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THE 10BTIEBS STAR. S ATURDAY, SEPTETSBEIE 39, 1849.
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J^ITISH EMPIRE FREEHOL5 LAND AND BUIUITO SOCIETY. « « jour went is Savad ,- 5 Qu become sola own Land aad Hooienoiaer. ' 1
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
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P _ fro » j . —T . S . Dcscombe , Eso . _ Tp t w T ~ B _ n * m .-T _ e Comiaereiai lfcmwV ^ ' ^ R Cabbm > Es » - M . P . L . J . Haksibd , Ew ., M .. P Imdon 0 ^« . _ Xo . 13 , TotteSrw ^ ° fS ° tt 1 ( Brancb ) « « Henrietta ^ et , CoventGarden . ' ^ ' ° ™ n ^ ou rt ^ ew Road , St Pancras , Lon _ on .-D _ j « n , Woluh Ruot , Secretary . Fall W NGED K THKE ** £ ' ??*• ^ Value <* Sbaresaad Payments for Investors . HulfSUare ' * " « l-6-paymentcf 2 s , 5 d . ^ AVeek , or 10 s . 6 d . per Month . Qosrter Share . ' : V . 2 _ I } 7 _ - * 8 - Vo ft cRv-ra ^^ sS !? .. ™ r < MUB S ea to State in fte 5 r fem the Swtion they desire to be a Member of . 1 , 0 . x _ y _ t « , _ , . SnTOrroBs , , or R _ D _» mox PHS—BiepKsentEfctemce Vet , incluamg Certificate Rule' ( fcc is 4 s per SWe , ana 2 s . C 4 for any part of aShare . Price ofBnleL , including Postage , Is . i . » t ii OBJECTS . ist . _ i « cnaMe numbers to Iraad Bw « 0 in Houses . -5 to .-To give to DepositiiiR Members a higher rate of In-2 nd . —To afford tile means o £ p-. ux&asng both Eseehtfld ^ rest than is yielded bj ordinary modes of iirrestment . « na leasehold Properties or Land . < th . —To enable Parents to make Endowments for their *_ , —To adv * ace Mortgages « a Property beld In- S *^? *"' or husbands for their Wives , er for Marriage XQ £ tn !} £ riL ' * Jvtticniciits . ... _ , ,, ,, . _ - , , 3 7 th . —To purchase a niece of Freehold land of sufficient _ - «" To eBsSAe ^ tar t - asws **» - meialjors to redeem value to give a legal tifie to a County Vote for Members of xieirSIortgag * -. Parliament Sectios t—By joinrag tlus section every i « rson in town or country can become the proprietor of a House and Land iahis own Baghbourliood , without being removed frombjs friends , connexions , or the present means himself audfanulv xaay have ofcgainmg a livelihood . * SEcnoslL-TojaiseacRpitalbysliarestopurchBEeEstates , erect Dwellings thereon , and divide the Land " into allotments irom lialf-an-acre upwards , ln-er near the towns of the various brauches of the society "The nroncrtv to be the tomnftit freehold of tie member after a term of years , from the date of location , according * o his subscriptions SECK 3 N-IIL—Saving ta- Deposit sectien , in which members nourishing to purchase are enabled to invest small suuis , receivj _ s interest at the rate «> f five per cent per annum , on every sum of 10 s . and upwards so deposited . X . B . — £ 503 -wili beadranced to thexnembers of the first Section in November next , when all persons who have and may become members for Shares , orparts of Shares , on or before the 4 th of November next , and whs pay six mouths ' subscriptions in advance * or otherwise , will be eligible for au advance .
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SO . IV . Of T HE DEMOCRATIC REVIEW Of BRITISn and FOREIGN POLITICS , HISTORY and L 1 TEUATURE . Edited by G . JULIAX HARXEY . CONTEXTS : 3 . The Editor's Letter to the Working Classes on tbe Sew llcfonn Movement 2 . Letter from Paris . 3 . Our Inheritance : The Land common Property . Letter IV . ¦ 4 . Social licform : Louis Blanc on Competition . 5 . The Queen ' s Visit to Ireland . 6 . Democratic Progress . 7 . The Hungarian Struggle . Part II . S . Places of Note in Hungary . S . Will of die Tsar Peter , Emperor of Russia . 10 American Poeby . lL Literature . 12 . The late Henry Hetherington . 13 . Political l'ostcript
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NOTICE . ^ T The Public and the Trade are informed that from the Bumtrous applications for Xo . L of the Democratic IIevievMo vender sets perfect , it lias been determined to reprint it . Orders nmst be given at once , that the number of copies required maybe known . The reprint of So . L Trill be ready iu the course of the present mouth .
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FOflTY . PACES ( in a coloured wrapper ) , Tsice TRUEEPEXCE . London : E . Mackenzie , 5 , Wine Office-court , Fleet-street ; and ( ou order ) of all Booksellers and News Agents in Town and Couatry .
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the cn _ -r _ sr ebhiox ever FOBLisnn > . Price Is . 6 dL , A new and elegant edition , with Steel Plate of tht Author , of PAIHE'S POLITICAL WORKS .
