundation ; " a consummation devoutly to be wished " by all interested in the progress of that great branch of knowledge comprised in the three important words—" Man , know thyself 2 "
Papers on " The origin of some of the Berber Tribes of Xubia . and Libya ; " "The Theories of Spontaneous Generation , and the Progressive Evolution of Species ; " and " The Mythological Interpretation of the History of Romulus , " will be found hi the present number .
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The History of Ireland . By T . Wright , M . A ., F . S . A ., &c ., &c Part 7- London : J . and F . Tallis ,. 100 , St . John-street . This part opens with "BookIII ., " devoted to " The Age of the Reformation . " The earlier chapters of this " Book" are , however , principally occupied with the'dating rebellion . of " Silken Thomas , " son of the Earl of Kildare . The story is an exciting one , and , from the commencement of the rebellion to the execution of the six Geraldines , is well told . The tremendous act of excommunication against " Silken Thomas " and themurderers of Archbishop Allen , is a rich illustration of priestly cursing in the " good old tunes . " This part contains a beautiful steel engraving of the Death of Brian Boru .
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" PIGS' MEAT FOR THE SWINISH MULTITUDE . " Som © ¦ we eks ago we gave an account of the trial of Thomas Sjpence the Agrarian Reformer . In the notice of his life which accompanied the report of his trial , we made allusion to a work published by him entitled " Pigs Meat for the Swinish Multitude . " Having the loan of a Yohmie of that publication , which seems to consist almost entirely of " selected pieces , " we give the following extracts therefrom : — .
FREEDOM OF SPEECH . ( From Cato ' s Letters . ) Without freedom of thought , there can bo no such thing a 8 wisdom ; and no such thing as public liberty , without freedom of speech : which is the right of every man , as far as by it he does n ofc hurt and control the right of another ; and this is the only check which it ought to suffer , the only bounds which it ought to know . This sacred privilege is bo essential to free government that tho security of property and the freedom of speech always go together ; and in those wretched countries where a man cannot call his tongue his own , he can scarce call anything else his oTfn , Whoever would overthrow the liberty of the
nation must begin by subduing the liberty of speech ; a thing terrible to public traitors . This secret was so well known to the court of King Charles the First that his wicked , ministry procured a proclamation to forbid the people to talk of parliaments , which those traitors had laid aside . To assert the undoubted right of the subject , ' and defend his majesty ' s legal prerogative , was called disaffection , and punished as sedition . Nay ,. people were forbid to talk of religion in their families ; for the priests , too , had combined to cook up tyranny ; and suppress truth and the law . While the late King James , when Duke of York , went avowedly to mass , men were fined , imprisoned , . and . undone , for saying he was a papist : and that King Charles the
Second might live more securely a papist , thero was an act of parliament made declaring it treason to say that he was one . That men ought to speak well of their governors is true , while their governors deserve to be well spoken of ; but to do public mischief without hearbg of it , is only the prerogative and felicity of tyranny : a free people will be showing that they are so by their freedom of speech . The administration of government is nothing else but the attendance of the trustees of the people upon the interest and affairs of the people . And as it is the part and business of the people , for whose sake alone all public mattci' 3 are or ought to be transacted , to see whether they be well or ill transacted ; so it is the interest , and ought to be the
ambition , of all honest magistrates to have their deeds openly examined and publicly scanned ; only tho wicked governors of men dread what is . said of them . Freedom of speech is the great bulwark of liberty ; they prosper and die together ; and it is the terror of traitors and oppressors , and a barrier against them . It produces -excellent writers , and encourages men of fine geniua . Tacitus telle us , that the Roman commonwealth bred great and numerous anthors , who wrote with equal boldness and eloquence ; but when it was enslaved , those great wits were no more . Tyranny had usurped the place of equality , which is the soul of liberty , and destroyed public courage . The minds of men , terrified by unjust power , degenerated into all the vileness
and methods of servitude ; abject sycophancy and blind submission grew the only moans of preferment , and , indeed , of safety ; men durst not open their mouths but to flatter . Pliny , the younger , observes , that this dread of tyranny had such effect , that the senate , the great Roman senate , became at" last stupid and dumb . Hence , says he , our spirit and genius are stupified , broken , and sunk for cyer . And in one of his epistles , speaking of tho works of his uncle , he makes an apology for eight of them , as not written with the same vigour which was to be found in the rest , for that these eight were written in the reign of Nero , when the spirit of writing was cramped with fear .
