On this page
- Departments (4)
-
Text (20)
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
$?oetrg.
-
S»e))im9.
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
3?u&!tc smrnamnmts.
-
VAVtaurt '
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
-
-
Transcript
-
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
Untitled Article
THE SQVKD OF THE DRUM . BT T . HESIPSTEAD . ^ ^ SrS ^ ' ^^^^ deep ^ 5 £ ^^ *«^^ ffl » a ** K » g ^ SSSg ™**'** * «* . « ****« ^ T ^ aaar « - " - **^ *• ^ as&jsiff *»*** *¦* *« ^ Thou art come froni ancient cities far across the ocean s wave , £ uiS Mg } l theif " ** Bpray > Levantine
TOsere by the Mle ' s dart rolling floods the gloomy Arabroams , ° J And thedreamles 3 night of a thousand years has brooded oer the tombs Of the mighty dead , the prince and king , the noblo and the slave , And the PJiaroahs deep with their Tassal hosts , in aars and nameless grate . Rrom the sunny land of Palestine , the turret old and Wnere in the cold embrace of death the knight and Moslem lay . 5 Amidst the loud shrill clang of swords , of helmet , lance , and shield , ^ tftoivMd . ^^^ to far ° '
Thoa ' stcomefrom Judali ' sdewy Tales , on sweeping "Winds along , * 6 And the hearts that thrilled are cold and low , the nand that roused thec gone . Prom the Wooming dale of Aragon , the walls of old Castile , And through the dark Alhambra ' s thy souudin « echoes peal . ' ° Up from the plains of Waterloo , the rate of stonnv llhine , Thy Toice . floats o ' er the troubled sky ina wild and hurried chime . Thou ' st comefromthegloom of Amazon , the valleys of Peru , AndthyteUototlie dark Cacique was a long and last adieu .
To bower and grove that his soul had loved , to woodland , dale , and rill , And the temple where be worshipped long is desolate and still . re a And the caverns of the Andes to thy sound their echoes throw , That floats along the dizzy crag in a wild and airy now . But thy roll shall cease its pealing , , fbr it brings a sound of woe , Of crushing swords and dashing hosts that hurry to and fro ; And widow ' s wail and orphan ' s sigh in thy deep tones are come O ' er bloody fields " and bustling camps , thou wide and stormy drum .
Untitled Article
The Reascner . Part XLm . Edited by G . J . Holtoake . London : J . Watson , 3 , Queen ' s-head Passage , Paternoster-row . Fjkom a number of excellent articles contained in this part of the Reasoner , we select
A WOHD TOR THE IMTIUSOSED CDABIISTS . Sir , — -When I was informed that Mr . Feargus O'Connor had been left- almost alone to save the Chartist prisoners the degrading punishment of oakum picking , I had reflections not by any means flattering to those who had co-operated with them , and who have failed to aid in their amelioration . We are told that one Philip Sidney—after a battle , when severely wounded—was about to raise to his lips a glas 3 of water . At the instant , a poor soldier , who was being carried past , looked to him with an inexpressible glance of hopeless anguish , not deeming it possible that he should obtain a drop of "water to cool his parched tongue ; the glorious man —Sidney—took the glass from his lipsgave it to
, the poor soldier , and said— " Take the water , your wants are yet greater than mine . " 3 fow , sir , surely this dime sentiment is not extinct in our race . That spiritof self-sacrifice that animated , and which wa 3 the real nobility of the ancient heroes of democracy , is not inherited by Englishmen ? Surely it is . Here are men who have borne the brunt of the battle—without expectation or chance of reward , save in the approbation of their fellow-citizenswho could have no views of self-interest—men who , however erroneous may haTe been their mode of action , still had < i single eye to the improvement of the social and political position of the whole
People . Are these men , now suffering for sopporting our interest and demanding our rights , to be left to die ? Are those neatest and dearest to them to be left to starve ? If so , sir , as I cannot hold a middle path between right and wrong , I most unhesitatingly-assert the masses do not deserve the sympathies of the brave , or that the intelligent should be sacrificed for them . But it is my fervent hope , if a Roman could be found to leap into a . gulf becansehe thought by so doing he should serve bis country , that Englishmen will never allow those who have leapt into the gulf of misrule that now prevails to be legally murdered , and their relations starved . R . L . B .
Untitled Article
Tracts on tie Necessity of Legislative Literferencefor the Protection of the Coal Miners , &c . 3 * o . 1 . 2 ? e \ vcastle-upbn-Tyne : T . Dodds , Gl , Grey-street . By the publication of the intended series of Tracts , of which Ko . 1 is before us , the projectors aim at enlightening the public mind on the injurious results of the present imperfect and unhealthy system of ventilating mines ; audhope to enlist the co-operation of the philanthropic of all parties in obtaining legislative protection for the unfortunate miners . One or two extracts will show t he tenor of the tract under notice : —
TEKILS OF THE MISERS . The dreadful and extensive explosions which so freauentlv occur in coal mines , never fail to excite the deepest sympathy and regret ; yet , and in a little time , and all is forgot : the thousands of orphan children , with multitudes of widows , alone feel the continuous effects of such fearful sacrifice « f life in being deprived of their chief support , : U tlms the matteV rests . But there is another S , rce of destruction of life equally enormous , but xrbich does not meet thepublic ear , and that is , the dSrtenfo * of the miners life , through whaling Erosions gases , ^^^^ T ^^ desiracuvt uiC
ret are sufficiently ; w jH ,. •""•» ri " Ely , in a brief period hurry to a premature Save ' thousands of bur fellow-workmen . a K 0 ISLAT 1 TZ OTEHraBESCE . Whv are the government so unwilling to step in iJneous and the ambition or avarice of our cm-? Birs » ss £ SR F £ WSiBmpm a ^ ffiississsts : S-EplsJfSS *
al i ^ lit-seSiTof parliament , to protect the only the « sesaon « t Qther ^^ em igrant from this ^^ is COnS idered of KSS . STa ^ tedVrtbs on board a
Untitled Article
ship , and when such parties are leaving England , and are about to disclaim her for ever , may not the miner , on whom the greatness of the country depends , and who labours patiently to uphold that greatness with just ice expect that his case should be kindly takenupb ythe government , and an equal protection given him in the pursuit of his dangerous occupation , as is accorded to the other classes of the community ? * * But parliament 7 « w interfered with colliery proprietory , and have legislated upon the right oi those people to employ young hoys below ten vears of m and of
females in the pits , and have also enacted , that no longer shall the above parties be so employed ; yes , and have also imposed penalties for non-compliance in this matter ; therefore , the fastidious cry now being raised , of non-interference with the private property of the coal-owner , by the appointment of inspectors , with compulsory powers to enforce upon the obdurate the necessity of providing properly ventilated places or stalls for the miner to work in , is uncalled for ; inasmuch as the precedents are altogether to favour of such interference , and the necessity equally demonstrates the justice of such protection .