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PRICE THREEPENCE STAMPED . XEW WEEKLY NEWSPAPER . On Saturday , Odober 6 th , icUl be PiOMs lted Xo . I . of the ¥ EEKLY TRIBUNE , Uniform with the Spectator . DEVOTED TO TOE E . VEEliETIC iSD l . NDEPESDEST ADVOCACr OF DEMOCRATIC REFORM AXD SOCIAL AXD MORAL
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TO JJE SOLD , AT SSIG'SEXD . A FOUB ACRE FARM , situate on the Moat . Tlis crops consist of wheat , barlev , beans ' peas , swedes ^ potatoes , and splendid mangel wurzel , in addition to -which there sre two fine store pi _ s . The whole Of the land is cropped , aud in good condition . Pries £ 56 Appheationto bejnndetoihe Directors anteir Office iH , lug !} flollwra . ' Q ** £ r i m '¦*«* I ** torn to the poises ^ ,, of the
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UUPTURES EFFECTUALLY CUHEI > i S ? UT AT " DSS ! -AU sufferers from single an double Ruptures of every -variety , however bid and longstanding , may be nermanentl y cured by Dr . Barker ' s remedy , which has beeu established several years , anil acknowledged by many eminent members of the profession , to be the only efficient one extant It is applicable to both sexesof all ages , easy aud painless in use , and certain in effect Hundreds of testimonials and trusses have bren left behind by persons cured , as TROPHIES of the immense success of this remed y . Sent post-free , with mil instructions , on receipt of Gs . in postage stamps , or H % r , ^' eOrd « I ) y , « -ALFREDBAR 1 CER , Medical Hall , IDS , Great Uusscll-street , Bloomsburv-square . Lon-SSfekS ^ iSimS * ** *» * * " ***** d ; Medi ^ l and Surgical Advice , GRATIS to the poor , on all
The 10btiebs Star. S Aturday, Septetsbeie 39, 1849.
THE 10 BTIEBS STAR . S ATURDAY , SEPTETSBEIE 39 , 1849 .
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Our system , and the means by which it is upeeld . Perhaps it would be impossible for the most profound politician to invent a system more repugnant to the feelings and interests of a people , and less in harmony with common sense , than that under which wo now live ; and the cause—the only cause of its perpetuation—is , the disunion and infidelity of the working classes . "W hen we use the term infidettty , we mean it in a social and political , and not in a scriptural sense—we mean the want of faith in their o , vn order , arising , perhaps , from a want of knowled ge as to what their united strength could achieve .
There is an old saying , "That after a storm comes a calm , " and it is equally true that after a calm comes a storm ; and that that storm is now brewing , no man with a particle of common sense can doubt . It is true that there is an absence of political agitation , but it is equally true that the lull is consequent upon the mere temporary satisfaction now existing in the manufacturing districts , the operatives there being generally employed to supply neighbouring countries , that have been bad customers , or no customers , during two years of revolution . And this constitutes not only the danger of the Government , but the weakness of the working classes .
Upon the one haud , the Government will act upon the principle of "Let well enough alone ; " they will appeal to national tranquillity and absence of agitation as proof of loyalty and prosperity ; while—as regards the people—as soon as their trade vanishes from an overstock of produce , those who are now apathetic because comparatively well employed , will exclaim when they are again discharged , "We are ready , now lead us on to death or jjlory 1 "
Have the working classes ever reflected upon the fact , that their power is greater when their employer requires their labour , than when they become inmates of the workhouse , in consequence of stagnation in their several trades ? If this is an admitted fact—and none we presume will venture to deny it—the people themselves , and not the Government , the constitution , or the institutions of the country , are &eir greatest enemies .
"The people may rely upon it , that as long as any government can carry on the system of feeding idle , aristocratic paupers , upon the industry of their dependent slaves , that they will uphold that system ; a most iniquitous system , based upon the folly of our ancestors , and the injustice -of their rulers . "We are now bowed beneath sm amount of taxation which it is impossible &r the people to submit to ; and the more flwroughly acquainted they are with the system , the more thoroughly opposed will they be to its *» ntanuaiiee . Wo have more than once commented upon the injustice oi
compelling the people of this age to pay a debt contracted by the feudal lords of former days , and extracted from their fears by the apprehension of the loss of their estates . However , if it is true in law that an infant cannot be bound by any contract that he may sign—a _ d if the l > uke of Buckingham is deserving of that elander so copiously heaped upon him for inducing his son to join him , when twenty-one years of age , to make the paternal property of the Plantaganets liable for the extravagance of the race— At is still more unjust to hold persons—not borawlie
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this national contract was made with the lender , to observe faith . —which he never guaranteed . The present generation did not contract the debt , and was no party to the pluudev ; while our Church and State , that is—our parsons , our soldiers and our sailors—receive annually more than would pay the interest of that enormous debt ; and now all the financial reformers of our day , are competing in prize essays , as to the best mode of meeting the great difficulty .
The Church , poor rates , and stamp duties , amount "to more than the interest of the National Debt ; while the impossibility of an enlightened people , living in this most enlightened age , to expound or understand the law , and their necessity to pay large fees for its construction , amounts to more than the interest of the National Debt . If an owner of property wishes to dispose of that property , it requires six , nine , or twelve months to
investigate the title ; and , if purchased , upon the clearest opinion as to its validity—there may be new trials—different pleadings of lawyersdifferent interpretations of judges—different verdicts of differentjuries—and appeals to God knows how many superior tribunals ; and thus every attorney ' s office is a robber ' s den , and every barrister ' s chamber a conspirator ' s hiding-place ; and this in this most civilised countrj , in this most civilised age .