I have long thought that tbe world are very much mistaken in their ideas and distinction of libels . It ha 3 been hitherto generally understood that there are no other libels but those against magistrates , and those against private men ; now to me thero seems to be a third sort of libels , full as destructive as any of the former can possibly be , I mean libels against the people . It was otherwise at Athens and Rome ; where , though particular men , and even great men , were often treated with much freedom and severity when they deserved it ; yet the people , the body of the people , were spoken of with the utmost regard and reverence : the sacred privileges of the people , the inviolable majesty of the people , and the unappealable judgment of the people , were
phrases common in those wise , great , and woe cities . Other modes of speech are since grown fashionable , and popular madness is now almost proverbial ; but this madness of theirs , whenever it happens , is derived from external causes . Oppression , they say , will make a wise man mad ; and delusion has not less force ; but where there are neither oppression nor impostors , the judgment of the people in the business of property , the preservation ot which is the principal business of government , docs rarely err . Perhaps they are destitute of grimace , mystery , reserve , and other accomplishments of courtiers ; but as these are only masks to conceal the absence of honesty and sense , the people , who possess as they do the substance , have reason to despise such insipid and contemptible shadows .
" HEY ! POR THE LIFE OF A SOLDIER
BT VOLTAIRE . " You must drink the King of Bulgaria ' s health , " said the soldiers , " he is the best of kings . " " Most willingly , " replied Candide , and drank . " Now you are a brave fellow , " said they , " you are become his support , his defender , one of the heroes of Bulgaria ; your fortune is made , your fame eternal . " They then put handcuffs on his wrists , and conducted him to the regiment . There they made him turn to the right , wheel to the left , shoulder his musket , rest upon his arms , present , fire , march and countermarch ; in return for which the drill Serjeant gave him some thirty strokes with the cane . The next day he performed his exercise better , and received only twenty . On the morrow they gave him but
ten , and all his comrades regarded him as a prodigy of genius . The astonished Candide could not conceive by what enchantment he had become a hero . One pleasant morning in spring , when the birds were singing , and the trees beginning to bloom , he thought proper to take a walk . Proceeding in a right line , and supposing it was the privilege of the human species , like other animals , to make use of their legs , he had not gone above two leagues , before six other heroes , each of six feet high , overtook him , bound him , and threw him into , i dungeon . He was juridically asked , whether he preferred being thirty-six times flogged through the regiment , or to suffer twelve bulls to pass through his brains ? In vain did he assert the freodom o :
the will , and affivm , that he preferred neither the one nor the other : choose he must , and , in virtue of that gift of God , which is called liberty , he concluded in favour of flogging . lie was twice brought to the halberds , where he each time received five hundred lashes , which flayed him from the hips to the nape of the neck , and laid the muscles and nerves all bare . Aa they were proceeding to the third course , Candide , unable to endure more , requested for God ' s sake , they would have the' goodness to blow out his . brains . His petition was favourably received ; but , as he was kneeling blindfold , the King of the Bulgarians happened to come to the parade , and inquired concerning his crime . As this king was a man of great genius , lie
comprehended , from the story they told him , that Candide was a young metaphysician , ignorant of the world , and he granted bis pardon ; which clemency has been and will be recorded in every newspaper , every history , and every age . A skilful surgeon in three weeks cured Candide by use of the emollients which Dioscorides prescribes . The skin again began to cover his back , and he was . able to march , when the King of the Bulgarians gave battle to the King of the Abarians . Nothing could be so charming , so dazzling , so well disciplined , so well appointed as the two . armies . The trumpets , drums , hautboys , fifes , an ( cannon formed a concert of such harmony as Hel itself never equalled . To begin , the artillery laid low about Bix thousand men on each side . The
musketry next despatched between nine and ten thousand knaves , who infested the surface of this best of possible worlds ; and the bayonet in its turn , was the adequate cause of the death of as many wore . The whole amount was at least thirty thousaud souls . Candide , -who trembled like a philosop her , hid himself as well as ho couUL during this heroic butchery . At length , while the two kings ordered Te Deum to be sung in their two camps , he thought proper to depart and reason elsewhere on causes and effects , He passed over mountains of the dying and the dead . The first village he came to belonged to the Abarians ; it was reeking with smoke having been burnt by the Bulgarians , acliere oiu
cording to the laws ol nations , scooa men niaimed by the enemy , gazing on their murdered wives , with their dead children extended on their bleeding bosoms . There lay virgins with their wombs ripped open , after having appeased the natural appetites of cai-tain heroes , giving up the ghost . Others , half roasted , called aloud for some one to come and dispatch them entirely . Ilere the brains of men were scattered , here their arms , here their lefs , and here their mangled trunks . Candide fled with all his might to amhev village , that belonged to the Bulgarians , which the heroes of Abaria had treated in much the same manner . U length marching over limbs still trembling , hearts