We earnestly desire the success of these Tracts , in the hope that thereby public opinion may be aroused in support of the claims of the miners to protectionfrom evils farexceeding the wrongs of the Russian serf , and the Negro slave .
Untitled Article
ROYAL POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTION . The entertainments provided by the directors of this most excellent establishment , for the instruction and amusement of the holiday makers , are well calculated to enrich the minds and captivate the fancies of the young as well as those of a more mature age . A few selections from the programme for Christmas , the short interval preceding will show how interesting and diversified are the proceeding " . Amongst those worthy of remark , is Dr . Bachhoffner ' s lecture on the Philosophy of Scientific Recreation , illustrated by numerous tricks which have been exhibited by Houdan , the Wizard of the North , and other professors of the Black Art . Of those which appeared
to interest the andience most , we may mention the bottle of water trick , from which the learned professor decanted glasses of sherry , port , brandy , cham pagne , and common milk ; the last glass in the bottle proved mere water , as the explanation does not take place till after the spectators have witnessed this purely chemical delusion ; the effect , of course , was complete , and exceedingly amusing . Another feat of flie Doctor ' s in the course of his lecture deserves notice , that of freezing a pewter pot to the table without the aid of ice ; to accomplish this interesting feat this gentleman employed the salts lately invented by
Mr . Masters , which produced the desired effect in a few minutes , much to thegratification of his auditence . This admirable lecture concluded by two most interesting experiments , one to produce the different effects of coloured light , the interesting well known scene of the witches around the Cauldron from Mackbeth was chosen , which had a ghastly and horrific appearance . This was immediately followed by igniting at least fifty candles instantaneously , by a spark from the hydro-electric machine . The whole entertainment concluded by a series of dissolving views of ancient and modern London , which ara well worth inspecting .
Untitled Article
The GuiRDS . —Is it , or is it not , the settled purpose of the authorities at the Horse Guards to dis gust the old officers of the line , and place every obstacle in the way of their preferment to vacant commands ? It will scarcely be erediteS , by those who do not study the Gazettes , that Lieut-Colonel Mibnau , of the Coldstream Guards—sn officer of to war or foreign service whatever , with the slight exception of the Canadian affair—has succeeded to the command of the 37 th Foot , a corps which has in it a second Lieut-Colonel of twenty-four years' service , a Major of twenty-one years , and Captains of from fifte en , to eighteen years' service . If Lieut-Colonel Spencer was anxious to quit the corps , could not his Grace theCommander-in-Chief have found upon his list a number of majors-who have been thirty years
in the army , and who possess every qualification for command , without suffering the " exchange' arrangement which gives so decided an advantage to youth and inexperience ? The 37 th Regiment is now at Ceylon , and may be called upon for active duties either upon the island itself , or the neighbouring continent of India , whsre theeleraentsof disquietude are always rife . Say that this happens soon after the arrival of Lieut-Colonel Milman—what possible guarantee has the country that some egregious blunder is not committed in the field through his want of practical knowledge , and that the error comprises the safety and honour of the regiment ? True , the Lieut-Colonel will have older and more experienced officers at his command—men who , perhaps , would volunteer to rescue their corps froin the false position
into which mcompetency may place it ; but they are BOt bound to do so , and , perhaps , may he snubbed for their officiousness . "We hope that the contingency may not arise , for we have too much concern for the honour and reputation of British regiments , to see them perilled for the sake of convincing the country ¦ of the erroneonsriess of the existing system of purchase and exchange . Yet the possibility of disaster exists , and it is the duty of the Comniander-in-Chief to troardaaainstitby a prudent selection of commanding officers . It seems preposterous that so much pains should be taken to see that the army is supplied with well-instructed and prepared subalterns while a little marching and countermarching from Wiudsor to St . James' is the admitted qualification of the Lieutenant-Colonel placed iu charge of a corps . — United Service Gaztue . ¦
Untitled Article
SUNSHINE AXD SHADOW ; A TALE OP THE NINETEENTH CENTURY . BI IHOUAS MARTIN WHEELER , L&te Secretary to tha National Charter Association a » d National Land Company . damn XXXIV . Ill fares the land to hast ' ning ills a prey , "Where wealth accumulates and men decay ; Princes or lords may flourish , or may fade ; A breath can make them , as a breath hath made ; But a bold peasantry , their country ' s pr ide , mien once destroyed can never he supplied . A time there was , ere England ' s griefs began , when ev ry rood of ground maintain'd its man , For him light labour spread her wholesome stove , Just gave what life reojiir'd , but gave no more : His best companions , innocence and health ; And his best riches , ignorance of wealth . Goldsmith .
But He , who serves all earth—whose mind Stars the davk wanderings of mankind ; And from lone thought ' s empyrean height , Exalts the soul , its glories light , For him no grateful memory lives ; No justice weighs , no love forgives ; For him , the Universal Eye , Each heart he cheered has grown his sdv . The very lustre of his fame . Betrays the specks upon his name ; The columns of his triumph stand As Pasquins for each vultrar hand .
For him the wonted shades which hide Home ' s reverent secrets , are denied , Exposed , dissected , canvassed o ' er , Each household word and hidden sore ; His very heart hung forth a prey To the sharp-tongued remorseless day 1 The temple he hath built will yield , For him alone no shrine to shield : Nay , round the altar where he flietb , The coilM and venoined slander lieth , — Crnsh'd by the serpents of his doom , Behold his temple walls his tomb . . Lijtton Bulwcr .