Hope , in Ins splendid work entitled "Anastatius , ' tells how his hero was loaded with presents by the barbarians and uncivilised tribes ; and liow , upon entering civilised Europe , he was cheated and plundered by the civilised merchants , of the valuable skins and other property presented to Mm by the barbarians . We may go still further and show a larger amount of expenditure , all consequent upon the evils of our present system , and all unprofitable because not reproductive expenditure . For instance , if we take our gaols , bur workhouses , our court-houses , our barracks , our police stations , our gaolers houses , our bankers houses , our brothels , our lock-ups ,
our gm palaces , our churches , our meeting houses , our schools—established for the purpose of teaching sectarian doctrines—and estimate their expenses , we will find that they constitute an enormous national debt ; while the privileged classes live upon dissipation , drunkenness , lewdness , plunder , deception , and injustice , under our pious , glorious , and immortal Church and State s ystem ; while llight Rev . Fathers in God luxuriate in the ignorance , religious dissensions , and differences created by the various and numerous expounders of an all-wise and beneficent Creator ' s views , rel ying upon the bayonet , the musket , the cannon , the bludgeon , and the law ' s terror , as the upholders of OUR national faith and THEIR national plunder .
We have now foreshadowed , but faintly however , the present system , showing that our enormous expenditure is , in many instances , consequent upon the tyranny requisite to uphold such a system—that is , the Governmental tyranny , and what are called Governmental expenses—while we fearlessly assert , that the dependence of the people , in consequence of tlieir not being represented , enables their privileged employers to plunder them annually , of a larger amount than would pav
the interest of the National Debt , the cost of Church and State , and all the other Governmental expenses . Aad yet such is the apathy of their order , that they have ever been satisfied with the mere transfer of power from jugglers to promisors ; and hence we repeat it , that their every suffering is a consequence of tlieir own apathy and indifference ; and our most anxious hope is , that their next squeeze may recall their attention from a change of men to a change of measures .
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a ugmenting the means of subsistence to the n ation—thatit will supply a constant , healthy , and profitable occupation for the labourer . This last consideration is of vital importance . A man , and perhaps a boy , to each hundred acres of pasture , is probably beyond the average amount of labour employed on pasture farms throughout England while , even under the present mode of cultivation pursued on wellmanaged large farms , each hundred acres of arable land furnishes employment , on an average , for four or five men—a difference of considerable importance in the Labour market .
Mr . Brayenber—who has evidently bestowed great attention upon the subject , and is thoroughly and practically conversant with it—treats it under three heads : " Down Land , " " Cold Pastures , " and "Grazing Ground . " It is not our intention to follow him throug h , these various divisions , but merely to point out the manner in which he has—under the sanction , and with the approval of the Royal Agricultural Society of Eng land—substantiated all Mr . O'Connor ' s propositions , with respect to the value of spade husbandry and small farms .
The worst grass lands arc those denominated " Cold Pastures , " of which a very large portion of our pasturage consists . On these lands Mr . Bra vender , is of opinion the labours of the large farmer would be unprofitable , and that the ouly way to cultivate them advantageously is by the spade—in small farms . According to Professor Johnson , " The next great achievement which British agriculture has to effect is , to subdue the stubborn clays , and to convert them into what many of them are yet destined to becomethe richest corn-bearing laud in the kiugdom . " When such land , however , has once been brought to a high state of fertility , it can be kept up at less cost than lighter land .