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still palpitating , and fires yet unextinguished , he luckify escapedfrom the theatre of war and glory . THE "HIGHER ORDERS" AND " SUPERIOR CLASSES . " ( From the Works of Dean Swift . ) I had the curiosity to inquire , in a particular Tedioft i * "W iAt number / hi V oa ? fil ? » "sd ™ togli titles of honour , and prodigious estates ; and I confined my inquiry to a very modern period . However , ¦ without JLting upon present timos , because I would be » nn > to me n Lfb C ? , ' f ™ , «<> fwagners ( for I hope the reader need not bo told that I do not in the least intend my own country in what I say upon this occasion , ) and a great number of peraons were called up , and , upon a very slight examination , discovered such a scene of infamy that I cannot reflect upon it without some ^ T ™ h Fcr i a W oppression , subornation
^ . , irawj , paMerism , and the like infirmities , were amongst the most excusable arts they had to maintam ; and for these I gave , as It was reasonable , great allowance . But when some confessed they owed their greatness and wealth to the prostituting ot their own wives and daughters ; others to the bo ° traymg of their country , or their prince ; some to TTnTs > T ™ t 0 t ) ie Perverting of justice , in order to destroy the amocont ; I hope 1 may be pardoned if these discoveries inclined mo a little to abate OI tnat profound veneration which I am naturallv apt to pay tp persons of man rank , who ought to be i-eated with tho utmost respect , duo to their subhaws dignity , by us their inferiors .
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SUNSHINE AND SHADOW ; A TALE OF THE NINETEENTH CESIUM . Br THOMAS MAHTIN WHBEIiER , Lato Secretary to the National Charter Association and National Land Company . TO FBAUGUS o ' co . VNOR , ESQ ., M . P . FOB KOTILVOHAM . Kespkcted Sir , — In dedicating kbis humble effort to you , I am actuated by no sycophantic motive ; words of mine can neither make nor mar your fame—Time , the great arbiter , will do ample justice to both the Chartist natty and . their
acknowledged leader . The fiction department of literature has hitherto been neglected by the scribes of our body , and the opponents of our principles have been allowed to wield the power of imagina * tion over the youth of our party , without any onovt on our part to occupy thi 3 wide and fruitful plain . Would that some of the many talented mincte acknowledging our tenets , would achieve that supremacy in tho novel which Thomas Cooper has done in the epic . To stimulate them to tho effort , is the object of this attempt on the part of your brother Chartist , Thomas Martin Wheeler , O ' Connorville , March 24 th , 1849 .
Chapter I . Fair truth shall be my theme . Let others soar To realms of fancy , seeking fictions wild : Athwart my page , fair truth alone shall pour Her charm : —a charm not always tame and mild—E ' en fiction never pleas'd unless it bore The impress of truth : no heart was long beguil'd To feel despite stern reason . For , in sooth , Fictjpn ' s best dress is still the garb of truth . Bests . On a fine day , in the year 1831 , at the door of a brick building , bearing the lofty title of College House Academy , situate in the suburbs of London , stood a stage coach waiting to convey tho emancipated boya to their respective homes in the great
metropolis . Crack goes tho coachman a whip , loud huzzas from the joyous boys startle even the welltrained horses , and the coach speeds on its way . Quietly smiled the quaint old schoolmaster , pleased at the prospect of a month's release from the drudgery ol the then system of scholastic tuition . Cheerful looked his buxom wife , the very pattern of domestic housewifery . Well knew she how to expend in the most thrifty ¦ manner the five guineas per quarter received with each boarder , so as to add each vacation a few more guineas to their scanty hoard ; and now she , too , is released from the routine of duty , and the pleasure it gives is tvuthfully reflected in her countenance . Peace be with you , yo now ancient pair , may the cares of life fall mildly on you , and though the sunshine of existence is to you for ever past , may its shadows be devoid of gloom or danger . Loud and cheerful were these boy passengers ,
life was to them a gavuen of pleasant flowers ; true , they escaped not an occasional sting from the wasps of existence , but the venom was soon extracted , and the evening ' s shadow was always forgotten in the morning ' s sunshine . Oh ! who does not look back with denght on his boyish days , when life was all enchantment ; when , let the kaleidescope be ever so varied , its colours were always bright , and each new combination more pleasing than the last . Time ! what boyish dreams of fairy land hast thou destroyed—what rosy bowers turned to dungeon cells—what placid streams and gay trimmed barks have proved , alas ! a treacherous ocean fraught with constant wrecks ; th y smiling meads have been , indeed , an arid desert , without even the mirage of enchantment , to recall the blest waters of the past ; the materials of the kaleidescope are still there , but the enchanted glass is destroyed , and we have discovered that they were broken and valueless
fragmonts . Loudly sound the joyous huzzas from ouv heroes on tbe coach ; they have reached their destination , the Flower Pot , in Bishopsgate-sfcrcefc , little reck they of these sombre thoughts . Experience will como too sooi ) , let not foreknowledge anticipate its date . Joy and hope arc still with them , and friends and relatives await their arrival . ( To be continued ) .