The winter of 1347 saw Arthur Morton and his wife in comparatively flourishing circumstances , but the remembrance of his difficulties had left its traces on his once fair and open brow , and gave a tinge of sadness to his conversation ; the love of home , which once characterised him , existed no longer , it reminded him too bitterly of the past , and he flew with avidity to the excitement of politics ; if he was a better citizen he was no longer so affectionate an husband ; his heart beat as warmly as ever Ibv the welfare of his fellow-men , but he no longer viewed their destinies through hope ' s enchanted glass , he felt that the evils which surrounded them were stern and stubborn facts , which would not yield to the fiery heat of enthusiasm , or melt beneath the
glowing breath of eloquence ; to effect their removal he saw that it needed the iron weapons of reality , — the demonstrative power of practical experiment ; impressed with this belief he viewed with pleasuro the progress the Land Agitation was making throughout the country ; holding firmly to the opinion-tbat the land was national property , —that England ' s soil was the joint property of England ' s sons , —he nevertheless saw that to induce them to claim their rightful share in this common inheritance they must be taught its inestimable value , — they must be shown that it was the golden stamp which gave value to all other commodities , —that land was mado for man and not man for the land , — that divorced from the soil man was an emasculated
helot , a victim to his own necessities , and a slave to minister to the wants of another , —that the laws were madfe for the protection of the land , surrounding acres with a triple shield , but leaving industry weak and unprotected ; that for land the Corn laws famished their yearly victims , —the Game laws demoralised whole districts , —the law of Primogeniture defeated the law of Nature , and the law of Entail set aside the claims of Justice ; that land held in the hands of the few , governed , taxed , and Atlae-like , weighed down the many ; that the law of the land was the law for the land . He wished them to be imbued with the love for the land so excellently described by that great French historian , Michelet , who says : — " That to get land in seven
years the Alsatian sells his life , and goes to meet death in Africa : to have a few feet of vineyard the woman of Burgundy tears her breast from the mouth of her own child , puts a stranger in its place , and weans her own ; ' too soon , my child , ' says the fether , « either you will live or you will die , but if you live you shall have a bit of land . ' Is it not cruel , nay almost impious to speak thus ? Reflect well before you decide . You shall have a bit of laud means , you shall not be a mercenary , to be hired to-day and turned adrift to-morrow ; you shall not be a serf for your daily bread , you shall be free . Free ! glorious word , comprising indeed all human dignity . There is no virtue without liberty . " Trulv are the words of this clorious
Frenchman , " Liberty without land is a soul separated from the body , —a vain chimera , which it it exists at all can produce no fruition , but is barren and unprofitable ; it was , therefore , with no common satisfaction that he watched the gradual de . velopement of the National Land Company . Faint and feeble in its infancy , it needed all the cares of its founders to prevent its being strangled by the hands of an ignorant and hostile press ; but once emerged from its swaddling clothes , —once fairly placed before the British people , —its success was unprecedented , demonstrating that the Company , aided by Mr . O'Connor ' s pen and influence , had distributed correct notions of the value of land , and its primordial influence upon the welfare of the
community far and wide , and that \ rhicl \ in England had hitherto been a question presumed to effect only farmers and landed proprietors suddenly became the question of the day , —the grand palladium which was to insure the continued prosperity of these islands , ami wnieh ultimately will efteeb that grand desideratum , a . national demand for its speedily becoming the property of its rightful owners . Never did a Company , established for any sectional or commercial purpose , ever aftect such a revolution in public opinion as that effected by the National land Company ; and though the political furor caused by the events of February , 1848 , in France , and April in England , threw into comparative obscurity the minor interest of the Company :
though the tide of popular support has long ebbed and left the giant fabric almost a deserted hulk on the bleak shore ; though its nationality has become a thing of naught , yet hath it performed its work in the channel of Progress , and out of its timbers may yet be hewn the vessel which shall ride triumphant into the harbour of Success . The principles on which the Land Plan was founded have stood the test of the time ; each succeeding fact , —every fresh incident , —has but shown more strongly their solidity ; that the details of the scheme may have been faulty , —that the experimentalists may have been unfitted by their prior pursuits in life for its beneficial working , —that the seasons have been unpropitious , and that the members have failed in
performing their stipulations , are facts that will scarcely admit of doubt , and on these circumstances , and not on its principles , or the motives of its founders , ought the blame of any apparent failure to he laid ; but such is the inconsistency of men , that instead of taking shame to themselves for the failure of any cherished project , they denounce and abuse the very persons whom by their criminal neglect they have incapacitated from the powev of serving them ; no falsehood is too base , no personal attack too vile , to administer gratification to their wounded hopes and self disappointments , —from such men good Lord deliver us ; but the prayer is vain , it is a penalty public men must arm themselves to submit to , and clothed in integrity , and |
fortified by the co-operation of the justniinded , they need not Bhrink from the contest , painful and mortifying though it be . At the period of our tale all was enthusiasm and prosperity , —no idea of failure Lad entered into the minds of its members , —even the Press had ceased it 3 vain opposition , and the Plan was fast attaining universal celebrity . In the political world all was calm and quiescent , but it was the calm of thought , —the calm ot reflection , and not the calm of despair , —like the dull heavy clouds that presage the coming storm , it presaged the approaching political commotion which threw all minor projects into the shade . As the year closed strange and unusual heavings took place in the si ster isle ; the war notes of resistance seemed to ring in
every gale ; the spirit of freedom began again to breathe in Gaul , and its potency to disturb even the calm visage of the Citizen King ; still England slumbered on , but the distant munnurings of revolution began to rise louder and higher upon our ears , —ardent hearts again began to speak iu hopeful language , —the spirit tongue of liberty swelled the accents of Ledru Itollin , of Mitch ' el , Meagher , Blum , Kossuth , and Mazzini , until at length its glorious tones were heard above the din of war and strife , louder and more thrilling than the clash of swords and the cannon ' s roar , proclaiming in triumphant notes that the tyrant of France had fallen , and that the reign of " Liberty , Equality , and Fraternity" was at hand . Tyrants in every land trembled and fled aghast at the sound ; the vile traffickers in human misery shrunk terrified into
their obscene dens , and prostrated humanity revived from her long trance , shock her limbs like a mighty wrestler , and stood prepared , for the combat ; the electric shock thrilled through every vein of the British Empire , and startled the sons of Erin into convulsions of insanity . Alas ! that they were not earlier prepared for the rending of the old regime ; had they thrown off . their apathy but a month , a short month earlier , the Ides oi March might , as in Rome of old , have changed the whole destiny of the empire , but their slumber was prolonged until the electric , influence of the glorious days of February was frittered away , and so reduced in potency by April , when the National Convention met , that its small voice , neither bass nor treble , had neither the war tones of Revolution , nor yet the gentle accents of Peace , Law , and Order ; composed of two distinct . dements , those of war and . peace ,