How is this " next great achievement of British agriculture" to be effected ? How are the worst grasslands to be converted into "the richest corn-bearing lands in the kingdom ?" Mr . Bravender and the Royal Society of Agriculture , unite with Mr . O'Connor in replying , "by spade husbandry and small farms . " The facts in support of this reply , adduced by Mr . Bravender , are so important , and at the same time so interesting in themselves , that we cannot occupy our space better than by giving them in full : —
In North Wilts there is a considerable extent of land called liraydon , which , is singularly notorious for being worthless laud . When disforested and disposed of by the crown , it was literally a wilderness of waste . It became the property of various persons , some of whom had estates joining , who either planted it or broke up the turf , and cropped with corn as long as they could get a new corn for an uld one . For many years those portions which were not planted appear not to have received any improvement from cither the occupiers or proprietors . The cultivation of that which had been broken up was abandoned to nature , and those portions which had been left untouuhed by the ploughs still continued to produce a verv scanty pasture , considerable portions being covered b ' y furze . Whilst m this state several years elapsed , and year after the entire
year unsevered produce was put up by auction , which very seldom , if ever , realised more than 3 s . Gd . per acre , but more frequently 2 s . Cd . per aero . One proprietor , however , not content with this state of tilings , in which there appeared no hopes of amendment , took a . bold step , and parcelled out some of his estate into small holdings or cottage farms , varying thorn in extent from five to twentyhvo _ acres , to suit the abilities of tenants ; . and without di ? iimnf / , or in any other wtiy improving the lind than b y the erection of cottages and outbuildings , let it at rents which vary from 25 s . to 40 s . per acre , in addition to the rent tor tho buildings , the proprietor taking upon himself to pay all rates , titlics , and taxes . It muse not be supposed aniOllgSt < 1 number of tenants adopting various minks o cultivation-some , for want of information , abandoning themselves to chance , and others content to watch am
mutate the processes of their more favoured neighbours —that all of them were successful in their management ; but those who were not so on their first attempts soon saw m what they erred . In describing the practice of those squatters of the forest , I shall select four tenants whose management may be taken as an index of the general practice amongst them . One of those whom I have selected did not succeed , at first from having committed an error which experience has corrected . A . occupies five acres , and has done so for eight years . The rent is £ 2 per acre for the laud ( the house and building being charged in addition ) , but was a little less tho two first years \> lieu no touk the land it was pasture almost covered with turze . lie grubbed up the furze ard burnt it , and wiihoi paring and burning the sward , dug the land from four to
mne or ten inches deep , according as tho soil would admit , taking care not to turn up the poisonous yellow clny . It was then planted with potatoes , the crop failed , the produce being only fourteen bushels to the acre . After the potatoes were off , the land was manured and dug over again , and sown with wheat , which was lined in The wheat w : is a moderate crop , twenty-eight bushels to the acre . llic land was very rough during the growth of the wheat , being covered over with rods and course grass WhlCll injured it . Paring and burning would have i > ivventcd tliis , and by omitting this cswmtinl lMslimimlvy , 1 ) 0 JOSt Ills potato crop , and damaged the succeeding wlioat cvon—B occupies Oi acres , and lias hud it eight years . He paid ± 1 . 18 s . 4 d . per acre , for the first three years and afterwards £ 2 . per acre , exclusive of the buil ' din ^ : Uo
cultivated it all wilh the spade and fork . On first breaking it up he divided it into two parts , on one of which he pvuuuwl up the furze , pared off the sw . nl , and stifle burnt it , heaping on furze , sward , and soil as much as he could burn . The other part was done in a similar manner Both divisions were dug from four to ninu inches deep , the ucptn wwying as the soil varied , and were planted with potatoes . On the part whii-h was stifle-burnt his produce was upwards of three hundred bushels of potatoes to the acre , but on the other part of the crop was scarcely worth getting in . After the first year this man commenced a regular system of eultivation ; having two acres in wheat two in potatoes , and two acres planted with various crops small portions being in barley , beans , peas , pulse , turnips (• avrots , parsnips , cabbage , mangold wurtzel . &e . The land is
always manured for wheat , and wheat always follows the potato crop , He manures with such dun" ' as is produced from his cro ; is , and with such as he can purchase from the neighbouring towns . The wheat is sowed broadcast and hoed in . Leans do not answer very well until the land has received two or three years cultivation , and then they are always sown mixed with peas , produciii " a erop which is called pulse . His first crop of wheat pro ° - duced thir y-six bushels to the acre . The produce varies a little with seasons , but under his cultivation the crop will average thirty-two buslu-ls . His potato crop will average 300 bushels , barley thirty-six bushels , oats forty to forty-cight bushels per uwq . Turnips ten to twelve tons per acre ; carrots , cabbages , and parsnips are generally a good crop-cabbages especially . No lime or artificial ™
lime is used . C . occupies five acres , and pays £ ¦> per acre besidesipayms for the house . He broke up half his lami and stifle-burnt in the first year . He heaped on as much sou as ne could without putting out the fire , with a view of chiming n to change the texture . He planted the land witii potatoes , and the produce was more than SOU bushels nJ& ? i * ho "rat spring lie stifle-burnt the remain . iwhali , and planted with potatoes ; and in the autumn of 18 i . « wd the otliev half with wheat , which produced tbirty-six bushels to the acre . He always manures for wheat after potatoes , and believes the best course to be 1 st potatoes ; 2 nd , wheat ; 3 rd , barley and green crops . C . re commends that the land should be manured after potatoes
^ Here , then , is the practical answer of a practical man to a question of universal . and paramount importance . Land , which retained as dairy farms m »\_ t continuall y depreciate in value — -Laud , which in the long run becomes absolutely worthless—\ vhich in its natural state is of the most unpromising character , becomes , under the magic . influence of labour judiciously bestowed , a mine of the most valuable wealth Corn fields wave where once the yellow furze grow . The "wilderness of waste" disappears , and is replaced b y a district rich with varied crops . The-. " solitary place becomes glad »' for the voices of ha ppy and usefully-employed human beings are heard there , and the smoke of their homes gladdens the eye of the traveller . "