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Cbbmohne Gardens . —These grounds have already been opened daily , for promenade , and three grand clay and night fetes are announced for Easter ; skould the weather then prove propitious , Mr . Ellis will at onee proceed with the accustomed musical and dramatic entertainments . The gardens , notwithstanding the early period of the season , present a pleasing appearance . A number of nevr walks have been formed , and several rare and valuable exotics and plants added to the conservatories . RorAii Grecian Saloon , City-road . —This chaste and elegant theatre was , on Monday evening last , taken for a benefit in aid of the " Potters Joint Stock Society and Savings' Fund . " The
performances were Auber ' s opera of Masanicllo and the farce of A AEstafcto Story , concluding- with the beautiful Scotch ballet of Auld Iiobin Grey . The pieces were cleverly put upouthe stage , and the characters well sustained by the company . Adelpm . —Anew and original farce has been produced under the title of Who Lives at No 0 ? The story turns upon the prying curiosity of Mr , Deeply Dive ( Wright ) , an eccentric and remarkably silly gentleman , ¦ who lodges , with'his wife ( Miss Ellen Chaplin ) , at a certain No . 9 , and happens to overhear , some details of a love story , which has evident relation to a person residing in . the same house . He forthwith sets about a close
examination of facts , with the intention of finding out to which of his fellow-lodgers the tale refers ,, cubssquestioning the servants , the lodgers themselves , and even the visitors , whom he stops in the street , but without eliciting the desired information . The ral heroine of the mystery is his own wife , which , had Mr . Deeply Dive been given to dive less deeply , he could hardly fail to have discovered at once . He is so thoroughly absorbed , however , with his profound research , that he ovcvlooks facts vfhich nve close under his eyes , and suspecting every party but the right one , becomes tbe bearer of a billet doux
addressed to his wife by her former lover . Tap audience , almost from the beginning , are acquainted with the absolute state of the case , but Dive is kept in darkness , until the fall of the curtain behind him unexpectedly cuts short investigation , at a very critical moment . Out of this arises the tag , an address to the audience in which . Mr . Wright complains of so sudden an interruption to his inquiries , absolving himself from all blame in the matter , when he is again arrested by the descent of another curtain , which hides him altogether from the spectators . This farco will be presented every nijthtuntil further notice .
Royal Polytechnic Institution . —Doctor Bachoffner has been engaged in delivering a series of lectures at this institution , on astronomy , and elementary chemistry . The first subject is admirably adapted for this season of the year , combining as it does much useful information for the young folks . The popular style of the learned gentleman is particularly adapted for their information , indeed it is highly attractive to all . Some very important improvemonts have lately been discussed by Mr . Beard , in the art of Photography , which avo exhibited in the establishment , and . the-visitor will see the astonishing perfection to which the Daguerreotype is now brought . The Daguerreotype portraits .
although perfect likenessess , ai-c always accompanied with a corpse-like hue , until the art of colouring invented by Mr . Beard jun . came into use , which now gives perfect life to them . By a' recent improvement in the preparation of the plates , the natural expression of the features— -and > in fact , the bearing of thc . whole figure—is delineated with wonderful accuracy and effect . The minutest folds of whita drapery , which have always been found difficult to portray on the plate in consequence ot the close approximation of the white—light to light and , indeed , of the minutest and most intricate patterns 6 T any fabric , whether silk , cloth , or satin , and of any colour or shade , —are brought out and exhibited to perfection .
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NOTICE TO PRISONERS UNDER SENTENCE OP TRANSPORTATION .
( From the Daily News . ) Under this head a printed notification has been recently issued by government , which , aa it exhibits in a clear and connected manner the present system of transportation punishment , as applied to various classes of convicts , we g ive it at length It is in contemplation io place the whole of the system under the superintendence of some experienced officer , who will , in all probability , be directly responsible to the . Secretary of State for the Home Department : — Male convicts under sentence of transportation vf ill , in ordinary cases , be subjeeted to three periods of discipline , before they serve out the term of their sentence or obtain a conditional pardon in the colony to which they may be sent . 1 . The first period will be spent in separate confinement .