Untitled Article
which it vainly endeavoured to amalgamate , it was powerless for either , and thus served only to irritate the public mmd ; the parent of a mixed progony , its named as its successor and executor the National Assembly , and closed its career in obscurity , nevertheless lot us do justice to its memory .-its members had an arduous part to play , and discharged tto » dut / with firmness and courage . The 10 th of April , 184 b , that day made so memorable by the preparations of the government , as ridiculous as they were pompous , —that day when the middleclass ot London , and the empire generally , showed their love for Democracy by arming themselves for its slaughter , —that day when the President of Republican Franco became a gallant special to
sud-Vfl w , g misrule , is a day to which the Democrats of the Metropolis , and of the Empire , through its representatives , can point to as a bright one in their annals , —a day which was neither disfigured by cowardice nor disgraced by turbulence . Many have wished that the triumph had been greater ; that Kenvungton Common should have seen the Sons of Freedom marshalled , and marching back to tho Oity s heart in the same order as they came ; but the peculiar position of Fcargus O'Connor , their great 1 arliamentary champion , and the awful responsibility it vfould have entailed upon the Convention m porphanoo leading an unarmed people mto collision with an armed force , furnished with every requisite for slaughter , made them decide otnerwise
; and ttio good organisation and discipline of the people was more strongly evinced in acting according to the instructions of the Convention , and was productive of more lasting terror to the government , than any mere temporary success which the people might have achieved in a street conflict . It is order , discipline , and a yielding of their own impulses to the commands of their leaders which shows a determined organisation among a people , and when the oppressor sees this he feels that the hour of retribution is arrived ; that tho handwriting of his destiny is written on the wall of millions of human hearts , and that they only need a fair opportunity to achieve their freedom . Undor circumstances of the most unfavourable character
did the Jiational Assembly meet ; dissension had arisen in the Chartist camp , and was spreading its baneful influence in the ranks ; the People ' s petition had been pronounced as a gross imposture , and the Press teemed with calumny and misrepresentation ; destitute of sufficient funds , —at war with some of its own members , —deserted by the bulk of those whoso co-operation it counted upon , —it lived in tumult , and died from exhaustion . Much undeserved calumny has been heaped upon it ; manr who wore once its defenders are now suffering for their temerity in exile and persecution , —it would , then , ill become us to join in this denunciation : it contained noblc-heartcd men , though varying in opinion ; for weeks it proclaimed truths eternal as
justice , —truths dangerous to society as at present constituted , yet truths that find an echo in every honest heart , and which will one day ring the knell of expiring despotism ; for weeks it braved the power of the government , and wrath of its every opponent ; and though Alien Bills and Gagging Bills were fulminated against it , its members stirred not from their courso ; and weak and powerless as it seemed , not one of its members was arrested until after its dissolution , and even , then tho government would have paused ere it let loose its wrath , had not the ' Moderates , " that name which in politics will be eternally identified with treachery and deceit , taken advantage of tho weakmindedness of tho true Republicans in France , and sained the unner hand
m the government , then did the cowardly "Whigs recover from their terror , and dreading no longer Republican France , caused England and Ireland to wail in angufeh the loss of many of their truest sons . In all these events Arthur Morton was not merely a spectator , though belonging to the physical force school , he yet respected the opinions of his opponents , and ofttimes admired the proofs of moral courage which they displayed in fearlessly propounding them when popular opinion ran so strongly against them ; for in those exciting days it required more moral courage , ay , and at times more physical courage , to brave the opposition of a people excited to desperation than it did to dare the wrath of an irresolute government . ( To-be continued . )
Untitled Article
MIDDLESEX SESSIONS . The court sat on Saturday at the Guildhall , Westmmster , by adjournment from Clerkemwell , for the purpose of holding , in compliance with an act of parliament , a Westminister session . As is usual upon such occasions , there was no business to dispose of , but the court proceeded to take the bail cases standing over from Clerkenwell . Forcible Entry and Ejectment . — Thomas Buttery , sen , a cabinot maker , Thomas Butterv , jun ., and William M'Donell , surrendered to take their trial upon an indietmetvt charging them with a misdemeanor in having unlawfully taken possession of and pulled down a certain cottage in East-lane , btepney . Mr . Mellor appeared for the orosnmitinn
It appeared that for eleven years past there had bfen a dispute between Buttery , senior , and Charles Buttery , his youngest brother , as to who was the rightful owner of the cottage in question , which was in possession of Charles Buttery , and which had for a great number of years been in the possession and was the property ot their father , who died some twelve years ago . Immediately after that event Charles took possession of it , by consent of a Mr . Burkett , to whom it was mortgaged for a small sum , but for eleven years he did not pay any interest on the mortgage , and as the father had died intestate , the elder brother claimed the cottage as heir at law . He r <>
peaiedly mnde overtures to his brother to sell the cottage , and ( as he said himself ) divide the spoil , but the proposition was declined , not in a very respectful maimer , and , dotermiued to " have his rights , " he applied to the mortgagee to allow him to have the cottage upon the immediate payment of the principal and arrears of the interest of the mortgage : but although the money was tendered , the mortgagee declined the offer ,-and , in the month of August last , foreclosed , and let the cottage to Charles Buttery at a weekly rent . Between six and seven o'clock on the loth of October , the three defendants , accompanied by several labouring men provided with , the necessary implements , went to the cottaze . and t >™ .
ceeaed to demolish it . When the attack was commenced Charles Buttery and his family were asleep , and so rapidly did the work of destruction progress mat they had to escape half dressed , and it was with some difficulty that they got away uninjured ; and m less than half an hour the cottage was levelled to the ground , what little furniture it contained being destroyed . This prosecution was instituted by the mortgagee , and all the persons engaged in the transaction were included in the indictment : but the labourers were not proceeded against , as they were employed by the elder Buttery , and acted under the joint direction of the three defendants now in court . Buttery , sen ., in Ids defence , said his brother had cheated him of his cottage ever since his father ' s ueatli ; and knowing that it belonged to him as the - - g - —V .. JJVU vvj HVVkl tl © V » lt ewest
son , he went and took possession of it , and surely he cnuld do as he liked with his own . AH the other parties acted under Ms instructions . The Judge said the defendant must have known that the cottage belonged to the mortgagee , aTld lleither to him nor his brother . The jury found the defendants liuilty . ' His lordship said he had seldom heard Ot a more outraeeou ? proceeding than this . It was conduct more suited to savage than civilised life , mid he sentence of the court upon Buttery , sen ., was , that he pay a fine of £ 100 ; but the court would give him permission to come to some terms with the prosecutor . The other defendants would not be sentenced until he saw what those terms were , and the three defendants would , therefore , be broucllt un at the next sitting of the court .