And all this is done w ith mone y profit to every one concerned in the fertilising and noble process . Mr . Biuvender savs , the profit of breaking up such Laud will be ' 4 s . 2 rf per acre to the tenant—to the landlord 4 s . per acre—to the labourer eight times the expenditure per acre . In all these calculations fifteen per cent , is allowed to tbe tenanUn the extra capital employed by the tenant in tbe conversion . Talcing these calculations as correct though , we believe , it could easily be shown that they are much under the actual results that would be realised—i t will be seen that this mode of giving employment to tho people offers an immediate outlet " for all unemployed labour—that it would reduce the burdens ' imposed on the wnvunimity , for the support of involuntary able-bodied idlers—thai it would
convert those who now live upon the toil of others , notonlyinto self-supporting labourers , but make them , ia turn a source of fn * h wealth and strengft to the State—that landlords would receive better rents , capitalists be provided with secure and remunerative investments , the subsistence of the nation enormousl y augmented , and its power and iniluence thereb y increased . In oy der to obtain these desirable and map- , mficeut results , we have onl y to marry the unemployed labour to the unemployed land of the country ; and wo cannot doubt but that aided b y such a-pow erful auxiliary as the Royal Agmultural Societ y of Engl J Mr
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of his bad character . All this time tuT ^ was cutting down a national forest , and apply ing the proceeds to his own purposes , S the innocent and amiable Commissioners 11 . ! totally unaware of anything bcino- ,.., ' „ , From the time of his appointmen t m 182 ? t 1835 , the nation lost some 6 , 000 ? . a ve'' £ this " very intelligent" proiega _ V M ? Milnes ; and at the present time , histoirlue returning a revenue of nearl y 7 , 000 ? aw to the public treasury , it entails an ™ 2 fen of 500 ? . a-year , which the taxi ™*
tms over-nuaen and over-burdened n , r . hare to pay . Only think of an Q ^ T ° » 13 , 000 acres , entailing a loss of 500 / aL * upon its proprietor ! Only think that i nS of receiving any revenue from such a nob ]* tract of land , we have absolutely sunk 7 . inn / in its management ! ' This , however , is a specimen of the manner in which nearly 250 , 000 acre * of public land , are managed by the Woods and Forests From such a magnificent property , it app ears that the revenue last year was not simply nil but that it absolutely entailed a loss of 4 iW
upon tne public , exclusive of all the charges of the London ottice , lawyers' bills , and other matters , which at the lowest may be put down at 12 , 000 ? . more—making not far short of an annual loss of 17 , 000 / . upon a property of the most valuable description . It is hi gh time that this monstrous ini quity should be exposed —that the evil doers should bo brought to justice , and that such extensive tracts of country instead of being jobbed and plundered , to suit the personal interests of office-holders , were made subservient to the public welfare and advantage . In future papers wo shall pursue the subject with this object .
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THE CURRENCY QUESTION . TO THE EDITOR OF TIIK N ' ORTH-ttX STAR . Sin , —I am glad to find that Mr . Ciilpsm ami myselt agree on one important point on tho Currency question at any rate , namely : —that banking and paper money making , as at present conducted , is a "gigantic swindle , "—that the present race of bankers are " robbers by license , "—and their possessions are just so much public plunder . It is not for me to dictate to Mr . Cuban as to tke manner in which he should conduct his case , but I sevtsuuly think , that a heaping together of a string otaswrtionf , without giving anything in the sliapo of proof to any of them , is not likely to be the most convincing . He intimates "that the present hws do not allow the cuvvency to expand in a just
proportion with an increasing pop \ ilation . " I don't know what he means by " expansion , " and its necessity remains to be proved , but surelv we havo " expansion " enough . The Bank of Eu . foiid folks acknowledge to have twenty-eight millions in circulation . All the other banks , 1 suppose , will have about the same amount ; and if we add Exchequer bills , accommodation bills , cash credits , shin-Ptaneys , and all the other infernal devilment , wo shall have no difficulty of reckoning up a paper circulation of more than two hundred millions ouvely there is enough here to satisfy the most craving appetite . If our friend wants ' more than tins lie will have to strip the very shirts oft ' our backs in order to procure a sufficiency of the vavi material for the manufactory of the fabric on which to
print his notes . We arc told " that gold is liable to be bought up by the foreigner , : uul thus abstracted from civcula--tion , and that such abstraction produces results serious in its consequences to the labourer by reducing his wages . " When Mr . Culpan gives us his proi'fs of all this it will be time enough to reply ; for the present , it is sufficient to ask him if he would part with a sovereign cither to tho foreigner or any body else without receiving swnetlmutiii exchange , which lie believed to be of greater value than the sovereign ? And , bear in mind , that as the sovereigns were " abstracted " by the foreigner , those that wove left would increase in value , which would very soon bring their "abstracted" brethren Lack again m order to restore the equilibrium .
I should like to know how an increase of paper money would prevent the evils of competition . If the establishment of a " real Bank of England " could be made to increase the means of the working man , or the small capitalist , would it not also increase the means of the Barings and the llotUehilds m tho same proportion ? If by some horns pociis you could double the nominal dealih of the man with ten or twenty pounds , could not the same conjwmg tnek double the nominal wealth of the man with one hundred thousand or a million ? Most certainly it would ; and the disparity in their respective conditions would be precisely the same as ueiore
, and the power of the rich to oppress the poor would not m the least be abated "Oh " says Mr . Culpan , " but this bank would lend its notes to he poor man for ono pov cent ., and therefore the ncli capitalist would be compelled to lemi at the same . In reply to which , I will only sav , that if all his could be accomplished , the same power that couW accomplish it , through the medium of a bank , could make the rich lend their money , and let their property at one per cent , uithout the ' hwk ; and thus save all the expense of maiiu « omc « t-: in itoi . Ytrorib saving , melliuiks .