" . The second period will be passed at hard labour on public works , under strict discipline , for a period proportioned to the sentences . 3 . The third period will be passed with a ticket Of leave ltt Olio of her Majesty ' s colonies . SEPARATE CONFINEMENT . ine duration of the first period will in some measure be regulated by the character , conduct , and industry of a prisoner , and his fitness for association witd others . A prisoner may bo recommended on special grounds for removal from separate confinement at my period of his imprisonment , but in ordinary cases the following rule will be followed : — The maximum period to be passed in separate confinement will be eighteen months . Records will bo t the
kepby governor , chaplain , schoolmaster , and other officers , of the conduct and character of each prisoner undergoing this punishment ; monthly examinations of these records will be made by the superior autl \« ilu » © f the prison , who will grant to deserving prisoners a good conduot badge , to be worn on their dross . Prisoners obtaining these badges and not forfeiting them by subsequent mis-COMUCt Will be eligible to be reeomniendedforicmovalfrom separate confinement at an earlier period than others ; In case of the prisoners under sentence of transportation for only seven years , and who shall have obtained a certain number of badges , the authoz-itiea will be enabled to recommend to the Secretary of State that they may be removed direct to a colony , with a ticket of leave instead of undergoing penal discipline upon works .
NOTICE TO PKISOSEBS EMPLOYED ON-PUBLIC WOHKS . Prisoners having usually undergone separate confinement for a certainterm will be required , before their removal from this country , to labour on public works , under strict discipline , for a period proportionate to the term of their original sentence , after which they will be sent to one ofthe British colonies . Prisoners who do not misconduct themselves will be eligible to be recommended to the Secretary of State for tickets of leave in one of the colonies , on the expiration of one-half of the term of their original sentences , according to the following scale , ( No . 1 , ) which , has been prepared with reference to the respective terms of transportation . By obtaining special reports of good conduct , they may entitle themselves to this indulgence at an earlier period , according to following scale ( No . 2 ) . Scale No . 1 . ORDINARY PERIODS OF DETENTION ON PUBLIC WORKS , r-ROPORTIOJiBD IO TUB TERMS OP DIFFERENT SE . V IBKGB 8 . A prisoner sentenced To 7 years , for a period not less than 2 years . 1 ? » » 34
„ o 2 " » 6 * " ? V . » " 8 * " Llfe . » M ., These periods , together with the previous term passed in separate confinement , and the time occu-) ied in the voyage , ivre calculated to make up about half the period of sentence . f It is , however , to be cleavly understood , that it is only in case 6 Of prisoners conducting themselres in a satisfactory manner that any such remission of their sentence can be I'ecomniendfid . -
As a further encouragement , however , such prisonei' 3 as conduct themselves in an exemplary manner , and who show , by their general demeanour and willinjf industry , that they have profited by the instruction they have received , and are likely to become useful members of society when re leased from penal discipline , will be eligible to be specially recommended to the Secretary of State for a ticket of leave , at the expiration of one-half the period stated on the foregoing scale , or at any time between that and the ordinary term stated iu the scale JN o . 1 , viz .: SCALB No . 2 . MISIMUAI TERIOD OP DETEXTIOS OS VCBLIC WORKS , APPLICABLE TO PRISONERS WUOSE CONDUCT IS EXEMPLARY . A prisoner sentenced To 7 years , for a period not less than 1 year .
10 „ „ 14 ,, 15 „ „ 3 years . 20 „ „ i „ Life „ 6 „ In order that every prisoner may be aware of his situation , and the effect which his conduct may have in diminishing or extending his period of probationary discipline , records ot his conduct , attainments , and industry , will be kept by the governor , chaplain , and other officers , which will be examined monthly , or oftener if required , and the results communicated to the prisoner .
If a prisoner s conduct has been in all respects exemplary during the month , he will , after tho monthly report , be recommended to the visitors 01 ' other superior authority , for a badge to be worn on his dress , which , if not forfeited by subsequent misconduct , will afterwards enable tho visitors to recommend him for a remission of one month of the period oi detention s « t forth in Scale No . 1 . Thus , a prisoner , under sentence for seven years , conducting himself in an exemplary manner for twelve months after his reception , would place him in a position to be specially recommended for twelve months' remission of tlve period livid down in Scale . No . 1 , and might be brought forward for embarkation with a ticket of leave in the minimum period of twelve months , as laid down in Scale No . 2 . Or a pr isoner under sentence for ten years conducting himself in an exemplary manner for eighteen months , would p lace himself in a position to bo recommended for embarkation with a ticket of
leave in the minimum period of eighteen months , as laid down in Scale No . 2 , instead of being detained three years and half as prescribed for ordinary cases in 2 Co . 1 . Prisoners entitled to a less number of badges , would bo eligible for recommendation at some intermediate period .