MONDir . —As no arrangements could be come to bctn ^ en the mortgagee and Buttery , sen ., the court revoked the sentence passed on Saturday upon the latter , and sentenced him to two months' imprisonment , with a fiue of £ 10 : Buttery , jun ., to fourteen days imprisonment ; and M'Donncll to two months ' imprisonment . Kbeping a BR 0 THEi ,.-James Chambers , convicted ot being the proprietor of a house carried ou as a broltal for lucre and gain , in Windsor-place , St . Luke s , was sentenced to pay a fine of £ 50 , and to be kept to hard labour tour calendar months . The court ordered the prisoner to be brought up again to Kjffisr another conviction ' t 4 next
Untitled Article
Operatios of the Game Laws .-A voluminous return , published on Saturday last , ( obtained by order of the Mouse of Commons , on the motion of Mr . Bright , M . P ., ) shows that the total number of persons convicted at assizes of offences against the Game Laws from the 5 th of May , 1816 , to the 1 st of August , 1849 , arrtounted to 165 ; and the number convicted at petty sessions during the same period to 10 , 330—milking a grand total of 10 , 404 in England . In Wales , the grand total of persons convicted at assizes and petty sessions amounted to 234 . The inquests held on the bodies of gamekeepers and others employed to enforce the Game Laws amounted to fifty , in which thirty-seven verdicts of wilful murder were returned , two of manslaughter , three of justifiable homicide , and eight of accidental death . The punishment inflicted on the oftenders against the Game Laws were variousfrom small fines to transportation , and imprisonment with hard labour .
RErRESBMAiios of Skomium . —lit . Shelly has retired from tho contest , and Lord Alexander Gordon Lennox , third son of the Duke of Richmond , is , therefore , likely to walk over unopposed . Mr . Squire , United States charge < V affaires to central America , has discovered the ruins of another ancient city , buried , or nearly so , beneath tv forest , about 150 miles from Loon . He describes the ruins as far surpassing in architectural grandeur those of Palenque , discovered some years ago *
Untitled Article
NATIONAL REFORM LEAGUE . At the ordinary Friday evening meeting on tho 7 th inst ., in the large hall of the Literary Institution , John-street , tho President , Mr . O'iMen , commenced his lecture by calling the attention of his audience to the wholesale defamation which the Time / , and others of the daily press , were constantly heaping upon tn « characters " of the three greatest men of the age , — Kossuth , Ledrn Rollin , and Mazzini;—and lamented that the people of this country , —especially the unprivileged and unfranclused classes , for the promotion of whose interests those men had done so much—had not uttered a loud and deep protest against tho calumnies alluded to . The lecturer then detailed the conduct and acts
of Mazzini while he governed Rome , and showed the wisdom and justica which had actuated him . Mazzini had given every man a vote in the choice of representatives in the State , and also in local and commercial affairs , and , moreover , he had given every man a musket to protect his vote . Mazzini knew that if a section only of the community wero allowed the exclusive possession of arms , that they would not hesitate to murder the unarmed parties whenever they considered it tMv ititewssl to do so . Mazzini , too , wished to do full justice to the productive , classes and to carry into actual practice the sacred injunction of Scripture , which says tho labourer should be the first partaker of the fruits of Ms labour . Tie asked , where could oe found the
man in either of our Houses of Parliament who would advocate such a meed of justice for the people ? And yet this man was described by the Times as tho leader of a band of robbers , and as a poor " thing 1 " During tho whole time Mazzini was in power he laboured night and day for the public good , and lived like the poorest of the people . Had Mazzini been allowed to carry out his designs , Borne , and all tho Italian states , ' would rapidly have progressed towards real prosperity ; but with such a government as Rome had now such hopes were futile . Rome had now a government of priests and cardinals , kept up by foreign bayonets-French , Austrian , Spanish , and Neapolitan . The Pope was at the head of this diabolical
machination—that vicegerent of the Deity—upon earth , whose province was assumed to bo the realisation of the Scriptural aspiration : — " Glory to God , peace on oartb , good will towards men ! " Tho lecturer then alluded to Ledru Rollin , who hail been often described by our venal press as a cowardly run-away , and maintained that a multitude of proofs existed that a braver , or a more self-sacrificing man never lived . He had , formerly , known him personally , and had frequently heard him spoken ; of in the hightest terms , by parties fully competent to estimate his character . * He did not ori » i . nate the movement of the 13 th of June , he ewleavouved to conduct it legally and constitutionally . He maintained that the constitution had been
violated by the Roman expedition , in direct contravention of art . 5 , which provided for the protection , and Hot the subversion of all nationalities . 'When it was found his speechos in the Assembly had no effect , his followors were driven to madness ; they had justly considered the Roman republic as the child of tho French Republic ; and when they found that the professed army of observation was turned into an army of invasion , they determined to make a public demonstration against such an abominable , child-murdering procedure . They called upon Ledru Rollin to put himself at their head on that day . He did so , taking all chances , and only fled when he found the people were not prepared to go