" A real Bank of England , having its centre in Undon , and branches in every town in the United Kingdom , based , like the national debt , upon the pn , m . rtyr , f the nation ; issued on the produce rf the nation , and withdrawn as that produce went into consumption , and thus establishing a S equihbrmm between produce and money . " fiS bunk w to lend its notes at one per cent , fust to tot ; : ^ £ sKeh , % ^ fi ^ j ^ a&BffJ& Wftta doing to a low it to cotae into oLS ^^ l ! t
nSoiSJ * ' 1 ° "T ™ 110 thc interests-of tho " 2 TcS "' w ? 50 benefic , to thoir ? 1 ™ percent , } ?? ? wne > " lovd t 0 wbmii to one Sois ?! uT ?/ Bank ¦ and ^ us save tho exlwig ' , ot somo thousands of banking establishments
J^Itish Empire Freehol5 Land And Buiuito Society. « « Jour Went Is Savad ,- 5 Qu Become Sola Own Land Aad Hooienoiaer. ' 1
J ^ ITISH EMPIRE FREEHOL 5 LAND AND BUIUITO SOCIETY . « « jour went is Savad ,- Qu become sola own Land aad Hooienoiaer . ' 1
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Mb . Jamk Sweet , Xottinghani , begs to acknowledge the receipt of the following sums for Tictirii Fund —A . lnena , cd . ; W . Sraalley . Jfew Hadford , 2 s . Cd ; Mr Hend , Cd . ; from King of the French , 8 d . ' Ajiw-HuuBiM—AVc quite agree with you . but think that the publication of your letter would not effect the object yon desire . W . Haevet , Doirlais . —We cannot answer your question .
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RECEIPTS OF THE KATIOHAL LAND COMPANY For thk -Week Ekmkg Thdksd 4 y . SEr aaiBEit 27 , 1810 . SHARES . £ s d . £ s . ( j , Teignmoutfc .. 1 19 S Maidstone .. 10 0 Newcastle-upon- C . Mowl 0 16 1 ' . vne .. 3 2 C H . JPattison .. 0 2 * Worcester .. 1 14 0 G . II . Chatwin .. 0 2 0 Wilmington and , Cat .. .. 3 8 4 £ ii > 4 m Louguborough . 0 14 ( J iSSSS EXPENJSE FUND . Worcester .. .. . ' . ,, ,. 0 1 n MONIES RECEIVED FOE THE PURCHASE OF MATHON . T . U ., Malvern .. 143 0 0 J . B ., Devonpm-t 12 0 0 P . » ., Learning- A . V ., tiateshead Is ) 0 0 r tuI 1 -- 3 0 0 W . A . .. ilalvom 7 S 0 n J-i ? Sowerb v .. 9 10 0 P . E ., Clapliam .. 30 U 5 M . II ., Gateshead 104 0 0 _____ V . S ., Todding . v 4 5 ton .. .. 148 0 0 _ " .
' TOTALS . Land Fund ... ... ... . „ 12 4 iq Expense ditto ... ... ... 0 10 Miithon 5 « 4 5 Bonus ditto ... ,. \ ... 9 ; i 14 6 Transfers 0 10 Returned Aid Money and Rent ... -11 0 0 Hay Sold s .., 0 0 0 £ 018 5 9 IV . DlXON , C . D 0 YM > , ° ~~~~~~ T . Clmik , Cor . Sec . P . M'Gkaih , Fin . Sec .
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THE BRITISH CALIFORNIA . The means by which permanent profitable employment may he found fur the increasing population of these islands ought to be thc paramount question with all statesmen , as it is the most momentous and pressing in fact . "We have , on various occasions , shown their ; adequacy of Emigration and extended Competition in Manufactures for this purpose ; and the present state of the working classes , even under a so-called season of commercial and manufacturing prosperity , supplies ample proof that new fields of reproductive and beneficial labour arc required .
Year by year the burdens increase which grow out of this want . The people for whom there is no honest labour provided , either fall on the rates , and vegetate in workhouses , or betake themselves to criminal courses , and lead au active life of plunder , which it costs an enormous amount annually to watch and punish . No radical cure , either for pauperism or crime , exists , save one . Employ xiie People . Give them tho means and opportunity of
supporting themselves , and they will do so effectually , besides contributing willingly and largely to the legitimate expenses of the Government , and the wealth and prosperity of the community at largo . If it is asked" How are the masses to be profitably employed ? " we reply— " On the Land . " In our own soil wo possess an almost illimitable and inestimable mine of wealth , and the time has come when it must be worked prudently aud vigorously .
It has been theliahitof certain journalists to decry the Land Plan of Mr . O ' Ooiwou , as visionary , fallacious , and impracticable ; and even yet , as was shown last week , there aro some scribes who calculate so securely on the ignorance and prejudices of their readers , that they talk of its failure , and ridicule the idea of a man being able , by spade husbaudry , to support himself and family on four acres of land .
We are happy to observe , however , that ignorant effrontery is no longer to have its own way . There arc numerous indications that a better time has come , and that , in influential quarters , the capabilities of spade husbandry to promote individual independence and comfort , and collective prosperity , are fully recognised and admitted . The Royal Agricultural Society has just awarded a first class prize to an essay by Mr . John Bbavender , of Circncester , on the advantages , or disadvantages , of breaking up grasslands ; in which thc writer , in a practical and forcible niauner , demonstrates that a remedy for pauperism and crime lies at our own doors , and that we have only to stretch forth our hands to secure it .