TICKETS OF LEAVE , The holder of a ticket of leave will be required to remain within a certain district , which will be prescribed by the governor ofthe colony , where he will have the means of working for- wages ; but if ho misconducted himself , o \ - wilfully remain in idleness when employment can be obtained , he will be liable to forfeit his ticket of leave , and to be again subjected to penal discipline . On the other hand , if he ' conducts himself well , ho will be eligible to bo recommmnuedby the governor , of the colony ( according to the regulations which from time to time may be in fovce ) tor a conditional pardon ; but in ordinary cases none will be so recommended until they shall have repaid out of their wages a certain sum towards the expense of their conveyance to the colony .
FAMILIES OF CONVICTS . Arrangements will . be made by which assistance will be given towards defraying the expenses of the passage to the colony of the wives and families of woll conducted convicts , on the remainder of the expenses being provided from private sources .
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• Sentence for life to lie reckoned at twenty-four years . t The average term to be passed in separate confinement being assumed at twelve mouths , any greater or less period will be taken into account iu determining the period of detention laid down in this Kcule . Kotc—The indulgence of a ticket of leave on arrival at the colony may be withheld if a prisoner misconducts himself on the voyage .
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Another Secession from the Established Chtjkch . —A Lancaster correspondent of the Patriot writes : " The extraordinary ' Essay' of the Hon . and Rev . W . Baptist Noel , is effecting a great work . Amongst the friends of the State Church who have read the book , and on whose minds its contents have had a telling and practical influence , is the Rev . John Dodson , Vicar of Cockerliam , near Lancaster . Convinced by the facts it detail ? , and the arguments it supplies , of the evil anil xmscnptwal character ofthe present establishment , he has nobly , imitated the examp le of Mr . Jfoel , and . for ever abandoned it . Last Friday or Saturday he sent in his resignation to the Bishop of the diocese , which was accepted , and in the afternoon of last Sabbath preached his farowell sermon to a crowded-congro-{ ration : In taking this step , Mr . Dodson has made
many sacrifices .. He has left a living worth A . U 50 a-year , and given up ft beautiful residence . But what is worse , he has incurred the displeasure of many with whom he has before associated and cooperated ; and forfeited , in all probability for ever , the . 66 cietv Mid frie » dsui )> of rAUny in respectable life with whom he stands intimately connected . Sm Jons Franklin ' s Expedition . —The Gazette makes a curious announcement . Sir J . Ross has written home to say that he shall return to England with one ship , and leave the " Investigator " to prosecute the enterprise . On this the Lords of the Admir-alty-declare that , in tlio opinion of the "highest ; naval authorities , " .. the Toyage would "be most perilous to the ship remaining in the ice ; " they have , therefore , ordei-ed sunplies to he desyvivteheu in pursuit of the " Investigator ; " and they offer a reward of £ 20 , 000 to any ship that shall have rendered efficient assistance to Sir John Franklin .
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this mu £ um nf Ll ? - -Tl « s Polyglott of voalth , ink £ "S Ll T- tie 8-the tension Lisr : ^ EVlT cllaln ' cvei'y Ascription ,. f i ,, , of allawkeo ' r'i n " , 1 from ttl ° malted Ds ,-, llenc £ L . iII x -Rodney , to tho debased v . ^ ntion ex ftod Bu ° hm f leth hcrsclf tfttShfi ' I , a Z may eat that bread ^ A ^^ l ^ ^ starve for , after they had earned it . It tea , ! , i- tho idle and dissolute to look up for that budiiom VmSk they are too pvoud to earn fit diSl SXiS rf men to an entire reliance on tho ruling pow . i . of the State who feeds the ravens of the royal av — . ihat continually cry for bread . It teaches them ih inii . tate those saints on the Pension List who . ivo like the lily of the field , they toil not , neither do they spin , and yet are arrayed like . Solomon in a ! j his glory . In fine , it teaches a lesson which , in , K-ed , they might have learned from Epictetus , tij .-i .- i ; i «
sometimes good not to be over-virtuous ; it Miows that , in proportion as our distress incn . 'it'O . i , the munificence of the Crown increases also ; m proportion as ouv clothes arc rent , the royal ivum-Jo is extended over us . —C ' urran . Something Soft . —A Staffordshire fanner WMlfc along with his son to » ton party , A vouug female lappenod to be there , with whom the fatlmr wished his son to become acquainted . He told Imu io go and speak to her . " What shall I say tull her , farihor ? asked his son . "Why say soft tiling to ttor , Johnny . Johnnr . with great ninmi ' icitv .