lecturer ) corfessed that when he read the false abuse of such a man in our papers—as he had rocently done—he felt himself disgraced to belon " to a people who had not either sufficient power , or Buffieient energy , to make their voice heard in defence of their fame and character . As regarded that great genius—Kossuth—described by the Times as a common swindler—where was there a man that had done what he had done ? With consummate tact and energy , Kossuth had created a vast army out of nothing as it were , and a commissariat to supply that army . With those impromptu forces he had beaten the Austrians , and destroyed half their army ; and would have finally made not only Hungary free , but Poland alsohad
, not Russia interfered with her enormous hordes secretly backed by other European powers , who dreaded tho spread of democracy , in which confederacy he believed our own government had abase share . Even all this would scarcel y havo subdued him , had not the treachery of Georgey been superadded . The lecturer then read the defence of Kossuth contained in the letter just published of Colonel Asboth , Kossuth ' s adjutant-general ; which completely refuted the villifiera of the ex-governor of Hungary which letter also led to the opinion that Kossuth himself also intended to take steps when he arrived m Enrfand for the further vindication of hischaraeter irom tlM calumnious aspersions of the Times , whose foreign correspondent had , amonc other chaises
aceused iiossuth oi stealing the crown of Hungarv and robbing tho treasury to enrich himself ? in conclusion , Mr . O'Brien adverted to home politics and deplored tho deference paid to the prejudices ot the middle-classes by writers in the popular cause . It was of no use to rail at kings , governments and priests . Tho money-lord and the landlord were the real rulers of society and until the people thoroughly understood how these two powers enslaved them , they would never choose the proper parties to represent them in the State , and expect them to answer rightly He regretted his want of power and means to get at the people to teach them the kind of knowledge they required . He had implored many of thn nuhim . no ,,
ot the day—who had the ear of tho people—to heW > him , if it were only with the sanction of their names , so that the people might have confidence in the promoters of the National Reform League but in vain . The lecturer afterwards alluded to the panaceas put forth as remedies for the evils of society , and lamented that although there were parties earnestly endeavouring to promote the adoption ot portions of tho principles of the League no party had yet come forward to advocate them as a totality . One was for currency reform , another was for reform m landed tenures but none advocated both reforms together ; yet , unless these , and a propw system of credit and commercial exchange be instituted , no real good can be done : but . with
™ TZ ¦ Ve + , w Ylfy years > there w ould not be a despot m the world ! Another class were perpe-Z o att f , ? ° Fiesta , as if they were tlve authors of all our miseries , whereas the priests are but the tools of tne moneyed and landlord . Where was the pnest that had half the power of a city merchant ? What power had a poor curate ? ( many of them had but £ 75 a year !) And if one ot these poor fellows dared to address his congregation as to the real authors of evil in the world , their fleck would rise in indignation and quit the church , and he himself would be dismissed the ministry . J , or were the political schemes afloat much sounder . As for Cobden ' s new Financial and 1 arliamentary Reform movement , there novor was
a greater delusion , and yet it was trumpeted forth to the people as a sovt of Godsend , fjobden assumed that the landed interest was the only tyrant : whereas the town and commercial interest was inhnitely more powerful . He ( Mr . O'Brien ) considered the Cobden party , with their Free Trade nostrums , greater enemies of the working-classes than even the protectionist party , but both had n desperate horror of giving any renl powers to the musses . Yet the people had no desire to be hum . bugged , and only swallowed it under the dismiise of truth . But he trusted they would soon find out the delusions practised upon them bv demaanf / uBs
and sophists ; and that all the honest public men of the people wo \ Ud agree upon some means of union among themselves , without which there could be no union among their follow er * . Mr . O'Brien concluded , by acquainting his audience that his Sunday evening lectures at the Eclectic Institute , 72 Newman-street , would , for some time , be occupied upon tho contents of the recent letters published by the Morning Chronicle , on the condition of the working classes ; and m the endeavour to shew that no permanent remedies existed for the enormous evils disclosed in those letters , but those propounded by the ISationa Reform League , modified , if you will , but essentially the same , in principle .
Untitled Article
The Puivjuv .. — " Middle class governments , kings , emperors , despots , under either a pretended liberal or despotic regime , arc now teaching tho people a lesson , which when once again they riso in their might and seize power they must not ' forgot—if they doforget . it —they will deservedly merit to sink into their graves — detested slaves . Confiscation , imprisonment , exile , tho galleys , slavery , and death are the merciful and royal modes of exercising and preserving power . Were onco humanity purified , by extinction , of tho tyrants of body and mind , then , and not until then , will peace , goodwill , and brotherhood benignly reijrn over all nations . "
The Germans . —I know the Germans ; like metaphysicians , they wish to know everything from the bottom , very accurately , in large octavo , with , no excess of conciseness , and with a few citations . They rig out an epigram with a preface , and a lovcmartri gal with a table of contents . They determine the course of the zephyr by a sea compass , and the heart of the girl by conic sections . Like merchants , they mark everything with capitals , and prove everything like jurists . Tho membranes of their brains arc living memorandum-books ; their logs arc secret metewands and pedometers . They cut asunder the veil of the nine muses , and measure the hearts of these girls tvith compasses , and thoir heads with a gauge . —J . P . Richtf . r .