Hitherto , an almost inveterate prejudice has prevailed in the landlord class against breaking up grass lands , and , we believe , that feeling is still very general , though , in some districts , it has been very much shaken , and in most grass land districts , portions of the permanent pasture aro being broken up . But these are , as it were , only slight " clearings " compared with the enormous breadths ° of
second and third rate pasture land , which ought to lie brought under tillage . The reaeofis why it should be so , arc both wei ghty and conclusive . Iu the first place more capital , actixity , and agricultural knowledge , are required tomanage an arablefarm , than one principally laid down m grass , ;; n d anything which tends to attract these qualities to ' agricultural pursuits , from the feverish aud gambling competition of manufacturing and commercial
life , is , per se , au advantage to the country . Secondly , a given quality of arable land , properly managed , will keep more live stock , and give more meat , or dair y produce , than the same land , exclusively pasture , can do ; while at the same time , there will be a vast produce of grain in tho one case , which is alto gether abeent in the other . And lastly , that while thus bringing into profitable occu pation the capital and intelligence of the country , and
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Sow Beady , a Sew Edition of MR . O'GGHH 8 B'S WORK ON SMALL FARMS ' SoldbvJ . Watson , Queen's Head Passage , Vaternoster tow , lumilon ; A . Uejreood , Oldliam-street , Mauchesterr and Love and Co ., 5 , Nelson-street , Glasgow . And l > i all Booksellers in Town and Country .
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THE WOODS AND FORESTS . ASTOUNDING REVELATIONS . Last year the public were startled by the disclosures of the gross mismanagement of the Woods and Forests , and the Land Revenues of the Crown . The Commissioners apppointed to protect and control the management of these large estates , were proved to have—if not connived—at least suffered the unchecked existence of an unparalleled system of wholesale and unblushing plunders by the subordinates . In consequence of these
disclosures , a number of the minor officials in the New Forest , who had been engaged in these robberies of the National property , were , together with some timber merchants in the vicinty- —parficept eriminis—arrested and committed for trial . The fact of the Forest having been plundered to a large—but unascertained extent—was certain . It was equally certain that it could have been done by no other parties than persons who were entrusted with its safe-keeping , and , in fact , the legal evidence implicating them , was generally considered conclusive .
Ofcourse a severe and exemplary punishment was anticipated in such a flagrant case of dishonesty on the part of the servants of the Crown . A formal prosecution was instituted—some of the persong were brought to trial at Winchester , and , much to the surprise of everybody , acquitted ! The others were suffered ' to drop , and the whole subject remained in an obscurity , which it appeared vain for non-officials to attempt to penetrate . The veil has just been lifted from this mystery ,- and to say the least , the disclosure of the manner in which the business of the State is conducted , is more astonishing than satisfactory .
Lord Duncan , on the ground that thc Committee of last year had not firnished its Inquiries at tho commencement of the last session , applied for , and obtained the reappointment of the Committee . They have just published their first Report , a second is to follow ; and if their first be a sample ' of the stock , we shall certainly have , on the aggregate , such an exhibition of shameless neglect of duty , dishonesty and rascality in high places , as never before was exhibited to the world .
Nor can it be alleged that the Report is a partisan one . The Committee was composed of fifteen members ; one ( Sir B . Hall ) never attended ; and two ( Sir R . Ixglis and Mr , TiiELAWNEY ) appeared but once . Of the remaining twelve , six were office-holders ; and My . H . OTim—the same -worthy -who tried so hard to blacken and destroy the Land Company—acted as thc whipper-in , and defender or palliator of the monstrous abuses which the investigation brought to light . After sitting forty days , and examining a great number
of witnesses , Lord Duncan prepared and submitted a report embodying the evidence , and , of course , as an honest man , strongly condemning the conduct of tho parties implicated . Tho official members of the Committee were too strong to permit such a document to pass . They debated it during three successive sit tings , and at last , on tho motion of Lord Jocelyn , they cushioned it , by resolving that they were unable satisfactorily this year to report their opinions , but would do so in the event of their being re-appointed next year . We have no doubt but that if the officials could
have burked the Evidence , as well as the Report upon it , they would gladly have done so , but the practice of Parliament would not allow them to do so ; and whether authoritatively coudcmnc : d by a Parliamentary Committee or not , tho facts stated in that evidence must produce but one impression on . the public mind , and that is , that the permanent officials in this department have most disgracefully neglected their duty , if not absolutely connived at the plunder of the very property they were appointed to take care of .
After the revelations of last year , respecting the New Forest , people were prepared for aiiv disclosures , however extraordinary , as to tho management of these estates . But we venture to say , that thc facts narrated with reference to the Salccy Forest , are of such an astounding nature , that unless we had them published under the authority of Parliament , they would not be believed .