looked tho liidy m the face , and said— " Mushed turnips , Miss . CW .-Great Britain produces annually 3 i , ; , fM \ OO 0 ; ons of coal ; Belgium , 4 , 9 ( 50 , 077 ; France , 4 . u 1 , 017 United States , 4 , 400 , 000 ; Prussia , 3 , 500 , 001 /; Austria , 700 , 000 . The estimated value of tlio coals raised m Great Britain is £ 9 , 500 , 000 stovliu- while that of Belgium , Prance , and the United Status is oach about £ 5 , 500 , 000 . Him to Pride . —The diadem Of princes ( dhs . - 'rvo 9 St . SrOlX ) was copied from the fillet wllklll touers . uv tho early asps , used to wear round their i .-mples o check the fumes of wine . It was meani , : w an intimation to royalty not to suffey itself to be stupefied by the noxious incense of adulation . One of the houso-suvgeona at Guy's Hospital , London , at the present time , is a Svrian , named Said Assayu .
A Somersetshire Bull . —Tho Bath ChronMeteMs us , truly enough , that "it is scarcely erodiu-. r that a person of respectable exterior presented himself at the Court of Quarter Session ! , held in a noi < 'hbouring county last week , as one ofthe jury , with , a certificate from his medical attendant , " stating ; hat he was ill m bod , that he could not Jon ye his house , -which certificate he presonted to tlio chairman himself , amidst the laughter of the wholn court . When a young man steals a kias from a Shropshire girl , she blushes like a " new blown rose" and says smartly , You darsn't do that twice more . " Discing ik ita East . —The profession of a dancer is common over all Asia , and practised chiefly by
women , in social position and general repute they resemble the ballet-girls of Europe ; but wanting tho accessories Of tho Stago , which has scarcely- a representative in Eastern lands , they never attain to the extravagant success of our Taglionis or Elsslers . Their business is to attend at banquets and merrymakings of all sorts , and dance for the amusement of the company , being remunerated according to time , and receiving somo gratuity from the richer or more liberal guests , who admire and criticise their performance ; but no person of respectability would be seen to dance in tlios « countries , whore a ball , therefore , is out of the ques-; ion .
Slow Boys . —Alfred the Great learned his alphabet at twelve years old—Molidre could barely read or right at fourteen—Dr . Carter began his studies at nineteen—Valcrianus learned to read at fifteen and Sir Isaac Newton , aecGsdifcg to \ As own avowal , was inattentive to study , and ranked low in the 6 ohool till the age of twelve . Work foh tub Piio . vists . —According to Professor Adelnng , there are 3 . G 04 known languages and dialects in the world , of which 937 are Asiatic , 587 European , 276 African , and 1 , 661 American . What a Pesst Does . —In 1839 , 84 , 000 , 000 of letters were posted ; in 1848 , 329 , 000 , 000 ! The Sailor Astonished . —A sailor attempted to kiss a lass he met on shore . She bristled up and declared he had insulted her ; whereupon Jack exolaimed , "Well , that beats all ' . I ' ve been to sea twenty years , and never knew a salute called an insult afore . ' "
_ The Mohammedan Commandments . — There are six commandments in the Mohammedan religion , viz .: —1 st . There is no Diety bub God . —2 nd . There is no Prophet but Mohammed , he is God ' s Apostle . —3 rd . To fast during Ramadan every day . —4 th , To pray and practise ablutions five times a day . —5 th . To apply two-and-a-half per cent , of their property to the poor . —6 th . To make a pilgrimage to Mokkeh and Mount Ararat . This religion is ao general that it has nearly one-fifth ofthe whole population of the globe as its followors . Its most im .
portant duties are prayer , alms-giving , fastings , and pilgrimage . The hours of prayer are five .- —1 st . At sunset . —2 nd . When the evening lias closed and it is quite dark—3 rd . At day-break , on the first faint appearance of light in the east . —4 th . At noon . —5 th . About mid-time between noon and nightfall . At a crowded lecture the other evening , a young lady , standing at the door of tho church , was addressed by an honest Hibernian , who was in attendance on the occasion , with , "Indade , miss , I should be g lad to give you a sate , but the empty ones are
A BRATis Max . —Tho inhabitants of Prircrnum being subdued and taken prisoners after a revolt , one of them being asked by a Roman senator , who was for putting them all to death , which punishment ho and his follow-captivcs deserved ? answered , with great intrepidity , " We deserve that punishment which is due to men who arc jealous of their liberty , and think themselves worthy of it . " 1 ' lantinus , perceiving that his answer exasperated some of the senators , endeavoured to prevent the ill effect of it , by putting a milder question to tho prisoner : " How would you behave , " says he , "if Home should pardon you . " Our conduct , " replied the generous captive , " depends on vours .