Political Knowledge . — Sound political knowlodge exercises and enlarges the reasoning faculties , produces independence of spirit and equality of minu , and increases humanity of feeling to all mankind ; without it the machinery of thought becomes clogged and rusty , and man the slaTe of prejudice and superstition , the tool of tyranny , the dupe of cunning and hypocrisy , a pitiable object , possessing tho human shape but wanting the ' greatest divino gift—an independent mind . —Democratic Review . John O'Consell . —The Co > h liqiortcr has not the most favourable opinion of John O'Connel ! , observing : " Some men in Ireland affect to follow him , as did the nobles of England whon they put forward Lambert Simnel or Peter Warbcck as tho ' true prince '; and there aro somo genuine John O'Connelhtes , ' as tkere have been ' Southcoteites , ' and . lrvingiteg , aud ' Mormonites ; but tho honest intelligence of tho country ' ignores' tho gentleman . '
TELEGiurmc Music . — Tho American correspondent of the Daily News says , the other day somo of their telegraphic operators beat the time of various tunes at the distance apart of several hundred miles , and they did it with such acenracy that they were perfectly intelligible even to the bystanders . . It is said that a new daily paper , under the influence of M . Guizot , is about to appear in Paris . A i eusos niviso tho misfortune to admit as a lodger into his house , an individual of very improper character , named Boll , turned him out the other if , ? - " 1 tllc remai * . that" Ho would never keep a Ml m Ins house that wanted hanging . " lows and CousriiY Mortality . —the difference i , - --. « 'uviiiiiuii i | - — aiiu UillVlUltVV
between the sanitary condition under which the rich and poor Englishman lives , is as gvoafc as that which subsists between the Englishman and the Hindoo ; or between the Englishman who dwells in tno cities of the nineteenth century , and the Englishman who dwelt in tho cities of the fifteenth century . The unhealtlnest parts of England are more than twlce as fatal to life as the healthiest parts . As a general rule , and speaking in rough numbers , tne country is about ten per cent , healthier than F 0 ' 0 ™ - B « t it may bo asserted with fearlessness , that the unhcaUuiost parts of towns aro more than ten per cent , more fatal than tho healthiest parts . The chances of life , therefore , aro greater in the open square , as contrasted with the typhoid allev . in
man the breezy country as contrasted with the 8 mo « ytown . " The difference in salubrity , " says . Air . Waeaulay , " between the London of the nineteenth century and the London of the soventeoth century , is far greater than the difference between London m an ordinary season and London in the cholera . ' Measuring health by space , instead of i l -J may lc tn "y said that t » c difference in salubrity between a district where tho rich live exclusively and a district where the poor live exclusively , is as great as between the former district in an ordinary season and the same district in the cttoiera . It is a tendency of manufactures to accumulate masses of the poor , as it is of our system to accumulate masses of the rich and poor . —Ifonnng
, il " 5 | m a neighbouring town , having had somo candles stolen , a waggish neighbour bid him oo ot good cheer , " for in a short time ( said he ) they will come to light . " A Silver cup , decorated with twenty-two figures , relating apparently to ono of the campaigns of the fcrnperor Alexander Severus , was recently found at Aeuberg , on tho Danube . According to tho Commissioner of the SSmiing-Chronicle , there are in London 28 , 577 needlewomen under -wenty years of age , whoso earnings averageaid . per day . c * * * "Wiy seek we truth from priests ? The smiles of courtiers and the harlot ' s tears , ine tradesman ' s oath , and mourning of an hcif Are truth to what priests tell : Oh . why jj ; Uj priesthood privilege to lie , And yet to be believed ?"
nnomw " IJiF Jus ? WlLM 0 T S * vo to a party of us wuSfi a CTT W , ° innke 4 <* 2 « S « f i ? i Wh 0 l ? hcllad tned for havi " 2 P ° lsoncd some of his customers with his port wine , and that f f-t was mmhed by the impudence of nevfvW' l ° absr . tcly . P ^ ved that there had S ^ S" 4 f ° Of wino in th 0 fc **""* - ** The Dublin Comnmcial Journal has the following ^ oni ™ ft , ' habitu ' es of the thcatrc the other h !« l lu J ? of fcm : lle authors , said , that though they had tact , grace , and finesse , they have X . VI ° t 0 8 ee ' said Mrs - L - t ^ Jjboas "that it was a woman who gave you
Ax amemcah Pristek ' s Hint . —An American paper , the Gloucester Telegraph , presents the following for its readers as a puzzle :- " Ifanvofour * "Masn retroubledincon 5 oienceonacoountofind ' obted . { J 3 ^ jy ™ COW 8 »« aIlbom () sthappytosignpipWsfor Gen-eral GuioN .-Some twenty years a < 'o a young English gentleman named Guyon , entered afHi S i ^ ini , /^ Bervice ' wnic ) ' in time attamed the rank of Captain , m the meanwhile ho had becomo attached to tho ( laughter of Field-Marshal Baron Spleny , the commander of the Hungarian life-guards . Upon his marriage with this amiable lady he left tho army , and took some land upon which l \ o residedhappy in tuecirclo oflris
, lamily , and in tho general esteem of his neighbours When , in September , ISiS , tho hordes of Jellachich were poured into Hungary , and Kossuth ' s fiery words called tho whole nation to arms , Guvon , Ion * connected and thoroughly sympathising ' with tho liberal party , offered his services as a volunteer lie- was immediately invested with * the comand of an ill-armed battalion of land-strums ( general lew ) and at the head of this ho contributed to the defeat of Jellacluch , at Sukaro . In the month of October ho accompanied tho Hungarian army to the Leitha and was engaged in the battle of Sohwachnt , fought on tho 30 th . This rcoontre took place under the walls of Vienna , but as tho Viennese did not
support the Hungarian attack upon the imperialists by a sally , tho Hungarian General , Moga , was compelled to beat a retreat . Guyon was the hero of that day . At tho head of his battalion lie three times repulsed the Semens of Jellacmc-n ; his horse was shot under him , but he seized his pistols and led his men to . the charge on foot ; arming them a 3 fast as he could , with the muskets of the slain Austrians , in place of the scythes which many of them carried , lie was promoted to the rank of colonel on the field itself , and in this capacity he shared in the succeeding campaign . On the 13 th ot December , the imperial General Simonieh , at tho head of 15 , 000 men , attacked the town of Tyruau .
This is an opon place , and incapable of a regular resistance ; but Guyon determined upon saving the honour of tho Hungarian arms , defended it with unabated vigour till night put a stop to the combat ; and on this desperate service he had only a force of 1 , 800 men . At Debrczin , ho was raised to the rank of General , and throughout the war was celebrated for his lion-like courage . After the treason of Georgey had ruined the Hungarian cause , Guyon took refuge in Turkey , but ho was one of the last to retire from the struggle It is stated that his family have fallen into tho hands of the Austrians ; a calamity which must sorely afflict our gallant countryman ,
tt u v ' onna A ouvn ^ s announce the death of Prince Hohenlohe , who was rendered so famous some years since by the miracles ho was alleged to have performed . Tho deceased was Bishop of Sardacia and grand provost of Groswarcllcn , and died in his fiftynth yeav . The Court Circular announces that her Majesty ' s accouchement is " shortly expected . " There is as much childishness in the United States law oourts as in ours . The Richmond Republican supplies an instance . One Cogzell was- tried , and a witness stated that , on a certain occasion , he told his "help , " Mary , to go home . —Defendant ' s counsel : " What did Mary say ? " The opposing
counsel objected to the question , and it was diacussed two hours . . Three judges then gave long and learned opinions ,. and the question was asked : "WhatdidMavysay ? " Witness ; "Xotaword . " Oxe fine day last week , Mrs . P . was passing an " eating house . " ' . While . one of the numerous persons dining thero ordered " baked Indian pudding ;" the waitor , as usual , passed the order to the cook for " Baked Indian ! " at the top of his voice , which so terrified the good old lady that she nearly fainted . A glass of iced water soon restored her , however , whon she left in haste . She says she has , in her younger days , heard of the Indians eating their victims , but nevor supposed that the Anglo Saxons vould retaliate in tUo same way . —Boston Post .