These facts , as gathered from the evidence , seem to have come to light only by accident . Though Mr . Milne—the permanent and Managing Commissioner—must have been fully aware of them , not a whisper was allowed to escape which might put the Committee o n the qui vice , or provoke unpleasant researches . Tho present Deputy-Surveyor of Salcey was anxious to refute some evidence which had boon given respecting it last year . In his zeal he tendered himself as evidence , and was accepted . In the course of his examination tho
fact oozed out , that there was very little old timber in Salcey Forest—perhaps not more than n thousand pounds' worth , at the utmost ; that there had , however , been a very large amount of timber in the forest before he was appointed , but that it had been cut down by his predecessor , Mr . King Kent ; that , in fact , this Mr . Kent had " cut the whole of the forest ; " that there were reports of " irregularities ; '' and that Mr . Kent was ultimatel y transported some thirteen years ago , in consequence of these "irregularities . "
Tender and delicate as the word "irregularities"' is , when applied to the cutting down of the timber of a . forest which , previous ° to Mr . Kent ' s appointment , returned nearl y ckven thousand pounds sterling annuall y—it was still "_ touching tl \ e quick" too acutel y for tho officials to bear without wincing . ih \ Hatter led the witness and thc Committee a wild < rOoso chase after some " Will 0 ' thc wisp , ' ancftook their attention off the subject . " But the hint was not lost to Lord Duncan . He followed it up ; and , by the examination of subsequent witnesses , extracted that Eome years since through the instrumentality of Mr . Milne , ' this Mr . Kent—who was an attorney ' s clerk , totall y ignorant of the management of
timberwas appointed to a situation of great responsibility ; that in that situation he bad absolutel y cut down , and sold for his own purposes , the whole of Salcey Forest ; that this wholesale depredation , continued for several years , unchecked by the Commissioners of Woods and Forests ; and at length , unable upon some ocsion to settle a quavteyl y account—an ao-ent was sent down . The honest Deputy Suit veyob , took the alarm—absconded- ~ was cai ) - tured-placedatthe Old Bailey on a simple charge of embezzlement , and , having pleaded guilty , " was sentenced to transportation , in which he died . ' ¦
. B y this ungcnoHHwproccss , thefacts were all j nedy hushed up , and prevented from comiiw before the public . How much additional p under Mr . Kent pockettcd for kindlv Pleading -guilty , " will , pcrhaps , nem { known ; but there can bo no doubt it was a very convenient arrangement for the men who received the public money , and ' allowed the pub he property to be robbed in this way To render the chance of detection still more difficult and to hide this ugly aftair in everlasting darkiiess-i possible-it singularl y happen J that Mr . Milne can neither remember the name of the person who recommended Kent to him ; nor can the minutes of the Conunis sioaers be found for the period at which he
was appointed . In addition , the personal appearance and manners of this prof eye of Mr Milne ' s was so unfavourite , that a land surveyor who was examined , declared that he refused to associate with him , that he was not at all fit for jfae situation he held ; and that , iu tfv * ho refused to associute v ) tkhim ou the around
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O'Connor will yet succeed in bringing about such an auspicious and happy union .
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EXECUTIVE FUND . RcpeiveabyS . KvDn-Watcvhead Mill , £ 1 ; ToJmorden , 4 s . l ) d . ; lodniurden , 10 s . FOR COSTS OF MACNAMARA ' S ACTION . Received by W . Kider .-A few Working Jk-u , Aluwick . per J . \ uung , 8 s . ; '_ . Kerr , Leicester , Cd . FOR WIVES AND FAMILIES Or VICTIMS . Receved by W . Rider . —Nottingham , per J Sweet | 4 s . « d . ; a Jew Red Republicans . Maueliline , Avrsliire , 3 s Chartist Association , Leicester , per W . ihudswmih , us . EXPENSE AT ING . UESTS ON WILLIAMS AND SHARP . Received by W . RiDKR .-lYtcriuo , I ! ,- . ; <; . Kendall , Lnidtovd , Wilts , Cd . Received at Land Oifk-e—Mr . l'avey , Is . FOR WIDOWS OF THE LATE MESSRS . WILLIAMS AND SHARP , Received by W . RiDEit .-Oakhani , per C . Drake , is . — Received at Land Omen . —J . M . W . Uvamtret , Gd . FOR THE WIDOW OF J . WILLIAMS . Received at Land Office .- A Friend , per Mr . Lue , us . VICTIM FUN D . Ilocoived l . y S . lSoosiiAM . -Davcntry , as . ; Richard llallisui , Is . ; James Ureemvood , Is . ; collected ivt the John , street Institution , after an appeal by Mr . Thomas Cv-oper . 12 l'Js . ad . ; i . \\ , Is . ; Mr . Middleton , Is . ; T . Euticott , Is . ; Jo ' . m Morgan , Is . ; G . S . Floyd , Is . ; T . IX . C .: WhittiiiBti . 11 awl Cat , 14 s 1 ; Jd . ; an Enemy to Oppression , Is & . Unmstord , Is . - William Rider , 14 s . ( id . Mr . Wulden Is . : Miiiylebonc Chartist Locality , 2 s . Id . ; Tlsoma * Allar rn . dlr . ems 4 s . lOd . ; Hamilton , £ _ 10 s . ; Crip-lite . Is . ad . ; l ' rofits on Article extracted from the cvcW OKI ! , il is . Ud . b
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A THE NORTHERN STAR , Sept embeb 29 , 184 I 1 K
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 29, 1849, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1541/page/4/
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