If the peace you grant bo an honourable one , you may depend on a constant fidelity on our parts ; if tlvc towns of it be hard and dishonourable , lay no stress on our adherence to you . " Somo of the judges construed these words as menaces ; but the wiser part , finding in tliom a great deal of magnanimity , cried out that a nation whose only desire -ffas liberty , and their only fear that of losing it , was worthy to become Roman . Accordingly , a decree passed hi favour of the prisoners , and Privernum was declared a munieipium . Thus the bold sincerity of one man saved his country , and gained it tbe privilege of being incorporated into the Roman state .
A hen belonging to a person named Maud , living in Wellington-street , Bingley , lately deposited its egg in a basin upon the table to the great astonishment ofthe good woman ofthe house . At a meeting of the Thames Tunnel Company ifc was stated that the weekly average of passengers through tho tunnel was about 18 , 000 . The tolls taken last . year amounted to £ 3 , 700 8 s . 3 d . Frequenters of concerts who are in tbe habit of beating time with their feet , are reminded that the stamp act was repealed many years ago . Amongst tho Leagues projected oi established is one entitled " The Lutheran League , " the object of which is such a thorough reform in the Church as will limit tho Archbishop of Canterbury to £ 5 , 000 per annum , and give to the humblest cumta £ 100 .
Education . —Plato , in several parts of his writings , lays down this great principle ;— " That the end of the education and instruction of youth , as well as of government , is to make them better ; and that whosoever departs from this rule , how meritorious soever lie may otherwise appear to bo in reality , docs not deserve either the esteem or the approbation of tho public . " A Good Buevser . —A country vicar , giving his text out of Hebrews , pronounced it , Ik-lreivs , 10 and 12 , ( meaning the . chapter and verse . ) Ail old toper , who sat half asleep under the pulpit , thinking he talked of brewing so many bushels to the hogshead , said , "Egad , and not such bad liquor neither . "
A Philadel p hia paper describes a curious patchwork bed-quilt , made by a blind lady , and composed of 55 , 555 pieces . Agesilaus , King of Sparta , being asked what he thought most proper for boys to learn , answered — " What they ought to do when they come to be men . " Insiinct op Animals— . Tho instinct of tho dog-, the cat , and tho rat , are sp well known , that one anecdote will suffice to illustrate the three . A . terrier and a torn cat wore pursuing a large rat down the street . The rat was almost caught , when , itdodged suddenly , and ran into a sausage shop . The cat and the dog stopped convulsively at the door : and . looking at the sausages ,- hung- their heads , and slunk , away terror-stricken .
The Cardinals' Horses . —The Roman government has made a seizure of all tbe horses in the "Apostolic stablo 9 , " for the us& of the national artillery . Those of the absent Cardinals have since been pressed into military service , and as all these animals aro heavy boned , jet black , long-tailed geldings , such as a London undertaker would feel justly proud of , you may imagine the sepulchral suggestions which , harnessed to so many ten-Boundcvs , they v , m ^ mw \ t to tbe contemplative mind . They are doomed to remain for their natural lives in tbe service of Bellona , for precaution lias been taken to brand them all on both hind quarters With tho eagle and fasces of tbe Republic , thus incapacitating them ( ia flie very improbable event of Cardinals abounding npnm in thostroots of Rome ) , from figuring in their old jog-trot occupations ,.
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Mr . Moxhay , well known as the proprietor ofthe Hall of Commerce , died , a few days since , after a short illness , and which ,, according to the general belief , was occasioned , to a great extent , by the ill success of his undertaking , -which , must have entailed severe loss upon him . Mr . Moxhay was of somewhat brusqm } manners , but of excellent intentions , and even beyond what his means mi "lit be held to justify , according to wordly appreciation , was a liberal contributor to various charities , both from his purse , and in placing his splendid hall at the dispos , al of the committees v ? ho superintended the periodical meetings . A fine coat often covers an intolerable fool , but nererowiceafc one ,
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The Shillixg Corn Duxt . —About £ 10 , 000 has been paid in this port upon foreign corn and breadstuffs , entered for consumption at the nominal duty of Is . per quarter . —Liverpool Courier .
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March 31 , 1849 . THE NORTHERN STAR
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Northern Star (1837-1852), March 31, 1849, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1516/page/3/
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