$?Oetrg.
$ ? oetrg .
S»E))Im9.
S » e )) im 9 .
Untitled Article
OLYMPIC THEATRE . Mr . "Watts , of the Marylehone Theatre , and now the lesse of the Olympic , has issued his general list of the company engaged for the latter theatre . It is remarkab ' y strong , comprising , besides a host of tble subordinates , Mr . G . V . Brooke , the tragedian , Mr . Cotnpton , Mr . John Reeve , Mr . Frank Matthews , Mr . Scharf , Mr . Wigan , Mr . Meadowy Mr . Davenport , the Mar £ haUs , * Mrs . Mowatt , Miss F . Vining , Mrs . Seymour , Mrs . A . "Wigan , &c . The theatre opens on the 26 th inst ., with " a Shakgpearean play " nnd a new pantomime . "We are glad to see , ironi the programme , that the arangements of the lesse are conducted in a liberal spirit , with a view to the public comfort and convenience—a consideration too much neglected even by tho most successful managers of theatres .
Untitled Article
HAYMARKET THEATRE . Mr . and Mrs . Charles Kean appeared on Monday night at this theatre . The piece selected by them ior their raitrce was that old favourite , The Wife ' s Secret , which , although it has been so often repeated , seemed to lose none of its interest and attraction with the audience . The reception given to Mr . and Mrs . Kean on their first appearance was enthusiastic in the extreme—one of those spontaneous and heariy welcomes which show that absence or intervening attractions have not lessened the fnmess and fervour of favour . The leading characters in this piece are admirably suited to them , and it seemed as if longer practice and a habit of playing to new audiences had deepened the intensity of their powerfully dramatic delintat ' ion . The chief points and situations were at once seized on by the audience , and greeted with loud acclamations ; and at the close , both Mr . and Mrs . Kean were called before the curtain to receive renewed marks of favour .
3?U&!Tc Smrnamnmts.
3 ? u& ! tc smrnamnmts .
Vavtaurt '
VAVtaurt '
Untitled Article
As Eccentric Character . —An old lady , sixty years of ago , of weak intellect , and who gave way to all sorts of extravagances , had long had a very strong feeling of attachment for dogs and cats , of which she kept a largo number ; and when any of them died she had them stuffed , so that her apartment resembled the cabinet of a naturalist . In the midst of her collection she had had a handsome mausoleum erected to tho memory of one of her greatest favourites , and on the front of which wore written the words , " Ci git Pmpcc . " She had an old servant who resided with her , and who had imbibed most of the eccentricities of her mistl'oss The son of the lady , who occupied a high positio in society , allowed his mother a suitable maintenance , but , finding that she denied herself the necessaries of life in order to indulge herwhims , ho solicited the authorisation to place her in a maison
da scmte , where she would be taken care of . When the CommJssiare of Police of the Palais National in consequence of tUo application , went two days a « o to the residence of the lady , he found her in tlie most wretched condition vsith scarcel y any clothing on her , and in her attire resembling closely the appearance of one of the gipsies depicted by Calot , and it was not without considerable difficulty that he persuaded her to quit her menagerie , and remove to the asylum provided for her . A Book Collector ' s House . —M . Verbeyst , the most celebrated book collector in Europe , or perhaps in the world , has just died at Brussels , at an advanced age . _ lie founded a very curious establishment , consisting of a house of several stories , and as high as a church , and disposed so as to contain about 300 , 000 volumes , arranged according to their subjects .
Untitled Article
- ¦ Pectm ber 15 , 1849 . THE NORTHERN STAR . o
Untitled Article
The Destroy big Angel is the title of Xo . I . of " A Story of life , " from the pen of an author familiar to the public , under the title of " Terrigenous ; " published by Mr . "Watson . " Shams" is the characteristic title of anew pamphlet by Mr . Hows . We give the following extracts from the : auth . or ' s " Dedication ' *
TO THE QBEES . May it please yon , lady , I dedicate this tract to you . The title of the little work suggested this dedication . I hold the person of every woman to be sacred , hence I reverence yonr person . However , to be candid , Madam , I must say that inasmuch as dairy maids , factory girls , domestic servants , labourers , farmers , tradesmen , clerks , &c ., Ac . wives , daughters , sisters , and sweethearts , are more useful than yourself , do I view them as more sacred . jb ^ F * P 3 F It is much to say in favour of your " royal race " that you are [ tisdve— that you are not active for evil —it'sa great virtue , Madam , in a ' monarch" to remain neutral and quiescent , as you generally do . ( Oh I tJiat yew ivouhl so remain on quarter days . )
Untitled Article
? A piafoouf on Politics—Municipal and National—Shemem ; W . Frost , York-street : G . Cavill , Democratic Heading Rooms . This tract has reference chiefly to the municipal elections of the town of Sheffield ; but it contains many sound thoughts and arguments applicable to the country at large . The author is evidently ill-satisfied with the results of popular agitation in furtherance of mere municipal triumphs ; observing—in one character of one of the parties to the dialogue : — " I wish more to be made of the strength and enthusiasm of the people , tba » merel y collecting a small contribution -weekl y , stor ing it up from one November to another , for the mere
purpose of returning some gentleman , with honours to a Beat in the common council chamber of tho corporation . " His opponent having suggested that a corporation of " Reformers" might consider the question of buying the gas and water companies , the author replies : — "Yon talk of the Corporation taking the Gas and Water Companies into their care and keeping , or rather buying them , which I approve of . Would it not be much better for the Government in London to buy all the Companies in existence ; Railway Gas , Banking , Mining , and the hundred and one other Companies that are now in existence ; and appropriate the proceeds to the purposes for which tlie taxes are now collected
—for salaries of all men employed under the State ? I am quite sure it would be more likely to alleviate our distresses than that proposition of yours . " These sentences 8 how the ideas concerning our system which are at present fermenting beneath the surface . This dialogue may be read with advantage by all classes of Reformers .
-
-
Citation
-
Northern Star (1837-1852), Dec. 15, 1849, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1552/page/3/
-